INTRODUCTION

TO EN 1992-4

Zhiar Azad
Feb 1, 2021
PRESENTER

• Zhiar Azad
• BSc. Structural Engineer
• Specification Engineer

2
AGENDA

1.0 This is Hilti

2.0 Current Codes and Regulations
3.0 EN 1992-4 Scope and general changes
4.0 Resistance determination
a) Tension loads
b) Shear loads
c) Combined loads
5.0 Profis Engineering
6.0 Summary
7.0 Q&A

2
THIS IS HILTI

• Founded in 1941 in Schaan, Liechtenstein

• World market leader in fastening and
demolition technology for construction
professionals
• SGD 7.8 billion revenue (2018)
• More than 30,000 employees in more than 120
countries
• Direct sales approach:
Roughly 250,000 customer contacts per day
• 100% family owned: all shares held by the
Martin Hilti Family Trust

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RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

• Investment power:
Approximately 6% of sales,
~ 1500 employees
• Development centres worldwide:
Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany,
Hungary, China, India, United States
• Powerful:
On average 60 new products annually,
more than 2000 active patent families
• Important cooperations:
Collaboration with leading international
universities and external R&D partners

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SYSTEM SOLUTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONALS

Measuring Drilling and Cutting and Fastening and Firestop and

Engineering Services
and aligning demolition grinding installation insulation

• Design • Distance • Drilling and • Cutting and • Direct fastening • Construction • Fleet
• Specifications measuring chiseling grinding • Screw fastening chemicals management
• Consulting • Leveling and • Diamond • Diamond technology • Firestop • Repair service
aligning systems systems • Anchor • Lifetime service
• Software
• Detection technology • Delivery service
• Installation • Training and
consulting

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DESIGN OF POST INSTALLED FASTENERS WAS NOT PART
OF EUROCODE STANDARDS, BUT OF AN ETAG GUIDELINE

Steel structure:
EN1993 (EC3)
Structural fastener:
Cast-in (EC3/EC2) 

Post-installed 
Concrete structure:
EN1992 (EC2)

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SO, EOTA GOT MANDATE TO DEVELOP POST-INST. ANCHOR
DESIGN PROVISIONS UNDER AND ETAG “GUIDELINE”

Steel structure:
EN1993 (EC3)
Structural fastener:
Cast-in (EC3/EC2) 

Post-installed (ETAG) 
Concrete structure:
EN1992 (EC2)

ETAG 001 first version, 1997

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NOW, MATURE ENOUGH, POST-INST. ANCHOR DESIGN
PROVISIONS GET BACK TO CEN AS PART OF EUROCODE 2

Steel structure:
EN1993 (EC3)
Structural fastener:
Cast-in (EC3/EC2) 

Post-installed (EC2-4) 
Concrete structure:
EN1992 (EC2)

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THE DIFERENCE BETWEEN STANDARD AND GUIDELINE IS
QUITE SIGNIFICANT FROM THE «LEGAL» PERSPECTIVE
Description
• Mandatory document
• Shall be published as national
Standard
standard status in CEN countries.
(e.g. Eurocodes)
• Conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn.
• Informative document
Guideline • General rules, orientation, advice
(e.g. ETAG) or recommendations related to
European standardization.
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Implications
• translated in local languages,
• promoted by authorities,
• enforced for public works, and de-facto
also for private works,
• high awareness and enforcement.
• not published nationally,
• only available in English,
• not enforced,
• not promoted by authorities
• limited awareness and enforcement.
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CPD/CPR LAID THE FRAMEWORK AND DEFINED ROLES &
RESPONSIBILITIES OF DIFFERENT ORGANISATIONS
CEN: European Committee for
Standardization
- in charge to develop European
Standards (ENs) in many areas,
(not only construction products) in
particular the Eurocodes.
Design Standards
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EOTA: European Organisation for
Technical Assessment (all TABs)
- in charge to develop European
Assessment Documents (EADs)
in the area of construction products.
Product Assessment Criteria
TABs: Technical Assessment
Bodies (e.g. DIBt, CSTB)
- in charge of the European
Technical Assessment (ETAs)
of construction products.
Product Assessment
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ASSESSMENT CRITERIA, TECHNICAL DATA AND DESIGN
METHOD HAVE TO BE UNDERSTOOD AS A «SYSTEM»
Assessment Criteria
(EADs)
European Assessment Document (EAD)
provides the methods and criteria for the
assessment of the performance of a construction
product in relation to its essential characteristics.

European Technical Assessment (ETA) provides

Technical Data information about the performance of a construction
(ETAs) product in relation to its essential characteristics,
according to the respective EAD.

EN1992-4 provides a design method for fastenings

Design Method (connection of structural/non-structural elements to
structural components), which are used to transmit
(EN1992-4) actions to the concrete.

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2. EC2-4 SCOPE AND
GENERAL CHANGES

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EC2-4: SOME BASIC TAKEAWAYS, JUST BY LOOKING AT THE
COVER PAGE…

1 EN1992-4 = Eurocode 2 - Part 4 = EC2-4

1
2 Anchor ≠ Fastener ≠ Fastening

Anchor Fasteners Fastenings

4
Fixture
+
3 Fasteners
1 Anchor Cast-in Mech/Bonded

2
3 Fastenings have the
same importance as the
concrete structure itself

4 EN1992-4 supersedes CEN/TS 1992-4

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EC2-4 COVERS POST-INST. & CAST-IN FASTENERS, AS WELL
AS ANCHOR CHANNELS UNDER SEVERAL LOAD CASES
Before EC2-4 published EC2-4
Design method for fastenings is spread in many different Design method for fastenings is covered in one single
documents (seismic, bonded fasteners, fire, fatigue, etc.) document
Post-installed fasteners
Cast-in Anchors
fasteners Channels Mechanical Bonded
ETAG 001 – Annex C (Mech., Static)
This presentation’s focus

EOTA TR020 (Mech., Fire)

Static
EN 1992-4
EOTA TR 045 (Mech../Chem, Seismic) Seismic

Fatigue

EOTA TR047 (Channels) Fire *

*qualification criteria not available yet

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CONFIGURATIONS OF FASTENINGS: EC2-4 OFFERS A WIDER
SCOPE THAN ETAG 001

Gap filled? Shear load? Near to an edge?

Y/N Y Y
ETAG
001

New in EC2-4
N Y Y
New in EC2-4

Y Y Y

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CONCRETE STRENGTH: EC2-4 ALLOWS TO CONSIDER
HIGH/LOW STRENGTH CONCRETE GRADES

C 90/105
C 12/15

C 16/20

C 20/25

C 25/30

C 30/37

C 35/45

C 40/50

C 45/55

C 50/60

C 55/67

C 60/75

C 70/85

C 80/95
ETAG 001 - Annex C

EN1992-4

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CONCRETE STRENGTH: EC2-4 USES CYLINDER INSTEAD OF
CUBE STRENGTH LEADING

Concrete strength can be Most concrete strength relevant formulas have a minor change
measured in different ways
Example:
ETAG001 EC2-4
Concrete cone failure

𝑁 0 𝑅𝑘,𝑐 = 𝑘1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ℎ𝑒𝑓 1,5

𝑘1 , 𝑘3 = 𝑘1 , 𝑘3 =
Pull-out/Cone failure 7,2 (cracked) 7,7 (cracked)
(Bonded anchors) 10,1 (uncracked) 11,0 (uncracked)
Ʈ𝑹𝒌 𝟏,𝟓
𝝍𝟎 g,Np = 𝒏 - ( 𝒏 -1) ( ) ≥ 1
Ʈ𝑹𝒌,𝒄
EC2-4 ETAG001 𝒌𝟑 ∗ ℎ𝑒𝑓 𝒇𝒄𝒌
Ʈ𝑅𝑘,𝑐 =
𝜋𝑑
To be in line with
other parts of EC2 EC2-4 shows slightly lower resistance (~5%) for some concrete relevant failure
modes versus ETAG 001 Annex C / EOTA TR 029

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3. RESISTANCE
DETERMINATION

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DISCUSSION
WILL EC2-4 GIVE HIGHER OR
LOWER RESISTANCE THAN ETAG?

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3.1. TENSION LOADS

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REQUIRED VERIFICATIONS FOR POST-INSTALLED
FASTENERS IN TENSION
Resistance of
EC2-4 v.s ETAG
No change

1 New bending/compression
force factor
No change
𝝍𝒔𝒖𝒔 2 New sustained load factor

More conditions are allowed to

3
omit the splitting verification
Cast-in relevant
Supplementary reinforcement
can also benefit to post-
installed fasteners

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1 COMPRESSION FORCE RESULT FROM BENDING MOMENT IS
CONSIDERED FOR CONCRETE CONE FAILURE
Now this factor is considered in EC2-4
Pushing back
concrete cone

Many test results

were available, but
not consolidated in When can this factor be very helpful to the resistance?
- Deep embedment
ETAG001 Structural baseplate
- Close fastener spacing
- Large bending moments

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1 PROFIS ENGINEERING EXAMPLE
ETAG 001 Annex C EN 1992-4
RE 500 V3 + HAS U 8.8 M16x380
C20/25 Cracked Concrete

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2 CREEP ISSUE OF CHEMICAL FASTENERS IS FURTHER
EMPHASIZED IN EC2-4 BY A NEW SUSTAINED LOAD FACTOR
2006 Boston tunnel accident 2008 Amendment on ETAG
• Creep behavior was
included in the qualification
criteria (ETAG 001 Part 5)
• Pass/Fail type of sustained
load test based on tension
design resistance published
in ETA.
• No additional consideration
in design
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EC2-4
• Includes a reduction factor to
consider creep behavior in the
design resistance (pull-out)
• New test/evaluation method
under development (EAD) to
assess this performance-
dependent factor
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2 PRODUCT PERFORMANCE AND SUSTAINED LOAD
PERCENTAGE JOINTLY DECIDE THE REDUCTION FACTOR
Combined concrete cone and Typical sustained load
pull out failure (bonded failure) relevant applications:
tunnel equipment,
N 0 Rk,p = ƮRk 𝜋 𝑑 ℎef 𝛙𝐬𝐮𝐬 suspended ceiling;

New influencing factor for sustained loads 1.2

If 𝛼𝑠𝑢𝑠 ≤ 𝜓 0 𝑠𝑢𝑠 : If 𝛼𝑠𝑢𝑠 > 𝜓 0 𝑠𝑢𝑠 : 1

0.8
▪ 𝝍𝒔𝒖𝒔 = 1

𝝍_𝒔𝒖𝒔
𝟎
▪ 𝝍𝒔𝒖𝒔 = 𝝍 𝒔𝒖𝒔
+ 1 - 𝜶𝒔𝒖𝒔
0.6

𝜶𝒔𝒖𝒔 = Value of sustained actions / the value of total actions (ULS) 0.4
0.6(default value)
0
0.2 𝜓 𝑠𝑢𝑠 0.8 (improved value)
𝝍𝟎 𝒔𝒖𝒔 = Product performance dependent factor, default value is
0.9 (improved value)
0.6. (a higher value can be given in the ETA) 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Sustained load ratio

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2 PRODUCT PERFORMANCE AND SUSTAINED LOAD
PERCENTAGE JOINTLY DECIDE THE REDUCTION FACTOR

1.2

0.8
𝝍_𝒔𝒖𝒔

0.6

0.4
0.6(default value)

0.2 𝜓 0 𝑠𝑢𝑠 0.8 (improved value)

0.9 (improved value)
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Sustained load ratio

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2 SUSTAINED LOAD FACTOR EXAMPLE USING RE 500 V3

Example 1:
DL= 50 kN
LL = 25 kN

Permenant load ratio = 0.66

Using RE 500 V3 = 0 % reduction in bondstrength
Using chemical with standard value = 6 % reduction in bond strength

Example 2:
DL= 100 kN
LL = 10 kg

Permenant load ratio = 0.91

Using RE 500 V3 = 3 % reduction in bondstrength
Using chemical with standard value = 31 % reduction in bond strength

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DISCUSSION:
HOW OFTEN DO YOU SEE APPLICATIONS
WITH SUSTAINED LOADS REPRESENTING
>80% OF THE TOTAL LOADS?

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3 MORE CASES DO NOT NEED VERIFICATION OF SPLITTING
FAILURE RESISTANCE WITH EC2-4
𝝨 NEd Splitting failure verification can be omitted if one of these conditions are fulfilled:

• Do cracked concrete design and concrete crack width limited by existing

rebar is within 0.3 mm.

• In all directions c ≥ 1,2 ccr,sp and h ≥ 2 hef ; ETAG001 Annex C

• In all directions c ≥ 1,0 ccr,sp for single fastener and c ≥ 1,2 ccr,sp for a group of
fasteners, and h ≥ hmin EC2-4

• Benefit in thin slab application

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3.2 SHEAR LOADS

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REQUIRED VERIFICATION FOR POST-INSTALLED
FASTENERS IN SHEAR

Theoretical calculation change, as the value is

Resistance of
usually provided in ETA – changes are ignorable EC2-4 v.s ETAG

Alternative method for

uncracked concrete situation
In relation to concrete cone

several detail changes

Supplementary reinforcement
can also benefit to post-
installed fasteners

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DISCUSSION
HOW OFTEN DO YOU ENCOUNTER STAND-
OFF CASES?

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POSSIBLE HIGHER STEEL RESISTANCE IN GROUTING
SITUATION
Steel column application EN 1992-4 vs. ETAG design (for e.g. d = 16 mm).

Ratio between Shear resistance with

lever arm and without lever arm

1 EN 1992-4 design
0,8 ETAG design

0,6
Engineering Judgement
Grout/Mortar bed 0,4 is still needed, but we
0,2 have a better foundation
to do so with EC2-4
0
0 8 40
• Often result in big diameter due to thickness of grout layer [mm]
shear resistance reduction *Key restrictions: 1) at least 2 anchors in group; 2) no
tension/moment; 3) uncracked concrete situation;
• EJ often required/ designer omit the
4) t_grout is no bigger than 40mm and ≤ 5d. 5) grout
stand off
strength>30 Mpa, and rough surface

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PROFIS EXAMPLE
HST3 M12X70 uncracked C25/30 ETAG 001 Annex C EN 1992-4

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EC2-4 HAS SEVERAL CHANGES IN CONCRETE EDGE V
FAILURE RESISTANCE
Shear force direction
Scope Effective edge failure length(lf) Existing rebar influence
influence factor
(Not supplementary reinforcement)

lf
α𝐯 =90 °

ETAG: lf=hef 𝝍𝒓𝒆,𝑽 = 1.2 𝝍𝒓𝒆,𝑽 = 1.4 Ved

Lever arm close to edge is EC2-4 add additional limitation
𝟏
not explicitly included in Ψα =
𝒄𝒐𝒔α𝐯 𝟐+ 𝟎,𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏α𝐯 𝟐
EC2-4 Not valid anymore in EC2-4
EC2-4: 0.5

Possibly big impact on Minor impact as most ETAs already Minor impact as designers May result in 20% reduction
handrail application taken into that account usually don’t consider this anyway for edge failure parallel with
as per statistic data. shear; but this is normally not
governing failure mode

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3.3 COMBINED LOADS

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SEPARATE INTERACTION FOR STEEL AND CONCRETE
FAILURE IS NOW USED
Governing Tension Governing Shear
failure mode failure mode 10kN

Concrete Concrete
No change 7kN Example
Steel Steel
Concrete Steel EC2: separate
ETAG001
Steel Concrete interaction curve EC2-4

6kN 14kN
Example
Resistance: Nrd,c = 7kN, Nrd,S = 10kN ETAG001 EC2-4
Vrd,c=14kN, Vrd,s=6kN
Action: N = 6kN, V=4kN

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PROFIS EXAMPLE
ETAG 001 Annex C EN 1992-4

RE 500 V3 +HAS U 5.8 M16X200 Cracked

C20/25

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PROFIS ENGINEERING

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EC2-4 ON CRACKED CONCRETE ASSUMPTION (1/2)

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EC2-4 ON CRACKED CONCRETE ASSUMPTION (2/2)

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RIGID BASEPLATE ASSUMPTION TO BE VALIDATED,
FLEXIBLE BASEPLATE TO BE DESIGNED

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SUMMARY

1. EN1992-4 is the state of art for concrete anchor fastening design, and in lined
with other ENs (Eurocodes)
2. EN1992-4 includes all type of fastenings under static, seismic, fatigue and fire
conditions
3. There is no fundamental changes for design concept for post-installed fasteners.
4. Other than a wider scope, some differences between EN1992-4 and ETAG are
given in the determination of the resistance:
• Tension: Concrete cone failure, bonded failure and splitting failure
• Shear: Steel failure with lever arm and edge failure.
• Combined tension and shear: better resistance when governing failure mode
type is different in tension and shear

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