GAZETTEER

OF' THE

-
AMRITSAR DISTRICT.

1883·4.

~ontpitell mut @ublishell mu!~t· fhe authoritu off flte

PUNJAB GOVERNMENT,
 ~J.LCU'l''l'J.:

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 PREFACE..

THE period :fixed by the Punjab Government for the compilation

of the Ga~etteer of the Proviilce being limited to twelve months,
the Editor has not been able to prepare any original matter for the
present work ; and hi~ duties have be~h confined to throwing the
already existing material into shape, ~upplementirig ·it as fur us
possible by contributions obtained from. district officers, passing
the draft tarough the press, circulating it for revision, altering it
in accordance with the corrections and suggestions of revising
officers, and printing and issuing the :final edition.

The material available in print for the Gazetteer of this district

consisted of the Settlement Reports, and a draft Gazettee1:, compiled
between 1870 and 1874 by Mr. F. CU:nningham, Barrister-at-Law•.
Notes on certain points haye been supplied by district officers ;
while the report on the Cen~u.'l of 1881 has been utilised. Of the
present volume, Section A of Chap. V (General Administration) and
the whole of Chap. VI (Towns), have been for the most part sup-
plied py the Deputy Commissioner ; while Section A of Chap. III
(Statistics of Population) has been taken from the Census Report.
But, with these exceptions, · the great mass of the text has been
taken almost if not quite verbally, from Mr. Cunningham's com-
pilation alr!lady referred to, which again was largely based upon
Sir H. Davies' Settlement Report of the district.
The report mquestion was written in 1856, and, modelled on the
meagre lines of the older settlement reports, affords very inadequate
material for an account of the district. No better or fuller material,
however, was either available or procurable within the time allowed.
But when the district' again comes under settlement, a second
and more complete ed~tion of this Gazetteer lVill be prepared ; and
 'iv

meanwhile the present edition will' serve the useful purpose of

collecting
e
·and publishing
• .
in. a systematic
. . .
form, information which
had before been scattered, and in part unpublished •.
The draft edition· of this Gazetteer has been revised by
Messrs. Perkins and Knox, and by the Irrigation Department so
far as regards the· _canals of the. dis~rict. The Deputy Commissioner
is responsi~le for the spelling of vernacular naines, which has been
fixed throughout by him in·. accordance with the prescribed system
of transliteration.

- TH&o EDITOR •.
 CONTENTS.
Pag6.
OH.J.P. I.-THE DISTRICT 1
... IL-HISTORY 8
, 111.-:-THE PEOPLE . ... 15
A.-STATISTICAL 15
B.-SociAL AND RELIGious LIFE
c.~TniBEs AND CAsTEs, AND LE~DING FAMILIEs
... 19
28
:q,- VILLAGE CoMMUNITIES AND TENURES ... 28
IV.,.....PRODUCTION ANP DISTRIBUTION 84
" A.-AGRICULTURE, ARBORICULTURE AND LIVE-STOCK ... . 84
B.-OccuPATIONs, INDUSTRIEs, CoMMERCE AND CoMMUNICATIONS 38
V.-ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE 51
" YI.-TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES AND CANTONMENTS ·59
"
STATISTICAL TABLES (INDEX ON PAGE ii.)

-
CHAPTER I.-THE DISTRICT.
General description-Physical· features · · . 1
The Bells-The Ravi-Canals-Lines of drainage and swamp 2
Lines of drainage and swamp-.Bakl11 and forests 8
Ra/cks ana forests-Trees 4
WUd animals. Sport-,-Fishing 5
Geology-Mineral products-H.ainfall, temperature and climate 6
Disease 1

CHAPTER H.-HISTORY.
Architectural objects and remains-Early history-Mnhammadan period-
8
The Sikhs
The Sikhs-Durani invasions
·
Durani invasions-Partition of territory among Sikh mill•
... 9
10
Partition of territory among Sikh mills-Rise of the power of Rnnjft
Singh~Annexation of the Panjab by the British-The Mutiny 11
The Mutiny 12
Formation of the district-List of District Officers-Development since
annexation , 13
List of. District Officers-Development since annexation> - 14
 [hl:.jab aa.zottoor,

Pagtl.
CHAPTER III.-THE PEOPLE.
Section A.-Statistical-
Distribution of popolation-Migration and birthplace of population .••
Migration and birthplace of population-Increase and decrease of popol~
tion 16
Increase and decrease of popolation-Births and deaths . 17
Births and deaths-Age, sex and civil condition , 18
Infirmities-European and Eurasian popolation ••• 19

Section B.-Social and Religious Life-

Food of the people 19
·Food of the people-General statistics and distribution of religions-
Musalllllln sects 20
Mosalmlin sects-Decline of Sikhism-Fairs-Language • 21
Education-Normal School, C.V.E. Soc.-Poverty or wealth of the
people ' 22
Poverty or wealth of the people _23
Section C.-Tribes and Castes, and Leading Families-
Statistic~ and local distribution of tribes and castes 23
Jllts-Riijplits-Kashmiris-Khatri and Aroras .24
Leading families . 25-28
Section D.-Village Communities and Tenures-·
Village tenures . . 28
Proprietary tenures-Tenants and rettt-Agricolturallabourers ••• 29 .
Agrico!turallabourers-Petty village grantees-Village officers 30
Villnge officers-Poverty or wealth of the proprietors lll
Poverty or wealth of the proprietors · 32-33

CHAPTER IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

Section A.-Agriculture, Arboriculture and Live-Stock_;
General statistics of agricolture-The seasons. Rainfall-Soils · ••• 34
The seasons. Rainfall-Soils-Irrigation 35.
Agricoltural implements and appliances-Manure and 'rotation of crops-
Principal staples ' 86
Average yield. Production and consumption of food-grains-Arboricol-
tore and forests
Arboricoltore and forests-Live-Stock ·••• 37
88
.Section B.-Occupations, Industries,. Commerce and Commu-
nications-
Occupations of the people . 38
Occupations of the people-Principal industries and manufactures-Shawl
manufacture 0 39
Amntsa'l' :01str1ot.]

.Pag6.
Shawl manufacture 40
Silk manufacture-Minor industries......Architecture and decoration 41
Architecture and decoration-Work in metals 42
Work in metals~ Wood-oorving:_Metal wares 48
Ivory-Iron-Woollen goods-Carpeting 44
Silk-Course and hature of trade-Trade of Amritsar City ... 45
Trade of Amritsar City · 46
Trade of the district 47
Trade of the district-,-Prices, wages, rent-rates, interest ••• 48
Weights and measures-Commun1cations-Rivers 49
Railway-Roads-Post Offices-Telegraphs 50

•
CHAPTER V.-ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE.
Executive and judicial-Criminal, police and jails ,., 51
Revenue, taxation and registration-Settlements ... 52
Settlements-Current Settlement-Statistics of land-revenue-Assignments·
of land-revenue 58
Government lands, forests, &c.-Education 54
District school and branches-Medical 55
Medical-Amritsar Civil Hospital-Amritssr Midwifery School and Lying-
. in-Hospital-Tarn Taran Leper Asylum · ;.. 56
Ecclesiastical-Cantonments, troops, &c. 57
Head-quarters of other departments ... 58
"

CHAPTER VI.-TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES AND CANTONMENTS.

· Generai statistics of towns-Amritsilr City. Description . ... 59
Amritsar City. · Description ... 60
History 61-62 '
Taxation, trade, &c. 68-66
Fairs ,.. 66
Objects of interest, institutions and public buildings 67-72
Population and vital statistics · 72-78
J andilila town · ... '13
Majlthia town-Bundala town ••• 74
V airowlll town-Sirhllli Kal8n ... 75
Sirhali Kalan-Tarn TOran 76
Tarn Taran-Ramdas town-Other towns 77
·otlier, towns · ... 78
 Table No. l showing LEADING STATISTICS.
.
l B 8
I
DETAIL
4.

011
I
TAHSJLS.
•
6

DETAILS. DISTIUCT.
Amritsar. Tarn Toinm. Ajualla.
•

Total sqiOI'e miles (1881) ... ... ... ... ... 1,674 660 . 696 428
Cultivated square miles (1878) ... ... ... ...
....
... 1,198 444 491 268
... ... ...
...-·
Culttll'8b1e square miles (1878) 168 81 49 88
Irrigated square miles (1878) •... ... ... ... 880 188 lU lOS
Average square miles uodOI 010ps (1&77 to 1881) ... ... ... 1,066 807 611 248
Annual rainfall in inches (1866 to 1882) ... ... ... ... 27·0 27'0 24•9 21'6
No, of inbablted towns and villages (1881) ... ·-... ... 1,089 872 848 824
Total population (1881) ... ... ...
••• e
... 898,266 4SO,U8 261,676 201,172
Rural population (1881)
...... ... ...
. ... ... 705,867 260,838 247,860 196,67i
Urban population (1881) ... ... ... ... 187,899 1,69,&85 18,816 4,498
Total population per square mile (1881) ... ... ... ... 567 788 HO . 470
Rural population per square mile (1881) · ... ... ... ... • 44~ 475
.
416 460
Hindus (1881) ... ... ...... ...
... ... ... 262,531 149,27~. 65,156 48,096
Sikhs (1881) •i•
...
...
... ... ...
... ... 216,887
.
88,125 . 91,957
...
86,255
...
Jains (1881) ... ... 812 812
:Musalmans (1881) ... ... ... ... ... ... 418,207 ~ 191,880 104,656 .. 116,821
Average annual Land Revenue (1877 to 1881) • ... ... ... 869,814 88!,280 280,626 . 208,018
Average annual giOSS revenue (1877 ~o 1881) t ... -
.... ... 1,288,804 . ... .. . ...
. • Fixed, fluctuating, and Miscellaneous, - Local Rates, Excise, and Stamps.
t Land, Tribute,
 Al\I RIT SAR.
CHAPTER I.
THE DISTRICT.
Tam Amritsar district is the southernmost of the three districts of
tl•eAmritsar division, and lies between north latitude 81° 10' and 82° Chapter L
13' and enst longitude 74° 24' and 75° 27' Its lenath, from its Descriptive.
most northern pqiut on the Ravi, to its southern extre~ity near the General description.
confluence of the Beas and Sutlej, is 61 miles, while its· "rentest
breadtb from enst to west is 54 miles. It is bounded on the" north-
west by the river R.avi, which separates it from Sialkot, on the north-
. east by the Gurdaspur district, on the south-east by the river Beas
which divides it from the State of Kapurthala, and on the south-west
by the Lahore district. It is divided into three tahs£1.8, of which that
of Ajnala comprises all the western part of ·the district alona the
R.avi river ; while, of the remaining. area, the tahsll of Am'";.itsar
occupies the northern, and that of Taran Taran the southern
portion. . · . · _ · .
Some leading statistics regarding the district, and the several
tahstl8 into which it is divided, are given'in Table No. I on the oppo-
site page. The district contains only one town of more than 10 000
souls, namely Amritsar with a population .,f 151,896. The admlnis- ·
trative bend-quarters are •ituated at Amritsar, in the centre of the
district, and on the Sindh, Punjab and Delhi R-ailway, Amritsar
stands 28th in order of ll.rea nnd 5th in order of population amonoo
the 32 districts of the province, comprising 1·48 per cent. of the totJ
area, 4•74 per cent. of the total population, and 7•70 per cent. of the
urban population of Bl"itish territor_v:. . The lntitu~e, lon,g_itu~e, and
heiuht in feet above the sea of the prmmpal places m the d1stl"lct are
" below : -
shown
'l'oWD,
'
N. l.atitode. B. Lona:itode. Feet ltboyo
1ea-lenl,

Amritsar ......
Taran T&ran ...
Ajoila
•
......
...
8Jo 81'
31 11 fil'
Slo 28' 74" 68'
,,
141> lW'
,.,~
....•••
7000

• .&pprox1mate.

The district is nn oblong strip of country extending from side to Physical features,
side of the B:l,ri Doab, as tbat tract is named whic~ lies between· the
rive1·s Beas nod Ravi. To the eye oj the traveller 1t wodld appear a
dead level, unbroken by; ~ill or valley) b~t in reality it slop~s _gently
from the Beas to the Rav1, a fact whJCb 1s attested b:v varratroos in
the wa~r level. In the high-land, along tbe banks of th' Beas, tlte
 2 CHAP. I.-THE DISTRICT.

Chapter L wells are upwards of fifty feet iu depth, while towards the Ravi water
is found at less than twenty feet below the surface. Like the other dis-
Descrlptlw. tricts of the Doab, Amritsnr has also a· slight slope from the hills,
from north-east to south-west. But it is only by scientific exami-
nation that these changes in level cnn be determined, and to all
appearance Amritsar is no unvarying plain.
The Boas. The western bank of the Beas is high and abrupt, often ranging
60 feet above the mean level of the river. Below this bank there is
n strip of varying width, of alluvial or khddar land, changing year
by year according to the action of the floods. A hundred years ago,
it is said that the river ran under the village of Hamfra, in Kapur-
thain territory, seven miles from its present course, and traces of its
bed in this direction are clearly traceable. At present the stream,
as a role, bogs the high western bank closely throughout its course
past this district. Here and there, the khadar is perhaps a mile io
width, but never more. The bank itself-rises high above it in a se-
ries of bluffs and sand hills, high enough to form a conspicuous object
from the south, and it is from the summit of this bank that the slope
nlrendy alluded to sets in. At Wa~ir Bhullar ghat, where the Rail-
way and the Trunk road cross the river, the low water or winter
channel is not more than from 300 to 400 feet in. width, but swells
in flood time to f of a mile. The stream, a seething torrent during
the rains, and 35 feet in depth under the Railway bridge, dwindles
·in the winter to a mean depth of, perhaps, 6 feet. It is even fordable
in places. The bed is sandy throughout, and oo the east side there
is nothing whatever to interpose any obstacle in the way of a change
of course. The kMdar on ~be west bank, where it exists, is culti-
vated and yields rich crops. The river. is crossed by the railway
bridge at Wazfr Bhular; and a bridge of boats is maintained during
1he cold season nt the same place on the Grand Trunk Road. l'he
ferries nre detailed in Cap. IV. · · ,
The R/nL · The eastern bank of the Ravi is abrupt, but not high. Its bed
is snudy, but nny spnee left by the river below the flood bank is
·cultivated nod yields fair crops. During the months of March and
·April, the depth in most places is not more than a foot, but swells
in June and September to 18 or 20 feet. The floods have had a
tendency of late years to encroach northwards upon Sialkot
to the advantage of this district. Cultivable soil, thrown
up by the river, is called titian or kltoba. The rive1; is
ford.able nt nil ~oints. during the winter and spring months. The
femes are detmled 10 Cap. IV. At Kakkar on the Amritsar and
Guj.rnnwa!a road tilll879 a bridge of boats was kept up, except
durmg the four months of Hood.
Connls, '!'he Bari Doab and the old Hasli canals are fully described in
the Gazetteer of the Gurdaspur district. Both the main Bari Doab
cnnnl nod its Labore branch pass throu"h the breadth of the dis-
trict, the former a short distance to the "east of the city of Amritsar.
Li':d"!,~:~~ge b. h'l'he district is crossed by .several natural lines of drainage,
": 1e convey the surplus surface wnter of the country more imme-
,dmtely _below the hills into the Ravi or the Beas. Of these, the only
one wh1ch can ·be called a stream, is the Kirran or Sakki. l'his takes
its rise in lhe Bahrampur marsh (in Gurdaspur), aud ·running past
 CHAP. L-THB DISTRICf. 3
Rlimdas and Ajnala falls into the Ravi near the village of Rnnian, Chapter L
just above the bridge of boats on the Amritsar and Gujranwala
road. H is only in the rainy and cold seasons that it is of any size, •Descriptive.
although in the hottest weather it is never absolutely drf. This Linea of tlr'J\inn~t~
and swamp.
stream is celebrated for its wnter-fowl. or the minor lines of drnin·
age the most important are the Hodiara, Knssur and Patti nallD•,
all of wllich enter this district from that of Gnrdaspnr and pass on
in to Lahore. The Hodilua rises on the confines of this district and
Gurdaspur, collecting the drainage of the high ground to the "'est
and north-west of Batala. The Kassur and Patti nallaa rise further
north in (iurdaspttr near the banks of the Beas. • Immediately
after heavy rain, these channels, scarcely perceptible in the cold
weather, carry a rush of water sufficient to endanger lif41 and pro-
perty in the villages which lie withi11 their .influence. Their floods,
however, are on the whole bene6cial, a considerable 'area beiog some-
times ferWizecP by them. They have no defioed bed, but a1·e mere
!iepressious in the surface o£ varying width. The1·e is no piece of
water in the district which is deserving of the name of a lake. The
largest, like that o£ Makhl11nwala and Umarpnr, are little more than
ponds, which, alter the rains, receive the drainage of the neighbour.
ing country, and which become swamps «;lrentirely dry np in the bo~
season. .
· · The character of the country, high, dry and with· btit a small .llokkl and. forest..
rainfall, is not favourable to the existence of forests, while the dense
population and the great yalne o£ forest timber lias long caused
the disappearanoe.of such woods as tradition asserts to have once
existed in the district. There are, however, many pa~bes o£ waste
land known as rakhs, of which the following are the moat irn•
portant:- ·
Jlakh Nlg ...
.~~.
501
...... Gujarw41
.A..-..•
&,395
8hilmr,llh ... 276 Dlnawlll no
Sarlli Amanat Kh&u ... 1,362 Shekh Fatah 169
·Osmlln no Bahon1 660
Snkatcllak 149
These r~, whic"h are described in Chapter IV, were
more numerous, and of far greater extent twenty years ago than
now. Cultivation has very largely i.ncreased; nod large grants of
waste land have been ruade to native officers of the Indian Army,
for the country about Amrilsar and Lahore, known as the Manjlm,
has ever been, in Sikh as in English 'days, the great .recruiting
ground for the army, wl1ose retired soldiers endeavour, if possible,
to obtain a grant of land in the neighbourhood of their homes.
The Nag, Shik!rgah, and Sarai Amaoat Khan rakh8 have been
now placed under the charge of the Conservator of Foresta, and tirn·
ber trees have been largely planted. .Other ,.akJu in the immediate
neighbourhood of the city o£ Amritsar and the Grand Trunk Road,
have been reserved to supply grass to regiments marching throunh
the district. Some of the rak/18 are very thickly wciode8, bot mostly
·with dwarf trees and brushwood• The forest operations in the Nag
f'akk are represented by about 500 acre8 planted with •hW.ana
• See Gazettecn of GwdBopur aDd Lahore dislricta, 0
 CllAP. L-THE DISTRI~.

(Dalbergia .Um~, ktktir ( .Ac~ia .Arabiea)' riris (Aca~ siris~a), and

Chap~r
- L
.
Descriptive.
mulberry trees. The Sanu Amanat Khan rakh 1s considerably
larger, including about 1, IOu acres, all of which ia not ye~ planted
1/dlll ond forcoll. out. In this latter plantation, bard soil, saline matter on the surfacet
and beds of calcareona concrete (kankar) offer t'.onsiderable obstacles
· to the yonn a trees iu the first- years of their growth.
rreco. Apart from the rakl.., the scarcity of trees, whether timber or
fruit trees, is a marked feature of the district, more particularly no-
ticeable towards \.he soutb, in the Tarali Taran pargana. What
trees there are bave been planted in the vicinity of villages .or on
the borders of fields. The only kinds strictly indigenous to the dis-
trict are the pl1ultthi (.Acac;a moduta), the tamarisk (faras; tamarim
oriental~), the dlutk (B11tca frondOBa), whose large leaves are ~ra­
thered in tbe jungles and brought into the tom•s, where they serve
the · halwai nod grooer ns a wnpper for th~ir cm'is, butter and
sngar,-and theihand (P1'08opiupicigera,) a. gnarled nod knotted shrub
whose hard, close-grained wood is valued for fuel •. The ldkar (.Acacia
.Arobica) is ~et with ~~~ all par~ o~ the district, and is frequently
planted, bot 1t cannot be onlled mdrgenous. · . · . .
Although the trees previously described are tire only ones entitled
to be called indigenon•, not a few others are to be met with either
planted around the village homesteads, or set in groves and gardens,
Among these may be mentioned the tcUi or shul•am (Dtilbergia siB-
Ill), the siris (.Acacia sirissa), tire mulberry (Morus lmvigata), the
plpal (Ficr11 religiowa ), tire bor, called by Europeans bu~ never ·by
.natives banyan (Ficuw indica). Less common are tlreJollo,ving, hav-
ing been planted chiefly by tlie side of roads or in gardens : the
bultain or Persian Iii no ·(Melia sempervirens), the n£m (.Azadirao!lta ·
lndica), tire eoMjna or l•orse radish tree (Moringa pte•ygospemw),
the scented acacia' (Acaeia f.rneliana), the'. amriltas (Catl•a•·tooa•·pus
fistula), and the tUn (Cedo•ela toona), Other species mi,~tht be men-
tioned, but are hardly met with in sufficient nuinbers to jnstify their
being called trees·of tire district. Poplar, plane and willow, grown
only for ornament and in gnrdens, are instances of this ch1ss. The
fruit trees most commonly cultivated are the orange, the lime,
sweet and acid, the mango and pomegranates, the last named
being of a very inferior sort. Peaches of two sorts, ·one ronnd-
.fruited, the other flat, nod sometimes called the China peach, are
abundant; a small yellow plum, called a!Ucha (PruntU domestica)
with a dark-coloured variety ;is common; also the guava (.Amr.U,
Pridium pyriferum), loquat (Erio6o/.r.va japonica), and· fig (FictU
"?riciorler) ; the jujube or beoo (Zi•ypl•u•) and jaman, a black fruit
ltke a sloe (Sizygium jambolanum) complete tbe.· list. In gardens
at Amritear itself, grapes and strawberries B.re grown. Melons
are raised in large quantities in'. fields. Two species, the musk melon
(Cucumia melo), and the ea~buz a water melon (Crwurbita citr,.t[.,,
are sold in the bazars io Ute bot season. The only wild fruits much
used are those of the lenfiess caper (Oapparis aphalla) called karll,
and. of the wild jujube or 6er. The former are picked while yet
unnpe, a~d made into pickles. Th~ berries of tbe ;al, called pilu
are occnstonrdly gatltered, The dMk tree (Brllea frotidosa) which
.abounds in some of the jungles, has a fine orange-coloured flowu':
 CHAP. I.-THE DISTRicr. 5

w},icb is gatbered in tbe early summer, dried and used u a dye • Chapter I.
under the name of g#l-kem.
Amribnr is not a good district for sport, wiLetber. shooting- or De!crlptive.
hunting. Wild pig are found occasionally in tbe rakh. and fuel Wild aniaaall. Sport.
plantations. Hares are ve,·y scarce. The whole of tbe southern
half of t.he district in former days wa• well stocked with the
common antelope nnd chikdra (ravine deer); but they are now scarce.
The n£lgai is very scnrce, if found at all. The only beasts of prey
in the district are wolves. ·Rewards are offered for their slaughter,
and a return for 12years, from 1855 to 1868, showed a total of 100
wolves killed, and about 400 rupees spent in rewards. This number.
is probably ttnder-estimated.
or game birds, black partridges ar3 found here and tllere
tltroughout the district. arey partridges are somewhat more nu-
merous. Snncfgrouse of both species are met with. Tbe small
or pin-tailed variety is met with at all sensous, The otber species,
\\hich are migrlltory, arrive from the north-west in the beginning
of November, and remain in the district t.ill March, being met wit.h
occasionally in fields ol btijra and jorotlr. Pea-fowl nre fonud oc-,
casionally, and nre becoming more numerous in the enclosed plan-
·tations and wood preserves. Quail vieit the fields t.vice yearly
(at each harvest), and are then abundant. Numbers are netted,
and the sportsman may, speciall;r if he place call-birds in a field
overnight, get 20 to 30 brace Jn a morning nhnost close to the
station of. Amdtsar. The best qunil-shootin~r is in April or begin-
ning of May, when: the grain cropS' are being cut. The ortolan
. is not scarce, though the flocks are neither so numerous nor so Iorge
·as in B~ngal and the North-West Pt·ovinces. The golden plover
is not found, but the annd plover is commonly seen running over
tl1e flat plains.. ln the cold weather, the . grey, lavender nud Brah-
miny goose mnke their appearance by the dvers and near the caun.l.
Wild duck of several varietie~J. .are n.lso nbnnduut in jl.tls or swamps
and on the bendiugs of tile rivers. Snipe are abundant; the best
shooting is in the cold weather after rain has fnllen. The kUIGn
(common crane, Gru8 cinerea), ·and the demoi•elle crane (Antfwo-
pdides virgo) coma in about. the middle or .October, and return
towards the· North-West in Ma1·ch and April. The large ibis is
seen occasionally flying in V-shaped groups. The black or king
curlew is. commooly seen stalking about the plonj!'hed fields; the
painted curlew haunts the swamps in tbe vicinity of the canal; and
the jack cUI·lew is found ou the sandy banks of the Beas and
other 1·i vers. ·
In the Beas, the malutn.- affords excellen~ fishing: in the Ravi Fahing.
tl1is fish, though abundant, is said to refuse the bnit. In both rivers
tl1e large rahu is .caught, and is netted by the native fishermen for
.anle. A canal officer writes : " Tbe caonl swarms 'lith fi•h. In
" the upper portion of the main branch, fish, cbiefty malztlnr and
"ral•u of a fair size, may be caught. Lower down, the spawn of crn.y
"fish and other fry come up from the Ravi. On the occasions of closing
'' t.he cn.nal, or minor water-courses, great destruction ef fish oceurs.
" The villagers take advantage of these times to clear tbe bend of the
" canal of every desoritltion of fish." In most river-villages a few
 [Punla.b Ga.zetteer,
6 CHAP. I.-THE DISTRICT.

Chapter L• individuals make a. livelihood by fis!.ing. Fish is sold at the rate

of about ten.seers per rupee, or is exchanged for grain at equal
Descriptive. weights. . • .
Geology. Our knowledge of Indian geology IS as yet ·SO general m Its
nature, and so little has been done in the Panjab in the ":ay of
detailed geoloooical investigation, that it is impossible to discuss
the local geology of separate districts. But a. sketch o~ the geology
of the Province ·as a whole has been most kmdly furmshed by Mr.
Medlicott, Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India, and
is published in extenso in the Provincial volume of the Gazetteer
series, and also as a separate pamphlet.
Mincrnl products. The whole soil consisting of alluvial clay and loam, the only
mineral product of value is the peculiar calcareous concrete known
as kankar. It occurs in beds generally at a slight i.epth below the
surface, whence it is cut out and forms the principal material for
road metalling. Kankar is also burnt for lime. The presence of
this concrete, therefore, is of no inconsiderable importance, as without
it the roads must remain unmetalled and lice for building purposes
would have to be brought from a distance. There is no limestone
to be found, nor do the streams here contain those rounded boulders
and pebbles of older rock, which are frequent in streams nearer the·
hills, aud yield, when calciued, a large supply of lime.
The best kankar ~eds are found in villages Saurian and Jasarwal
in the Ajn:ila tall8il; in 'l'nran Taran tahiti at Kot Kazi and 'Taran
'l'aran; and in the Amritsar talls£1, in so:ne ten or twelve villages.
As a l'Ule, in the upper part of the district, the kank"'' is sparse and
found in small nodulated pieces. It sells at about Rs. 3-8 per 100
cubic feet. Lime made from kankar sells at Rs. 13 per 100 cubic
feet for the first quality, anq Rs. 10 for the second.
Saltpetre was made in Sikh times, in the Ajnala tal•.tl, imd iJ1
mkh Dinawal, but the manufacture is very little clU'ried on at the
present time. . ·
Coarse pottery clays, whitish, grey and black, are collected
and distinguished by the kumlu£rs, or potters, but need no parti-
cular remark. ·
Rainfall, t•mpcr- The climate of the district, owing to the comearative proximity
nturc, nnd cliwnto. of the hills and the extension of canals and
Yoar. Tentbl of
•n inch.
increase of cultivation, is more temperate,
. d nring the hot months from May to Sep-
1862.88 .. ... 230 tember, than that of many parts of the
........
1863-6&
1......
... 870

... 239 Is~anjab.

270 For the remainder of the year it
temperate and pleasant; while for two
• months in the winter frosts are frequent.
Table No. III shows 10 ·tenths of an inch the total rahifall registered
at each of the rain-gauge stations in the district for each year from
~866.67 t? l8R2-8~. The fall at head-quarters for the four preced-
mg years IS shown m the margin. The distribution of the rainfall
thr?ughout the year is shown in Tables Nos. IliA. and IIIB,
wh1le Table No. IV gives details of temperature for each of the last
14 years, n's registered at head-quarters.
Amrl.tsar :C1strl.ct]
CHAP. L-THE DISTRICT. 7
· Tables No~ XI, XIA, XIB, and XLIV give annual and Cllapter L
monthly statistics of births and· deaths for the district, and for its
towns during the last five year&: while the birth and death rates Descriptive.
since 1868, so far as available, will be found in Cap. III, for ti1e Disease,
~eneral ·population, and in Chapter VI under the heads of the several
large towns of the district.. Table No. XII shows the number of
insane, blind, deaf-mutes, and lepers as ascertained at the Census
of 1881; while Table No. XXXVIII shows the working of the dis- ·
pensaries since 1877.
 CHAPTER I I.

HISTORY.
Chapter IL There are no a•·chitectural remains in the A mritsar districtor
any great interest. The only relics of Muhammadan rule wbicb
lllstory. need be mentioned are the remains of the imperial Sarais at the
ob"eA~cht~t•••! to1vns of Fatbiabad, Nauran.,abad, Nuruddfn, and S:u-ai Amanab
10
au CIDJWIS, Khan in the Taran Taran" pargana on the old Delhi and Labore
road, of which little is left but the gateways. The chief objects of
architectural interest in the district are the Sikh temples at Amritsar,
Taran Tilran, Debra Nimak, Khadur, Govindwal 1\!ld Ramdas. The
oldest of these. was built some 300 years ago.· 'l'he temple at
Amritsar is overlaid with a plating of copper gilt, aud within is
beautifully decorated. Immense sums must have been expended
on it. The temples at Taran Taran and Debra N {mak are also over-
laid with gilded plating, and decorated within, but in a less expen-
sive style, and the buildings themselves are smaller than the Amritsnr
temple. It is for these expensive decorations that the Sikh temples
are chiefly remarkable. The buildings in themselves are small, and
their style of architecture not of a high orde1·. Among the objects
of architectural interest in the district must also be mentioned, the
building at Amritsar known .as tho Baba Atal, a lofty tower built
over the tomb of Baba Ataf, who was a son of the sixth Sikh Guru
Hargovind, and the fort of Govindgarh at Amritsar, built by Ranjft
Singh in the year 1809 "· D. .
_E~~rl:r history. The interest of the history of this portion of the Panjab com-
mences with the rise of the Sikh power. There is no mention of
nny important city or seat of Government l1aving existed in what
is now the Amritsar district in the days of nncieut Hiutlu sovereignty.
It was probably under the rule of the kings of L;thore. The
antiquities at Shlihbazpnr are described by General Cunningham in
his Archreologica\ Survey Reports, XIV, 53~4. .
Mubammodan p.. In 1023 A.D., Sultan Mahmud permanently established the
riod. Muhammadan power iu Labore and the Panjab. From that time,
till -the overthrow by the Sikhs of the Muhammadan supremacy·
nt Lahore, this district was attached to that city, aud when the
Muhammadan rule spread over India, formed part of the Laqoi·e -BUba
or-province. ·
The Sikhs. Shortly after the middle of the 15th century, was born at the
villa:re of Talwandf, iu the Lahore district,. N&nnk, the founder of
~he Sikh religion, and the first Sikh Guni. ·His history, however,
1s but little connected with that of this district. Nanak died in 1539
A.D., at a ,Yillage on the opposite side of the Ravi to where now.
stands the town of Dehra N anak, in Gurdaspur, founded by his
descendants, and called after his name. His successor, An.,ad .the
second GurU, lived at the villuge of Khad6.r iu the Tar~n Taran
pargana, a< few miles from the Bias, and died there in 1552 A.D.
Angad was succeeded by Amarclas, the third Guru, who lived at the
town of Govindwl!.l on the Bias, some five miles from Khadur. He
 .ll.mrl.tsar ll1strl.ct.]
CHAP. !I.-HISTORY. 9
died in :i574 A.D. ·To him succeeded his son-io-bw Ramdas, the oChapteriL
f~urth Guni, who obtained from the ]1:mperor Akbar the grant of a
p1ece of land on the spot where now stands the city of Amritsar, History.
nod ilng the holy tank, and commenced the erection of a temple in The Sikhs,
its midst •. Ramdll.• died in 1581 A.D. His son nod successor
A~a~, the fifth G.nru, · ~ompleted the t~mple, and mnltiplied th~
bmldmgs around lt. · Smce then, Amr1tsar has ever remnined the
most sacred shrine of the Sikh people. Arjao fnr su,·pnssed his
predecessors in wealth and . magnificence, and durin~ his miuis.try
the number of converts to· the Sikh religion rapidly increased.
Towards the end of his life, however, he was involved in a qunrrel
with Chandu Shah, the Imperial Governor at Lahore, and ended his
.Jife in captivity at that city in 1606 A.D. He was succeeded by
his son Hargov~d, the sixth Guru, a mnri of martial nod ad1·entui'OUS
·character, under whom tbe Sikhs first gave proof of .their warlike
· qualities. Hargoviod eventually came into colli.ion with tbe
· imperial authorities at. Lahore, and though d. featin<r the troops
who were sent to punish him, was fo,·ced to leave the "paojab. Be
died in 1645 A.D., at the town of Kfmtpur on the .Sutlej.
Iu ·1708 A.D., shortly after the death of the Emperor Au·,·ao.,zeb,l
Govind, the tenth n!ld last Guru, died in the Deccan. On his death 1
his chosen disciple Banda, the Buh·a!?i or ascetic, came up to the Punjab
bringing with him the arrows of Govind, nod calling to arms thei·
.Sikhs to inflict vengeancE! on the Muhammadans. The call was.
promptly responded to. The Sikhs flocked in thon•ands to the standard
of Bauda,·and, so weakened had becoine the Muhammadan power
.through the contests for the throne consequent upon the delLth of
Aurangzeb, that the whole country was overt·un and ravaged up to
the gates of Lahore. This success, however, was but transient•
.Abdul Samaod Khan was appointed Governor of Lahore, and in 17161
A.D., he completely defeated the Sikhs and took p1isoner Banda
'himself, who was sent to Dehli-and there put to death. After this
event, an active persecution was kept up against the Sikhs, and· for
some years. but little was heard of them. .But the times were .
favourable for their insurrectionary projects. In 1739 A. 'n., while
Zakariyn Khan, son of Abdul Samand Khan, wns vicei'Oy of Lahore,
India was invaded by Nadir S!lah, the Persian king. The Sikhs
·eeized the opportunity afforded by this invaoion, and again rising
in arms, plundered the country. When Nadir Shah had retired,
they were again defeated 'and put down by the viceroy of Lahore.
In 1747 A. D., Ahmad Shah Abdalf, the Dnrani ruler of 'Dnrini invasions,
Afghanistan, made his first invasion into the Panjau, and defeating
.the governor of Lahore, Shah Nnwaz Khan, son of the late governor
Zakariya Khan,· advanced as far as Sirhind. The Sikhs again rose,
and assembling nt Amritsnr, threw up a fort there called Ram RaDii.
On Ahmad Shah's returning to his own country, MLr Maunu was
sent from Dehli as viceroy to Lahore, who, ns soon as lie had estab-
lished his authority, marclied against the Sikhs, and capturing their
fort, dispersed them. After this, IIHr Maunu quarrelled with the
imperial authorities at Dehli, and having defeated the troops . sent
against him, declared himself independent. He dH not long,
 CPQDjab aazottoer,
10 CIW'. IJ.-IDSTORY.

O'hapter n, however, remain ilo. In 1752, ·A.D., .Ahmad Sba~ again ~rossed.
the Indus, and advancing to Labore, defeated Mtr l\{a!lnu, and
Blstory. captured that city. He returned, leaving M~r ~annu as Ins dep•!~Y' ·
Dunloi lovoolons, in the Punjab. Shortly after, Mlr Maunu dted, and the PnnJab
remained for a time under the nominal rule· of Adina Beg Khim, a
mnn of ability and vigorous character, whom Mir. Mtmu~ had em-
ployed as superintendent of the Jallandhar Doa!J, nnttl Ahmad
SMh aanin passed through Lahore, in the winter of 1755-56, and
left his :'on Tnimur as governor there.
Prince Taimur marched to Amritsar and demolished the Ram
Raurl Fort, which the Sikhs had rebuilt. But the Sikh power
was doily increasing, and instigated by Adlna Beg, who had retired
to the hills through fear of Taimur, they rose in great ulimbers,
and succeeded in expelling the Afghans from Lahore,61nd tempot'arily
occupying it. Adina Beg now hoped to become master of the
Panjab. But be did not find the Sikhs so willing to defer to him
ns be had expected, nor would he have been able with their sole aid
to attain his wishes. He accordingly called in the Maharattas
who responded to the call, and marchina to the Panjab, made the Sikhs
evacuate Lahore, and Ahmad Shah's g~rrisons retire across the Indus.
Adina Beg bad now attained the summit of his wishes. But he did
not long enjoy his power. He died within a few mouths, at the
end of the year 1758.
The loss of the Panjab again brought Ahmad Shah to India.
He marched through Labore, up to Dehli, the. Maharattas giving
way as he advanced. In 1761 he gained· his great victory over·
them at PS:nfpat, and retired immediately af~er the battle to his
own country, leaving a deputy at Lahore. On the departure of
Ahmad Shah, the Sikhs again rose; and put to bard straits the
Governor at Lahore. On this, in the end of 1762, Ahmad Shah
returned to Labore, and pursuing the Sikhs across the Sotlej, gave
them a disastrous defeat. On his way home, out of revenge for
the constant annoyance which the Sikhs had caused him, he de-
stroyed and defiled the temples and tanks at Amritsar. Bot, notwith-
standing these reverses, the Sikh power was daily increasing, and
by the year 1764 Ahmad Shah's deputy was dtiven out of Labore,
and the Sikhs were left in sole possession of this part of the Panjab.
Nor "~<"ere they again disturbed, except be one more invasion of
Ahmad Shah, two years after this date, the effects of which were
only temporary. ·
PIU'Iition of tcrrllory The ·independent chiefs of various confederacies, or muls as
11111ong Sikh mut.. tht>y were termed, now commenced to pottiou out the Panjab among
themselves. The muu who took possession of this district were. the
Bhnngf, Ahluwalia, Kanhaya and Ramgarhia. The possessions of
the Bhang! misl were the country round Amritsnr, nod sooth, in
the Tnrnn ~ran pa~anna. Tha Ahluwalia Chief, whose principal _
posse•sions were in the Jnllandhar Doah held a few towns alon"'
the Bias round about Fathiabild and 'Govindwal. The Kanhay~
misls held the country about Batala nod Fathigarh, and the
Ramgarhia miol about Sri Govindpur and Kadian, the tract which is
called the Riarki: All, however, had their separate quarters ·at Amritsar,
 CHAP. D.-HISTORY.' 11
which was- regarded as tl•e common city oF the whole Sikh people, Ch&fter D.
and where all used to assemble to celebrate the Sikh festivals.
These divisions of territory did not ·long remain intagt•. In History.
1774, tl1e Kanbaya and Ahluw&lia millis leagued toaether againstp .
iWignrh'1a mu
th e R <-. • 1, and th e Ram
• garh'18· c b'1e f was
" arbt1onSikb
eventuaIIy among o1 torrltory
11 ;.u
defeated, and forced. to fly from the Punjab, leaving his possessions to •
be take11 by the Kanhayas. ,
The Kanhayas now for a while become predominant, wiJile the
power of the . Bhnngis was gradually diminishing. Bot in 1785
the Kanbaya chief quarrelled with Maha Singh, father of the future
Maharaja Ranjft Singh, who was head of the Sukkarchakkian mU.l,
and whom the Kanhtlyn had taken under his protection. Maba Singh
invited the Ramgnrbia chief to join him, who responded to the
call, and their vnited forces detested the Kanhnyns. The Ram-
. garhins then regained all their former .possessions. Soon after,
Mal18. Singh married his young son Ranjit Singh to the daughter
of the Knnhaya chief, and it was in a great measure owing to this
alliance that Ranjit Singh subsequently gained his predominance
over nil the o~ber mula in the Panjab. ·
. The history of the next twenty years is connected with the gradual Blse of tho powor of
rise of the power of Ranjit Singh, who, on the death of his father, llaujl~ Singb.
succeeded to the chieftainship of his mul, and his ultimate absorp-
tion of the possessions of the other 'misla. ·In 1799, Ranjit Singh
obtained psssession of Lahore; and in 1802, with the aid of the
Ahluwalia Chief, took Amritsar, and reduced the power of the
Bhangls,. Thenceforward, no chief could withstand Ranjlt Singh,
and by degrees he attached tl1e territories of the Kanhnyll8 and
Ramgn1·hias,· and' brought the whole of this district under his absolute
supremacy. Ranjit Singh was now sole master of this district, and Annexation of tbe
it remained peaceably in the possession of bimself and his successors, P•iJ~~!~. tho
until the Panjab was annexed by the British in 1849.
The following account of the events of 1857 is tnkep from the Pn11• The Mutiny.
jab Mutiny Report. The oity which gives its name to the.Amritsar
district is the principal mart in the Punjab. It is commanded by the
celebrated fo1·tress of Go~indgarh. It ie to the Sikh what ·the
Isle of, Mona wns to the Briton of Julius Cresar's dny ; what
Mecca is to the Muhammadan and Benares ·to the Hindu. On
Amritsar, as the pivot, might be snid to turn the loyalty of
the Khalsa. Did it fail us, the Sikh might be expected to
rebel ; did it atand firm, their attachment to us was secure.
It was a source .of much uneasiness that the . stronghold was
occupied by a detachment of ·the li9th Native Infantry, with
only 70 European Artillery men.· Captain L11wrence, Captain of
Police, and Mr. Roberts, Commissioner, drove over, on the
13th May, immediately after the disarming at M~au Meer,
.· to arr~nge for its safety. On t~eir . return to LaJ!ore the
. follow10g day, they represented to B1·1gad•er Corbett the emergent
necessity for pushing a body of European foot into it. He
instantly complied, nod, notwithstanding the alarming events
of that day as narrated above, half a company of • the 8lst
Foot was rnn across the same night in ekkas, or native one~
horse gigs. It entered Govindgarb peaceably ·by dawn o£ the
 19 CHAP. II.:-li!STOBY.

Chapter. D. 15th. The 69Lb atill remained in the fort, bnt,

Europeans were available, tl1e latter took their place. The
n' soon liS
History, 59ili lVII& .disarmed by ·Bri,!tadier-General Nicholson, command.
Tbo llutln;r. ing ilie movable column, on tile 9Lh J'uly. As soon as the
outbreak occurred, one of the first measures adopted by Mr•.
Cooper, Deputy Commissioner, was to provision this fortress •.
It was rapidly and thoroughly effected without exciting any
particular notice, and the fort then ·became one of our trusty
bulwarks, which it bad not hitherto been, Mr. MacNaghtcn,
AII.Siatant Commiaaioner, at the same time went out on the
Lahore road to raise the country ·(a part of the Manjha) Aj!'ainst
any deaarters who might come by. Rewards were offered for
any sepoy who lu1d deserted ; the smotl1ercd martial spil·it of
the people was kindled into a Same ; escape for a deserter was
l10peless, for every village became. to him as •a nest of hornets.
'l'he temper of tbe people was one great cause of the achieve-
ment which l10s made the Amritsar district famous in ilie
annals of 1867,
On the 31st J'uly n larJ:(e body of disarmed sepoya appear~
ed on . the left bank of the R&vi, near Balghat, asking for
information as to tl1e (ords. The peoJ>le's most curious attention was
aroused. They amused the sepoys for a few hours with various
pretences, while runners hastened away to tl1e neighbourin,l:( tal1sZl of
Ajnala and even on to Amdtsar. Prem,Nath, taltsllddr of Aju&la, quick-
ly brought down every available policeman be bad, and it was fonnd
that tl1eae men were the 26th Native lnf.~ntry .who had mutinied the
previous day at Lnl1ore, and, after committing four mur•lers, had
travelled acroaa country, off the main lines of communication, 40 miles
in 19 hours. A fi11ht ensued': ·l 50 men fell under tl1e resolution of'
tile villagers and police. By 4:P. M. Mr. Conper arrived with abont
80 horse, accompanied by Sirdar Jodl1 Singh, Extra Assistant, an
old Sikh chieftain, The mutineers had. escaped by a ford to an island
in midstream, They were captured and executed· next morning, 45
having died during tl1e night from fatigne and exhaustion. Onr criti-
cal position. at this time justified the awful punishment of these mnti-
lleers, 237 10 number.· About 42 subseqnently captured were sent
back to Lahore,· and there, by sentence of court·maJ·tial, blo}vn from
guns in presence of the whole bri11ade.
· Many Sikhs, however, on service with tl1eir regiments in the
l)Torth-Western Provinces, failed their country nod their masters.
Many were drawn into the vortex of 1·evolt, and after the f,Jll of Delhi
tried to steal bome. A close, search was made for tbem. When
the regiments to which thev belon.,.ed bad murdered their officers
tl~e men were execnte~. · iu otlu;;. cases they were punished by
d1fferent terms of imprisomi1eut. Tl1i& operation wns carried on,
more or less, throughout the Pnnjab, but it is here noticed. as many
of them hnd their l10mes in this district. The usual amount of
disaffection was found amonJ:(st .the Hiudustanis ill iliis dist1·ict, and
the Jame precautions were adopt~d as elsewhere in rej:(Rrd to their
letters, tlJq atoppnj!e o£ the ferries, and the expulsion of vao-rants and
emissaries from Delhi. :Mr. Aitchison, Assistant Commis;ionur, wus
despatched on two occasions iuto the interior to guard a river or tu
Amrltstl1' :Dlstrlct.J
CRAP. U.-RISTORY. 13
give conlid$ce to a sub-division, and Mr. Cooper himself for many
weeks. remain~d out o!l patrol dut~ eyery night until past midnig~t.
Oaptam Perkms; Ass1stant Commissioner, bad charge of the recruit-
ing department, and Mr. MncNnghten, Assistant Commissioner,
shewed considerable courage in the apprehension of an incendiary
•named Bhai Maha.raj Singh, and in his voluntary expedition to Atari
on May 14th, to mise the country. Here he was willinaly seconded
by Dhvan Na.rian Singh, the agent of Sardar Khan Singh, Atariwala.
A Sj!poy and a native doctor of the· 85t.h Native Infantry were hung
at different times for seditious language. The executions produced a
marked change in the demeanour of the people, aod the moral efFect
of the presence of General Nicholson's movable column at difFerent
periods, aggregating about 11 month, was great. It might have been
expected that the subscription to the six per cent. loan from the
wealthy cities of A~J~ritsar and Labore would have been large, Tl1e
opposite· was the case. Their contributions were inappreciable. Men.
worth half a crore of rupees ofFered a subscription of Rs. 1,000, and
others on the same scale. Their niggard distrust of our Government
spoke very unfavourably for their loyalty, and wae in strong contrast
with the ~ager co-~pe1·ation of the rural population. · .
The Amritsar district, as at firs~ formed, consisted of the present Formation of the
taJmls of Amritsar, Taran TQ.rnn nod Ajnala, together with .the trans- dlatrict.
Ravi paPgana of Rl•1h or NarowaL This was transferred to Sialkot
in 1867. At the same time the Batala taTtszl of Gurd~ur was
transferred to Amritsnr, but was re-trausferred to Gurd&spur in
18119. Untill859 Lhe district formed part of the division, or Commia-
sionersbip of Lahore; but io that year a new division WRS formed
having its·head-quarters at Amrit.sar, and including the districts of
Amritsar, Sialkot and Gurd&spur. Under the Sikhs there were 23
estates, or talukaB in the district. These are distributed among the
present taMtlB' ns .follows .:-

Ajn&la
ft€:..
Tboba
.•
.Amrltsar
rJ•ndi,la
Sathi&la
BllDdala
MahUbko'
Mattlw4l
JPanjgir&in Obawinda
Chamiari
ILKwt
Ghoniw&la
·
•
·
1Majitba
Amritsar
Gllwali

Taran Tanm{i~~t MabmUd

Kapoir Kheri
Tanm Taran ·
The table on the next page shows tl1e Deputy Commissioners Liatof District
who have held charge of the district since annexation. Olllt:en~.
Some conception .of the development of the district since it Development since
came into our hands may be gathered from Table No. ii, which aDnentioDo
gives some of the leading statistics for five-yearly periods, so far as
they are available; while most of the other tables appended to this
work give compa.rative figures for the laet few years. I'! the cnse
 CHAP. n.-IDSTORY.

Dhapter IL Omoau. J'.... Ontcau. • v....

.
Blstohr.
... ......... ......... ... ...
.........
L. Bannden 2M·.. W. Coldatream S-8-'13

..........
List of Dlolrict I. Doonitou 1-1-63 0, H. Ball ,,, 22-10-73
· omcem. Cooper::-: 17-~'it

........
T, B. 1-8-69

........
T.W. Bmrh.,,
81·8-14.
0. J, ll'arrlagton
G. Lewin -
15·4-80
1-6-66
O.,llo.Nei e ,,.
T. W. Bmvth,,, ...... ......... t-10-74
2·11-'14.
T. W, Bmylb •••
G. Lewin .. ,
...-·... ...... 16-6-67
26·7-67
0, B. Ball
c. a Bawkin~··
0. H. Ball ......... ... 8..S.76
21-10-76
D. G. Barkley
G. T.ewin •••
...... ...... 16·8-67
M-10-67 J. D. Tremlett",.
... ......... }4.-3-77
,..
IM2-67 W. ~. Wool\ward

.........
Major H. B, Urm~toa. 18-7-77

......... ......
1-8-69 J. W. Gardiner 20-7-77
L. Grima ...
D. trlt•r•triclr ...... 14-U-69 W. Your.!( ••• S-1-78
W. Col •tream
... -......
lli·S-69 J. W. Gardiner
.........
1-2-78

......... .........
1'. M. Blrcb 16-S-69 0. R, Bawkina 12-9-78
;r, W, Gardin.;,. 1-8.69 J. D. TremleU.,, 15--11-78
P.M. Birch
...... 2-9-10 c. B. Bawkioa ·
... S-2 79

.........
0· B. Ball ::: Jl. Clarke

.........
1-8-71 2-8-81
0. H. )fanhaU
Q, B. Ball ...... 17·1-72
)3-4.72
J, W. GardinQ:
...
0- 11:. BawkiD1 ......... 4-l..SZ
2-3-82
J. A. Montl!omary
J. W. Sm~th .. , ·
o.n. ~· ...
..... -...
28·15-73
80-6.73
)1.9.73
G. Knox
•
21.3-BS
still in
charge

Developme~t oinco of Table No. 1I

. .
probable tha~ the figures are no~ always
1t ts
011
• " ""•tioo. strictly compnrnble, their basis not being the snme in all cases from
one period to another. But the figures mny be accepted as showing
in general terms the nature nud extent of the advan~e made.
 CHAPTER III.
THE PEOPLE.

SECTION A.-STATIS'riOAL. I

Table No. V gives separate statistics for each talUJfl and for the Chapter III, A.
whole district, of the distribution of population over towns and villages, Statistical.
over area, and among houses and families; while the number of houses
in each town is shown iu Table No. XLIII. The statistics for the Distribution of
population,
district, as a whole, give the following figures, Further information
will be found in Chapter II of the Census Report of 1881 : -
Persons 78•96
· Percentage of total population who live in villages Males 78•40
Average rural population: per village ..•
Females
...
1 79'66
684:
Average total population per village and town · 860
Number of villages ~r loo square miles ... ... .... ••• 66
Average distance from village to village, in miles
Total area
Density of population per square mile of Cultivated area"{ i~~~i ~~~~~~~
...
{ ... ..• t·32
Total population 667
Rural population 448
~~;
Cult bl
ura e ar
Number of residenii families per occupied house
1j
ea Total population
Rural population
;!~es
I 666
6!8
~ :~~
Villages 7·93
Number of persons per occupied honse lf Villages
Towns 6·83
4'44
Number of pemons per rcsidenii famHy l Towns 3·88
Table No. VI shows the principnl districts and states with Migrationandbirtb-
which the district has exchanged population, the number of migrants place of population.
in each direction, and the distribution of immigrants by tahsfl8.
Further details will be fonnd in Table XI and in supplementary
Tables C to H of tbe Census Report for 1881, while the whole subject
is discussed at lenuth iu Part II of Chapter III of tbe same rep01·t.
· " Tbe total gain and loss to the district by
FroportiOtl per mille of total
population. '
migration is shown in the margin. The
total number. of residents born out of the
.
Gain. Loee, aistrict is 124,806, of whom 56,035 are
· Persona
Malee
...... --
139
II.
-126 - males
109
ber·of
and ·61!, 771 females. The nnm-
people born in the district and liv-
Females ... 171 146 ing in other parts of the Punjab is
1,11,917, of whom 53,621 are males and
58,296 females, The figures below show the general distribution
of the population by birth-place·- .
PB0l'OB2'10. J>IIB IIII'.LJI o• lluiD:IH POPtJL&'fiOJI'.
Burd Populatitm.
BoJUI' m
II Uriu Population.
II 2'oeal PopultJtkm.

Males ll'emalea. Peraone. Malee. ll'emalea. PenoDJ. llale.. Fe.falea. Penon•

The diatrict
The prOT.ince
India
. Aaio
. , . , ... .........
939
1,000
997
1,000
997
1,000
!'98
717
....
930 ......... .......... ...... ...
701
-- - - ---
1177
1,000
861
1,000
1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 -i•ooo t.ooo
 [hnj&'b auotwor,
16 CliAP. m.-THE PEOPLE.

Chapter m. A. The following remarks on the migration to and from Amritsar

•• are taken from the Census Report:- ·
Bta.tlstica.J. .o.ue attract1ve uwuence o a grea cen re of commerce IS
' · " om. • !.n f t t ' at once ·
:Migration and birth· apparent in th~ figures. Amritsar draws population from all parts of the
pioeo of populAtion, province. Wliile 90 per cent. of the rural population is indigenous, on
less than 80 per cent. of the people of the town are born out of the district,
and nearly 9 per cent. beyond the limits of the province ; four per mille come
from outside India, of which one-ball are from Asiatie> countries. Amritsar
is one of the most thickly-peopled districts of the Panjab, but it is profuse-·
ly irrigated by the Bari Doab Canal, and has on its borders the snbmontane
districts of Jalandhar, Hushyarpur, Gurdaspur and Si&lkot, where the
density of population is at least as great as, and its pressure greater than,
in Amritsar itself. From these districts it takes population, while it gives
tq the fertile and moderately populated state of Kapurthala, and to the
districts of Lahore, Firozpur and Montgomery, where the population is sparse
and canal irrigation has lately been enormously extendedloto the great citieso
of Multan and Peshawar; and to the temporary labour markets of Uawal-
pindi and Jhelam. From most of the other distant districts it receives
1mmigrants in excess of its emigrants. The migration from J alandhar to
and from Gurdaspur, to Sialkot, and from Firozpur and the Native States,
is largely reciprocal in type ; all other migration is permanent, or in the
case of the· emigrants to Rawalpindi and Jhelam, temporary. Kashmir
contributes three-quarters of the surplus population due to migration,
though l1ere a large part of the migration is probably due rather to the
demand for skilled labour on the shawl looms of Amritsar than to the pres-
sure of famine in Kashmir." -
IncrCnse and de- The figures of
OeolhJ per
crease of populAtion OeDIUI, PertoDI, Maly. Females. square the statement in the
mile.
margin show the

j{ 18155
)868
1881
...
...
r.!O,S74
... 893,2&6
li32,S.'Iil W'i'i' sB7:7'it
400,69& <02,511
... <87
667
population of the
distriot as it stood at
the three enumera-
a. !. [ )868 OD 1851
••
116'60 ...... ......
. 122 tions .of 1855, 1868,
~ j I 1881 OD 1888 107'28 106•150 109'"' 106 and 1881.
o I
The figures of
1855 nnd 1868 are those returned for the tal1slls now included in the
Amritsar district, but as they then
Yoat: Penooe. Ma~ea.~F~alee. stood, no ndjnstmont for minot;
clmnges of boundary beina possible;
1S81 ...... 898.8 490,'1 492,6
0
Nor nre details of sex for 1855 for
1889
1S88 ...... 898,1 4119,7
903.0 . 411U
405,4. the district, ns at present consti~
40~,9
1886 '997,9 4116.8 411,1 toted, forthcoming. It will be
188;
1886
...
...... 912,7
917,7-
498,S
600,9
414,0 seen that the anmml increase of
416,8
1887 929.6 603,9 419,8 population per 10,000 since 1868
188S
1889
...... 927,6
939,6
605,1
607,1
422,7
426,6
bas been 41 for males, 70 for
1890
1891 ...... 937,7, 609,9 42S,6 females, and 54 for persons, at which
942,7 611,8 431,6 rate the male population would be.
. doubled iu 168·2 years, the fenu\le
ln 9\1 5 years, ~nd the total population in 128·6 years Supposing
·the sn~e rate of mcrense to hold good for the next ten years, the
populat.iou for each year would be, in hundreds, as shown in the mnraio.
:Nor is i~ improb~b!e that the rnte of increas~ will be sustai:ed.
~art 9£ th~ mcrease Is 1ndeed probably due to increased. accuracy of
 CHAP. IlL-THE PEOPLE. 17
enumeration at each successive enumeration; a good tesf of which is Chapter m, A.
afforded by the perceutnge of males to persons, which was 56·35 in
Statistical.
1855, 56·05 in 1868, and 54·93 in 1881. Part again is due to gain by Incren.se and de-
.--
migration, ns already shown nt page 15. But the . commfrcinl irnport- Cr<:O&O of population.
nnce of the city of Amrit:sar is yearly incr·easing; while the cnual
system is still capable of further development. Tbe increase in
ur·ban population since 1868 has been greater than that in rnral
population, the unmbers living in 1881 for every 100 living in 1868
being 108 for urban and 107 for total population. 'l'his is due to
the enorll'ous incr·ense in the ·population of the city of AmritloRr,
which was greater by 12 per cen~. in 1881 than in 1868. The
populations · of individual towns at the respective enumerations nre
shown under their several headings in Chapter VI. Within the district
the increa.•e of .popnlatiou for the various tal..tls is shown helow :....,.
PaaaalfT.t.oa .,. Po•v·
T01'AL Porvr.A.ttOll'. L.t..'llOII',
TahaCL
1868 1881
)855. 1868. 1881. OD )856. · OD 1868,

Amritaor
1'1lt1Ln
Ajn!la
T&rau

•Total diatrict
........ s'&60"o
20;i,776

... ---- --·- ---- ---- --

168,188

720,874
-401,089
:Z41,J"'
l90.lU1
832,760
~ll,4H1
261,676
201,17.1
893,288
Ill
)17
120
118 .
,.
100
,)09

107

• Theae fle"nrea do not agree wd'b the pobli1bed ftl(ares the Oeaaua Report of or
.
1888 for the whole district, Th"}.'are laken from the registe.r1 in the Diatrid OfB:oe,
and are the best thmres now available.

On th1s subJect the Deputy Commissioner wrote as follows in his

report on the District Census of 1881 : -
'"The increase in Amritsar city (12 per cent.) represents the natural
growth of a flourishing commercial cenhe. Taran Taran partakes .of the
general healthiness of the Manjha in which the greater part of that tahsil is
situated. There was also more room there for expansion of cultivation on
the opening of the Bari Do4b canal than in either of the other toh•ils."
· . Table No. XI shows the total number of births· and deaths Births and deaths.
registered in the district for the five years from
1880. 1881• 1877 to 1881, and the births for 1880 and 1881,
... 19
Females ... ••
Malea
-- --
the only two years during which births hRve
••
been recorded in rural districts. The distribu-
Persona ...
•t <1 ••
tion of the total deaths; and of the deaths from
fever, for these · five years over the tw'el ve
months of the year, is shown in Tables Nos. XIA and XIB.
The annual birth rates per mille, calculated on the population of 1868
were as shown in the marain. '
.The figures below sbe"w the annual death rates per mille since
1868 calculated on the population of that year : - · .
1
•sa•
.. . .. . .. ... .. . .. .
1869 1810 1871 1872 1873 1874. 1876 1876 1877 1878 I879 ISst 1881 AYer•a:e

- - - -- -- - -- - --
, -- - - - --
•• •••• "•••• •••• "'•• •• ...•• 37•• •• .,,
•.

c ..
•• ••
lf•l@ll 17 27 18 38 31
Female•. ::: 39 .

" "' •• ••
•
l'ersona ... 18.
"'
b
 ll'lmJab auettoer,
18 CHAP. m.-THE PEOPLE.

Chapter m, A.
-·
StatisticaL
The registration is still imperfect, though it is yearly improv-
ing; but the 6uures always fall short of the facts, and the fluc-
tuations probab(y correspond, allowing for a regular increase due ~o
BirthS and dcatba. improved re,.istration, fnirly closely with the actual fluctuations m
the births and deaths. The historical retrospect whicli forms the first
part of Chapter 1H of the Census Report or' 1881, and espechtlly the
annual chronicle from 1849 to 18!!1 which will be found at pn~re 56
of that Report, throw some light on the fluctuations. Such further
details as to birth and death rntes in individual towns as are availoble,
will be found in Table No. XLIV, and onder the headings of the
several towns in Chaj>ter VI. · ·
Ago, ac:z, and civil The figures for a~re, sex, and civil condition are given in great
condi~ion.
detail in Tables IV to VII of the Census Repo••t of 1881, while the
numbers of the sexes for each religion will be found in Table No: VII
. appended to the present work. The age statistics illust be taken sub-
ject to limitations which will be found fully discussed in Chapter VII
of the Census Report. Their value rapidly diminishes as the num-
bers dealt with become smaller ; and. it is unnecessary here to. gire
actual figures, or any statistics for tal..tls. The following figures
show the distribution by age of every 10,000 of the population accord-
ing to the Census figures : - ·

.,..
G-1 1-S 2-8 8-4 6-6 o-6 6-10 lG-11 16-20

-- -- - - - ., -- -- - - --·
...... ..,
Penon•
M•les
Pewal01
......
... ... ......••• •••
187 . 226
.,•••
11!0
197 136 . 231

,0_.,.
1,2Sfo
1,197
1,245
],251
1,323 • 1,237

.._.. --
1,148
1,2n .
1,031 ..
903
934

.
Z0-26 25-30 SO-S5 SS--<0 50-<16 65-80 Over60

-- - --,. --
... -- -- .., -- --
.. ...•. ... .,.
... ...... ...••• ...
... ..."'
Pereona I

......
895 868 191 679
Mala 881 802 6117 582
Femalee 937 880 620 411. 170 576

Population.
The numher of m~les among
Villa~tea. ToWba. Total.
every 10,000 of both sexes is shown
{ .... ...... ...... 6,635 in the margin. . The decrease at
All relJgi.oDI 1868
Rlndtl ,,, 1881
Sikha
1881
... 1881
.....
6,4151 '6,84o
6,6!6
.....
6,806
6,478
each
almost
successive enumeration is
certainly due to greater
6,691 6,816 15,703
llualmba 1881 ,6,316 6,670 6,396 accuracy of enumeration. In the
Census of 1881, the number of
females per I,OOO·males in
Year of lif'e. reu!l!u.\BindU.. Baho. M'aulm&u.a. the earlier years of life was
o-t ...... ..... ... ...
947 'l7ll 1,097
as shown in the margin.
The tgures for ci vii
·-·
1-S
......
._. ,;.·.
897

""'
BU .. .
......
.... ..
....
.. ....
737
......
928
.....
condition
Table No.
are given in
X, which shows
the actual number of
• . single, married, and
":'~owed ~o~ each sex m each religion, and also the distribution by
cml contht~on of the total number of each sex in each age period.
Amr1tsar :C1str1ct.J
CHAP. m.-THE PEOPLE. 19

Table No. XII shows the number of insane, blind, deaf-mutes, Ohallter m, B.
ond lepers in the district in each re. 800ial d Rellgi-
InOrm.ity, :Ualee. Femaht~. ligion. The proportion~ per 10,000 ousanL!fe.
of either sex for each elf these infir.
ln1ane... ... ... • •
mities are shown 1in the margin,
InfirmiUes,
Blind
••
... .613 ••s8 Tables XIV to XVII of the Census
Deaf and dumb
Leproaa ••• ... Report for 1881 give further details
of the age and religion of the infirm.
· The proportion of leprous is unduly raised by the existence of o
leper asylum at Taran Taran (see Chap. V), at which patients from·
other districts are collected.
The figures given below show the composition of the Christian Eo~penn nnd Eura-
population, and the respective numbers who returned their birth. 8180 popnlnllon.
place and their lnn&unge as European. They are taken from Tables
IliA,_ IX, and XI of the Census ,Report for 1881 : -

DB1'.Ut.l. llalea.JJ!'emalet., Penona.

·!! .l
~-;
.,
~O.c
.
Ruropeana and Amerie&nl
EDrAaianl .. ,.,
... ......... ......... 886•• 177
27
'
••
......
oOo
... Native Chriatiana
:: ... GIS - ••
- •••
--- ...
---
~-=
"'
Total Chriatiau
•••
~
~
.,
~
Eneliab ......
Other Bur~Pean laniPagea
languaaea ...
Total European
......
...
.
.. ~
826

• 860
18
Ill~
..
462

• Rritieb Idea ...

j Other European cowiiries ...
ti

...... ...
••• .....
. ·Tol:al Buropean oountriea ...
:E ...
... -- --- - •••
16
80

Bot the figures for the races of Christians, which are discussed
in Part VII of Chapter IV of the Census Report, are very untrust-
worthy ; and ·it is certain that many who were really Eurasians
returned themselves as Europeans. 'l'he figures for European birth-
place are also incomplete, as many Europeans made entries, probably
names of villages and the like, which, though they were almost
certainly English, could not be identified, and were therefore classed
as " doubtful and unspecified."· The number of troops stationed in
the district is given in Chap. V, and the distribution of European and
Eurasian Christians by tahsfla is shown in Table No. VII.

SECTION B.-sOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS LIFE.

, The following note regarding the food of the people w~ furnish· Food of 'he ~pie.
ed by the _district authorities for the Famine Report of 1879 : -
"Wheat and rice chiefly form tbe staple-food of the people in the
city and towns, but the following grains are nsed by the agricultnrn.l
classes :-Makki, (Indian coru),jowar (millet), gram, cMnay kangnz,
 20 CHAP. III.-THE PEOPLE.

Ohapt:n' ~. B· jau. (barley); ·maddal, ·aawank,

Deeoripticla or OraiD. !hand•.
. aud chural. The statement
Been•
Social and Rel!g1·
in --
the margin shows ati
.....
OU9 Life, ·
Wh,.at
Food of the people, lofiiJCII;
(I ... .....
10
7
811. · estimate of the food-grains
0
a..,.
Indian ooh'' :::' 8 - • 0
0
consumed in a year by an
.Jhrley ... ::: ::: -S3
0 •
avern11e agriculturist's family '

•• --
ChJua,Xupl, Saw!uk IPid l!ldcW 8 consisting of five persons, one
Total ... ---
II old· person, man and wife and
two children. ·
A similar estimate for the
DnoripUoa o!Grala.
. llauntb. Seera. non-auricultural classes and
· reside;;ts in towns is given in
Wheat
.........
... ...
..... 126 . 0 the margin opposite.
IU('e
... ... 0
0 •
......
Mille&
a.... ...... ... 1 86
Table No. VII shows the
Gcn,rnlstntistics
and distribution
Bul•J
...
-• - ---- --
0 nnmbers<in each tahafl and
of religions, Total 85
••
in the whole district who follow
ench religion, as ascertained
in the Census of 1881, and Table No. :XLIII gives similar figures _
for towns. Tables III, IliA, IIIB
Uaral Urbn Total
BeiiJioo, pofcut•• popula. popola· of the Report of that Census give fur-
. ton, liOQ, tiou, -ther details on the subject. The
Bi~it6.-" ... !,ODS 8,884. 2,939
distribution of every 10,000 of the
~llrh • ~ 2,763 1,141 2,422 population by religions is shown in the
Jain ·~
Mu•almin ,j' 4,&jf,
·-~bri•t.tan ... ,.
' *·
1
4,936
... ."
4,628
s margin. The limitations subject to
10 which these figures must be taken, and
especially the rule followed in the classi-
ficatio~Hindusare
....
,.. fully . .
di~ cussed in Part I, Chapter IV of the Census
Report. The distribution of every 1,000
~~ot, Rural
popula-
Total
popola:- of the Mnsalman population by _sect is

Bnnnfl
Mbi~b•
Wahhli.bla
tiou.

.........
990
o·e
1•1
lion.

1'8
.....,
shown in tlte margin. 'l'he sects of the
Christian population are given in
Table IliA of the Census Report; but
FRril(s O·J 0'1 the ligures .are, for reasons explained
Oth•n and uU:
apeoi8ed ... 6'1 in ....
Part VII, Chapter IV of the Report,
so very imperfect that.it is not worth •
while to reproduce them here. Table No. IX shows the religion of
the major castes and tribes of the dist1·ict, and therefore the distribution
by caste of the great majority of the followers of each religion.
A brief description of. the great religions of the Punjab and of their
principal sects will be found in Chupter IV of tbe Census Report.
'l'he religious practice and belief of the district present no special
peculinl'ities; and it would be out of place to· enter here into any
disquisition on the general question; -·
'l'he l(eneral distribution of religions by tahsf.ls can be gathered
from tlte figures of 'l'able No. VII.
lluaaln:in Sects. With reference to the Census figures (quoted above) for Musal-
man secl.s, the Deputy CJmmissiouer wrote as _follows in his Census
Report for 1881 : - . .·
"Only 541 sonls have been returneA as Wahabis, the· reason being
~hat they .regard 'this as a nickname given by their enemies; and never apply ·
1t to themselves, the names they prefer being Mawlihad- (followers of one
 .Amritsar :Dl.atrlct.]
CHAP. IU.-THE PEOPLE. 21

God),Muhammadi, &c: The Wahabis ·a.e notoriotislynnmerons, and increas- Cha8ter m B.

lngly so in Amritsar city, where I shonld estimate their numbers at present ...., -- '
between six and seven thousand. They claim to be even still more numerous. Social and Rellgi·
~'he Shiahs are also under-estimated; many of this sect, especi4ly among the 008
Life•.
Kashmlris, disliking the appellation of Shil~h or Rafzi, /Y which they nrc Mosnlmno S<cta.
generally designated; 28 persons have been returned a Farazis ; this is a
mistake as no such sect is known in the district, and from special enquiries it
appears that the persons referred to are W ahabis, and shonld be shown
under that head. Of.the 1,309 Bbabras in the district, only 263 are returned
as professing the Jain religion. This is evidently wrong, as the Bhabras
here, with very few exceptions, admittedly belong to that religion."
Regarding the figures for Sikhs, as returned in 1881, the Deputy Decline of Sikhism,
·Commissioner has th~ following remarks: " 'l'he most remarkable
"feature in connection with this subject is the very great decrease in
" the r.umbers of l!e Sikh population of the district since the Census
I< of 1868. These were 232,224 in 1868, and are oJily 216,337 now,
" So that, while the population generally bas increased by 7 per cent.,
'·'the Sikhs have actually fallen off by an equal percentage. Orthodo.>r
"Hindus have increased by 14 per cent. A portion of this increase
"may have been gained at the expense of the Sikhs, as it does not
''necessarily follow that the son of a Sikh is himself a Sikh, and indeed
"it is a matter of notoriety that there is a falling off in the number of
H young men who take the pahul {the initiatory rite of the Sikh
"religion), in comparison with .former years. There has also been
"a greate•· drain upon the Sikhs for service in the army, police, &c.,
. " &c., than upon· any of the other classes.'l .
· The prinCipal fitirs are the Di waH and Baisakh1, held at Amritsar Fairs.
in the months of November and April respectively on the Hindu fes-
ti.vals of those names. · They are pl"imarily religious fairs, but of
late years horse and. cattle fairs have been ~eld at th; same time, at
which·lariYe transactions take place, and pnzes are I(Iven by Govern-
ment. S~veral other fairs are celebrated in this district, all of a
reliooious character. Of these, the chief are the Masaniya, held near
Bat'ila at the shrine of a Muhammadan saint ; two large fairs at
Taran 1•arail, in March and August; one in November at Ramtfrath,
a place of Hin?•~ pilgri!'lage, some eight miles. to the north-west of
Aml"itsar. Rehgtous fa1rs are also held at Govmdwal, Khadur, Dehra
N anak and other Sikh shrines; but the above named are the chief.
' '
· · Table No. VIII shows the numbers 'fho speak each of the prin~ Longuage.
cipallanguages current in the distl"ict
Language, ·
Proportion
per 10,000
separately for each taltsit and for the.
or population, whole district. More det:tiled informa-

Hindn•t&ni ...
R.igri ... 000 ..•
......
tion will be found in Table IX of the
Census Report for 1881, while in
Chapter V .of the · same report the
J)ogri
...
000

Kaahmfri
Pantibi ...
000
.. 307
8,6PO several languages are briefly iiscussed.
Pa1 tn
Alllndianlanr;,ares ::: 8,993
6 The figures in the margin give tho
· :ion-Indian language& •• 7 distribution of every IO,OUO of the po-
pulation by language, omitting small
figures. •
 [hnjab G:azottoo~,

22 CHAP. III.-THE PEOPLE.

Chapter m, B.
-·
Social and Re!igi·
Table No. XIII gives statistics of education as ascertained at
the Census of 1881 fot· each
religion . and for the total
ous LHe.
I Bdu1,tioa.
Rural
pnpolatiOD,
Total popu.
latiou. population of ·each tahslt.
EduCGtion.
:il
I
~ f Can
Undodnotmelioa ' ...
read and writ.e ••• 281•• 176
005
Th~ figures for female edu-
catiOn are probably very
imperfect. indeed: The
: Under inltruetion ...
'ij ••• 11•2 figures in the margin sho'v
r:: Can read and write ... s·o 14'7 the number educated among
every 10,000 of each sex
accordin" to the Census Returns'. Statistics re<rarding the attend:mce
at Gov;rnment and aided schools will "be found in Table
No. XXXVII.
The distribution of tlte sclwlars at these schools by ·religion and
the occupatit9ns of their fathers
Detaill. I
Boy•· Girla. as it stood in 1881-82, is shown
-in the margin.
Eurnpeanannd Enraa[ans ...... ... 20 • The statement in the lower
NatiYe Cbriatiana
Hindlia ..... 1,610 .•873••02
~M28 margin shows in detail the print-
....... J,l6t6 668
Muaatmau ing presses, other than those
8ikb•
...
---------------- 1,681 lBO belonging
--- - to Government, which
Otben

.
Obildr8b of agricoltnriata
.....
or non-agricul,uriata::: 1,151
are to be 'found in the district,
together with the number of ·
periodicals published at each.
Normnl School C. In 1863 the Christian Vernacular Education Society, which, bad
V. E. Soc. been established ns a memol'ial of the
Periodical Pnbli-
B.t.v:• ot Pnu. caUona thereat. lndian Mutiny, sent an agent to ·the
Paujah to found a Normal School
Valdl.i-Hind
Cbuma.i.NU.r '
...
...... 4
21
for men, who were to be educated
lli&&.i-Hind 80 np · to Government standards as ·
Ak&l Jantri ... 13
I tenchers. Work was commenced in
1865. The present building, situated
on the Jnlandhar Road was completed and occupied in 1870. It
contains a normal school, capable of receiving at least sixty students;
a model school for 100 boys, and the principal's residence. Students
are received from all Mission and Government Schools, and are sent
when trained as teachers all over the Panjab. The Bible is taught in
both scho~ls. Nearly 200 men have been trained in this institution
They n~e !'t wor~ in ali pnrts of the Panj ab. . .
Poverty or wealth lt ts tmposstble to form any satisfactory estimate of the wealth
of the people, of the commercial and indus-
Aueumeni. 1~70 1870..71 1871-72 trial classes. The figures in
- - the margin show the working
.Ciani
cia~~n
{Number tazed
..."' ... ..
Amount of tu: lS,U& 22,990
{ Numher tued
Amount or tu: · G,SO&
1,119

7,808
... o
8,1551
8,196
of the income tax for the only
three years for .which details
are available; and Table
ClllllU {Number &axed
&mount or tu:
01111 IV {Number taxed
Amount oftu
CJ:au V { Nmnber taxed.
t,SI2
.
"'
187
<I
8,4171
8,201
8,)32
...... 141,903
129
..... 116

"
No. XXXIV gives statistics
for the license tax for each
... year since its imposition. The
8,918
Amonutohu
Total
•
•• {::.~her taxed ·i:m 1,814.
OUbt or l&J: 211.831 55,0:!9 15,0U
BOI distribution ·of licenses gran b-
ed, and fees collected in
.A:mritsar :C!strlct.]
CHAP. ill.-THE PEOPLE. 23
1881-82 nnd 1882~8Sbetween towns of over nnd villages ofnnder 5,000 cypter m,CI.
R~uls, is shown in the mnr- Tribes and Castes,
1881·82. 188!-83, l!ln· But tJ•e numberR and Leading
affected by tltf!se taxes nre Families.
TowDI. Village a, ToWDa. Village•. small. IJ mny be snid gene- Poverty or wealth of
--- rally that a very large pro- . the people.
Number of U-
oen1ee 1,146
Amount of fe~~ 24,665
...
,7,0'J..O 24,620
...
1,17.1
e.s~
portion of the nrtisnns in the
towns ore extremely poor,
wbile their fellows in the
villages nre scarcely less dependent upon the nature of the harvest
than are the agriculturists themselves, their fees often taking the form uf
a fixed share of the produce ; while even where this is not the case, the
demand for their products necessarily varies with the prosperity of
their customers. Perhaps the lea ther-wm·kers should be excepted, as
they derive consi<femble grains from the hides of cattle which die in
a year of drought. The circumstances of the agricultural classes
are discussed below in Section D. ·

SECTION C.-TRIBES AND CASTES, AND LEADING

FAMILIES.
' Table No. IX gives the fi"'ures for the principal castes nod Bta!i•ti!'" n~d local
t r1"bes of th e d"tstrlc . I1 d etat·t"
. t , w1t s o f sex an d re I"IgiOn,
• wh"l distr~batlon
1 e Tabl.e tribes of
and cutes.
No. IXA shows the number of the less important castes•. It would
be out of place to attempt a description of each. Many of them are
found nil over the Punjab, and most of tltem in many other districts,
and their representatives in Amritsar nre distinguished by no local
peculiarities; while each caste will be found described. in Chapter VI
of the Census Report for 11!81. The Census statistics of caste were
not compiled for tahsf.ls, at least in their final form. It was found that
an enormous' number of mere cl:1nS or subdvisions had been return-
ed as castes in the schedules, and the classification of the«! figures
under the main bends shown in the caste tables was made for districts
only. '1'hus no statistics showing the local distribution of the tribes
and castes are available.
The Jats, who form very nearly 25 per cent. of the total popula- Jats.
tion of the district, nud very little short of 75 per cent. of the agricul-
tural population, are, for the most part, Sikhs. The Sikh Jnts of
the Manjha, or upper por,tion of the Bari Doab, formed the flower of
the Sikh armies, and. among them are men who wonld in any -
country in the world be deemed fine specimens of the llnman race.
They are industrious and- frugal, and though litigious, are at the
same time, perhaps, ns honest and simple a race as is to be found in
India, for the fal•e-spenking common in the, law Courts is conven-
tional, and hardly indicative of moml depravity. They are admi-
rable soldie,s, inferior to no native troops in India, witlueut the dash
of the Afghans, but far more trustworthy in difficult circumstances,
and without the fanaticism which makes the Pathan always ilnngerons.
Chastity is not considered a virtue by either the men •or the women,
and they are largely addicted to the use of intoxicatir>g drugs or
spirits. But with a: few faults, they possess 'lllauy virtues, and,
 · [hll.la.b Ga.zotteer,
OlLU'. m.-THE PEOPLE.
!!4o

nlthott"'h' not an inteUectoal .race, have considerable ~hre:wdnesS 1 ·

.ChaP~~ · 0 'telwith 0011sual independence of character. The Jnt S1~h IS gene-
,:rlbeund c.astes, :~;y tall and moFcular, with sti·ongly ~arked and ha?dso?le ~eatures.
~d L.e~g The women, "-'obably from early marl'lages, are far 1~fer10r ID phy-
F.amili 8 • to the men d few of them have any pr~tent10ns to beauty.
· Jat·~ . T6~rouowing {lg~t show the principal J at tr1bes as returned at
the Census of 1881. :.- · · . .,. · · .
.Bub-divisiO'TUl of o1 ats.
NAUE .
Aniak'·
Uthwal
...
· NuMBER.
8,063
H6
NAME.
K~hlon
Kbo.rml
.. NUMBER.
1,165
1,001
••. 1,022.
llajwa ,,, 1,177 Khamman 22
llanlr .. , .' 702 Man 624'
Bhullar 433lllanhas 1,162
]!uttar ... 494Virk 2,205
Bal 6,358V anlich 2,227
PnnnU.n.
ChAhal
.;. .., . 6,298
4,558
Binjra
Chaddar
.~

..
.-
.. 1,469
1,069·
Chauh4n · ;., 768 Her . 2,032
Chb{na 2,492 B&hat 1,628
Cb!mah I,Il9 Badechh& ... 1,662
Dh&niw.U 1,968 Bhaggu 1,469
Doo 615 Chh&war
Dhillon 16,721 Dalar "" •.• 2,858
2,112
Randhawa 20,103 Sekhon ,1,826
Sindhu ·~· ... 24,047 Sasoi 1,824
Sidhu 5,348 Banghere
Sohal ... ... 2,932 Kaler 8.089·
Barlli ... 1,943 M&b('l 2,381
Kbag 8,531 Panw&r 653
Gil .,, 30,737
ll.&jputa. The floonres below show the chief tribes of Raj puts, and are taken
from the c;nsus tables of 1881. The only Rajptit tribe of any · im-
portance in the district are Bhattis. These are principally to be found
in Amritsnr itself, following miscellaneous occupations, They are ex:-.
elusively Musalmims. Rajput agriculturists are found only in the lo1v
lands fringing t~e Ravi and .Beas. : - . .
Sub-divisiiY(/,8 of Raj¢ts.
NA>Ill.
Bhatti
Suuwar
oft ...
...
NuMBER. \ NAME.
10,610 l!anh&s
426 Manj
.
... NUMBER,
516
1,170
Obanh&n . ,., . ... · 670 . N am 805
Bn!nhri£ ... 422 · Aw&n · . 1,39~
Kbokhar "' 8,016 ·
. Knshmlris The Kashm1ris are universally Muhammadans, and resident
in Amritsnr itself. They are almost entirely immigrants from
Kashmir, engaged in the shl!wl manufacture, which in Amritsar is
·of coosiclernble importance.. They are litigious, deceitful and cow•
ardly, while their habits are so uncleanly thnt the quarter of the city
·which they inhabit is a constant source of danger from its liability to
epidemic disease. In person the Kashm1ris are slight and weak, pos-
. sibly from the nature of their employment. They have sharp Jewish
features, b111t the women when young are generally handsome.
Khatri ud .lroltlll.. The principal Khatri sections returned at the Census of 18!!1
·are as follows: Buujahi, 12,097; Sarin, 10,;, 16; Chilrzati, 3,859; Jans-
ao, 1,4G9; Jnmmun, 1,279; Khanne, 1,725; Kapur, 1,615; Mar-
. hotra, 1,17'1. Of theAroras 5,716 returned themselves as Uttaradhi,
, 1,-193 as GujraU, and 142 as f!akhana. · ·
.Am:l.t&~ :District.]
CllAP. IlL-THE PEOPLE. 25
, Raja Sir Sahib Dyal, K.C.S.I. Raja of Kishenkot. A detailed Chapter m, a.
account and pedigree of the family is ~iven in the Panjab Chiefs by Sir. • -
Lepel Gl"iffin, at pages 45 to 52. Under the Sikh rule Suhib Dyal Trlbes~d ~astea,
and his father Ralia Ram held charge of the Custom/ Department. an~ ..n:'fJ?~~g
The former continued to occupy this post in t1; beginning of the Leading families.
British rule. In 1847 he received the. title of Moh-san-ud-daula-
birber'' and in 1851 Sahib Dyal was created a Raja. He was appointed
a. member of the Legislative Council of India in 1864, and soon after
was made a Knight Companion of the Star of India. He founded the
village Kishenkote in hisjag£r at Gurdaspur, and is hence culled Raja
Kishenkote after the name of the village. His two sons Thakur Bansi
I,.all and Thakur 13al Ram, have died, but the eldest has left a son
named Harkishen, who resides with his grandfather. The Raja holds,
a jagtr of Rs. 5,.180 in the Gurda•purd[strict to be enjoyed in perpetuity,
. . Sirdar Hardtlarn Dass, Honorary Magistrate, is the youngest·
brother of Raj a Sahib Dyal. · Under the Sikh administration he
was first appointed as an assistant to his futher and brother in the
Qustoms Department, but was afterwards made Commandant of seven
hundred horse in· the Mulrajea Derah. In· 1848 he was appointed·
Judge of Lahore with the title of Rnkan-ud-daula. He was m~de an
Extra-Assistant Commissioner, but this office he resigned in 1852. The
~ardar now resides at Amritsar and is an Honorary Magistrate. He
has two sons, Mohkam Chand and Kishore Chand; but .they hold no
appointments under Govern1J1ent. .
. Sardar Lachmi Sahai, Extra Assistant Commissioner, is the
eldest son of Misr Gyan Chand, brother of Raja Sahib Dyal. His
father was, in the Mahanija's time, at the head of the office of Salt
Revenue at Piud· Dadan Khan, and under the British Governmen~
he was appointed tahaUda•• of Pind Dadan Khan, but this he resign-
ed and· was appointed an Honorary Magistrate at. Amritsar. Gyan
Chand. is now dead, and his eldest son Lachmi Salmi, who wns ap-
·pointed an Extra Assistant Commissioner in December 1878, i11
at Hoshiarpur. ·
· Sardar Bakshish Sinooh Sindbanwalia.. For a full account of
this family, see pages 1l to 21l of Griffin's Pwnjrib Chiefs. The
Sardar is of the Jat Snnsi tribe, ·a sect to which Maharaja Ranjit
Singh belonged, .and is the son of Sardar Thakur Singh, cousin o£
Snrdar Shnmsher Sinuh, Shamsher Sinuh adopted Sardar Bakshish
Singh and made him heir of all his propertyandjdg£r. Shamsher Singh
died in 1871., and· his adopted son, the Sardar, hns since been under the
Uourt of Wards. ,Sardar Thakur Singh,Sindhanwalia, is son of Sardar-
Lehna Singh, uncle of Sardii.r Shamsher Singh. For a lon!l' time
he has been an Extra Assistant CommisRioner in the Panjab, but now
he has taken pension. His eldest s?n,__ Sardar Gurbachan S!ngh, ~n.s.
been appointed an Assistant CommiSSioner nuder the Native Civil
Service rules, and is no1v at Jbelam. Sardar Thakur Singh being
much involved in debt lias placed himself nuder the. Cot!rt of Wards.
He possesses an e•titte of Rs. 5,565 per annum. . . .
·. Sardnr Randhi• Sinuh, Sindhanwnlia, is of the Smdhanwaha
family, and lives at RajaSansi, in Amritsar district. His father was
Uanjodh Sh""h o., son of W nsawa Sioo-h,
0
Sardar Raodbh· ~ingb seemed
'
 [1'1111lab Guattoar;
26 CHAP. nL-THE PEOPLE,

Ohapter m, c. unahle or unwilling to mn)lnge his own property, so entrusted its

t
Trlb dO 88 management to his mother. With his mother he is not on friendly.
ari'J
l~a~g ' terms• He holds a Jag£,. of Rs. 4,200. ·
Families. Snrdar Ajlt Sin11h, Honorary Assistant Commissioner of Attnri.
LeadlngfamUica. He is now the eldes~~f t.be surviving members of the Attari family.
A full description of this family is given in Griffin's Panjau Chiefs 11t
pages 5R to !!2. This fnmily has a connection with that of Mnhar~ja
Ranjft Singh by marriag-e, Besides his own jag£r of Rs 1,500 Sardar
Ajit Singh obtained n jag£r of Rs 7,500 out of the jag£,. of his uncle
Kahan Sin~l1 on the denth of the latter. In 1872 he Wl\8 appointed an
Honorary Extra Assistnnt Commissioner, hut soon after was made·
an Honorary Assistant Commissiol)er, and invested with full powers to
he esercised in Attari and in the villages in its neighbourhood, He l1as
now been invested with the title 0. I, E. I man Singh his eldest brother,
bas a sent amongst Darbaris. His brother Hari Si~gb died leaving
two minor sons, Jnmand Singh and Chanda Singh.
Sardnr Captain Gulnb Singh of· Attari, son of Sardar Cbatar
Singh. ~'here nre two branches of the Attari familv. To the elder
brnnch, viz., of Gaur.Singh, belongSardar Sham Singh and his grandson
Sardar AjitSing,and his sons; and to the younger viz., of Kour Singh,
belong Snrdar Chatar Singh, Raja Sher Singh and Gulab Singh. At
the time nf the rebellion of 1848, which is fully described in the
Panjab Chiefs, these latter viz.Chatar Singh, Shere Singh, and Gulab
Singh, were sent to Ben~al, and in 1857 'Golab Singh was appointed
captain of the military force'!l and he diocharged his duties with
FO much ability that 'a hnndsome jagfr was granted to him 'in Rai
Bareli as a reward for his services. He was then permitted to
retnm to the Pnnjnb. He now resides at AmritsRr and is an Honorary
Mngistrnte, and his brother Aotar Singh resides at Rai Bareli.
Sardar Dyal Singh, Majithin. (For full information see Panjab
. Chiefs pnges 83 to 91 ). He is son of Leima Singh, and grandson of
Sardar Desa Singh, who was a brave soldier and wise administrator.
Sardnr Leima Singh was renowned for his ability. On. his attain-
ing mnjority Sard11r Dyal Singh was appointed an Honorary M ..,!!is-
tmte at Am1·itsar; but a few years after this he resigned and pro-·
ceeded to England. He has a good knowledge of English and
resides at Lnhore. He enjoys a jdgfr of Rs 4 1000. Sardar Gnjendnr
Singh, son of Sardar Rnnju Singh, is of the Majitbia family and '
is a cousin of Snrdnr Dy!ll Singh. An account of his father is given
at full length in the Panjab Chiefs (page 88) where it is stated he
was a General in the :Sikh army, and that the Government granted
him a pension of Rs. 3,000. Ranju Singh died in 1871. G:~endar
Singh is a minor, and his estnte is under the management of the
Court of Wards. Snrdar Kabn Singh, Majithia, is his guardian.·
Sardar Umrno Singh and Sardar Singh, sons ot' Raja Surat
Singh of Mnfithin. These. Sardnrs belong to the second branch of
the Majithia family. For full particulars see Pan;ab Chiefs, pages
92 to 97. Burnt Singh joined "tile Sikhs in the rebellion of 1847
a~d was thvrefore romoved to Benares; but adversity taught
hun II lesson, and nt the time of the Mutiny in 1857 be
.Amritsa.r :District.]
OHA.P. III.-::-THE PEOPLE. 27
showed loyalty to the Bt·itish Government nnd rendered great Ohn t m a
military service. He wns severely wonnded in the field of battle • p er ' •
For his services dndng 1857 he WIU! gr<1nted a 11ension of a valuabl~ Tribes and ~aste!
jaq£r in the Gorakhpur district, N. W. Pt·ovinces. lire also received anFd,!'i~fding
· · tore t urn to t 1te p nnJa
permtsston r back to th~
· b.· I n 1861 h11 came a es.
Panjab, and in 1875 he was invested with civil fu1d criminal powers Lcmding!omili...
to be exercised in Majitha. He died in 1881. His two sons
Umrno Singh and Sundar Singh have since been under the· Conrt
of Wards, and nuder the guardianship of Captain Gulah Sin"b
·of Attari. SardarKahao Singh, Majitha, belongs to the third bran';;h
of the M:Uitha family-. He is brother of Sardar. Mahtnb ::liu<>h.
A full account of his f."\mily is given in the Panjab CMefs, pn:;_es
98 to 102. He had a military command in the Sikh ar~y.
Under the Britislt Government he enjoys a jdgtr of Rs. 1, 140.
He wns appointJwd_an Honorary Magistrate in 1883, ·in the city of
Amritsnr.
Sardar Lall Singh, Kalyanwala. . For fuller information see
Panjab Cliiefs, pages 103 to 110. The founder of this family was a
Sindhu Jat, named Fateh Singh, who died childless. His widow
adopted S!lrdar Dal Singh, Naherana (of the barber caste) who wns
god-son of Sardar Fateh 'Singh and made him her husband's
.successor. SarJar Dal Singh and his son A tar Singh held ·military
posts under the Sikhs. Sardar Lall Singh, son of Atar Singh, had
been sent to Hassan Abdal in command of 500 aowa•·s in 1848.
He was judge of Batala f"or some time. Now· he enjoys .a jtigV,.
of Rs. 15,0011 and resides at Kala in tva Amritsnr district.
Bhai Gnrbaksh Singh, son of Bhai Pardhomao Singh. For a
·detailed account see Pa?tjllb Chiefs, pages 165 to 168. His great-
gmndfather, Bhai Saot ·Singh, was held in. much respect by
Maharaja Ranjit Sin<rh. Maharaja Sher Singh treated his grand-
father \1 ith QTeat co;;'sideration. His father Bbai Pardhomao Singh
··has been an "'Honorary Ma"istrate of Amritsar. His ancestors have
always held charge of the repairs. of the Dnrbar Sahib. Sii~ee
his fathees death Gnrbaksh Singh has been placed under the Oom·t
of Wards, and the management of the Darbar Sahib hns been
~ntrusted to his guardian Rai Kalyao Sin~h. G_nrbnksh. Singh
IS now looked upon as the chief member of hts famtl,r. Hts. uncle
Bhai Leima Singh and his cousin Bhai Jowahir. Stngh reside at
Amritsar. He enjoysajdgu• ofRs. 725.
Sardar Arm· Singh, Sheregol Jat, of Nowshera Nangli. A full
account of this family is given at pages· 230-231 of the Pa•y"ab
Chiefs. His father Harriam Sinj(h was Deputy Inspector under
the British Government, but he died in 1867, and Sardar Arur Singh
has since been under the Court of· Wards. He holds a jagir of
Rs. 1,200. · · .
. Sarrlnr Hfra Singh, Man, son of Jowa~n Singh and Sardar ~artab
Smgh, son of Sardnl Singh, Man. A de tat led accouoteof ~he lnsf?ry
of this family is given at pages 177 to 181..of ·the PanJab OhU!js.
Sardar Fatteh SinO.h Man held a great mtbtary office under the
.Sikhs, nod was noted for bls good· ser,vices. Sarda~. Sard~l ~ingh
served noder General Ven'tm'a in the time of Mahnt"llJil RanJit Smgh.
He showed great oyalty at the time of the Mutiny. Jowala Singh
 . [:E'1mja.'b aazotteer,
CHAP. nL-THE PEOPLE.
I

."OJiapter m D nnd Sardul Sin" diea in 1860 and 1861 respectively. They held n
- ' • • jtlgfA. of Rs. 10,600.' After their death n jtlgtr of Rs. 853 was
:y~e f~mmuni-l!rnnted in perretui~ to Hira Sin~h, son of Jowala Sin,g"h and
es ~n enures. Gurbnksh, son olRaja Siogh,and Rs. 2,147 to Pnrtab Singh, and Jiwan
Lcad•ng famll!ea. Si!lgh, sons ofS~rdult'iugh. They reside at Mananwa!a, three or four
nnles from Amr1tsar. . · .
Sil·dnr Hnrdit Singh, Chinn, brother of Sardar Jai Singh,
China. For details see Panjab Chiefs, pages 373-314. · As . the
members of this family joined the rebels under the Si_khs, their.
jrtglr was confiscated nod an allowance of Rs. 240 <>nly was
granted to eanh of tl1e brothers. But in 1857, Jai Singh as
.f'esa/dar and Hardit Singh as jemada1'1 served under 'the British,
nod their jtlg{r wns released to them.· Jai Singh· has died since,
and his brother Hardit Singh is still in the same Regiment, the lOth
Ben ~tal Cavalry, as resaldar. The family live at• China.
Snrdar Sant Singh, Amiawnla. (See Panjab Chiefs, pages
365-366). During the time of Maharajn Rnnjit Singh, Sant
Sin"h's fnther, Nur Singh, was given charge of various campaigns.
He ';emained faithful to the British Government during the Sikh
·rebellion. His son Hardit Singh now holds a seat in the Darbaris.
Sardar Arjnn Singh of Ch&hal. (See Panjah Chiefs,- pages
487 to 438). His ancestors, Karm Singh and Gurmukh Singh,
were known in the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh for gallantry
and ability. He is the son of Jowala ~ingh, is a zailddr and a
·member of the 'Darbar Committee. He holds ajrigtr of R•. 1,000.
Sardar Jodh Singh, Chapa,. son of Ram Singh. (For a full
ncconut see Panjab Chiefs, pnges 382-384), Ram Singh, Chapn, was
known for his bravery. He fought gallantly at Gujrat and fell in
the field of battle. The whole of ·his jagtr was eonfiscated for
rebellion. His son Jodh Singh is a Darbari.
Snrdar Man gal Sinj!h, Ramgharia. (For a detailed account of
the family, see Panjab Chiefs, pages 170 to 176.) The Snrdnr is of
the second branch of. the Ramglu11·ia family. He was much respected
nt the time of the Sikh rule. He remained loyal nnd faithful to the
En,!!li•h. For n long time he remained manager of the affairs of
t.he Sikh temple and an Honorary Mngistrnte of the city of Amritsar,
He died in H!79. His eldest son Gurdit Singh is a Police Inspector.
Of his other sons Sber Singh resides at home, and Suchet SinO"b,
:who was a Mnnsiff, bas died. · "' •.
Snrdnr Man Singh, brother of Sardnr Jodh Sin<1h Adalti, is one
of the distinguished officers of the Sikh army. ,H; served throuo-h
the Mutiny as f'esaldar with ,qoreat distinction. The Gove1·nme':tt
awm·ded his services by grant of jdg£rs of Rs. 600 and 400 in Ondh
and the Panjab respectively. He is now mnnaooer of the Dnrbar
Sahib at Amritsar. . · · ~ .

SECTtoN D.-VILLAGE COMMUNITIES AND

TENURES.
Village tenures. Table No. XV sl1owe the nm~ber of vill~ges bel<\ in_ti1e various
. form~ ?f te~nN, as returned in qninqnenniul '!'able XXXlll of the
Admun~trat10n Ropurt for 1878-79. But the accma<-y . of the
figures ts more than doubtrnl. It is in many cases simply impossible
Amritse.r Diatrl.ct.]
CHAP. III;--.,THE PEOPLE. 29
to ·class a village satisfactorily under any one of the ordinarily Chapter III, D.
recognised tenures ; the primary division of rio-hts between the mnin yA. __ -
. ··
sub- dtvt•tons o f t 1te vt'IIage 10
P 11 · one for.
owtng "' while the interior ~es wage
andCommuni·
Tenures.
distribution among the several proprietors of encJ. of the•e sub-
divisions follow another form, which itself often varies from one sob-
division to another. · 1 ·
Table No. XV shows the numher . of proprietors or slmre- Propne· tary •-
~~~urea.
h olders and tlte gross area. Iteld 10 property under ench of
the main forms of tenure, and also gives details for large est11tes
and for Government grants and similar tenures. The figom·es are
taken from the quinquennial table prepared for the Administmtiott
Report of 187!!-79. The accmncy of the figures is, however,
exceedingly doubtful; indeed, laud tenures nssumtl · so many, and
such complex, forms in the Panjab, that it is impossible to classify
them successful~ under a few ge,neral headings .
.Table No. XVI shows the number of tenancy holdings, and Tenants and renl.
tlte gross area held under each of the main forms of tenuncy ns they
stood ju 1878-79, while Table No. XXI l!'ives the current rent-mtes
of various kinds of lands as retumed iu 1881-82. But the accurnoy
of both sets .of fig1ires is probably doubtful; indeed, it is impossible
to state general rent-rates which shall even approximately represent
the letting value of land throughout a whole distdct. Rija Sir
Sahib Dyal, who was consulted when the Famine Report of 1!!79
was being prepared, wrote as follows : -
', " The only difference between tho hereditary tenants, and owners whq
cultivate their 9wn lands, is that the form~r pay to the owners a fixed cash
charge in addition to the Government's r~venue and cesses. ,
"Most of the tenants-at-will pay cash rents ; both owners and tenants

*
prefer cash rents to kind. A man who takes land only for one or two hare
vests not uncommonly pays in kind, IJiz., either } or of the produce. . If
the tenant takes waste land to ·reclaim it, it is usunl to charge no rent for
four or five years, in ·which time the tenant has thereby reimbursed his
expenses of bringing the land under cultivation." · • · Agricnltnral
The subject of the employment of field labour other thnn that labouren.
of the proprietors or tennnts themselves is thus· noticed in answers
fmnished by the District Officer aud inserted in the Famine Repot·t
of 1879 ( pnue 715) : -
. "It· is ~stomary for the agriculturists of .this district to ~mploy h~red
field labourers. They are principally employed for plonghmg, ~owmg,
weeding, irrigating, reaping, ~!trashing and cleaning. They recetve the
following wages in kind. • ·.
" When employed in ploughing, sowing, weeding, and irrigating, food,
20 chittaks per diem. .
. "When employed in reaping, one bharri containing 16 aerB of, gram
per diem. · :
'' When employed' fu cleaning the grain from the bhuaa, 5 per cent. of
the total produce. ·
" The persons usually so employed are Chura• and Ohq;.gar1, and they /
form a class by themselves, and when not employed in ffeld lubour. they
earn their livelihood by handicrafts. They make baskets and sell them ID the,
villages and towns. It appears that the. percenta_ge . the. number of persons
so employed bear to the totnl population of the district, ts fi,re.
 (l'unjab Cl:azottoor;

30 CHAP. III.-THE PEOPLE.

"The condition .of such field labourers in· the district is better than·
Chllpter m, D•• that of the poor agriculturists · who cultivate hold'mgs of thetr · own
VIllage Communi- in respect of indcbtedn• and in respect of their ability to subsist with fair
ties and Tenures. ease from harvest' to harvest in average years. They usually live on grain
A~ricnltoral and money prevfonsly earned by field labour and handicrafts. Sometimes
labourcJS. they borrow from mon\y-lenders on the security of the •amintlar by whom
they are employed, and pay the same with interest when the harvest is
reaped. ·
"A field servant is also entertained by the agriculturists, who is called
attri. He is a general assistant for field labour throughout the yenr, and
is supplied with food every day and 16 maunds of grain at time of harvest."
The wages of labour prevailina al' different periods are shown in
Table No. XXVII, though the fig';i.res refer to the labour market of
towns rather than to that of villn!re•.
Petty villngo The lost two lines of Table No. XVI show the number of persons
grantees. holding service grants ft·om the village, and the area• so held. · But
the figures refer only to 11\nd held free of revenue, which is by no
means the only form which these grants assumq, Sometimes the land
is leased to the grantee at a favourable rent, or on condition of pay-
ment of revenue only ; sometimes the owner cultivates and pays the
revenue, mnking over the produce to the grantee ; while occasionally
the grnnt consists of the rights of property in the land, which, sub-
ject to the usual incidents, such as responsibility for revenue and tha
like, vest in the person performing certain specified services at such
time and for so long as he performs them. These grants are most
commonly made to villnge menials and to watchmen on condition of
or in payment for services ren<Wred, to attendants at temples, mos-
ques, shrines, or villnge rest-houses so long as they perform the duties
of the post, and for maintennnce of monasteries, holy men, teachers at
religious schools, nnd the like. .
Village officers. The figures in the margin show the number of headmen in the
several tahdls of the district. The
Zall. Chief Villqe villnge l1eadmen succeed to their
Tabdl. din, B•ad· Be"d·
mea. mea, ·office by heredicnry right subject to

...... ....
...... ,, '" - ..-
1- the approval of the Deputy Com-'
Amrihu
Ajn4la
.. " 12 , missioner; each village, or- in large
Taraa T&ran
... -- -- -- ••• villages each main division of tile
Total 1,006 villnge, having one or more who
" 1,6417
represent their clients in their deal-
ings with the Government, are responsible for the collection of
the r.evenue, and are bound to assist in the prevention and detection
of crune. There is a chief hendman appointed in every village, elected
by the votes of the proprietary body subject to the sanction of the
Dep?ty Commissioner. They represent the hody of headmen, and
rece1ve G~vernment orders in the first instance, though in respect of
the coll~c~•?n of land-revet~ue they possess no special authority or
r?spons1blltty. The zailcla1' is elected by the headmen of the zail or
cucle, the bou'hdades of which are, ns for as possible, so fixed as to
correspond with the tribal distribution of the people. The zailda1's
s.tand m much the same relation to the headmen of the zail as a chief
headm~n to th~se of his vill<~ge. While the headmen collect a cess.
 Amritsar :Dlstriot.1
·CHAP. IlL-THE PEOPLE. 31

of five per cent. in addition to the revenue for which they ilre re- Chapter m, D.
sponsible, the chief headmen are remunerated by a deduction of one o -
per cent. upon the land revenue of their circles oe villn~es, and nlso 1t~s~fT':"~
enjoy small revenue-free grants of common land of the~illages which .
were m11de over to them nt the Settlement. The •ajldars are remunernt- Vlllago OfBcOlll,
ed by a deduction of a certain rate per cent. upttn the land revenue
of their zails, the rate varying in Aml"itsnr talu!l f1·om As 12 to Re.
l-4; in Ajnala from· Re. 11 toRe. 1-4, and in Taran Tarnn tal!8£l from
As. 12 toRe. 1-12 even. The head-quarters of the zails, together with
·the prevailing tribe in each, is shown in the following table : -

Name' of Tahsil. Name:or Rndr Station

of Zail,
..!.
t>~
~

~.!!
0
.. A1nru.u. UBVBl'I'UB.

Khalo'- Jagfr. TOTAL.

-
• z
-·
( Amritaar ...... ...... u 88.740 18,676 62,816

I
Gil wall
Mir&n Kot
Bund4.1a.
...... ...... 27
• 17
29
80,229
8,202
29.112
6.636
11,364
8.663
86,866
19,606
88.676
Maebi&u
......... ..... 23 24,708 3,919 28,627

... I
Mehta 23 ' 28.906 914 29.820

Amritsar ~
Treaikk&
M~t.kehw41
...... 27
84
25.299
26,110
1,410
1,702
26,709
26,902
Fattehpur R'jpui.'&n ... 26 27.201 6,180 32,686

I .........
Chow2'8.Wan. H.Upowti.li 86 20,662 8.670 20,837
Tarrnie ... ' 34 91,089
28,092
10,894.
8,019
81,933
81,111

l
Mnjltba 19
Cbimd.b4th
Bat.al&
Shero Langa
'
...
...
... ......... 29
21
•17
23.628
18,864
13,601
1,051
6,938
968
24.679
24.802
U-,464.

Dhansey Kald.o
Bbakbm1 Kal&n ..•
...... 12
16
1,763
8,261
8.100
'-617
9,863
19.768
...
r
I
Jhubal Dbelwan ...
Tarn T&ran Kh!\s ...... 25
24
27,685
16,935
1.824
2,378
6.096
29.409
18,308
26,610
RRsaUipllr Xalli.n
...... 82 21.614

.
T~n T6.ran l Na~okey
Jalalabad
Vairow41 ......
'"
......
"'
26
29
88
26,140
18,QHJ"
17.~4~
"3,468
1,974
13,486
29,698
19,986
81.826

I R&niw8.lah 14 1MR2 1,097 12,169

Sarh&li Xnl&n 27 13,676 4,448 18,123

......
"" 1,801 23.041
Nowshera Panuwen 29 21,240

l Panjwar ... 46 83.118 8,761 86.869

Sar&i Am&nat Kb&n ... 22 17.683 8,140 20.723
Nowahera Dhalah ... 18 11,016 8,696 14,611

... .........
( Malik11ur 39 16,629 1.986 17,616

......
Sidhd.r 23 16.062 2,264 18,316
Ajnd.la '34 16.991 4.874 21.360
Ballerw&l
Karyal
...
...
...... 38
28
17.484
13.611
2,886
6,361
20,269
19.872
...J Sainar&. ...... ... 29 18,806 8,686 27.640

......
Ajoala RB.ja S&nai 16 4,919 18 680 18,699
...
I Kamal pur 83 14.277 2,767 16.464
Kobala ... ... 80 22.482 9,434 81.916
... ...,.....
Bbilow&l 24 18,94. 2,283 21,226

l Lopoke ...
Kotla Dasauodi .•• ... 80 16.118
10,718
~03
' 08
21.221
21,626

Table No. XXXII gives statistics of sales and mortga~es of lnnd; Poverty or wealth
Ta~les Nos. XXXIII and XXXIII A. show theoperations.of~b~ ~~s- of the proprietoiB,
tnt10n Department; and Table No~ XXX!X the extent of CIVIl Jlbga-
 32 CHAP. m-THE PEOPLE.

(lhapter m, D. tion. 'But tlie statistics of transfers of land nre exceedingly imperfect;
- o the prices quoted are very gene~all:r fic;titious ; and any ~gures- w_h!ch
Vti!UagedCTommun!· -we possess afford bat little realtnd~entton of the economtcnl posttton
es an enurea. of the landbo]'&erS 11 of the d"tstrtct.
· Tl.te SU1>JeC
· t. 18
• d lSCUSSe
· d ao• some .
!t":h~r~rlo~:~~ length at pages 4,4~ of the Fnmme Report ?f 1879, where act.ual
figures are given fot mstnnces selected as typtc:o.l.. In forwardtug
.these figures, the District Officer wrote ns follows : -
"There is no material difference in welfare between the three . classes ·
of •owners,' 'occupancy tenants,' and •tenants-at-will'. This may seem· .im-
probable, but it may be explained that good tenants are seldom evicted,
and that both classes of tenants practically hold much the same position.
Their economic condition is good, i! comparis~n be made w_ith ~ny similar
class of peasant proprietors in European countrtes. One pomt tS pethaps
specially worthy of notice, that the zam£ndar has since annexation increased
his material comforts and possessions considerably, and "6parently this pro-
gress still continues. It is by no means unusual now to hear of a zam£ndar
combining a little money-lending with his agriculture, or able to add to his
land by purchase or mortgage. The· average ·dress is better ; more orna-
ments and cattle are kept. .
" The agricultural population has never much capital, but that this
class in the Pan jab is not quite without capital is shown by the fact that
they have tided over at least three bad years on their own resources, without-
further help than occasional remissions of revenue. The last three years .
would have gone far to break a good. many tenant farmers in England.
As a rule, the agriculturist is somewhat in !lebt, hut this appears to be
the normal condition of the peasant proprietor in all countries. The
money-lender is a power in Irela.nd, France or Germany. But, as a role
'also, it is probable that the agriculturist is solvent, i.s., his estate would
pay 20s. in the £. Foreclosure of mortgage is the real ruin of the peasant
proprietor, but this is not peculiar to the Panjab ; how many estates in
England are clear 7 As to the proportion of debts to income, or of
insolvents to the whole population, it is impossible to do more thim guess ..
The agriculturist will probably overstate his debts in view of future taxes :
the money-lender would overstate them for fear they should be afterwards
cut down. The indebtedness is certain to be exaggerated. Even ·in
England the local banks only coUld furnish similar statistics of any value;
and the information could hardly .be demanded from them. The debts
of the agriculturist are due to various causes : marriage ceremonies will
generally be the reply given to a question on the point. Purchase of cattle',
or advances of seed-grain are really the .most common cause of debt. It
often appears that the original debt, which was merely a small balance due·
to the general shop of the village, has swollen like a snow ball in the' coursa
of a generation ; a fresh bond for principal .. and interest being . made out
every two or three years. ·
11 The general cnstom is to charge for cash 25 per cent, per annmn;

and for grain 25 maunds per harvest for every 100 maunds borrowed. .
But the bankers now usually make the agriculturist promise to pay interest .
at 50 per cont. in kind. For instance if a zam£ndar bon:ows 100 maunds ·
of wheat in February, they make him promise to pay 150 maunds in June;
wh~n the w~eat is cut, and if he fails to do so, they charge 75 maonds more
as ~nterest at the next harvest, and require him tO pay in pulses (mash);
whtc~ are. "!ore valuable than -.yheat. This is stipulated for when the ·grain
loan tS ongm~ly made. But tt of course completely crushes the zamindar1.•
AmritSa.r :Ciatrict.]
CHAP. m.-THE PEOPLE. 33
Such prBCtices are followed even by those bankers who pay respect to their Chapter
religion. Unprincipled men claim mterest at half lin anon per rupee per o -
m; D.
·
mensem; and in grain transactions ndvance bad gl'l\in at dear prices, and Village Oommnnl·
at harvest time take the best at very cheap prices. So that once a 111am£ntlar ties.and Tenures.
l(ets into debt, it is very unlikely that he can clear himself, c!'Jccept by mak- Poverty or wealth of
ing over his land to his creditor. It is difficult to s,f, how many persons the proprieloro.
are in debt. Very few agriculturists are free of deb!. Nearly all are in
debt. Every six monthor the bankers make up their accounts, and add to
the principal' the interest due. If a man can pay the interest at one harvest,
he fails to do so at the next, and so the principal increases."
 CIIAPTER IV.

-
• .
PROJ)U.CTION AND DISTRIBUTION .

SECTION A.-AGRICULTURE, ARBORICULTURE, AND

LIVE-STOCK.
Chapter IV, A. Table No. XIV gives general figure• for cultivation and irriga-
Agriculture, tion, nnd for Government waste land ; while the rainfall is shown in ·
Arbor!culture, Tables Nos. III nod IliA, nod B. Table No. XVII shows statist.ics
and Live·Stock. of Government estates. Table No. XX gives the areas under the
Goocml. statistics of principal staples, nod Table No. XXI the average yield of each.
agnculturo. Statistics of Jive-stock will be found in Table No. XXII. Further
statistics are given under their various headings in the subsequent
parngrnpl1s of this· Chapter. Land tenures, ten!ihts, and rent, and
the employment of field labour, have already been noticed in Chapte~
III Section D. A table, supplied for insertion in the present work,
j!'ives the cultivated area under assessment at the times of tl1e two
Regular Settlements,-those of liir. Davies and. Mr. P1·insep-as
follows:- · ·
.Area c11ltivated at first and second Settlemmts.
P'IBI'r 8BftLBUBlf'l'.

.,;
I 8BCOlfD BBftLBJfBQ.

.,;
.,; .!'l .,; ~
T.lDIIL.
.•
-:;
'1:
•
M
~
•
•••
b .
1 .
~
'E
M ~
~
·c
.-a·
~

AcrPI. AC!I'PI, A ore• A ore• Aerea.

......
ACI'OI.
Arnrita.r 65,853 ]G2 4:08 218,U9 6.&,303 16&,359 228,662
AjnAia 115,507 64.600
... 43.674 71,833 61,6118 128,104
Taran T4ran
Tot'.~.to ... - - --- - - - - --- - -
4D,9fi6
U9,488
213,026
4C7,266
262,982
696,74~
~108

17P,914
22-1,211
463,166
2?8,314
633,080

To the final total as given in this table must be added 1,953

acres of land lately abandoned, which brings up the total cultivated
area at the time of Mr. Prinsep's Settlement to 635,033 acres.
The sensons. The total annual fall of rain and the mn.nner in which it is
Rainfoll.
distributed throughout the year at·e shown in Tables III, IliA, III B.
The table at the top of next page shows the season of seed-time and
harvest for the most important food grains.
Soilo. The ·soil of the district is generally good and fertile, hut is
interspersed with tracts of sand, and in some parts is much injured
by the presence of kalr, better known as reh land, though this
latter term is not used in the Panjab proper. The proportions are
as follows : -
. .

S.&.liD. x.u.:a.

Amrit.aar labll
Ajn,la tdfa•ll
Tana ftt'B.a taA1ll
......... 10,000 aerea
1-8 of whole area
,,000 aerea
1$,000 aer~a .
1-1)' nf whole area.
31,94.3 acres•
Amrltsu :CI.strlct. l
CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIDUTION. 35

Ohavter IV, A.
The critical Ume.
Tbfi timee tt wbloh The time. at wbrc
an e•outh•e fall.
Name or When ltOWQ. Wbeo hlne.ted. • (allure of r•iD
at which rain il m17 of rain may be Agriculture,
grain. be miacbie'l'• 1 miechinon~ or Arborlcnltnre,
enential. OU. 01' ruioOUio
. rninoua. and Live-Stock.
•
B!oe ... Jone, End olSep~ Bnd otJnly, mid- From U:tB July
die and end or to U.th 4ngu.t.
In the laftt~r
ot September.
p..-t
The Seaeona. Bala•
falL
Jow'r ... July, Ditto.
Ana:ntt,
Ditto. Ditto, Ditto
Uakld
Kangni ...... Ditto.
JUDe,
Octr. and Novr.
.t.ng. and Bep&r.
J)itto,
Ditto,
Ditto.
Ditto •
·
From
An~:nllt,
16th Aor.
to 16th Sept:t.
Cllfna...
...
Ditto, Ditto. .Ditto. Ditto • Ditto,
"'"•b
Wheat ...
Ditto,
October.
Ootr and N'ovr.
April and May,
Ditto.
16th Jannnry to
Ditto;
Novr, to Jau.
None.
Any time doiing
Barle7 ... Prom llith
September to
16th Alaroh.
15th .l"ebruary.
Ditto. Ditto .
Cold weather,
Ditto.

Gram ..
7th Deer.
From ht to ApriL 15th NovemboF to Ditto. Ditto,
16th October. 16th December.
~
1luar. ... Octobn. Ditto. Ditto . Ditto. Ditto.

The following statement of soils in cultivated land is compiled Soils.

from Mr. Cost's "Statistical Report of the Amritsar district,
1861 : -
YIBLDING
2H.a.tt. YrBLDilfG OBB H.lRVBar (Ex-::r.tSLI).
VaSTa.

TA.B'SIL, Bard Soft ciRy

Well land. Light aoil. clayey. and aaud. Sandy.

Gor,chabi.
- ------
Maira- •
bar,ni
-- Rohl. DoahabL Tibba.
Tor.u..

Acres. Acrei, Acrt's. Acrf'l, At"rel.

Amritaa!'
TnrRn T'ran
...... ACrf'8,
66,951
60,739
170,143
175,04'
6,183
1,000
2.6a8
1,5~0
30,096
69,827
974.911
280,610
A.jn,la ... 29,2'0 114,687 14,740 ... 4,42, l63,0ul

i'able No. XIV gives details of inigation. Further iuformation Irrlgatlou.

will be found at pnges 177 to 203 of Major Wace's Famine Report
compiled in 1878. At that time 16 per cent. of the cultivation was
irrigated from canals, 23 per cent. from wells, 3 per cent. was flooded,
and the remaininll' 58 per cent. was wholly dependent npon rain.
i'he following figures sho'v the number of wells then existing iu the
district, with certnin statistics regarding them : -
DU'I'li-TO BVLLI'IOJ:I PBJl
Acaaataat-
w...,. •• •• - Col!,. Wu:•wL oa
04'l'aD Paa
.F.aa~.
BuPa•s. Buoa:u•
Wna•Loa
lluca:•'l'.
i
..
. .,.,.
~
NtunberotWeUa. ~,;,

~ ••
••
0
.~
·;i_ "' d

.
J.j ~

a ;::: 0 s
.
~0

0
• ~
ll
• OO;a ~

"' • ,..
;.
O"'
~

0
0

"' .- ;
..... ......
....
...••30
:'l
, ...
... ••
0

... 8.
•
.•• ••.
5 to "10
1,125
20 ...... o' II 1
J,6d3
~.760 ...... 400 ... • 8 800 60
IS
13
8
8

'
Of these wells only 20 were unlmcked. Iu the A'!lrl(sor taltAl
.the usual depth of water is fl'om 30 to 40 feet, except in the highlands
 36 .CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

Chapter IV, A. pn the hnnlcs of the Beas, wl1ere it rises to from 40 to 60 feet. In
'1'nrnn ·Tarnn the o1·dinary depth is from 40 to 60 feet, except in the
Al!rlculture. Bet, where i~ falls to some 12 or 13 feet. In the Ajuala ta11Btl the
Arboriculture,
-and Live-Stock. onlinnry d••ploh is from 20 to 30 feet; bnt under 20 feet in the sailab
and saklii lnnds. 0fhe irri.,ntion is wholly 'by Persian wheels.
'Aaricultoral imp!c- Table No. XXll sho~vs the number of cattle, cart!>, and ploughs
mentsanccs. • ench ta'"'
and appll· 111 a· .
' 'l o f t h e 1•tnct ns retumed m
. 1878- 79 •
l!anure and rotation '!'he following description of the use ofmnnure and t.he system of
of crops. rotation of crops, ns practised in the district, was furnished for the
Famineiteport of 1K79 (page 253) : - · .
'"The following statement will show what proportion of the cultivated
land is manured yearly, how much constantly, and how much occasionally!-
P~roPnta=e of
prii'Yioue column,
f'on1t11ntly OecRtlli,..nally 'Nol Tolill. which bean two
manured. manured.• manured. or more oropa
annually,

lrriR"•t.-d land •••

llnirrigated laud ... ......'J ......20 •••
100
100
100
'27 pet' cent.
~il.

"The average weight of manure given to the acre per annum on land'
~onstantly manured is from 100 to 450 maunds. On land occasionally
manured the amount of manure per acre so given is from 20 to 90 maunds.
The land is occasionnlly mnnured at an interval of two or three years.
" Some irrigated unmanured land is set apart for rice, which is grown
every kilarif. On other irrigated unmanured lands, wheat or barley is grown
<Jvery rabi, and the land is pl001ghed repeatedly during kharif." On unirri-
gated land, after wheat, barley or gram, an· autumn crop of chari, moth;
•wank, or mash is grown, and then the land is allowed a year's rest. .on
irrigated mnnurcd land there is a succession of crops, thus : -
E l1a.rif . Indian corn.
Rabo Barley, sarao~ or •enji.
KhaN.f • Indian corn again, or sugarcane or cotton."
" After sugarcane the land would rest, and wheat be grown the
following year ; alter cotton a ltha•·if crop. Indian corn or sugarcane would
follow."
Priacipal staples. . 1'able No. XX shows the area• under the principal ~gricul­
tuml staples. The remaining acre~ ·
Crop. 1880-81' 1881-82. under CI'Op in 1880-81 and 1881-
82 were distributed in the manner
---
Kangni
('b(na
...
... ...
... 6.454
7,428
4,878
shown iu the margin. 'l'he staple
products of the rabi or spring
Mattar
:Ya•h (Urd)
..... ...
6,837
6,642
no
6,861
Ilal'Vest are wheat, barley, and
MUng·
.Matur
...... ....
.. 2;2801.339 U64 gram. Mustard, fi.!x, leutils,.saf-
3,076 fiower, and lucerne and other
Arbar
Corianier .••
... ... 87
... 6
trefoils for fodder are also grown,,
26
CbilliPI ... ... 891 704 together with poppy and tobacco
LinaePd ..Q
lluatard ...
...... 4,653798 840
in small qunntit.i•s. For the
4,692
Til
Ta a :Mira
......2.304 1,692
1.94'>
nntumn harvest (kha•1f) cotton
1,683
Remp ... 1,407 1,895
sugarcane, rice, Indian -corn
Xuumbb ... •
OLber crcopa"'
...... 17 11 great millet (iawar) and pulses
616 436 (moth and nuuh) are extensively
grown, the pulses and j'awlr for
. .6.mritsa.r Diatrtot.)
CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. 37

consumption by tbe people themselves, the others for snle in Oha.pter IV,'.A.
Amritsar. Btfjra (spiked millet) is not cultivated in the district. • _.-
. d • ld" • Rc. ...,. . .culture,
Table No. XX:I sh01vs !lui estimate averall"e yte rn '""· per Arboricolture,and
acre of each of the prirtcipal staples as shown in tJre A!irninistrntion Live-Stock. ·.
Report of 1881-82. The average con~umption of fllod p~r hend h11s Avcm~e yiei~. Pro-
already been noticed at paooe 20. 'I he totnl cononmptron of food dactlo~ aad cor>o
ll"rains by the popuhttiOD . o~f the d"ts t r·tc
. t as es t"tmnl<ld ro
. 1878. .or' s.mptrongrainaof food
the purposes of the Famine Report is sho,vn in mnunds in the mnr,!l'in. ·
The fignres nre booed npon an esti-
-;,; t; mated populationof832,750 souls.
~~
GraiL
. -. --·~·§ c-
:.•0
1'otal On the other hnnd the avel"llge
consumption· per head is believed
to have been over-estimated. A
Wheat
ln(,.rior graiaa....,;
... fi93,8!18 1,354.,753
l.Ssvsa 1,D48,8U
2,297,D8B rongll estimate of the total pro-
... 209,60 :ro3,9.al 4.1S,M9 d nction, exports, nod imports of
1."11lau
Total -- -- - -
... 1,74-6,728 2,913.417 ••6~0,176 food gt·ains was also fi·nmed
at the same .time; · and it Wtl8
stated (page 151, Famine Report) that, while in a good year a
su,·plus of some 864,000 mnunds was available for stomge or ex-
portntion to Hindu•tan and Sindh, iu a had yMr graiu wns imported
from the countt·y south of the Sntlej and from Sindh. In his Ceu-
sns Report for 1881, the Depnt.v Commissioner estirn11ted the aunnal
production of food grains at 6,460,000 maunds, aud the· auuual con-
sumption at 5,596,000 manuds.
'l'ahle No. XVII shows the whole nrea of waste land which is .Arboricnl!nre IIDiJ
under the management of the Forest D'epat·tment. 'l'het·e nt·e two fo""'llll.
small forests in the district, both technically falling under the head
of "reserved"; the Amritsar plnntations with •au area of three
square miles, and the Gagdwal forest which only compt·ises one square
mile.. 'l'ue following notes on the forests of the distl"ict have been
kindly furnished hy Col. Stenhouse and Mr. Lemat·cbnud of the
Forest Department:-
" In the Amritsar district there are only three forests with an ag~re­
gate area of 2,323 acres (3·64 square miles) under the control of the Lahore
Forest Division. These are all reserved forests on Bar lands. The Nag and
.. Sarai.Amanat Khan forests (1,752 acres) nre plantations which were
commenced in 1867 and finished in 1873. Nag ( 412 acres) is situated
11 miles north of the Amritsar station and near the l'athankot Railway line.
It is now being cut down for coppice, the fuel being sold to the contractors
of the PatMnkot Railway.
" Sarai Amonat Khan, 1,34.0 acres, situated in the Taran Taran lalra£1.
nine miles south of the Khnsa Rail way station. The produce from this
forest' will probably be sold to the S. P. & D. Railway Company. ;Rakh
Bhoru, 571 acres, is situated in tl1e Amritsar taka·r.l, about 11 or 12 miles
south of the Amritsar Fort. A portion of the rakk ( 200 acres) is reserved
as a grass preserve for the Military Department. The soil in all three
forests is fairly good, Naa being the best. Grazing, is permitt..i in Sarai
AIW\nat KMn and a part of Bhoru, Nag being closed for coppice. The
tree~ in the plantations are ai11u, mulberry, tun, l<iltar, iand, phulai,
,;,.,.;,, and a few Eucalyptus only in Nag. ·In Bhoru there are onl.r jami,
karil and her."
 [Punjab Gazetteer,
'38 CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

Chapter IV, B. . "The only forest in the Amritsar district within the BiB.' Forest
- Division is the Gagriwal rakh, which may be described as forming
. In~~J::~~gm. an irregularo semicircle about a square mile in .extent situated on
· merce, and Oom· the right or !fOrth high bank of the Bias river about six miles below t.he
munications. Bias Railway briJge. The soil is a mixtme of sand and clay with
Arboriculturc and layers or nodules of lcanlcar embedded in it in plnces.. The grouud
foreats. is much cut up by ravines lending down to the Bias river, which has
cao·o·ied away part of the raklo by erosion. The trees growing in
. the Gagriw1U rakk are principally pulah (Acacia modeata), ka~il
. ( Cappa~ia aploylla) and jhand (Pro60pia spicigera) interspersed with
a few kikat• (Acacia Arabica) on the high ground and tali (Dalbe~gia
nssoo) in the ravines aud nalas. The t•akl, is modHrately well stocked
, with trees. There are a few acres of kikar plantation; bnt only a
small portion has succeeded. The produce of this mkh will be sold
for fnel when of good marketable size. •This ~akh was gazetted
. as a forest reserve in 1879. The grazing is leased annually or ma-
naged by departmental agency." ,
Live-stock, Table No. XXII shows the live-stock of the district as return-
ed at dill'ereut periods iu the Admiuisto-ation Report. Theo·e is no-
thing special to note about the breeds indigenous to the district;
Government, however, bas paid considerable attention to horse-
breeding in the district, and Amritsar forms an important centre for
. ~rnffic in horses and cattle. Horse nnd mule-breeding operations
were commenced in this district in December 1881. The peoplo
nre now paying considerable attention to the breeding and rearing
of the young stock, especin1ly in the manner of feeding them. At
present, there are five horse and four donkey stallions in the district.
Of the. former three are Norfolk Trotters and two are Arabs. '!'hey
. are distributed at the head-quarters of the three tak•zla and at A tad
. The·total number of mares branded for horse-breeding is, up to the
, J>resent time, 333, and for. mule-breeding 179. It is too early to
judge of the results or of the class of stock produced, but theo·e
is every reason to believe that
Baiailr:bi Bor10 DJw!li Hone
l-air. Fair. the people. thoroughly appre-
Year, ciate the advantage of the
No. No. No.
uhibited aold. uhibited aotd.
·No, system. · Salutria have been
lately employed, and are. paid
.........
from district funds; .but their
1079
18!10

"'" ...
1883
1883
2.052
t,OSl
1,79i
1,843
1,635
1,m
1,42-1
1,679
1,220...
t,t'l87
21,0:!5
1,4iS
1,819 attention
... 2,2/JO 1,8Jl 2,686 2,111 tions are not ingelding
1,001> 1,691 cattle
is devoted mostly to
disease; opera-
· force. Two
horse fail-s are held annually
just outside Amritsar City, in the Diwali and Baisakhi festivals.
1'hey have been continuously held since the annexation of the coun-
try; no prizes are given for horses: statistics of the five years endiua
1883 are given in the margin. .,

SECTION
.
B.-OCCUPATIONS, INDUSTRIES' COM-
, MERCE, AND COMMUNICATIONS. .
Occupations of ihe
people, Table No. XXIII shows the principal occnpations followed by
males of ovqr 15 years of age as retut·ned at the Census of 1881.
,&.ml:itsar :District. J

CILI.P. IV.-PRODU<.'TION AND DISTRIBUTION. 3!)

But· the 'ligures ore perhaps the least sntisfnctOry of all "the ~ter IV B.
Census statistics, for rensons explained in the Census Report; - '
and they must be token subject to limitations whic4l are given Ind~~r;I'.~tio~s,m
in some detail in Part. II, Ohnpter VIII of the sq,rne '\-eport. The merce, and co"m.'
figurds in Table No. XXIII refer only to the popJilution of 15 years mnnicatlons.
of age and over. The figures in the · Occupotions of the
margin show the distribution of people.
. :Popalation. Towq•. Villages. the whole population into agricul-
Aariooltoral
---
... 173,786
U.,ll3 354,389
tural and non-agricultural, calculat-
Non-agricultural ... 450,978 ed on the assumption that the
Total
- - ----
... 187,899 705,367 number of women and children
dependent upon each male of over
15 years of age is the same what-
ever his occupat~n. Tliese figures, however, include as agri-
cultural only such part of the population as are agriculturists puro
and simple; and ·exclude not only the considerable number who
combine agriculture with other occupations, but also the much
lar,!!'er nnmher who depend in groat measut·e for their livelihood
upon the yield of agricultural operations. More detailed figures for
the occupation• of bot.h males and females will· be found nt pnges
106 to 114 of Table XIIA, and in Table XllB of the Census Report
of 1881. The figures for female occupations, however, are exceed-
ingly incomplete.
Table No. XXIV <rives st.atistics of the manufactures of the Principal indtLOiriCll.
district as they stood in"I88l-82,·and Table No. XLVA gives similar and manllfnctllle8.
figures fot· the manufactures of the municipality of Amritsar. .
The most important amona tbe numerous manufactures or Shawl manufacture.
Amritsar are those of pashm£na o~ shawl-wool, and silk. The paaltm ·
or wool used iu the first-named kind is imported from Thibet via
Ram pur and K~t•hmir. •
'The trade declined during 1866, owing, among other causes, to
the adultemtion of tbe wool with a fine but inferior sort imported·
vi4 K abut from the province of Kirman, whence the wool is known
as Un Kirman£. The trade i• said to be now reviving. The
pashm{na fabrics are either plain nni-coloured cloth called alwan,
malUa, &c., which are made up into cloaks and articles of European
apparel either 'plain or embroidered with silk, or else are woven
into shawls, the thread being previously dyed and wound off express!y
for the purpose. The shawls in which tbe pattern is produced m
the loom are the most valuable: in others tbe pattern is pmduce<l
on a ground-work of plain-coloured pasl•mfna by embroidery with t~•e
needle and fine paal1m thread: such shawls are called amlikar,
as opp~sed to the kannikar or loom-woven.
The manufacture of pashmma work was first introduced. some
70 years ago about the time when Ranjft Singh was commencmg t~
extend his rule over the whole Panjab. It is almost exci\\Sively con-
ducted by Kashmfri Musalmans. It is calculated that soon after
the manufacture was instituted, there were about 300 shops establish-
ed iu Amritsar in which pashm{na work was carried on, and that
shawls, &c., to the value of Rs. 30,000 were mannfactur.P yearly in
the city. Besidos what was manuf,.ctured in the city itself, pMll-
mfna work was imported from Kash!Dir to the extent of some two
 · [l'unja.b Oa.zottoo:,
40 CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

Chapter N, B.. lakbs of rupees in value yearly, and from other parts of the l1ills to
t!ons · the value of about Rs. 20,000. Part of this was sold in A mritsar,
0
Ind~~Ji~s oo~- and part expttrted to Hindustan and Haidarabild in the Dakban.
merce and Oom- The cl1ief ma1't in lJindnst.an for export seems to have been Lucknow.
mun!cations. In the year 1!\33 -\D., owing to a Jl'reat fnmine in Kashmir, there
Shawl mnnufnqturc. was o.lnrge influx of Knshmfris into Amritsnr. Shortly before the
nnnexr.tion of the Pnnj~b, the number of shops established in Amrit-
snr hnd incrensed to 2,000 and the value of the _p(JIJT!m{na work
turned out yearly ·was as much as four 'lnkhs of rupees. Also pask-
tnlna manufactures to the value of six lakhs of rup~es were imported·
yeal'ly from Kashmir, nod to two lakhs from Nurpur, Bnssaoli, and
other parts of the l1il1s. Now tberjj are 4,000 looms in Aimits•tr,
each worked by at least two men, and the value of the paalun{na
work manufactured yearly is estimated at eight "Withs of rupees or
£80,000. The manufacture, which requires the utmost skill nod
delicacy of manipulation,. is learned by tl1e workmen from the earliest
·childhood. Children are apprenticed (sMgird) to master workmen,
wl1o after a time pay for their services, but usually to their relatives.
·The payment is made in advance, and if a alufgird leaves his employer
before his advances are worked off, the next employer is supposed
to be responsible for the bnlnnce.
The export of p(JIJ1im£na work from Amritsar to Europe com-
menced nbont 40 years ago •• The amount now exported yearly is
estimated to be in vnlue about 20 lakbs of rupees. This includes
what is imported from Kashmir and other places for re-export. ·or
this, 16lnkhs' value is expor(ed·hy European merchants settled in the
Panjab, and 4 lnkhs' vnlue by Native merchants. ·
The Amritsn.r long shawls of the first quality are sold at from
.Rs. 400 to 500 ench; the same of the second, from Rs. 800 to 400 ;
and of the third, from Rs. 200 to 300. Square shawls are sold, if
of the first sort, from Rs. 250 to 800 ; of the second sort, from
Rs. 175 to 260; and of the third sort, from Rs. 12& to 20(). Jama•
wars, a kind of shawl distinguished by always hnvingo a stripe,
flowered or plnin, as the prevailing pattern, and rumrlls (•qun1·e
shawls), fetch from Rs. 25 to 50. The needle-work rumals are
sold from Rs. 15 to 75. Shnwls of the finest quality nre mnde of the
Chlmgtblmf wool, which is imported via Kulu and Snbathu, nod is
sold there at about Rs. 2 n ser. This pashm contains a large ad·
mixture of the coarser l1air of the shnwl goat, nod requires to be .
clennM<l before spinning; This operation is performed with much
difficulty. The second sort of shawls are made from a mixture ( half
and half) of Changtluini nnd Kirmanf wools, and it is very difficult
to detect the admixture. The shawls of the third class, viz., jama-
war ,.,.,nals with straight lines, and nil other i11ferior sort of pasl!-
mina are mnde entil·ely from Kinnan! wool. The price per ser of
this wool isLRs. 1-10-0; nod ns it contnins only n small quantity of
coarse hair, the weavers have less trouble nnd more profit in using it.
The inferiority of Amritsnr shawls to those of Kashmir has fre-
qttently been noticed, nnd is variously attributed to the niL· nod cli-
mate of K1\Shmfr, the quality of the water used in dyeing, &c. All
these causes II'ny to some extent be admitted. But the most promi-
nent cause of the superiority of the. Kashmir f;thric is that the
 Amrltsa.r :Cl.striot.]
CHAP. lV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRffiUTION. 41
adulteration of the shawl wool with tlmt of Kirman is never prac- Oh\l'ter IV, B.
tisecl. Indeed the Kirmani wool is not allowed to be brought into
Kashmir. Another rea•on is tlmt in Kashmir the p•·ocE¥!s of remov• I Odceot~atio ns,
• th e conrse 1tatr
tog · f rom the pas1£"ll,
' an d sp1nmng,
· · n us nes,
~re nu1ch more care- merce,
0om·
and Com·
fully .performed. On the other hand the scarlet colour of Amritsar munieatiollll.
is superior to that of Kashmir, ~he lakl• dye u§ed .being cheaper, Shawl numufacLwc.
and tilerefore less adulterated. Ihe Amrits"r blue and green are
said to be also finer than the .corresponding colours in Kashmir.·
Whatever mn y be accepted as the true Cl\uses of the di ffe•·ence, there
can be no doubt the real Knshmf•· shawls invariably command a
higher price in tbe market than the Amritsnr fabrics.
The manufacture of silk pi&ce·goods is largely carried on, Bilk monufacLDIO.
though the quality bas greatly deteriorated since the days of Sikh
rule. This is owin~ to the p•·esent demand being for cbel\par nnd
commoner fabrics, aud t:~e broad and thick fabric demanded in for-
mer days for the dress of Sikh courtiers is now in little favour.
Native silk is not appreciated by its glossy nnd glittering texture
as in. Europe, but i3 chiefly valued when made of great thickness
·and breadth. The manufacture spread from the nei,ghbomingo city·
of Lahore. The kinds now made· are nlmost exclusively plain silk
(da•·y<££), striped silk (gulbadan), nnd silk shot or varied with
a cross thread of another colour called . dltUpcluln. R:tw silk is
largely dyed at A•nritst\r, nnd eJ<ported .to Lahore and othe•· seats of
manufacture. · •· . · .
A small ml\nuf..cture of acids and chemicals, such as sulphate Minor indostrlcs.
of copper (nila tliotiya) is carded on. s~ap is rather largely made·
for export to Kangl"ll and the n01·th. Gold and sil ver,thrend, rib-
bon, spangles, &c., for emhroider_y.is manufactured under the names
of ghota kina••a, sulma, ka!abatun, &c. ·Embroidery in gnld-thrend
and silk is also carried on. Ivory carving is practised with
considerable success, but ~ chiefly confined to comba, paper-knives,
card-cases and to_vs; thon,gh inferior to the work ·of China and of
other parts of India, the design and execution, considering the very
rncle tools employed, are far fi"Om despicable. The common mann-
factures of country cloth, pottery,, &c., need no especial remark, as
they are universal, and not m01·e characteristic of Amritsar than of
any other town or city in the Panja':l.
Mr. Lockwood Kipling, Principal .of the Lahore School of Art,
l1ns kindl.v furnished the following note ou some of the special indus·
tries of the district : -
" It has been remarked in the notice of the histcry of tl1is district tl1nt .Architect nrc and
the Sikh temple building• are small, not of a high order of architecture, and dccoroLion.
are overlaid with a p)ating of gilt copper and beautifully decorated inter-
nally. A close examination shows that, while the Sikhs displayed no great
originality in their architecture and were content to borrow the inspiration
as well as frequently to plunder the actual materials of Musalmun buildin~s,
they had made some progress towards the development of ae style of art
which might have presented some interesting features. There is more in fact
in the Sikh treatment of Muhammadan architecture than strikes an ordinary
eye ; for like the Jain adaptations of similar elements, it promised to lend.
through a natural sequence of growth to new and probably at_fractive fonns.
Yr. Fergusson says of tho Amritsnr golden temple or Darliar Sahib that
 [Punjab Gazetteer,
42 CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

Chapter I\'(, B. • it is useful 08 exemplifying one of the forms which Hindu temple
architecture assumed in the 19th century, and where for the present we
Occupations, . must leave it • The Jains and Hindus may yet do great things in it, if ·
mdnstriesa Com- they can esca11e the intlnence of European imitation ; but now that the
merce, an Com- sovereignty has pass& from the Sikhs, we cannot expect their priests or
munications.
people to indulge in a. magnificence their religion does not countenance or
Architecture nnd encourage.' '
decoration. "Very few religions officially countenance or encourage magnificence ;
they usually, il)decd, begin by denouncing it ; but as their professors grow
rich and prosperous they almost invariably lapse into decorative pomp.
Not ouly is the upper storey of the Darbar Sahib sheathed in plates of
· richly embossed and heavily gilded beaten work in copper, bnt the lower storey
is encased in a panelling or wainscot of slabs of marble inlaid with come-
lion, mother-of-pearl, serpentine, lapis-lazuli, and other stones resembling
in technique the work on the Agra Mnmtaz Mahalbbnt marked by some
notable differences of artistic treatment. The Sikhs are really as fond
of decoration 08 other Hindus, and they continue to spend large sums of
money on beautifying their temple. Wealthy members of other castes are
permitted (and find it good policy) to present contributions in the form
of inlaid marble slabs or copper plates with which parts of the interior, __
formerly painted in fresco merely, are now being co':ered. The spirit of ·
catholicity nnd tolerance which practically obtains in the matter of religi-
ons benofactions migllt surprise those who are accustomed to look on the
caste system 08 absolutely and in all respects shutting off each division
from the rest.
"The general supervision of the temple is in· the hands of a leading
elder, at present, (1884.,) Rai Kaly8.n Singh, under whom is· n large
staff of servitors, including certain craftsmen. Attached to the founda-
tion is a workshop, where marble masonry is constantly being wrought for
the repair of the shrine. The workmen are Sikhs, and they have the pe-
culiarly leisurely way of aJdressing themselves ' to labour which every-
where distinguishes those who take the daily wage of a wealthy corpora-
tion. The great difference between their work and the similar pietra dura
of Agra lies in the introduction of living forms, as · fishes, birds, and
animals : sometimes the figure of a devoteo to whose beard is cleverly
given a naturalistic air by its being formed of n piece of veined agate
is introduced. The designs, too, though over suave and flowing
in line like all modern Indian work, are less Italian in character
titan tltose of A~ra, and are marked by that local character of all
Sikh ornament, which is much ·easier to reco!>'Dise than to describe. H
is notable that no attempt hos been made to apply the marble inlay to the ·
modern drawing-room n.•es by which alone the Agra inlayers of to-Jay
manage to pick up a living. No card-trays with jasper butterfiies or ink-
stands with wreaths of vine foliage nre offered to the public in Amritsar ;
nnd tho existence of the industry is unknown to mony of the residents.
Work in Mcta!F, The embossed copper work is wrought independently of the temple by
chhateras or chasers, who, like others of their craft, also work in silver on
occasion. The doors of the central building in which the Adi Granth is
kept during the day are sheathed in silver, and are good specimens of this
interMting •lUi beautiful art. ·
" The Sikhs have a tradition that, at tho consultations held before
beginning .the golden temple, it was proposed to make the building
gorgeous mth pearls, jewels and gold, but that for fear of robbery plates.
of ~il<led me~fl and slobs of inlaid marble were eventually adopted. The
metal plates wore evidently suggested by tho temples of Bcnares, to one
Amritsar Jl1strict. J
CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. 43
of which, that of Bisheshwar, Maharaja Ranjit Sinl(h contributed gilded .«JSapter IV, B.
coverings for the domes. The temple at Paton, the birthplace of Guru
Go bind Singh, it may be noted, was in great part built bg his liberality, Occupations,
and it is kept in repair by Punjab Sikhs to this day. Industries1 Com·
merce ann Com·
" The beaten metal work is relatively cheap, a larb'O copper panel about munlc~tlons.
2 feet 6 inches square, · covered with foliage in reli~I of excellent execu-
tion, costing Rs. 24. It is obvious there are many decorative purposes to Work In Metals.
which, if our public and private buildings were not so painfully poverty
l!tricken, this art could be applied. Recently a copy of one side of the
large door leading from the Akhalbnnga to the temple has been executed 1
for the South Kensington Museum. The side that is turned to the wall, •
however, is even more interesting than tlmt selected for reproduction, being a
very curious and admirable piece of ivory inlay. Very few of the visi-
tors to the temple are aware of the existence of this inlay, and it is pos-
sibly owing to the accident of this being usually turned to the wall and out of
sight, that ivory inlWy does not form one of the artistic industries so curiously
kept alive by Sikh piety. Fresco painting also forms part of the deco-
ration of the interior of the temple, and it seems ·to be restored more fre-
quently than is necessary. The work of to-day is inferior as decoration
to that originally wrought. Flowers, especially roses, are treated in a
naturalistic manner, and crowded masses of detail in painfully brilliant
colours replace the simpler and ·more ornamental forms of early work.
" The ~ity of Amritsar contains some good specimens of architectural Wood carving.
wood-carving ; and, although there cannot be said to be a large trade, the
carvers and carpenters of the town turn out some excellent work. The town
is claimed indeed by the craft as the head-quarters of the wood-carver's
art in the Province. Whether this is · true may be questioned ; but it is
certain that S!Jme of the best pieces, such "" carved doors, &c., contribut-
ed to the Punjab Exhibition, 1881-82, came from Amritsar.
" Brass-ware is wrought in considerable quantities and exported. There MctaJ.warcs.
are two distinct schools of ·metal work in the city, one producing the usual
brass and copper ware of the plains, and the other the tinned and chased
copper peculiar to Kashmir, which is made for the nse of the large colony
of Kashmiris by their compatriots. Of the first there is not much to
be said. .
, " Brass casting is well done, but the work is not ornamented to
such an extent as at Rewari or Jagadhri. A few grotesque figures and ob-
jects used in Hindu worship are produced, but they are, like all Punjab
figure work in metal, much inferior to that of Southern India.
" The type of the Kashmir work is a large copper Samovar with a
perforated base admitting air to a charcoal stove which occupies the centre
of the vessel. This form is of course an importation. Salvers or thali• are
also made in copper, which is tinned and enriched by concentric bands of
ornament cut through the tin into the copper ground. When new, the
effect of, the red lines on the dull white ground is not unpleasing.
" Zinc ornaments for use by the poorest classes are rudely
cast, and in some streets the whole of the moulder's operations
are carried on in the open air. It is noticeable that the .patterns
are inferior to those made in Central India and in parts of the Bombay Presi-
dency, .where this cheap material is largely used, and where .tJexible chains
with interwoven links are cast at one operation.
" Large quantities of mock jewelry are turned out. Brass, coloured gl~s,
mock pearls, tinsel and gilt wire with coloured beads are the raw material,
which is combined with surprising skill. These articles ar<;, sold a~ f~irs
and also in large numbers in the hazar& of all towns, and cons1dormg
 [PimJa.b auottooJ,
44 CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

. Chapter IV, B. their gorgeous appearance . when new they may be fairly considered
Occupations, cheap." At J ond''l ' t 1'
iH a, m us d'1stn'ct , bross-ware IS
' muue
_, for expona
--' ti'on, and
Industries, Oom· the town also hns a name for slclca wheels. ·
merce and Oom· " The ivory• corvinl( of Amritsar probably began with the comb trade.
m)lllicatlons.
Combs are necessary ~ Sikhs and form a permanent portion of their attire.
hory. Box wood is used in large quantities. and cheaper woods are also employed ;
but the best comb is mode of ivory, decorated with geometric patterns in
open work like delicate ivory lace. Paper knives, and the long parting comll
of the European toilet are also mode. Occasionally sets of chessmen and
similar small articles are carved, but they are comparatively rare.
Iron. " Tho blacksmith's craft, generally backward, is not much more odvane-
ed here than elsewhere. The dol, a bowl-shaped bucket resembling those
attached to medireval wells in France, is neatly mode ·in rivetted sheet iron
in some numbers, and it is curious that notwithstanding the very chenp rate
at which English nails are imported, it should still pay Qhe loc~I smiths t<>
make Iorge qunntities of nails. · . •
. "Tho fact is European ingenuity is directed towards making the nail as
unobtrusive ns possible, while the native carpenter prefers to show it. .
"A long and slender nail with a Iorge clout head is his favourite fonn,and
it is driven without mercy through the most delicate carving. Most native
doors and windows are disfigured by this nail head, which stains the surround-
ing surface, and tells among the carving as " large black blot. Hill iron
was formerly much used, and it is still spoken of as Snket Mandi iron. It is
preferred for its softness .and malleability by some smiths, but English iron.
is driving it out of the market. .
Woollon goodo. The manufacture of pashmina or shawl wool into clotl1s of. various
textures and qualities, which .is the lending trade of Amritsnr, has
been nlreody noticed at some length. Opinion differ ns to the prosperity or
decadence of the shawl trade. But it must be a long time before the habit
of shawl wearing common among the upper classes of native dies out
entirely; and althou~h tho European demand.is variable, and foreign looms
aro quick to imitate Indian fabrics, the Amritsar dealers have ·displayed.
a facility in following changes of fashion which is very unusual among
oriental products. The peculiarly soft and silky character of pashmina
fabric•, even when the material is largely mixed with inferior wool, is un-
imitablo by European power looms. A beautiful textur~ of fine shawl cloth,
''composed of equal parts of silk and pashmina is now inade. The fabric is
lustrous and exquisitelysoft,andis woven in self-colours. Modem taste inclineS'
to plain surfaces, ancl the numerous sub-divisions of the trade dependent on the
old style of coloured work such "" dyers, embroiderers, rafo.gars, &e., have-
undoubtedly suffered a good deal from the changing fashion.
Cnrpct.ing. " The introduction of carpet-weaving promises to fill up to some extent.
the gap created, by the falling off in the demand for elaborate shawls. The
most importat.t establishment employs about 300 persons who work Oil
filt.y looms. The greater pai-t of these are boys, apprentices or · shagirds,
who are learning tho trade. There are also several other smaller manu-
facturers. The Amritsar carpet, so far as can be judged from the products
of the first years, promises to have a distinctive character. The designs
are mostly m'\,de by Kashmiris, and are based on shawl pattern ·motives.
The col~uring is !ery dark, sometimes ricl1, but inclinin~- to gloom. Th&
tc.'<ture IS muoh lighter than that turned out by the J nils, and the carpets
are ~o~ter and m~re pliant, but there is no reason to doubt their wearin~>
qualities. In tlns respect they resemble, 1\S might be expected the carpets
of Kashmir wBich are still softer and looser, Nearl.Y all are sent. to Lon<lon.
- . .
.Amritsar :District.]
CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. 45

or New York, and they appear to be unl-nown among Angla-Imlians, Chap.ter IV, B.
The Centrnl Asian fabrics known in the market ns knoten carpets nrc fro- •
quently brought into Amritsnr. Many of these nrc admirable in colour and ' Occupations,
design and marked by an almost Chinese character. They o]>avo not, !10w- I~de~tna:i:'d. 0Com·
ever, been used as models for imitation. A large numloer of Amritsar mm':icatio~m·
carpets were sl10wn at the Calcutta Exl>ibition, 1883-~4.. '
"The silk trade of Amritsar is large and varied' in detail. Raw silk is. Silk,
imported from several sources, but chiefly frOm Bokhara, vid. Kabul.
None of tl1e raw material, however, produced in the neighbouring district of
Guidaspur, all of which is sent to be worked np in England, is nsed nt
Amritsar. Large quantities are dyed and nsed in phul4aria, which are
now a trade product of the place. The silk and gold beJ,a and edgings
absorb some; and there is a considerable production of woven silk.
" Silk embroidery on woollen or paahmina fabrics is apparently not now
so much in favour with Europeans as formerly. There i£! no production
of mixed silk and c~ton goods as at Multan, &c."
There are no statistics available for the general trade of the dis- Cool'!lo and naturo
trict, t IlOOI\' hh ·
t e tAtnl value of the Imports nn d exports of t I >e muni- oftrade.
cipality of Amritsar for the last few years will be found in Chapter
VI.
The chief products ·of the district are food-grains, cotton, oil-
seeds, fruits nnd vegetables. 'fhe exports nod imports of food-grains
have already been noticed at page 37. The trade of the district gene-
mlly is so nearly coincident with that of its central emporitun Amrit-
snr city, thnt no sepamte discussion of it would be useful. Besides
the city, whose trade is described in the following pag•s, the only
tmde centre worthy of notice is the towG of Jnndiala, which is known
for its manufacture of brass and coppe1· vessels, in which it has a
brisk export trade. There is some export trade in phulkttriB and
coarse cotton cloth manufactured in the villages.
The trade of Amdtsar is the largest and most flourishing of Trade of Amritsnr
any city in the Punjab. The value of the annual imports is esti- city.
I
mated at two crores of t·upees, or £2,000,000 sterling, and the exports /
amount to about one and a half cwres. The extent of commerce is ·
shown in Olmptcr VI, and is also indicated by the amount I'ealized
fi·om the octroi or clmngi tax, an ad valorem duty of l!per
cent. on imports for local consumption, or r~-exportntiou, either in
the same or a different form. 'l'he table on the next page, exhibiting
the increase of the octroi duties since they \\'ere firet levied iu Sep-
tember 1850, will show at a glance what progress the trade of Amri~
snr has made since the annexation of the Punjab. In some yeuro,
the duties have been realized under direct management by the
district nuthorities; in other years they have been farmed out.
'l'nbles of imports and exports are given in Chapter VI.
· The trade is carried on with Bokhara, Kabul, Kashmir, Calcutta,
Bombay,. Sind, Rajputana. the North-West Provinces, nnd all t.be
principal mouts in ·the territories under the Punjab Government.
The extent of the trade with Bokhara is remarkable; considering
its remotenegs, and tl..at it is nil carried by beasts of Lurdeu. The
.impo~t of raw silk is estimated at 25 lakhs per annum, of- silk cloth
at two lakhs, and of golhud othetllletaJs-at-reil lakhs, while . the
•
 [:E'un,ab Gazetteer,
46 CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIDUTION.

'Chapter IV.B. Table showing increase in oct•·oi duty since annexation.

Occupations, . • YuB. Percentage of duty. Amount realized.
Industries, Com·
merce and Com- •
munications. SopfAombor
Do.
J8ii0-Au~ruet 1851
1801- Do. e18ii9
...
... l P"" cent.
Do,
...
...
n•• 40,990
43,000
Trade of Amritsar Do. 1852- Do. 18ii8 ... Do. ... " 47,800
......... }
clts. Do, 1803- April 1864
(8 mnntha) Do. ... "
_32,000
JStlj.-65
1866-06 ...... Do.
Do.
...
... "" .
60,000
63,000
1166-67
...... t Do. ... '12,000
1867-68 . Do. ... " 77.646
1858-69
...... }
Do. ... " 82,613
May ·]860-0cklbor 1809
(6 mnntltl)
......
Do• ... .." 47,736

.........
Novombctr 1869-0ctobor 1866 1 Do, 98,689
188!1-61 Do. " 114,323
1661-69
1862-63
November 'J8B3-Ma1'Ch 188'
......... Do.
11 Do. • ... "
"
"
116.994
149,484
(6 month•)
April 1864-April186o
(18 mnntha)
1806-66
1866-67
......
....
l
.........
Do,
1l Do ••
Do,
Do.
..
...
......
"
"
"
66,623
200,000
1-77,762
18CJ.717
1867-68
...... Do, ...... " 201.686
...... """
1868-69 Do. 212,230
1660-70 Do. 217,212
1870-71 ... Do. 170.971
.1871-72
1872-78 ......·- Do.
Vttrioua
...... "" 198,008
210.000
1873-74
...... Do. ...... " )63,0fl0
1874-76
1875-76
Jlo.
... ." 279.071
1876-77
1877-78 ......
Do.
Do. ...... ." 208,322
2i6,702
1878-79
1b79-66
...... )Jo.
Do.
Do,
... ""
...... "
272,078
249,966
1880-81
1881-89
...... Do.
Jlo. ...... "
247,601
263,732
1832-88 ... Do. "
"
226,03'
261,933

export of piece-goods is ahout 30 lnkhs, ami that of Chma · pnd hill

tens nnd other nrticles, nbout ten lnkhs.
The priocipnl articles of impo1·t nre : -
Grain, pulses, sugar, oil, for local consumption and re-export to
Fi1·ozpm', Mul~so, Snkknr, nnd Karachi.
Salt from Pind Dadan Khan t the local mart for the Salt-
Range mines). . .
1'o6acco from tl1e Panjab nod North-West Provinces, for local
consumption and re-export to the hills. ·
Ootton, raro and manufactured, in the country, for local consump-
tion nnd re-ex pnrt. . .
Euqluh piece-goods and tltrenil, from Calcnttn and. Bombay, for
the loon! m••rket, and export to Kashmir, Peshawar and the North:
West Frontier.
. .
Pashml•*'-·goods, sl&awls, &c. from Kashmft nnd Nurpnr, for ex-
·port lli4 Cnloultn aud Bombay. ·
Paal&m (•haw! wooll.-Tihet lli4 Kashmir nnd Rampur on tl1e
Sntl•j, for local use in mnnufaolul·e.
- .
ll.m.rl.taar :Ol.strl.ct.]
.CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBOTION: 47
· Silk, raw and manu;actured, from Bokbam and Calcutta, for Chapter IV, B••
re-export and local manufacture. • -
. Broad cloth, fl'Om Bombay and Calcutta,. for lo~:\1 consump· In2~~fJ!~108:m.
tlon and re-export, merce ana Oom- ·
Blanlets, from Kasur (Lahore district) nnli Gt\jr{mwalo, for munlcatloll&
the local market. • Trade of Amritaar
. Glass, Ea•·ll.enware, Englisl, Leather, Saddlery, Outle•y and Mia- • ciL;r.
cellanies, from Calcutta and Bombay, for the local market and re-export
to the north and north-west.
Metals and Hm·dware, from Bombny and Calcutta, and hill
iron from Suket, &o. Metals also come from the North-West
PI'Ovinces.
Tea, from Cnlcuttn and from China overland, in small quan•
lities. Hill ten is but little appreciated iu the native mr.rket.
· Dye Stuffs, Ma.ider, Cocllineal, Saffron, Alum, &c., from M ul-
tan, Kashmit·, nnd many sorts from Calcutta and Bombay, for local
consumption iu silk aud wool dyeing, for the manufactories, and
for re-export. .
Oount•:v paper from Sialkot, Lahore and Kot.la.
Drugs and Groceries, from Kabul, Calcutta, Bombay, the hills,
&e., for local consumption and re-export ·
Horses, from the hills, Rawalpindi, &c., for export, principally
eastward. ·
Camels, from Lahore, Montgomery, &e., for export to the hills,
Peshawar, and Jalandhar.
Cattle, from Cis-Sutlej, and from Lal~ore and Montgomery, &c.,
for export to the hills, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, &c.
Hides and Leatl.er, for t.he local maket and for re-export to
Calcutta, Bombay ·and the bills. .
Charcoal, firewood, fodder and tat, a course gunny cloth, rna y
he also added to the list. .
The trade of the district centres in the city of Amritsnr, besides Trade of the district,
which the only town having any pretensions to commercial impor-
tance is Jandiala.
The following memorandum drawn np by the Deputy Commis-
sioner gives a brief sketch of tha trade of the district, as distinct
from that of the city : - .
" The chief products of the district are grains and pulses, sugarcane,
cotton, oil-seeds, fruit and vegetables. .
" Grain and Pr.Zsea.-The principal grains are wheat,jaroar, maize, rice
and barley ; wheat in particular is largely grown in the Amritsar and Batala
taksf.la, • and from the latter is not only supplied to the Amritsar market,
but exported direct to Multan and Sakkar by boats from Dera Baba
Nanak. Pulses are largely exported from the Taran Tarau tahsil, while
they are imported into that of Batala, which also imports rice from
the hills.
" Sugarcane is grown to a great extent in the Bat.ila tahnl, • and
less extensively in that of Amritsar 1111d in the north-eas" half of the
Ajnala tahnl. It is exported in large quantities from Der8 Baba Nanak
to Multan and Sakkar.
• At the time this was wrilten Bat&la formed part of this district, It is now in
Guruaapur. . . -
 [l'un,lab Gazottoor,

48 CHAP. JV.-PRODUCTION .L'ID DISTRIBUTION.

"aotton.-The cultivation of cotton has greatly increased in conse-

Ohapter It• B. qnence of the high prices which followed the late American war. The
Occupations, export of raw cotton is now, however, much less than it has been during
Indnstries1 Oom- the last few 1ears. It is manufactured into a coarse cloth in the villages
merce ana Oom- throughout theodistr\Ct, and a pec.uliar descrip~ion o~ th!s cloth, known as
man!cations. susi, · is largely exported. Of th1s about one-e1ght~ 1s dtsposed of ~oc~lly
T ad f h dis ·• nearly one-third selft to Amritsar, and the remamder exported m all,
' co· t 0 tncj. directions, going to Jammu, Multan, Ludhiana, Patiala, &c. This cloth·
is dyed black.
" Oil-•eetlt.-The oil seeds of this district are the til or sarson, linseed
and mustard. Mustard seed is exported to .a considerable extent from
the Taran Taran taluil, while it ts imported iJtto that of Batala from
Firozpur, &c.
' " Bruits and 'Degetables are grown principally for the Amritsar
market. .
. " Pap..- is exported from the Ajnala tahsil!; tJta Saurian paper there
produced IS noted: . · ·
. " Wool ..,.-The Kashmir pashm is sen:t from Amritsar to Bata!a• and
Majit.ha, where the less expens1ve pashmina goods, such as dasya (fringes),
l•a•l•ya (borders), and chatlars (sheets), are manufactured to some extent,
and re-exported to .Amritsar. This manufacture however is not exten-
sively carried on out of Amrit'sar itself. In Batala it gives employment
to 20 looms.
" Ghi is not produced in sufficient quantity to meet the local demand.
There is a considerable import from the J ammo hills, and those near
Dalhousie on the one hand, and from Lahore and Montgomery on the other.
" Opium is grown to some extent for local consumption . in the form
of post or poppy heads, bot the pure drug is imported from the districts
bordering on the J nmna. · ·
"BraBB and copper tJeBBelt .are extensiv~lymade in JandUUa, and sold.
in Amritsar. ·
" The imports of the district have . been alr~ady noticed in
connection with the trade of Amritsar city; through which they for the
most part come. Tbe district, however, imports grain and cotton from the
Gurdaspur district ; wood, charcoal, lime, ghi, hemp, ginger, and other
products from the hills ; and sugar from Hoshiarpur. The minor marts
of the district are those of Dera Baba Nannk, Jnndiala, Ram Das and
Mnjitha, Tarnn Taran, Sn Gobindpur and Bairowal. At all of these, except
.Dera Baba Nannk, the trade is chiefly in the produce of the district, and
in articles procured from Amritsar for local consumption. Sri Gobindpnr
and Bairowal have also a river trade, though much less extensive than
that of Dera Baba Nanak."
Prices, wn~es, rent- Table No. XXVI giv.es the retail bazaar prices of commodities
rates interest. for the llll't twenty years. The wa<Tes of labour nre shown in
~'..ble No. XXVII, nnd rent-rates in Table No. XXI, but both sets
of figures are probably of doubtful value.
The figures of Table No. XXXII give the nvernge vnlnes of
lnnd in rupees per acre shown in the
Sale. Uorte•re.
l'oriod. Ra. AI Ha. AI. margin for sale nnd ·mortgnge; bu t
1888-69 to 1973-76 ...
L

... •••
187"'-7Uo 1871·78
l878·7D to 188l·ln ...
. ..
8'l 0
<010
18 •
28 13
the qunlity of land ·varies so enor
mously, and the value returned iss 0
often fictitious, that but little relianc e
can be placed upon the figures.
. • At the ~une this was wntten Balllla formed part of this district. It is ilow
m Gun!Bspur, -
.a.mntsat lll.str!.ct.l-
CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTJON AND DISTRIBUTION. 49
The local unit of area is the qhumM, which is eqnal to 4,033-} Chapter IV B.
sqnnre yards. The bigha is half a ghumao. The measure used for •- '
land measureme9t is the karm equal to five feet, an<l the jarib or ln~~~~~!:oG::r..
chain equal to ten karms. Besides the standa1·d ~oglish yard, merce and con:.
traders in the Amritsar city use the followinlf measures, i.e. a munications.
yard of 40! inches for country pasliTTiina, and a yaPd of 39 inches for Weights and mea·
real paJJhm!na. For measuring timber and buildings a yard of 32 sures.
inches is commonly used.
Besides the standard weights, another weight commonly used
in the district is a seer of 32 tolas ; the general custom in
weighing sugar, coffee, brass and cloves in the Amritsar city is to
use a mauod of ·38 seers instead of the 40 standard see••s ; nod in
weighin~t out quicksilver and sliingra.ff a .mnuod of 42 seers is
used. Again in weighing tea the weight used for a maund is
50 seers. The deai:rs in paslom£na dye, called kiram, reckon 107
see•·s to a maund. Silk is weighed out at 48 seers to the mauod. Car-
damum and resin (monakka) are weighed at the rate of 426 seers
to the mauod. . ·
The figures in the margin show the communications· of the Commgnicatious.
' 'district as returned in quinquennial
Communication!, Mile•. Table No. I of the Administration
Report for 1878-79, while Table XLVI
shows tl1e distances from place to place
Navigable rivel'l
Railway ...
41-
61
......
as authoritatively fixed for the pur-
Metalled roads
· Unmetalled roads
76
288
......
pose of cnlculatin~ travelling allow-
ance. Table XIX shows the area taken
up by .Government for communic~tions
in the district•
• Rivera.
The rivers- Ravi and Bias form the north-western and south-
eastern boundaries of the district. The latter is only navigable for
cotmtry craft throughout the year. Owing to the ·body of water
taken from the Ravi for the Bari Doab Canal, it is almost dry
during the winter months, and consequently generally fordable.
The mooring places and ferries, and the distance between them, are
shown below, following the downward course of eac~ river:-
Rivera. Dietanoo Remark..
Station. in miles,
Jaasar ...... ...3 Eerry and mooriDg place.
KaiiOW&i''
Pbul"''
Dan ••• ......... 3
8 "" ...
"
" "
·RU.vi ... Jlbainiau
Daiwa1a .. ,
Mirowal .••
...... .
6
9
"
"
"
..
"
Ladbah ...
Dhindi ...
...
... 9 "
" "
l
Vera
Kakkar :::
...... '' "
., ""
Bridge-of-boats and Ferry p1aoe.
:Mi&ni ... ...
W azir Bbular ... ...'6 Ferry and mooring place. •
u , . and Bailway.bridge.
- ...
... f
Gagrh,.,l 6 Ferf1 and moonng place.
...... ......
Vnirow&l 6
Biu Mi8oi
JnhaU
Mund'
...
... ...··r
6
6
9
"
..
" ."" •
Ghork4 "
K~trmonwd.M ... '
3 .," "
" a
 [hnja.b lwcttoor, ·
CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.
\
Oh&pter !Vi, B. The Sind, Punjab and Del11i Rail wily from Delhi to Lahore· and
Multan runs . throuuh the district, with station& at East Bias,'
Occupation&, ~

Industries, Com- Butari seven rmilea, Jandiala nine miles, Amritsar t011 iniles, Kb8.sa
merce and Com- seven miles, and Aqlri nine milea. A line of railway w:ts opened from·
munication&. Amritsar to Dlnnnagar in the Gurdaspnr district ori the 1st January
RILilway, 1884.. There ate three stations in the Amritsar district, Varika,
Knthmlnngal; and Jninthpur. . · ..
Roads. . The following table showa the principal toads of the district'
tOgether with the hnlting•places on them1 abd the accommodation for
travellers to be found at ench ''-' '
. . '

8i .
Route. Ealtiog-plaee. n
.!!: d
B.iK.&.BB:il.
Q·•
. ' .. " .. .. ..
. ... ... L

Lnhnl'O to ·
Jalandhar {
...
Gerindah
Amritanr
J"ndid.la •
Bayab
...... 1911
... 19
Encampin~r-arround.

Do.
Do.
Dn.
Do.
Hat'Charn Dmll' Sar4i
and a road buna-alow 3 milee oft' at Atari.
Encamping-ground, hotel and dd.k bun~ralow.
and aard.i tf'at-boll8e.
Canal Cbauki.

Amriflar to { Xatbu Naugal 19 BaihvBy Station, encamping-ground and

· Gurd4apur '" aar4i reat.houae,
..
Amrillar to
Firozpur ... { Cbabb.U ... 11 Encamping-ground and rest-house.
'
."
Amrit«o.r to Zir& { Tarn Tiran
aud Farldko~ Barb'li
. ..
...... i.s
14
Encampiog-grouna ii.nd aar4i last-house.
Do.
.. :
do, do.
"

Amribar to
Gujrd.nw&16.. { Lopoki ... 19 Encamping-ground and aard.i rest-house.

Amribrtr to
SiAiko~ { R'i' .Bdnai
Ajo41a ...... 7
0
Encamping-ground. ·
Enoampiog-ground and airli.i reat-house.

There are also unmetulled rands fi'Om Amritsar to .Nuwapinu

and Snidoke towards Fattehgarh and Srlgobindpur in the Gurdaspur ·
district ; the furmer 16 miles and the latter 24. miles ; and .from
Amritsar to Mnjlthia 10 miles. .
The dak bungalow at Amritsar is completely furnished and
. provided with servants. The sarcti rest-houses have· furniture ·and
crockery, but no servants. The road and canal bungalows have
furniture only. ~.dak carriage a~d mail vnn run to Patlui.nkot on the
Dnlhou•ie road, and Byramji and Badd Das of Amritsar · have each
: a bullock train to 'the same. town. ·
Poat oflicca, · : There is an Imperial Post Office at Amritsar, and District Post
\ Offices at Ajnala, At4ri, Bia.s, Chnbbal, Dhi.riwal, Fattehgarh, J andial"'
· Knthu-Nnpgal, Lopoke, Majltba, Raja Sansi, Ramdas, Sarhali1
: Sarai Amoinat Kb&n, Sattiala, Tnran Taran, and Vairowal. All are
, savings banks and money order offices. · ·
• Telegraphs. : · A line of telegraph runs along the whole length of the railway
1 with n Te\~grnph Office at each station, and an Imperial 'l'elegrapb
1 connects Amritsnr with all stations and cities to which the wire has
' been extended, There is also a line of 'telegraph fr~m Amritsa1·
to Dalhousie.
 CHAPTER V.

ADM~ISTRATION
. .
AND FINANtE. . ..
. 'The Amritsar district is. under the control o(the Commissioner Chapter v.
of Amritsar, wl1o is assisted by lin Additional Commissioner station-
Administration
ed. at Jalandhar. The ordinary head-quarters staff of the district and FinaDce.
consis~ of the Deputy Commissioner, a Judicial Assistant, Executive and
a Judge · of the Small Cause Conrt, an Assistant, and three Judicial.
Extra Assistant Commissioners. Each talu£l is in clmrge of a
taMflda~ assisted by a Naib.
Kanu1t!JOI. Patn:aril aad The village revenue stafF is
1hhril. Naib1. AlliJtanU.
shown in the margin. There are
Amritsar 2. Jl8
four Munsiffs in the district ;
Tarn Tllran ... 2 81 three have . jurisdiction within
I
Ajna!a ... 2 ?5 the three talu£ls respectively, and
the jurisdiction of the fourth
includes the whole d1stnct, und he sits at the sadr. The statistics of
civilllud revenue litigation for the last five years are given in Table
No. XXIX. ·
. · The executive staff of the district is assisted by a Bench of Criminal, Police.
Honorary Magistrates in the city and Sardar Ajft Singh of Atari. and Jails,
The former take up .such of the cases of the city as come ·within
their competency as second class Magistrates, and the latter with first
class powers deals with the entire criminal work of a circle of 179
villages, 70 of which are in the Taran Taran and 109 in the Ajnala
parganah. . · ·
The police force is controlled by a District Superintendent and
one Assistant, and the municipal police
,.; Didri1udioL more directly by a City Snpe•·intendent.
'10 The str.en,!!'th of the force is given in the
0 g ,;
- :::t"Cf.S!
Olau of Poliae. ~
=· 2c"Z
~ ;a'S margin. The police at the several stations
~~
'3 ill" -·.s 2 •
is supplemented by 1,149 village watch-
~ 1.. "
men, who are posted in proportion to the
size and population of each village, small
Cantonment ••.
Municipal ...•••• ...
Di1triet Imperial

"'
66
...'"
SSB
6 villages close together l1aving only one
. chauk:itld~ and large villa,!!'es two or three or
even more. The prevailing rnle, however,
is tor every ordinary village to have one clUJulcitU~. These ch-.ulddars
do not receive any fixed rate of pay ; the majority_ ge~ a monthly
allowance of Rs. 3. In: poor and thinly pn;>nlated villages some
are paid at a lower rate ·nnd some merely in grain at each harve•t.
The tlulni£8 or principal police jurisdictions and the chaulds or
police outposts. are distributed as follows : - · ·
·. Tahsil Arilritsar. Tlutnds: Amritsar, J'andiala, Kathnnangal.
OTtauki: Wazir Bhullar. ·
. Tahsf.l Ta~an Tdran. Thdnas : Taran Taran, Sir~ali. Grin-
dab. ClUJulci : Vairowal.
TallBil A;ntfla. 7lutnas : Ajnata, Lopoke.
Road posts exist pn the Grand Trunk Road at .Kangrnh,
Khatauia, Mallian, Muchal, and Chapanali, - There is a cattle"
 [1'1mjab Gazetteer,
52 CHAP. V.-AD!!INJSTRATION AND FINANCE.

(lhaptePV. pound at each tlulna. The district lies within the Lahore Police
Circle, under the control of the Deputy Inspector-General of Police
Administration at Labore. • • ·
and Finance.
The dislr.·ict ~ail nt head-quarters contains accommodation for
414 male and 16 female prisoners. ·
The Criminal"Tribes Act is not in force in tlais district. The
Pakbiwaras of Sialkot and Firozpur frequently come over to commit
thefts ; they are notorious thieves.
Revenue, Taxation, The gross revenue collections of the district for the last 14
and Registration. years, so far ns they are mnde by the Financial Commissioner, nre
shown in Table No. XXVIII, while Tables Nos. XXIX,
XXXV, XXXIV and XXXIII give further details for Lnnd
Revenue, Excise, iicense-tax, and Stsmps respectively. Table No.
XXXIIIA shows the number and situation of registration offices.
The central distilleries for the manufacture of .,country liquor are
situated nt Amritsar, Tarnn Taran, and Ajnala; but a great deal
of illicit distillation is reported to be carried on, especially among the
Sikh Jats in Tarn Tarnn talislt• .The cultivation of poppy is allowed
in this distl'ict, nod 110 acres of land were under poppy cultivatio~
during the yenr 1882-83, but only about three maunds of opium are
reported to 'bnve been extracted therefrom, There is no bllang pro':
duci!Q in this district, but an active trade is carried on here in
clw.ras.
Table No. XXXVI gives the income and expenditure from
District Funds, which nre controlled by a Committee consisting of
82 members selected by the Deputy Commissioner from among
the leadingmen of the various tal..£1&, together with all the Assistants
and the Extra Assistant Commissioners, the tahdldars in the dis-
trict, nnd th& Civil Surgeon, the Civil Works, Provincial Divi~
sion, Executive Engineer, and the District Inspector of Schools
as em-officio mem hers,
1879-79. '18i0.SO. 1880-81. 1881.&2. 1882-83, and the Deputy
Commissioner as
..
Poundl
Ferries
St•~nA' Ba.n~:&lo..;·
BooampiD&•ii'ODQdl
8,708
7,043
91'3
867
9,317
... . ......,..
1,1183
8fll
416
3,139
6,914
3,312 2,64.1
6,080

....
1,170
President. Table No.
XLV gives statistics
Nu..U ••. 8,688
"'
11,833 16.038 12,910 18,605 for · municipal taxa-
.. . .
mumctpahttes themselves are noticed in Chapter VI. The income
tion, while the
from provincial properties for the last five years is shown in the
margm.
The .ferries, bungalows, and encamping grounds have already
bee~ !!otaced .at p~ges 29-30 and the cattle-pounds above. The
!'azulu~come ~s dera~ed chiefly from the rents of houses and lands
tn Amra tsar etty, whtch were acquired on conquest. · ·
Se\Uemcnts.
. A Summary Settlement was effected in 1!!49-50, based upon the
rec~rded '!Jlprnis~ments of produce under ,Sikh rule. This, though
deotdedl:~; \lot errtng on the side of le:niency, was pronounced by
Mr. Dnvtes, who conducted the first revised Settlement to have worked
thorou~hly w~ll. It was, however, reduced Hi or 15 ~er cent. during
~he pertod of tt~ currency. The proceedings of the revised. ~ettlement
under. Mr."Davtes were set on foot in 1!!50, and were brooght to a
close 10 1854; and received snnotion in August 1856, for a period of
 CHAf. V.-ADMINISTRA.TION AND FINANCE. 53
ten years from tlte declaration of the demand. Ita results as compared
with those of the Summary Settlement were as follows:-
• Summary uaeu- Rate •
ohtrt'lled
·-
Chapter V.
Admln!stration
and Finance.

I
Tahtll. ment. Reriled llledmeat. UleUqJtlnt JM't' aore Settlements.
• oo ou\,in.tiou,

Amrit~~or
~auri&a
...
( Ajn&la)
...
......
lh.
3,4.9,!17
8,18,213
n•.
8,36,700
2,13,150
1
t
.• '
Bl. AI. P.
10
TaruT.i.ran 1,99,815 1,05,738 1 1
•
· Th1s •·epresented a decrease of 5 per cent. below the summary
assessment.
A second revision was commenced under the orders of Mr. E. A.
Prinsep in February 1863, and brought to a close in January 1866.
The operations were never reported, so tbat no information can be
given concerning t!wm. After considerable correspondence the term
of this Settlement was fixed for twenty years •.
The Settlement now current is sanctioned for a term of twenty years Current Settlement.
from 1865. The result of the Settlement was to assess the fix:ed land
revenue of. the district at Rs. 9,60,178, being nnincreose of Rs. 31,054
on the preceding demand. The present fix:ed land revenue demand is
Rs. 9,61,414, the increase being due to resumption of assignments
nud progressivejama.
The incidence of the fixed demand per acre as it stood in 1878-79
wns Rs. 1-5-2 oti cultivated, Rs. 1-2-9 on culturable, and Rs. 1-0-1
on total. area. The areas upon which the revenue is collect•d are
shown in Table No. XIV, while Table No. XXIX shows the· actual
revenue for the last fourteen years. The statistics given in the following
tables throw some light-upon the working of the Settlement :-Table
No. XXXI-Ba:lances, remissions, and takavi advances. Table
No. XXX.Il-Sales and mortga"'es of land. Table Nos. XXXIII and
.X.XXIIIA-Registration. - "'
Table No. XXIX gives figures Statistics of land
for the principal items and the

..... --.
Bonrae or revenue, 188().81. 1981-8!. revenue,
totals of land revenue collections
Bnrph11 warrant 14lal!aMA ... 746 since 1868-69. The remaining
Fitheriea ... . .. 46
llennue fines and ~rt'eiturN items for 1880-81 and 1881-82
P'eea "' ... "' 766
71
790 are shown in the margin.
Table No. XXXI gives details
of balances, remissions, and a"'ricu ltnral advances for the last fourteen
years; Table No. XXX sho;s the amount of assigned land revenue;
while Table No. XIV gives the areas upon which the present land
revenue of the distriot is assessed. .
Table No. XXX shows the number of villages, parts of villages As.<ignments ot
and plots, and the area of land of which the revenue is assigned, the land revenue.
amount of that revenue, the period of assignment, and the number of
assignees for each tahatt as the figures stood in 1881-82. The prin-
cipal assignments, some of which have already been noticedjn Chapter
HI, are Sardar Bakshlsh Sin"'h, Rs. 27,600; Raja Sahib Dyal,
Rs. 5,180; Sardar Dyal Singh, "Rs. 6,000; Sardar Umr:i.o Singh,
Rs. 5,000; Sardar La! Singh, Rs. 15,000; Sardar Tbakar Singh,
_Rs. 5,565; 'Sarda-. Pariah Singh, Rs. 2,142; Mohant B,;nhm Buta,
}l$· 6,975; Sl!nllir Ajft Singh, Rs.1,5UO. ; Kahin Singh, R$. 1,140.
 · [~lab ~ottoot,

54 CHAP. V.-ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE.

ChapteroV• Table No: XVII sh~ws the area and income of Govern men i
estates· while Table No. XIX shows the· area of land acquired
Administration by Go;eromcnt for public purposes. The nazul property has already
and Finance.
Government lands, been noticed o,t page 52•.
forCMts, &c. Table No. XXXVII gives fignres for t-he Government and
Education. aided, high, middle~ and prima•·y schools of the district. The two
high schools are nt Amritsar, one Government, and one aided onder
the-management of the Church of England Mission. Both these
schools have a number of branches scattered in different parts of the
city. The•·e are middle schools for boys at Tarn Tarao, Fntababad,
and Vairowa! in the Tnran Tarno ta7Ls£l, the lh·st of which is Aoglo-
veronculnr; at Bntala and Mnjltha (Anglo-vernacular aided under
the Church Council of Amrilsnr) in the Amritsar talts£t; and at
. Ajuala and Ramdas in the Ajnala talml. · .,
The p.-imnry schools are-Tarn TO.ran tal11nl :-Attari, Neshta,
Chicha, Dbnnd, Gandi,vind, Sohl, Pad•i, Pnnjwar Cbabhal, Palasaur,
Pnndori Takht Mal, Tharu, Lauhka, Sirbali, Naushahra Panw an,
Kot Muhammad Khan, Goindwal, Khadu~ Sahib, Snl'll, Nino wind,
and Jalalllbad. Am•-itsat" tahdl: Sultan wind, Verkn, Varpal,
Sobiyan, Mahta, Vadala Viram, Shamnagar, Kat~.unang-al, C~nviuda,
Jetbuwal, Ramdewali, Chaudauke, Sathyala, Vadala Klmrd, Deri-
wala, Tirsikka, Bhagwlm, Kbhalcbian, and Jandiala. AjnO.ta·tahsU:
Raja Sansi, Kubala, Boparai, Bhullar, Lopoke, Bhilowal, Saurian,
.Tasrnur, Jastarwal, Ballarhwal, Gaggo Mahl, Ghonewala Chamyari
Vachhoya, Sahusnl'a, Jngdeo Kalan, and Snngatpur.
There is also one primary school for Hindu girls at Tarn Taran.
Beside these schools, which are under the control of the Deputy
Commissioner, ·there are at. Amritsar. itself a good many girls'
schools, and a normal school for the training of female teacher~
under the control nod management of the Amritsar Siksha Sabha,
or Female Education Committee, which is presided over by the
Deputy Commissioner. of the district. The Church of England
Mission too has a number of girls~ schools in the city, and the
Alexandra Girls' School, which is held in a handsome and large
edifice outside tl1e town, and is intended for the education of Christian ·
girls, is also.nnder its management. All these institutions, whether
nnder the control of the Female Education Committee or that of
the Mission, are supported on the grant-in-aid principle. There is
also at Amritsar the Christian Vernacular . Education Society's
Trainin~ College, which prepares teachers for boys middle and pri•
mary schools in the province, and has a model school attached to it.
It is under th~ i!Uperintendence of Mr. C. J. Rodgers, a train~d
teacher from England, and has already been described in Chapter
III page 22.
. The district lies within the Labore Circle of educational inspec-
tion, and .-forms part of the charge of the Inspector of· Schools,
·Lahore Circle, who has bis head-quarters at Lahare. Table
·No. XIII gives statistics of education collected at the Census of 1881,
-and the general state of education has already been .described at
·page 22. o In addition to the Government and ·aided-- schools
mentioned above, there is in Amritsar itself the recently estahlisheil
 CHAP. V.-ADMINISTILI.TION AND FINANCE. 55
school of the Anjnmnn Islamya. It is nn Anglo-veroacnlnr school,
and bas now an attendance of 173 pupils. It professes to tench, for
Ollapter v.
the present, np to the standard of .tbe Middlo School ~xaminntion, Administration
and to combine religious witb secular education. It is intended
and Finance.
·-
principally for the education of the Muhammndiin Y'outh, though
it is open to other classes of the community as \1&8ll. It is supported
by the contributions of the wealthy Muhammadans and the proceeds
of the Sabzmandi (Fruit Market) at Amritsar.
The Amritsar District School was founded in the year 1851. To District School and
it were added in 1864 branch schools for primary education. The branches.
school now imparts secondary and primary education, teaching np
to the Entrance standard of the Universities. The school when first
instituted. was locat.ed in an old Sikh building near the Golden
Temple. After this it was removed outside the city to another Sikh
building, but in a JJtore open and healthy spot i!l the Ram Bag h.
In 1863 a new building was erected in the city near the present
town-hall; and early in 1864 the school was transferred to these
new quarters, which had been built under the supervision of the
Public Works Department. It accommodated the High School and
the Middle School and one division of a Primary School class. In
December 1882, the Municipality opened a building, in the oamEr
grounds as the District School, for the accommodation of the Upper
Primary School classes. The Municipality also built· three school
houses in different parts of the city for the Lower Primary classes. .
. . All of the schools are \toder the management of a European
Head Master, whose duty is to teach in tl1e High School and supervise
the working in the other parts of the District School and its branches.
-He is assisted b.v a large staff of English and Vernacular teachers, and
Bach separate division of the school is directly looked after by a bead
teacher. Not only is intellectual education carefully attended to, but
physical education is also brought prominently forward. For many
years the school bas been particularly distinguished · for proficiency
in cricket, nnd bas held its own in the annual matches when the
schools meet together to contend for the champion cricket belt. The
excitement at this time is not confined to the students only, but is
equally evident among the townspeople. The following figures
show the working of the school for the last five years:-
lio. o:r nvD•llft :r.us•D•

Y-. .....
l!%poudi. Number or
l'upill. Entrance
Calcutta
'Entrance
Puojsb
Middle
Bobool Bs-
O'ni'renif;J'. UDi.Yerai&J. antlution.

l'auMI. :l!au~tJ. l'tiU•d.

••,.
JILO
181S.'J9
1879+80
...... 18,044.
17,337
1,670
1,478
10
7 7•
....... ......-·
1880-81 ••
14.217 1,6S6 7 18
1881-81 18,116 l,3S1 II 15
17,33e 1,630
• 5
•••
. Table No. XXXVIII gives separate figures for the last five years lledicaL
.·for each of the dispensaries of the distri!)t. There are eight hospi-
. tala and dispensaries in this district under the generl}l control of
~ Chwlge in Exar:oinatio!l Scheme.
 [Punje.'b Gazettew,

56 CHAP. V.-ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE.

Chapter .v. the Civil Surgeon. The Civil Hospital at Amritsnr is under
the imm'ediate charge of an Assistant Surgeon. The four branch
:Administration di•pensaries iu tl1e district at Tarn Taran, Ajnala, Majithia, and
:md Finance.
Attari, respll!ltively, are under the charge of Hospital Assistants •.
Medical. The Midwifery School and Lying-in-Hospital in the city is under
the charge of a mnt\'on. Besides these there is also a Leper Asylum nt
Tarn Tarnu, which is also under the charge of a. Hospital Assistant, the
Civil Surgeon of Amritsar being Snperintendentl of that institution.
The dispensaries at Ajnala, Mnjfthia, and Atbiri, are maintained by
the District Funds; the rest of the dispensaries, Civil Hospital, and
:Midtvifery School and Lying-in-Hospital by the Municipal Funds.
The Tnrn Tnran Leper Asylum is maintained by the Municipal
Fnnds of Amritsar, the expenses of lepers from out districts being
recovered from the districts to which they belong. Lepers of
Amritsar city are paid for by the Mnnicipality. 6
Amrllsnr Civil 'l'his. hospital was eslablished in 1849, and is situated outside
Hospital. the city near the Ram Bagh Gate and the Grand Trunk Road from
Lahore to Jnlandhar. It accommodated about 83 beds, and cottsists
of a main llllilding", comprising an out·door dispensary,, Medical, Sur-
gical, and Eye Ward, Civil Dispensary, Civil Sut·geon's Office nnd
Operating 'l'heatre; ami separate Female, Contagious, Lunatic, an<l
European Wards. Of the 83 beds, twenty are reserved for females.
The Civil Hospital is under the charge of an Assistant Surgeon,
assisted by a hospital assistant, one. compounder, one wsistant
compounder, one dresser, one assistant dresser,· one. apprentice,
and meninls. · · ·
·lmritsnr Midwifery The Midwifery School and Lying-in-Hospitnl was first· opened
Dcbool nnd Lying-in.. in 1866, and it came under
Hospit..i. In-door Out-door the supervision . of the Civil
Expenditure.
You. patienta. patieutl. Surgeon in the be~inuing of
1869. The hospital building is
Bo. A. P. Pema1e. Female. situate in an open quarter on the
site of the old jnil just inside
1870 ...... t••
. ,..
l,IIOfl 6 0 80
the Hall Gate of the city, and
1680 ... 1,131 13 3
1879 1,918 0
••
0 . 179

,... •• 168 consists of a pakka masonry ·

.
18gl
•• •
1,637
.. . . l,697 a 26 2,368• work with two wards for twelve
in-patients, one lecture. or
class room, and the operating room, or room where the women are
confined. Over the gateway of this building quarters are provi:led for
the matron of the institution. · The number of beds available is
twelve. The Midwifery School and Lying-in-Hospital is under the
cl!n~ge of a Lady Doctor of the Zenana Mission, superintended by the
. Ctvt.l Surgeon ~nd assisted by one teacher, one resident nurse, five
puptls, and memals. · The fi"'ures in the mar"'in show the workina
of the institution for the past five years. " ~
1'trtn T&mn Leper The Leper Asylum at Tarn Tamn is situated about a mile west
Asylum. of the town of Tarn Tarnu, and was built nnd instituted ·in the year
1858 by Mr. Frederick Cooper. It consists of two double 1·ows
of huts, built in lines of 85 each, to accommodate 140 inmates. The

• 127. CRSt:s of l"bour, ~nd the rest fro in o.U other diseases treated. in' the Tempo..
tiUY Hosp1tal ; . also 127 children were treated as out--door p11tients ~n this year.
 .&mrltsa.r l:l!atrlct.]
. CHAP. V.-ADMINISTRA.TION AND FINANCE. 67
toiVn of T1\rn Timm has always been the resort of lepers, who flock cppter V.
to it in large numbers. This is owing to tbe reputation that the water
of the large handsome paklca tank in it bas of being .beneficial to Administration a.nd Finance.
their particular disease. Lepers are supposed to derivv great benefit
from bathing in it and drinking it, a reputation" which is doubtless
without foundation. The Leper Asylum is in tb charge of a Hos-
pital Assistant, onder the superintendence o£ the Civil Surgeon and
assisted by one compounder and menials.
St. Paul's Church, Amritsar, is a well built and commodious Ecclesiostical. ·
·building. It is not highly on.amental, nor are its acoustic pro•
perties specially favourable. It has sittings for about 200 people,
certainly not more than enough for: the large civil and military
·popnl&tion, There is no resident chaplain appointed to the
· station by the Governmept, but one is usually sent here for a few
months during tht cold season. For the remainder of the year
the work is carried on by Missionaries of the Church Missionary
·Society. There is also a Mission Church called Baital Masih
(the house of Christ) which stands in a good position near the Rim
Bagh Gate of the city of Amritsar. 'l'he original building was
erected in 1852 by the Rev. W. Keene, at a cost of Rs. 8,000,
to meet the wants of an increasing Christian congregation ; it was
enlarged in 1!!66, then in 1875, and again in 1883. The present
nave is 78 feet long and 83 broad, and the chancel is 30 feet by
·15 feet, and when the fittings are complete the church will
accommodate some 350 persons. The services are in Urdu, and
are generally conducted by the Secretary of the Atnritsar Church
Mis•ion, and the Native Pastor. There are two services on
Sunday and one on Wednesday evenings, and special services on
holy days. There have been 691 baptisms in the church.
The only troops in the district are stationed at Amritsar, in the Cantonments,
troops, &c.
cantonments and fort. 'l'he cantonments are situated about one
mile from the city and adjoin the western boundary of the civil
lines. 'l'he ordinary garrison of cantonments consists of a wing
of British Infantry and one companyofNative Infantry, and from
these the garrison. of Fort Govindgarli is supplied with infantry.
The detachment of British Infantry is supplied from Sialkot and
that of Native Infantry
NoB'•CoJOOesxonD Onto~u from F1rozpur, while the
.UD M••· Artillery detachment in
Station. omoen
I
Royal B•m•b Nati•e
Artillery, lof'antry, IDfaotry.
the fort is supplied from
Lahore. The troops

Amritlar
ll'ort. Gorindgarh'
Total ... ,.
10
. ...
...
•• --
--• ---- --- • 20 203
98

106
belong to the Lahore
Division, and are nuder
the command of the
General Commanding
that Divisioy. The total
garrison is shown in the margin as it stood on the 1st July, 1883.
There is one company of the 3rd Punjab Volunteers stationed at
Amritsnr, which has an enrolled strength of 40, and which ia
.composed ch!elly of. Government of!ici&ls.
 · {hiJJab Guottear,
58 CIUP. V.-ADHINISTRATION AND FINANCE.

'Chapter7. The portion of the Sind, Punjnb, and Delhi Railway which
. runs through the district is in charge of. the District Traffic
Aa!_~~t;::!on Superintendoot at Ambala. The l!ead offices of this Railway are
• at Lahore. ~he head offices of the Bari Doab Canal are at
Hthen<!Dc.qnnrtrtoro ~~ Amritsar und'er t'he SuperintendiJ•g En~ineer. 'l'he canal works
0
er pa men~.. are d'tv•'d ed 1nto · iwo d'tvtswns,
' · eac h un der t he ch arge of an E xe·
outive Engineer, both of wbom are stationed at bead-quarters
Amritsnr. The first division is divided into three branches, Main
Branch Upper (which extends from Madhopur to Aliwal), Kasur
Branch from 'l'illri to Algon, Snbraon Branch from Sntiali to Patti,
Jn the second di~ision are. two branches, the Maiu Branch ·Lower,
'!Vhich extends frQm Aliwal to ,Allpia, and the Lahore Branch,
whicl1 rups from Aliw al to Niaz lleg, 'l'be Grand Trunk 1!-oad,
:wbich runs through the .district, as well as the publiQ huild,ings' in
the district, is in charge of the Executive En~neer at .A!Dritsar.
The military buildings are ip i!Dmediate c;harge of an ()verseer 1 wh.o
i• subordinate to tbe Executive Engineer, Military Wor)<s, Lahore;
.'J.'he telegraph lines and offices of the ·district are controlled. by the
.Telegraph Superintend~nt at Amhala, and the 'Post Offices by the
,Superintendent of t.lte .:Pivisiou, w)l9 hn~ hj~ h~a!l-qunrters !lt
Amrit.sqr,
 CITAPTER VI.

TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND

CANTONMENTS.
:At tl1e Census of 1881, n\1 places possessing more tlmn 5,000 Chapter VL
inhabitnnts, all municipalities, nod all bend-quarters of districts Towns Municlpa-
1\Dd military posts were classed 'ns towns. Under this mle the lities, Canton· and
f o\lowing places were returned ns the towns of the district : - ments.
Gcncml statistics
TabatL • Town. Pel'lone. M!lieL, Femalea. of towns.

( Amribar ...... ... 1&1,896 86,714 ' 65,182

Amritaar
. .1I JandiAia
MojUhla
Hund8.la
Vairow8.1
......
......
.,.
......
6,6SS
6,053
&,101
15,409
8,463
8,209
2,783
2,718
S,Oi2

. ...
2,84.4
2,318

... { •rArn ...

......
Sarbali KalAn
.. B&mdD.aT&ran ......
15,197 2,898 2,309
T~trn T!ran
8,210 1,850 1,360
.Ajdla ... 4,498 2,3-iS 2,165

The d1stnbutlon by rehgton of the populat1on of these towns

and the number of houses in each are shown in Tnhle No. XLIII,
while funher particulars will be found in the Census Report in
Table No. XIX and its Appendix, and Table No. XX. The
remainder of thi• chnpter .consists of a detailed description of each
town, with a brief notice of its history, the increase and decrease
of its population, its commerce, mnnul.'\ctnres, municipal govern-
ment, institutions, and public buildings; and statistics of births
and deaths, trade and mnnufactnres, wherever figures are available.
The city of Aml'itsnr lies in north lntitude 31• 37', longitude Amritsar city.
Description. ·
74° M', nod contains n population of •44,2l6 souls excluding, or of
150,665 including, suburbs and cantonments. It is situated mid-
way between the Bias and Ravi on tl1e Gmnd Trunk Road, 35
miles enst of Lahore. The city is one of the most populous and
wealthy in the Punjab; it is also one of those in which sanitary
improvements lmve made the greatest advance. Bot it at the same
time has the misfortune to be one of the very worst situated towns
in respect to the physical conditions of its locality. The city is built
in the depression of a wide plain upon the line of its main drainage,
which is naturally in this position very defective. The soil consists
of an upper ernst of light clay, which is from 6 to 10 feet deep,
-and contains here nod there thin beds of stiff clay in which are
imbedded small agglomerations of nodular limestone, known locally
as k01nkar. Below the upper crust is an indefinitely deep stratum
of coarse grit, and lower down fine sand; this stratum ~ontnins the
subsoil water. In the dry weather the depth of this subsoil water
·below the surface ranges from 8 to 18 feet; in the rainy season the
subsoil water rises everywhere close to the surface, and in some
-localities issues on the surface. In the vicinity of th'!l city the fall
 [Plmja.b Qa.zotteer,

60 CRAP. vt.-TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND CANTONMENTS.

Chapter "'!L of the snrfnce drainage is a little over one foot per mile, and the
T M area of the whole locality is tmversed by numerous irrigation
11
11~-:sand 1fS.:t~:= channels drawn from the Bari Doab Canal, which passes within two
'menta. or three miles of the city. The natural defects of the posi tiou in
Amritsar clty, regard to drainage produce a more or less complete water-logging
Descriptloo, of the land. •
The city is 770 feet above sen-level, its circumference is five
miles, its longest diameter being 1 ~ miles, and its area nearly 900
acres, of which two-thirds are built upon. The most den•ely inha-
bited portion of the city hns n population of 520 persons to the acre;
the avernue population to the acre is 160. The city is surrounded
hy a wall ;;fan nvel'nge height of 14 feet, with thirteen gates. From
the Mahn Singh Gate on the north-east to the Hak{m{mwala on the
~out.b side of the city, the remains of the wall built by Mahad.ja Ranjit
Singh, at an outlay of about 14 lakhs, may lte seen.. From the ·
latter to the former gnte round the west and north sides of the pity
tl1e wall and ~:ates are of modern construction, havinu heen built
b~twe•n 1866 and 186!1 by the Public Works Dep:i~tment. 'l.'he
Ram Bagh and Mahan Singh Gates are t11e onl.v two of the twelve
uates con•tructed by the Sikh Government remaining; thev are sub-·
;t:mtial masonry structures, capable of being defende,l, and have side
entrances protected !>r strong wooden gate•, elaho1·ately strengthene<l
hy iron spherical headed bolts and sheet iron. The Hall Gate, which
.leads directly to the railway station, civil lines, and cantonments,'
was constructed in 1876, and was named after Colonel C. H. Hall,
who was for many years Dep11ty Commissioner of Amritsar. This
llate stands on the side of an old bastion ; the area just inside the
I!'Rie was occupied by the Jail up to the year 1875, when the land
nnd buildings were purchased by the Municipal Committee. After.
tl1e nece••ary streete were laid out, the remaining land and buildinus 0
were sold to private speculatore. Immediately inside the wall 1\
hroad metalled rond runs round the city: outside the wall and alon<>'
the circumference of the city n larl!e masonry drain bas been con':
otructed. This drain receives nll the intramural drainage, and carries
it to a distance of five miles from the city. Parallel with this drain
rnns another broad .metalled road. Beyond this road lies several
·large pools of water, known as the city ditch, formed in past times
by excavating earth for the rampart and the construction of the
b11ildingo• in the city. The work of filling this ditch is now in pro-
gress. The city is ~raver~ed by metalled street.., with side gutters of
masonry. Many of the streets are broad and fairly ventilated,
notably the street running from the HaU Gate to the Town Hall, n part
of which has ·a row of trees on each side. The kunchas or· lanes
are all paved hy brick on edge with a small ~utter running down the
cenh·e. In the oldest parts of the city, part:c11larly _round the tem-
ple, the lanes and streets are narrow and tortuous. The gutters and
streets nre lfWept twice daily : the former are flushed with clean water
and the latter sprinkled by bhistis. The drinkinu water is· entirely
!obtained from wells, of which there are abottt (200. These wells
are caref1tlly looked after, nnd from time to time are cleaned out.
Tlte civil lines are close to tlte city on the north side: a short distance
.Amrl.tsa.r :Dlstrict.]
CHAP. VL-TOWNS, MUNICIPALmES, AND CANTONMENTS. 61

from tl1e civil lines are the cantonments, occupied by both European Oh&pter V1
and Native Infimtry. liii
Amritsar cannot boast of any great antiquity. Three hundred
years ago'a few squalid huts formed the sole trncea of humnn hnbitn-
;W:and ~~Et
menta.
tion OJ?- the site of the present city; and e-:en lo~ .. ,nfter the rise of Hlatocy.
the S1kh commonwealth· to power, Amr1tsnr, tfs sncred centra, re-
mained bot a comparatively small town. It is stated on good autho-
rity that men now living remember the days when fully three-fourths
of the A•nritsar of to-day was under the plough of the husbnndman.
Tbe site was first occupied by Guru Ram Das, who succeeded to
the Sikh apostleship in A.D. '1574. It was marked by a small natu-
ral pool of water, which was said to have been a favourite resort
of Baba N anak. On the margin of this pool Guru Ram Das
erected himself a,. hut. Soon afterwards, in 1577, he obtained
a grant of tbe s1te, together with 500 bighas of land from the
Emperor Akbar: on payment of Us. 700 akbari to the zam£ndarJ of
Tung, who owned the land. The pool soon acquired a reputation
for sanctity, and the followers of the Guru migrating to the sacred
spot, a small town gradually grew up, known at fi1·st nb Ramdaspnr,
or Guru-ka-chak. The pool, improved and forn1ed ini:<>a tank,
acquired the name of Amra t-sar, or "tank of nectar or immortality,"
whence tha name of thepresent city. This is the commonly ac~
cepted derivation ; another derivation, however, has been sng~:ested,
from the name of Amar Das, the predecessor of Ram Das. The
original form of the name, in this case, would be Amarsar, , or tank
of Amar tDas). The temple, or "Hnr Mandar," as it was at first
called, was built by GurU. Arjan, the successor of Ram Das.
Its site was the centre of the tank, and the architectural de•ign was
borrowed from the shrine of the Mnhammndan saint, Mian Mfr.
CurioiJsly enongh,it is asserted that Guru Arjan obtained the assis-·
tance of Mian Mfr himself in the construction of the t.omple, and tlll\t
it was by !tis hands that the foundation was laid.t
From this time forward Aml'itsnr grew in importance, its fortnnes
waxing and waning with the fortunes of the Sikh commonwealth, until
after the retirement of Ahmad Shah f•·om India it became the acknow-
ledged capital of n sovereign people. It was not, however, at this
time the acton! residence of the Guru. Har Goviud, who laid the
foundation of the warlike chnracter of the sect, spent his time in,
various parts of India, returning only O<'Casionnlly to. the Punjnb and
Atnritsar; nod the head-quarters of succeeding Gnr6.s were usnnlly
fixed . at Kartarpur in the Jalandhar district. The Granth, or
sacred book of the Sikhs, after following Har Govind in severn!
of his wanderings, was finally removed to Kartarpur by,Vnhir Mal, a
brother of Guru Har Rai, successor of Har Govind, its place in
the Har Mnndar being subsequently supplied hy a copy. The
modern temple, as well as a great part of the city, dates f~om tbe year

• The land bad hitherto been owned by a mixed commanity of Sayads, Sbekhs.
and R.Wghars. The tomb of Sayad Fatteb Shah, a former owner of the site, u· still
extant ootaide the Fort of Goviudgarh, to the west.
t Whatever truth there may be in this story, there is this much in its favour,
that it is related by membera of the Sikh as well as of the Muhammadan religion.
 [hnjab Gazettoer,
62 CIL\.P. VI.-TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES AND CANTONMENTS.

Chapter~ 1762 A.D. In the preceding year, Ahmad Shah returning wes~­
Towns Munlclp~ wards after the battle of the Ghula Ghara near Ludbiana; in which
and
lities Canton· he so si.,.nally 'llefeated the Sikhs, had completely destroyed the Amrit-
ments. sar te.;;ples, lllowi.og up the Har Mandar with gunpowder, and
. History. · defilin"' every sacred spot with cows' blood. But after the final
retire.::ent of Ah~ad Shah the Sikhs again flocked to Amritsar.
The temple waR. rebuilt and the city gradually assumed its present
form, It bad hitherto been a collection of residences of influential
Sikhs ; but when it became a political capital, these soon became weld-
ed together into one city. The city still retains the relics of its old state
in the katras or wards into which it is divided. Each of tl1ese katras
in former days repre~ented the estate of a Sikh chief, within the limits
of which its owner was supreme. The most ancient katras are fifleeq.
in number, all others being of subsequent formation.• .
. For many years after the foundation of the Sikh supremacy
Amritsnr remained in the hands of the chiefs . of the Bbangi misl;
but at last, in 1802, was seizAd by Ranjft Singh and formally incor-
porated in his dominions. · This monarch spent large sums ·of money
from time to time upon the Har Mandar, which about this time began
to acquire its present name of Darbar Sahib.. Among other adorn;
ments, he roofed it with sheets of copper gilk-a fact. to which it
/ owes its name of the Golden Temple. Ranjit Singh also laid out
·I the famous garden of Ram Bagh, nod built the fort of Govindgn.rb.
/ The following story is often quoted as explaining the reputation o(
· the Amritsnr tank. A girl of Patti, in the Lahore district, the
daughter of a wenltl1y Ka1·dar of that place, incurred 4er father'~
displeasure, and he married be1· to a leper, whom she was obliged to
carry about in a basket ·on her head. During her travels, having --
reached a pool of water, ~he placed the basket with the leper in it
on tbe ground, and went off to an adjoining village (TUng or Sul-
tanvind) to beg. During her absence the leper saw. a crow fall ,
into the water, nnd immediately become white. He thereupon·
bathed in the water, and he was made whole, one small spot of ·
leprosy only remaining. On the wife's return she did not. reco"nize
her husband, nod thought she wns being made the victim of ';;ome
deception. She took her hmband before Guru Ram Das, who con.,
·vinced her of her error. The spot on the ed"'e of the tank where
this event occurred is lmown as the DukT. Bl.anjni.or !teak?· of affiic~
tion, and a copper gilt illustrated plate marks the place. 'l'he founda-
tion of the Har Maudar was laid by Mian Mlr, a devout Muhamma-
dan pir, at the request of Guru Ram Das, between whom aud the
pi•·. a str~ng friendship existed. Not being skilled. in the art of·
laymg bncks on the square, the mason found the brick. .had been;
laid on aske":, and . accordingly adjusted it, whereupon the p£r .
remarked thahf the brJCk has been allowed to lie as I put it, the super,
structure (t~mple) would have stood for ever, hut now it won't .. This
prophecy was fulfilled by Ahmad Shah Abdali, and his son Prince·
• ThO fiftee? original 'katra1 are as. follows; DU.lo kn katl'Q. ; Ha.ri Singh ka.
k~trn; Charnt SlDgh k_a katm; Ahlu~&ho. _ka kntrn; Ghanaiyhn ka. kntra : BhSg·
Smgb ka katm,; ~o.ggui~ ka kn.tra; N1h8.l Smgh ka kntra, Guru, ka bnzar; Guru'
kn. mohl ; _L,\rt k1 ~~rub ; Lohgnrh dlll'waza ; MahAn Singh ka katra · Btimghariai.n ka
ka~; Fruzullapunau kn katra. · . . ' .. ,
 CHAP, VL-TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES,. AND CANTONMENTS. 63 ·

Timur. By the latter the Ramgbariau fort and buildings were de- Cha~er VL •
strayed ani\ the ruins thrown into the tank; while his father, after ,
defeating and routing the Sikhs near Ludhianal an ~!Vent known fi'twns,
89
Wg~iE::
as the Gh ..tu Glw.ra, gratified his resentment still further by de- :,';uta.
straying the temple, polluting the sacred pool with slaughtered cows,
and committing other atrocities, Four years after the retirement
of the Abdali, or in A.n. 1766, the temple was rebuilt, and the
city gradually improved and expanded;
· A Municipality was first formed in Amritsar in April 1866, Taxa6on, trade, &o.
under Act XV of 1867. It bas always been of the ht class. The
sanctioned constitution is five official and twenty non-official members,
partly elected aild partly nominated. An election was first held in
1862, then in 1865, 1874 and 1.878. The Deputy Commissioner
is President. The city for conservancy aml other administrative
purposes is divided ill to twelve wards or divisions.. The only form of
taxation in force is octroi, from which the income is chiefly derived.
Octroi, formerly known as dharat elw.ngi, bas, since annexation, been
the principal source of revenue, From 1850 till 1855 the average
annual income was Rs. 45,000 per annum; during the next fiv.e
years, or up till 1860, Rs. 76,000per annum; for the five 'years ending
1865, Rs. 1,30,000; during the decade ending 1875 over two
lakhs; in subsequent years and. up to the present timel over two-
and-a-half lakhs. During the time of the Mahatlija Ranjft Singh,
Amritsar used to yield, from customs alone, nine lakhs of rupees
per aiumm. The increase in octroi income between l 850 and
to-day bas not been 'brought about by enhanced rates of assessment,
but by the development of trade. The incidence per head of po.pu-
lation has sel<lom reached Rs. 2 per annum, . Table XLV shows
the municipal income for the last few years.
Amritsar has always held the highest position of ·any t•>wll 'Or
city in the Province as an entrepot of trade. The connections of
its merchante are not confined to Hiudustan, but extend to Bokhara,
Kabul and K 0shmlr, and are of old-standing; long ant•riur · to the
advent of the British Government in the Punjab. How far the
opening out of railway communication with Peshawar and other
parts will disturb the present state of things, will be seen. within
the next teh years, The principal article imported fr01n Bokhara
is silk, and the trade in this article alone io about 14 lakhs per
annum. Gold dust, furs, and horses may also be mentioned. In
return, Bokhi>ra and countries beyond ·take tea and piece-goods.
Kabul supplies fruits, •dyes, drugs, and groceries. The principal
articles of trade generally are grain; sugar, metals, dyes, spices
and piece-goods. The statement on the next and following pages gives
the fi"ures of the import and export tra:le of Amritear for a series
ofye;..s. Further information will be found in Chapter IV, pages 45·8.
Amritear is connected with Delhi and Lahore by .the Sind,
Punjab, and Delhi Railway. A line from Amritsnr to Pathankot at
the foot oF the hills is now under construction.. This line will open
ant direct communication with and bring the trade of the Kangra
valley and other places in the Kashmir and Cbamba territories to
 IMPORTS.

• "
ARTICLE.
1877·78. 1878·79•
I 1879.80•. 188().81, 1881.81!. 1889-83.

Mauodl Value in Maundl, Value in l!aundt. Value in Haunda. Value in Value iu. Value in
Ba. lla. Rs. Ba. Maunda.
Rs. n.una.. Rs.
0

Cotton, raW ... ••• 8,169 47,38o 1,932 21,67' 8,083 86 40" 91,7M 9,89.696 6.8U 92,9-tS 8,452 37,972
Cotton Twist and Yam, European 7,469 4,18,26 7,182 4,02,192' 12,045 12,6o:67o 13,14-tl 9,78,388 16,828 10,'16,69& 16·,885 8,66,123
Do. do., Indian ,,, 9 2,16· IB.J. 4,232 110 . 2,72 944 6,7?~ 411 I9.8M 490 9,978
Cotton pieoe-gooda, European ... 88,669 36,66,90( 4.2,433 4,24,33l 67,607 M,96,07 M,288 80,91,~!8 70,668 64,30,688 70,0ti.J 61,60,639
Do. do., Indian ... 6,286 1,69,72'"' 6,681 1,6ll,6S 8,011 9,64.36' 10,173 9,14,85 6,382 6,70,499 6,014 6,04,-wo
Fruiq and Null ... •.. 96,016 4,8~;~ 1,06,70.J. 6.33,77 109,863 10,16,14C 102,122 9,44,62 10'7,261 9,M,876 166,086 9,39,620
Grain of aorta ,,, ... l/191,<£f39 82,00,374 16,30,189 85,2013UP 774,083 26026,63S 1,622,202 M,28,601 993,14 17,96,907 l 19B,168 97,30,272
Bide• ... ••• ••• 9,76~ 16 9~~ 8,436 6,67 9,676 4!.,677 37,186 6,76,611 17,600 4,04,800} 4,897 1,06,168
Skins of sheep and goat& ,,, 71,2~2 28,497 72,900 29,311 2,604 78,6~ . 27,644 7,67,119 6,753 1,61,084.
Brau and Copper ,,, ... 10,~~~ 4,31,6011 18,R43 .7.31,86 18,703 7,69,161 20,666 8.46 77 11,880 8,96,660 16,301 6,86,886
Iron ... ... ,,, 80,!:; 9,11,0~8 66,469 8,90,2~~ 64,061 8,88,~~ 48,441 8,40,141 49,649 8,69.901 60,S92 8,99,090
Wool ... ,,, ,,, 1,260 . 87,80ll 1,9-i::t 68,47< 1,680 46,2\1\, 879 4,169 861 11,914 1,789 20,046
Paabam .,, ... •.. 1,646 83,68~ '9,069 96,914. 9,970 96,200
Woollen manuracturet ••• 8431 1,oi,172 · &;767 2,no,~~~ 4,690 8,06,382 4,203 2,80.647 9,913 1,96,171 8674 9,86.767
8hawla ,,, ... ... 1,747 17,t7,0u<J 83~ 8,31.~-:::: 667 10,63,865 740 11,80,800 624 9,90,280 683 8,33,180
Silk, raW' ... ... •.. 7,203 41,49,291
'·"~! 8,069 21.72,619
4,676 18,33,7oifl 18,37,970 6,808 23,04,41 6,876 92,76,946
Do., manufactured ... •.. 787 6,18,8~ 862 2,62.4-61 368 99,62 644 1,67,686 0 292 1,30802 299 1,37,64.0
Sugar, refined ,., ... 49.467 4,94,672 61,237 6,13,48 87,687 11,83,77~ 123,622 16,67,645 74,194 8.90,898 83,651 9,19,061
Do., unrefined ... ,,, 120,901 6.66.719 83,'729 8,46,41 103,910 4,49,1 !~ 116,703 4.87,947 189,989 6.80,987 167,tt26 4,77,081
Tell, IndiAn •• ,
Do., Foreign
,,,
...
Drugs and Aledieinet •••
~piees
Gold
,,,
...
... ~·
.. .
...

... , . 4,078
811
.43,363
12,639
1,83.280
87,820
6,6% . 2,36,3~it
2,60,178 44,399

... ...
1,26,390 19,991
613 7.1J,56
2,78,894 49.899
2,09,-171
6,786
!20
18,828
8,30,769
11,86U
18,278
216
6,43,389 60,123
4,:~~,9371
23,695
6,47,302
21,23o)
6,61,853
6,02,795
23 U,14,0oo
10,826
860
80,842
16,610
6,97,996
79,\20
6,33,587
9,96,240.
19 11,6. 9,000}
6,949
170
64,89
51,09,470
12,65R
6,87,110
16,833 8,20,618
Sih·er ... ,,, 289 28,09,926
204 6,84,366 123 4,2~,621
 EXPORTS.
(l
i....r;
~
ARTICLE.
- 1877·78- 1878-79. 1879-86. 1880-81. 1881-89. .
1869-88.
="
1:1
!i
lf:a~nda.
Value in Maund. Val11e in Maunda. V11lue in ltaunds Value in Maunda. Value in ll'aunda. Value in
iS :r. C>
.a.
Bo. Bo.

-
Bo. Bo. llo.
1
0
~
~

~
Cott.,n, raw •• , ... ·o.soo 6,488 0
1,979 19,18.; 641 6,052 860 60,516 1.835 18,02Q 83S 9.186
Cotton Twi.a~ and Yarn, European 4<10 99,40 9,016 1,12.896 . l,d30 S,OD,381t 1,8!2 89964 1.871 93.228 1,6!-3 9-1,,69 !I'
Dn, d]l Indian .•• 871 88 900 4~9
Cotkln pieoe-~onda,
no. o.,
uropeau.
Indian
......
81,168 81,16.800
87
82.460 89,40,000 80,0!IJ 28.81,608 41.961
11,678
40,98.6.J.
971
83,9tJ3
6,004
80.90,633
138
80,611
8,086
16,98,768
§
1!:

......
819 29,ll:i 1,489 40,203 1,036 8418S 1.30tJ
Fruita and Nuta
Grnin o£ eorta .
......
6,940
881,379
SJ.64..70U
13,19,8~~
81,366
6;17 •.S.29
1,66,830 16,749
296,660
1.6-l.928 23.013
8,97,187 663,820
1,20.17
9,12,869
713
16.28;
70,678
1,37,i03
41>8
20296
4.0,8110
1,91,77d ~
c
.........
19,89,141 19,04,266 981,838 6.09,215 68U,403 10,99,908 ~
Hidee
Skint or ab,;p and &o;ts
9.761 19,60 2.08:] 4,16.j,
4H
689 10.680 81,466 4,87.711 16.878 8,65,19.£} ... . 1,02,777
~
...
BrrLII and Copper ... 71.219 28,49i . 49,260 19,6~~ 18.16 20,620 6,69.669 8,o.J2 1.0~.776

... .........
8.138 1,96.02t 7 60tl 82.'1 6,614 2,67,888 7,009 S,08,81J6 6.986
lr"n
Wool ... ... 8,618 26,716 16,609 1,08.563 19,.&91 88,998 10,6U 75,62
6 880
10,182
2,00,800
73,719 17.491
8,1U60
1,18.688 3
103 20,860 70'J 19,SU5 _12
Pa•ham
~;raclu~'" ...... ...4,69t 696
... ... 289
79:l
8.179
83,.£73
406
416
6,370
19,0il6
1,607
817
22,498
to,tu
~
Woullen oo•
ShrLwla ...••• ...... 2,682
1,2~6
...... 170
81,681
19,26,00•1
9209
1,226
80,8U
12,26,0011
1,961
62tl
1,30,89_7
9,89.UO
1,723
623
1,16,000
9.93,685
1,263
325
84.621
6.18,376 480
69,96"
7,66,61V >;I
Do., manuractllMI ...
Sillr:, raw },41,075 409 1,3U7 6!9 2,60,251 1,166 4,72.667 Ul 9,85,278 1,082 a.9~.891

......
I
201 1,01.82 30,09 92
Su(ar, reftnOO.
·Do., unrefined
......
17,999
1,66,78
1.79,990
191
17,-100 17,07\l
1,78,86
108
9.37,289
168
16,979
49,12
9,99,2H 18,47&
41,216
9,21,700
24
16 7:2
li,OJU
1.83.912
Te~t., Indian .. ... ...... ISO
80,44.6
919
1,69,6113
41.356
98.182
2,212
40,6l)0
65,431
79,16i
8,919
8,41,412
1,91.051
8.&,967
6,6.&8
3,61,03•
2,70,461
1,09,60tl
6.870
3,87,829
9,47.260
82.<m
,,8-19
0
9,30.679
1,40,070
Do., Foreign
Spice• ...
Gold aad silver
•••
Druga and lledicinea ...
........
......
91,987

... ...
8,612
91,60f
1,31.922

... ... 1,36,71

86,72U
661
20,860
19,813
6612
1,14.125

... ...6,881 ..
118
81827
11.652
8,41,597
1,70,03-i
149
27,R7n
0,750
...
a
14.71'

.
o6,67<
1,46.916
..
292
86.391
9,130
·-
26 804
a,8s,1os

......
6l,UO , ..
26988
18 •

6,869
.
1,314
2,79.832
1,18,8&6
..
~
!:l
~

...
e>
>o3
~~ .
!
.?
~

g. pO[ .. ~~!,f·
~
.... ~a
0 ...
t1
l'
'H'
 [PunJab G-azetteer,
66 CHAP. VI.-TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND CANTONMENTS.
•
Chapter VI. Amritsnr, to ""Y nothing of the produce of the fertile districts of
.., - ni Gurdaopur a'lld Sialkot.
·.:owns, 14u c1pa.-
litles and Canton·
• • 1 b ·a .
Of the l'l!nnafactnres of Amntsar htt e need e sa1 , as t 1ey
1
ments. lmve already beep noticed in Chapter IV, pages 39-45. The once
Taxation, trade, &c. flouri•hing •hnwl nl)d pasl1mlna trade is almost a thing of the pa.ot.•
'fhe Frnnco-Germnn War clenlt it a •ev..-e blo1v : ·the representatives
of French fhms were withdrawn in 1870, and with their departme
tl1e demnnd for shnwls almost ceased. Small quantities of goods
find their way to London, but the sales are anything but encon-
rn)!ing. Carpets of a very good description, after the style of the .
Y arkond article, are manufactured, and fetch from Rs. 4 to Rs. 10
per ynrd. Jamawars are in some demand; they are manufactured
from course Kirmani wool, and mnke very ~ood curtains. Silk
is in a flourishiul! condition. The article is imported in a rnw state.
It is clenned, dyed, and· manufactnred into cloth locally known
as daryai, gulbadan, and dliupclutn, and largely nsed locally and for
export. Some time bock a large business wos done in patkas, or silk
scnrves, for export to Bnrmah ; at present the trade is in a depres•ecl
state, but may revive. Large quantities of skein silk nre nsed in embroi-
der:r nnd loce, nlso in the manufacture of wbnt are known as
pM/Uris, a kind of mantle worn by native females of all classes.
PhUlUris are in large demand by Europeans for decorative purpose•.
'fhe designs are simple, quaint, and neatly worked on common·
country cloth. The average annunl value of imported silk is
Rs. 3,00,000. Ivory combs, pnper-cutters, &c., are mode .in la•·ge
numbers; the work is not carved,· but perforated. Ivory bangles,
mnch used by native females, are also turned out in great quantities.
M~t.nl work, under which head mny be ennmernted iron safes, copper
and brass vessels, is a l~rge and prosperons branch of industry.
Some very good brass cnstings are to be lmd. Gold and silver
thread for lace nod embroidery ill manufactured under the 11nmes
or go!a kina•·i, kalaba!un, &c. The )!Old and silver thread is mann-
fnctnred from whnt is known as kandla, a bnr of silver weighin,!! 63
!olas. The testing of kandlas is performed by the Municipality ;
the process is simple. A piece of silver equal in weight to one
rnpee. is cut off the kandla and fused in. an ordinary . crucible
with a bit of lend of equal weight. The silver is then re-weigh-
ed, nnd if it has lost more than the weight of 32 rice grains
the bnr is rejected; if passed it is stamped. A lola of silver can be
drawn and beaten out to a length of over 8,000 feet. Soap is largely
mnde according to the native method, for local use and export to· the
llills. The mnnnfuctme of country cloth, shoes, ornaments, rope,
furniture, are carried on, but need not be noted atlength.
Fnirs.
The principal fairs are t11e Dlwali nod Baisakbl: tl1e former in
November and the latter in April. The Dlwali ft•oH~al is held on
the day. of tl•e new moon in the Hindu month. or Katik, and may
be co.nsidered to symbolise the death, as the Bnisllkhi svmbolises
the bnth of animnl veaetation. For an account or the "·Diwali at
Amritsar" see the O;lcu!!a Review for 1881, a•·tio\es by Mncauliffe.
The ,following figures showing the number of cattle brought to these
 Amrltsar District.]
CHA.P. VL-TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND CANTONMENTS. 67

fairs during the pnst three years will give an idea of their magni- Chapter VL
tude:-
.Dimli- 1880. 18810 1882. TOWIIII, Munlclp~rr
lities and Canton·
Cows and buffaloes 62,284 ..• 30,490 .. f 61,802 menta.
Horses aud mules 2,926 .•. 2,Q72 .,. 2,8-l? Faim.
Camels 2,058 ••• I,l72 ••• 1,304
BaUtikhi
Cows and bolfaloes •• 79,181 ... 9~,129 ... 82,155
Horses and mules 2,596 ... 2,847 ... 8,420
Camels ... ... 1,793 ... 1,248 .•• 1,516 •
More than 150,000 people come to Amritsar from all parts of
the Pnujab for these fairs.
The tank of Amritsar in which the celebrated Golden Temple ObjcctR of interest,
, stands, and of which the history hns already been related, is 510 in"titntious nnd
public buildings.
feet square, hnving steps leadin!l' down to the water. The temple
is 40! feet squnre and stands in the centre of the tank upun a pint-
form 67 feet square~ It is connPcted with the north side of the
tnnk by a marble causeway. The outer walls from within about
six feet of their bnse; and the minar8 nn<l the domes are covered with
copper gilt plate•, which present a very striking ,and l1andsome
appearnnce. The first plate was put on by Maharaja Rnnjlt Sin,!!h in
1803. The temple, in comparison with iL• shrroundings, is, in height,
rnther stunted ; but from its holatAd position and being nearly sur-
rounded by water, this want of loftiness does not strike on observer,
or detract from the beauty of the building in other respects. The
border or sides ot the tank are of an average width of 25 feet, and
are covered with a pavement of marble and other stone. l'he
temple is a square of 40 feet 4 inches, and stands upon a platform 67
feet square in the centre of the tank. It is connected with the
eastern side of the tank by a marble causeway, 203 feet in len~tth.
Opposite the entrance to the causeway is the "Aka\ Bungah"
. (pavilion -or immortality), in which the pahl, or Sikh rite of
baptism, is administered to converts.• 'l'he temple itself is
square with a dome-shaped roof conted with copper' gilt.
Its walls throughout are of marble, the spoils of Jahanglr's tomb
and other Muhammadan monuments, and are adorned with inlaid
devices of figures and flowers. Within it lies a copy of the Granth,
• The following statement is interesting a.~ showing the number of persons bap-
tised at the Ak&l Bungab during a period of ten years, The numbers will be seen
to show a steady, though not uniform decrease : -

On On On other On On
'I' ear. Baia&khf. Oiw&li OCXIUioaa Tot.&.r.. Year. BaiM.kb( DfwUI On other Toft.L.
feat.i•al. foatival. feeUn.l. festiYal occuioDI.

11010
1861
... •••
... ..."""
6,.
516
800
131
121
1,4'11
1,196
187S
1878
.........
"'
......... ...... "'".. ,,.,..
610 310 149
IO<
1.020

...
'"

..
1,119 663 180 2,06t 030 1,176
,,.
186> 1874
186. ......
'" 140 1.715 1875
.,.
......••• .,... ..... ...... .... ... ....,.
.
1SM 105 1,269 1876 010 16

......... • ,
1... 316 170 1,170 1~77 610 116 J,.'iOii
18. . 101 1878 •9.'4)

.........
1861
.....
1868
1810
1871
.........
...
1,0116

...,
270

....,. .....
610
300
367
'1. .
30
110
no
1,733

003
1,026
•••
1870 "'
1880
1881
1....
1883 , :::
. ... ...
600
'120

.....,
630
616
7:!:5
930
105 1,2/H~
1,420
930
t.soo
1.21.1z
 [Pulljab G:azottoer,
68 CHAP. VI.-TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND CANTONMENTS.

Chapter VI. wat.checl·over by attendn~t priests, by whom, _morning, nnd evening-,

- pnssnges are recited fa·om Jts pngoes to the wor•h•ppers. These att~nd
Towns, Muft!c!par dnilv in numbe'rs always con•idernble, and swelhng on t.he occasiOn
lities and ~anton· of the Iar.,erofesti vals to enormous crowds. It is a precept of the
men ' GurU. thathis follqwers in Amritsar shonld visit the Darbar Sahib
O~i• c.18 °
ms 11 1 u1toM
.1 lntearncsdt, at least once~ day. 'fhose who attend in the morning bat.hA in
. •
· public buildings, the tnnk before prdceedmg to thetr evot10ns.
• d · Tlte tnn k ts
• fill ed
by a branch of the Hasli canal, dng for the purpose shortly before
the commencement of the present centnry.
'l'he Maharaja Rnnjlt Singh spent large snms on adorninl<'
the temple, and since his time the ruling chiefs and sardar·s of
the province have been liberal in presentin!!' the temple. with l!'ilt
plates and in defrn;ving the cost of other improvements. The
cnuseway leading to the temple is approached from a qnadrnngle
facing the AMI Bungah (pavilion of immortality) throngh an
archway called the darslwi darroaza, or l!'at'e of prayer. The
marble pavement of the qnadrangle is laid in beautiful designs
in combination with granite and other stone. The pa!.l or Sikh
bnptismal rite is administered in the Aka! Bnngnh, and .here are
kept the arms snid to have been used by Gurus Hargobind and
· Gobind, in charge of the followers of the latter, called Akaljs.
Every night the Granth, or holy book of the Sikhs, is bronght
from the Golden 'l'emple, and placed for cnstody in the Aka!
Bungah. Surrounding the tank nre bungas or pavilions, 70 in
number, belonging to ruling chiefs and sardtfr•s of importance.
'fhese bungas are used as resting-places for the owners, their fl'iends
or followers, when visiting the temple. On the east side stnnds
t.he clock-tower, a red brick Gothic structnre, commenced in 1862-63
nnd finished in 1873-74. It was desi~ned by the late John Gordon,
1111 Execntive Engineer of the D. P. W., and was intended to adorn
the quadrangle of the town buildin~rs. After the tower had been
commenced, the site of the town buildings was changed, and the
tower was· carried to completion. On the so nth side are two lofty
mina•·s erected by the Ramgharian family. From the top of these
a splendid view of the whole city can be obtained, as a\so from thA
Baba Atl, n seven-stoa·eyecl tower of peen liar dPsign, with a gilt
<lome, to the south-west of the temple. 'fhis tower was built from
funds rnised by subscription in A.D. 1798 in honour of th~ son of
Gnrl!. Hnrgobind, whose name it bears.' It occupies the place where
the body of Baba Atl was burnt. At the time of his death Atl
was seven years of age, hence the seven storeys. A popnlar story
~onnected with the mnnner, of Atl'• death mav be related. Baha
At! lmd a play-fellow, by name Mohan, with whom· he made aud
won a bet at play, pro.mioing to jl;O to Mohan's house the following
morning and claim it. On his arrival he found that Mohan had
died dnring the night from the effect of a snake-bite. He touche<!
Mohan's body and ha·ought him to life. The people at ~mea fell
dow~ and ~urshipped him, and went in a lar"e body to make
offermgs to Guru Hargobind, who was sitting ';.t his usual place,
t.\ae platform of the Akal llungnh. The Guru was ·surprised and
~njl;ry .with his son,snying thnt ." Gnrus should display their powers
lU purtty of<doctl'ine nnd holiuess of living." Atl ret>aired to th"
Amrttsar :D!strict.J
CHAP. VI.-TOWNS, ~IUNICIPALIT!ES, AND CANTOlUIEliTS. 69

Kaulsar-tank, where he laid down aud died. The tower erected Cltapter VI.
to his memory is deemed sacred ; devotees when entering and lenv- T M nl 1
ing touch the threshold of the door witb their forehl!llds. At this u:i':;'u.d ~m:'t!'::
place alms are d ..ily distributed to a large number of the poor. ments.
l'his custom took its origin at the time of Bal5a A\I's death. A Object. or inte.... t,
Jaithful servant-was observed sitting ou the plaee where the body in•titntion• nn•l
was burnt, weeping ·and saying that he had now no one to feed him. public bui1Uio!,'8.
l'he pMsers-b.v commiserated with him, pressed bis legs, and sent
!tim offerings of food.
At the north-east end of the Civil Lines is situated the Rant
'Bligh garden, probably the most beautiful garden in the Province.
The foundations of the buildings in this garden were laid and the
l!arden marked ontjn Sambnt 1876 (A.D. 1819) by Mahar~jn Rnnjit
Singh, on the site of an old tr.ud f01·t, constructed by a chief of the
Bhangi{m mial. 'tJte buildings nod gardens were completed iu
ten years, or in Sam bat 1886. ·The gardeu wns enclosed by n
masonry wall about 14 feet high, and a mud wall with a rampart
capable of carrying guns ; without the outer wall wns a moat,
filled with water from the old Hasli canal. On the south side facing
the Ram Bagh Gate of the city there were two gates connected
by a bastion, capable of offering resistance to an attack. The
outer gate is now occupied by the police, and is known as the
Sadr Thana; the inner gateway still ,stands, and is in very good
preservation. On the top of this gateway a beautifully carved
red-stone bttradari wns erect•d, and may still be seen. Within
the garden the following buildings were erected : the C:e11tral
Building or palace, used by the Mnh81'1ija a.• a country seat when
he used to visit Amritsnr during the Baisakhl, the Di1vali and the
Daserah; this co•t R•. 1,25,000 : now used as au Institute, .
Library, &c. Jal btlrtidari Ol' bath, fm· the use of the Maharaja
and his sardars : now used as a station bath. Cost R§. 20,~00.
At the four corners of the central building small bartidaris were
erected for the use of R~jas Sucheyt ~ingh, Dhyau Singh, Hlra
.Singh, and Miau· Lab Singh. Of these only two remain : one is
used as a station school, the other, formerly used as the Deputy
Commissioner's Court, is empty. On the northceast and east sides
were large buildings with passages through them ; two are donble-
otoreyed and were occupied by- attendants ; these cost about
Rs. 68,000, and may still be seen. That on the we•t side has a beauti-
ful red-stone carved frontage, executed by workmen brought from
Delhi by Fnqir Azizudln. The buildings were constructed under
the supervision of the Faqlr and Sardar Desa Singh and Lehoa
Singh, M:\j{thia. The garden bad two rows of fom.1tains, from east
to west; of these na tmce no1v rent:~ins, and of the five wells only
four remain. At the angles of the inuer wall small Mrjis or
kiosks were erected ; these may still be seen. The cost of the whole
work was Rs. 2,14,200. · •
To the north-west of the city and about 900 yards from the
wall is the Fort of Govindgarh, built by Maharaja Ranjit Singh
between A.D. 1805 and 1809. It is said this fort was built at the
suggestion of Holknr, as a place of safety for the stal.e trea•ure
which the Maharaja was in the habit of depositing with oue Him a-
 l:E'1U1lab G:azetteer,
70. CHAP. VL-TOWNS, MIJNlCJPALITIES, AND C4.NTON:IIENTS.

Chapter Vel. )nand, a wenlthy banker of the city. The fort was named nft.er
- the last Guru of the Sikhs, Gobin<l. Singh. It is strongly built,
fi~;vnsa.nf~~~pa.- but conld not l'mg stand a siege .with gu•ts of large calibre. It
es menta. on· commands the cit:r and the railway st:\tion. The block of city
Ob. 18 1 . tc t buildings or 'fown Hall is a large and lofty brick structure com-
.: '
~~:t~tuUo~~ menced in 1864 f..om designs by John Gordon, and finished
public buildings. in 1870 nt a cost of l! lnkhs of rupees. The frontage is 264
feet in length and the height 40 feet. There is Rn arcade
.through the centre 20 feet wide, for the convenience of
traffic. From the road to .the top of the arcade the height
is 35 feet. Two small domes or cupolas adorn the centre of the
front block. The east an<l. west wings are 100 feet long by 27 feet
ltigh. The building provides accommodation for the Cottrt of Small
Ctmses, the head-quarters City Police, the Municipal offices, a free
library, and a meeting-room. This latter is 80 feat long by 2~ feet
wide, 40 feet high, with a small ga11er.v at one end. Close to the
Town Hall is the Government Collegiate School, a fine building
similar in style to the Town Hall, which may be described as Eliza-
bethan. Immediately behind and adjoining the school is the Kaisar
Bagh, a public garden or pleasure-ground, on the site of one of thu
old dlwbs or monster cess-pools of the city. The site on which the
Town Ha11 and a part of the school stand was in years past used as
n cremation ground. On the west side of the Kaisar Bagh stood the
Fort of the Ahluwalia misl: a hastion mav still he seen.
To the east of this garden and near the Maha Singh Gate is the
Church Mission house, a double-storeyed spacious building of some
urchitectural pretensions, in the centre of a small but neatly kept
garden, enclosed. by a wall. This building is at present occupied
by Mission ladies, whosa work is among the people. The Mission
School near the Guru Bazar is an old but handsome building. Out-
side the Malta Singh Gate is another double-storeyed building, used
ns a Normal school for the training of masters. 'fhis institution is
supported by the Christian V.ernacular Educational Society. In the
centre of the civil station a handsome double-storeyed building has
recently been constructed by the Church Mission Society, known as
the Alexandra School, for the edncnt.ion of Native Clrristinn girls of
the better class. St. Paul's Clmrch is a snb•tantial and, from an
nrchitectut•tll point of vie•v, unpretentious building, with a spire at
its north-west corner. Its acoustic properties are not speci:llly
fnvourable. It contains abont 200 sittings. The Native Chl'i•tian
Church, situated ont.ide the Rim Bagh Gate of the city, which has
jnst been enlarger\ and improved, is a plain substantial building,
similar in style to the Roman C..tholic Chapel, situated bet1veen
Fort Govindgarh and Cl\ntonments.
Between the Civil Lines and Cantonments, and distant about a
mile from the .city, nre the Distriot<..ourts and: Treasury. 'l'hey
occupy a ltandsome red brick bnilr\ing, with an imposinl( donble-
st<>reyed frontage and two side win~ts·. The block was constructed
by Government, and occupied in 1876. The railway. station is in
t.he style of most other large stations, a long iron-roofed building,
but with rtl.ther n handsome front, surmo1inted by n neat railii1g and
a ll;~g-stall'. 'fhere are two plaLforms and an overway. J lll!l outside
Amrlt= :D!.stnct.]
CHAP. VI.-TOWNS, ~ruNICIPALITIES, AND CANTON~!ENTS. 71

tl1e station are the ttnihvay Hotel and the Canal offices. The latter C"..sapter VI.
orcnpv a large sqnRre building, till recently known as the "AmritsRr T Muoi
1
Hotel:" Close behind this building is the d3.k bungalow. On the li~:'~d o~t~::
south side of the railway stl\tion facing the fort io a hRndsome build- ments.
iogo known as Snnt Ram's Hou•e, built in 1875. It was in tbis Objects of iolerCilt,
building that H.R. H. the Prince of Wales ~as entertained at n in•titution• and
luncheon given in honour of his visit in January 1876. The remain- public builwogs.
ing' public buildings nod offices are the Commissioner's 10ffice on the
. Civil Station Mall, the Government Tele~traph Office outside the
Hall Gate, the ObonitRhle Dispensary between the Ram Bagb gRrden
and the Ram Bagh gate of the city, Archer's Steam Flour and Oil
"Mills clo•e by the Ram Bagh Sarai belonging to SRrdar Harcharn
Das, and the tal..tl on the extreme east of the civil station. The
Post Office occnRies a private building near the Church and the
Native Christian Male Orphanage. All the principal shops which
Rupply the wants of the European community Rro situated inside the
Hall Gate, also a handsome sarai built by Khan Muhammad Shah,
Kh{m Bnhadur, Honorary Mo•gistrate.
The Jail is situated just outside municipRl boundaries, between
the Fattehgarh and Majitbia roads, which are ~oooected by the circu-
lar road. This Jail was occupied in 1875, and the old Jail inside
the city at ~he Hall Gate was purchased by the Municipality; the
walls and buildings of the former having been built ·of pise,
•offered severely in the rains of 1875-76. The District Police
(Reserve) lines, or barrack, is situated near the Charitable Dis-
pensary on the side of the railway line, the M uuicipal Police
being accommodated in barracks built along the city wall at the
Ram Bagh, Snltanwind, Gilwali and T,ahori Gates. Inside the city
are two Brauch Dispensaries. and a )liidwifery Ho•pital, supported
by the Municipality. There are, in addition, a Dispen•ary and one
or more branches supported by the Medical Mission, and a Hospillll
(St. Catherine's) for females, supported by the Zen{ma Medical
Mission, The most handsome ma•:iid• are those built Ly the lute
Muhammad J{m, Honorary Magistrate, near the Town Hall,
and Sheikh Khairudfn, Honorary Magistrate, inside the Hall Gate.
The idgal• is situated opposite the Dispensary outside the Ram Bagil
Gate. , ·
There are, besides the tank of the Darbar Sahib or Golden
Temple, four others of a sacred character, uiz., the Bantokaar ( 499'
x 368') the most ancient, having been dug by Gun1 Ram Das in
A. D. 1567. Ramsar (80' X 69') was made by GurU. Arjan, son of
Guru Ramdas, in A.D. 1603; Kaulsar (42l'x178'); and Babekaar
(247'x 1113') were made hy GurU. Hargobiod, the former in A.D.
1621, and the latter in the following year. The Kaulsar (from
ka11l, lotus) was built to the memory of the Lahore Kazi's daugh-
ter, a favourite concubine, who was abducted by, or as ~e Sikhs say,
became enamoured of, the GurU. and who died childless. The Babek
was built, as the name signifies "atonement," for some fault. The
other tanks are: Bam Ta/ao (80' ')( 67') on the Jullnndar road
near the taluu. J!alyar~ Singh (133' ')( 130')-uev the above.
Lacltmo.n Sar (213' ')( 152')-not much used. Pretam Das 1137' ')(
1:!5') not much used. Sa11ndera or Chungi (277' X 181 ')-built
 [Punla.b Ga.zotteor,
72 CHAP. VI.-TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND CANTONMENTS.

~ during tlte time. of Mr. C. B. Saunders as Deputy Commissioner, nnd

Chapter VI. from clnm.q£ or octroi funds, at a cost of Rs. 23,877. Durgw11a
Towns Munlclpa.- (541' ~ 432")• under Fort Gohindgnrh, held •ac•·ed hy the Hindu•,
lities and Canton- as it is SUI"I'OUIIded"" many temples and devidwaras. The principal
·mente. cremation ground is close to the east corner of the tank. Kisltn
Ohjccl:llofintcrl!!lt, Si11gli (153' ~ 21') ~n Civil lines. :/Jfahesli Da8 (130' ~ 130')-
in•t~tutio!'s.anu just finished; outside the Chattarvind Gate of the city. The Golden
pubhc bulluwgs. •r
emp Ie, San toksal', R'atm~nr, K nnIsnr, Bn1leI{Snr, nn d R'amta1no al'e
supplied with wnter from the Bari Doab Cnnal through what was at.
one time known as the Hasli cnnal cut, dug before the beginning
of the present century. The
Llmlt1 of
Enumeration,
Ymor~
COOilll, P-eriODS. Malea, ll'emaloa. other tanks also receive canal
water throuj!h the Jaitowat
Rn,il>aha, 11 branch of the
Whole town ... I .... \'·"·... 1..... 66,4'20
1881 1,61,8fl6 86.7U 65,181 Bari Doab Canal.
Population n.nd vital The population as a•cer-
-~-
statistics,
.MnnioipallimitI
{ IRBBI!,SS,176
\876 1,42,381
...... ... tained at the enumerations
1881 1,60,663 ... ..."' of 1868, 1875, and 1881 is
. shown in the margin.
It 1s dtfficnlt to nscertnin the precise limits wit-hin which the
enumerations o£ 1868 nnd 1875
POPUL.l'fln•.
were taken ; but the details in the
Town or Suburb. mnrgin, which give the population
18GB, 1881.
o£ st1b111'hs; th•·ow some light on
Amritlar City
Ow!ll1andi
Min or Suburb•
Civil Linoe
, ..
,,,
... }1,31,087
...
Pollee Llnt~l, Jail and
f'·"·"·•••
2,413
1,798
the matter. 'rhe fignres for the
population within municipal limit.•,
according to the Census o£ 1868,
RRilway Qoartera ,,. J,RR8 ].IJ7li are token from the published tables
Cantonment• ... ·2,638 1,~31 of the Census of 1875; hut it
wns noted at the time that their
accnrncy wns in many cases doubtful. 1t would appear from infor-
mation supplied l)y the
lliBTII RJ.TBI, Ds&TH ll.a.TBa.
Deput.y Commissioner
that the cantonments
were exclr.<led from mu-
•·
. . ....
.; nicipal limits between
Year. •c
~
• .. .~
)!I ~
•
8

..
"'
•
c
,;::
0 :1
~
•
8
•
1868 and 1875.
con•titntion of the
The

pulation hy religion nnd

po-

1868 ...
1809 ... ... .... .. ... ~7
70
~7
67
~8
72
the number of occupied
l1onses are shown in
1870 ...
000

19 18 22 29 ~6 89 'l'nble No. XLIII. De-

1871 ... 28 29 25 19 17 22
1872
1878 ...
... 28
37
14
20
19
17·
26
47
23
48
30
62
tails of sex will be found
in Table XX of the
1~74
1876
.....
60
46
~7
28
28
. 29
41 ' 87
62 5o 71
43 Census report of 1881 •
1876 ... 19 ss The ammal birth and
=~
19 71 69
1877 17 17 41 86 46 death rates per mille of
IS78 ...···~
49 9l 91 72 69 76
1879 ... 88 17 17 81 78 84 population since 1868
1~80
1881
...... 48
48
29
•2
21
21
89
120
85
lOS
48
146
nre given in tbe mar!,tin,
A.'frl'f'l2'41 SR .. 20 19 ' 58 50 62 the bnsis of cacnlation
being in every case the
figures of the most recent Census.'
 .Amrltsar District.]
CHAP. VL-TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND CANTONMENTS. 73
The actual number of births and deaths registered during the Oh4}1ter VI.
last five years is shown iu Table No. XLIV. • T Monic!
A few wards should be said about the great fever epidemic that ll~d Oan~::
raged in Amritsar in the summer of 1881. The"outllren.k first at- menta. .
trn.cted attention about the 9th of September, when the number of Populntion and vital
den.ths reached 3!l. On the 30th the number wn.s 206. The greatest statistics.
mortality iu one day from the disen.se was 221 on 3rd October; on
•that date the daily report of deaths from all causes showed 268. · The
fearful mortality during October-5,788 persons-was sufficiently
appalling to create terror in the stoutest heart. Business was almost
entirely suspended, thousands fled from the city from fear, and the
majority of those who remained were occupied in· tending the sick,
the dying, or the dead. Such a dire visitation has never within the
. memory of living nf(ln been known iu Amritsar, though in Hl67 a
similar, epidemic is said to have carried ofF between ten and twelve
thousand people, and reduced the Census figures of 1868. Between
the lOth August and 31st December, 1881, the total numbe•· of
deaths registered was-Christinns 1, Hindus 5,742, Muhammadans
8,391, sweepers 534, or a total of 14,568 souls.
J andiala is in the Amritsar talUJll ; the head-quarters of a police Jandi.Ua town.
sub-division (tlutna) and situated on the Grand Trunk Road, 12 miles
south-east of Amritsar, in latitude 31° 50' 45'1 north,. longitude
74° 37'east. Its population, according to the Census of 1881,
was 6,535 souls. There is a municipal committee of the 3rd class
here, consisting of two official and six non-official members,
nominated by the Deputy Commissioner. The average annual
income is Rs. 3,000, derived almost entirely from octroi. The inci-
dence of taxation per head seldom exceeds 14 annas. The municipal
income for the last few years is shown in Table XLV. The Police
force consists of 13 municipal and 15 imperial, or 28 men. The
S. P. &. D. Rail way runs within a mile and a half of the town. The
rail way station and town are connected by a good metalled road.
There is an encamping ground, supply dep&t, Barai and rest-house on
the side of the Grand Trunk Road. There is a branch Mission here
in charge of a lady Missionary, a mission school, and dispensary. The
Snbraon and Kasur branch of the Sari Doab Canal runs within a mile
and a half to the east o£ the town.
JandialR was founded' by a colony of Jats, Rod the town named 1
• after Jand, the son of the founder. It is surrounded· by a mud wall 1
and has seven gates. It boasts of a Darbar Sahib and a Guru, be-
cause one Bawa Handul (temp. A.D. 1561) was granted a manji or
mll8nad by Guru Arjan. The place has no historical interest, beyond
the fact that in A.D•. 1762, when held by a Hindu Guru by name
Naranjani, it was invaded by Cbarat Singh, the grandfather of
Maharaja Ranjit Singh, to punish Naranjani, who had macle submis- .
sion and taken service with Ahmad Shah, and hence ha(l incurred
the ven""eance of the votaries of Guru Gohind. The town is cele-
brated for the manufacture of plain brass nnd copper vessels,
which are exported to all parts.. The population as ascErtained at
 [hl:l.ja.b lla.zattaar,
74 CHAP. VI.-TOWNS, !lUNICIPALITIES, AND-CANTONMENTS.

.(lhapter'VI. ·the ennmerntions of 1868; 1875, and 1881 is shown qn the

-
Towns,Mnnicipa.- next pnO'e • c
Uties and Canton· Limita or"'Eoun::.eration. Year of Ccn&ua. Peranna. MaJe1. Females.
menta.
J nndtala town.
Whole town
<
... { 1868
1881
6,079
6,535
3,795
3,463
8,18'
3,072

1868 6.979 ... ...

Yunicipalli.mita ... { 187&
1881
7,037'
6.63D
.
...
... I ...
...
The constitutton of the populatiOn by t·ehg!On and the nurqber
Majltbin town. of occupied houses are shown in Table No. XLIII. Details of sex
will be found in Table XX of the Census report of 1881.
Majithia lies in the Amritsar tahstl, ten miles north-east of
Amritsar, in latitude 31" 45' 30" north, lorigit\\de 75° l' east. Its
population, according to the Census of 1881, was 6,053 souls, chiefly
aooriculturists. There is a municipal committee of the 3rd class, cousist-
i;;,. of two official and silc non-official members. The income is
principally derived !'rom octroi, and averages nearly Rs. 1,000 per
annum. Details for past years are shown in Table XLV. The inci-
dence seldom exceeds four annns. Mnjlthin is connected with Amrit-
sar by a kaclta road. Five miles to the north-east of the tow'n is the
Knthu Nanga] station of the Amritsar and Pathimkot railway, a
tMna, sarai, and rest-house. The mainpranch of the Bari Doab Canal
·runs between Majithia and Kathu Nanga!, the lands of both places
1being irragated ft·om it. Majfthia was founded by one Madhu, ·a
. Jat of the Gil clan. He was the eldest son of his father, hence the .
villa"'e was called Madu Jitha,jitna meanin~t in the Punjab{ "eldest
· son"owhich was subsequently contracted to Majithia. Madu was the
· ancestor of the Mnjithia Sardars, some of whom held high positions
of honour in the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, and are not un-
known to history. Sardar Leima Singh, the father of Sardar Dya\
Singh·, was a mnn of considerable political and social influence, and
of a mechanical turn of mind. His son is a lender of the educated
and liberal class of Punjabis. There is a mission school~tt Majithla,
and a dispensary main-
Year of
Limite ofEnumoration, Censo.s. Penona Males. Female., tained from distl'ict
. funds. · The town is one
Whole town ... { 1868
1881
8,608
6,063 .....
"·""'
3,665
3,208
of the minor trade marts
of the district. 'rhe po- •
-..... - pnlation as ascertained
Municipal limite
\r e.oo•
......
......
... ~~ 0,063 ...... .....;, nt1868, the enumerations of
1875, and 1881
is shown in the margin.
The constitution of the population by religion and the number
of occupied houses are shown in Table No. XLIII. Details of sex:
will he found in Table XX of the Census report of 1881. · .
Bund&la town. . Bundala is situated nine miles south·enst of the city of
Amritsar in latitude 31° 32' north, lonooitude 75° 2' 40" east ·
and contains a population of 5,101 soul~. The inhabitants ar~
almost . er.tirely agriculturists. The place is a large rural centre
and is deserving of notice solely on that. account. : The popu:
 Amrttw :District.]
CHAP. VL-TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND CANTONMENTS. 75

lation as ascertained at the enumerations of 1868 and 1881 is aSapter VI.

shown in the margin, · -
Year of Census. Persons. Mal ea. FemaJee. The constitution of the popnla- fi~rns· f~~
- tion by religiei aad the number es :enta. n-
...... 6,101 2,783 2,329
1888 6,287 2.958
1881 2,318 of occupied !louses are shown in
Table No. XLIII. Details of sex
will be found m Table No. XX of the Census report of 1881.
Y airowal cum Kerishabr Darapur is a municipality of the 3rd VairoWlil town.
class, consisting of two official and six non·official members. The
· municipal income amounts toRs. I ,500 on an average per annum,
and the incidence on a population of 6,640, according to the Census
of 1881, seldom exceeds four nnnns. • Details will be found in Table
No. XLV. Vairowal is situated on the right bank of the Bias, 26
miles to the sontlj,.east of Amritsar, opposite to the Kapurthala
territory. The river is crossed by a ferry. There is some trade in
timber, wllich .is brought down the Bias from the hills. Voirowal is
of no importance historically or commercially. A member of an
' old family of the town was a disciple of Baba Nanak, hence the
place is some times known as Vah·owal Bauagan. Govind wal,
where Guru Amr Das and Ram Das died, and Kadur, where Guru
Angad lived and died, are close to Vairowal. Fairs are held
ann)lally at Govindwal and Kadur (where there is a temple), to
which people flock in large numbers from all parts. These people
pass through VairowaJ or rest there. From this circumstance the place
is better known than it would otherwise be. There are a tlutna, school,
post office, and
Limits of Enumeration. Cenaw. Year of Persons. police rest-house
Males. Females.
here. Some good
net fishing may
Whole town ... { 18811868 6,620
6,409
3,288
2,718
3,232
2,691 be had in the river
---- - 1868- --
6,620 ...... ...... just under the town
{
Municipal limits ... 1876
1881
6,958
6,409
.......
..... ......
...... during the cold
weather months,
and some duck
shooting. Some years ago deer were to be had about Govind wal and
Sirhali, but since the floods of 1875 and 1876 they seem to have dis-
appeared. The population as ascertained at the enumerations of
1868, 1875, and 1881 is shown in the margin.
It is difficnlt to ascertain the precise limits within which the
enumerations of 1868 and 1875 were
l'OPVL&.2IOB'o taken ; but the details in the margin,
Town or Suburb which give the population of suburbs,
1868. 1881. throw some light on the matter. The
figures for the population within muni-
Vairowil town ...
Dara~
Kiri .
........
... 1,298
2....
8,218
1,963 cipal limits, according to the Census of
. 1868, are taken from tb8 published
tables of the Census of 1875; bot it was
noted at the time that their accuracy was in many cases donbtfol.
' The constitution of the population by religion and the ·number of
occtipied houses are shown in Table No. XLIII, Details of
sex will b6 found in Table No. XX of the Censns report of 1881.
Sirhali Kalan is a large agricnltnral town with a population Si:h4li KaJao.
of 5,197, situated 12 miles south of Tarn Taran on the trade route
 76 CHAP. VI.-TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND CANTONMENTS.

Chapter, V:t. betwPen Amritsar and F1rozpur, or midway between Tam Taran
and Hariki n~r the junction of the Bias and Satlej rivers. The
~tryms, W'lr~ public buildin«s are the police tlu<na and sarai. There is also an
tles :ents:u' • ~ • encamping-ground which _is n.o~
. u . Kal'- Year of Oenrua. Pertona.• 0 Ma1et. Femalea. seldom or never used. S1rhali 1~
thruuli . ..... ---'--- ----- ---
1869 ... 4,837 2,676 2,161
known as the centre oflocal com-
1881 ... : 5,197 2.888 a,sos merce from whence surrounding
villages draw their supplies. The
population as ascertained at the enumerations of 1868 and 1881 is
shown in the margin.
The constitution of the population by relis;-ion and the number of
occupied houses are shown in Table No. XLIII. Details of sex
"'ill he found in Table XX of the Census report of 1881.
'TIU'Il T!lrru>. Differ~nt writers give different meanings te the name "Tarn
Taran." One Aays that it signifies "aiding· to swim across" ; another
"salvation," and a third "cleansing water." The first is the correct
meaning, and is connected with the tradition that the tank has mira-
culous healing effects on persons a!Ricted with the leprosy who swim· ·
across it. Tarn Taran 1 the head-quarters of a tahafl or sub-division of
the district, is situated half-way between Aml'itsar and the Hariki Gaht,
near the junction of the Bias and Sntlej, and 12 miles to the south
of Amritsnr in north latitude 31° 28" enst longitude 74° 58" lt was
founded by Arjan, the fifth Guru of the Sikhs, who built there a hu·ge
tank and on the north side of the t,.nk a Sikh temple, the dome of
which has been overlaid with gilded copper plates, after the style of the
Har Mandir of Amritsar. Three sides of the tank were made pakka
by Mahlmi.ja Ranjit Singh from materi11ls obtained from Naurang•
abad Snrtl.i, one of those built by the Great Mughal, to mark:
the royal road from Delhi to Lahore. The mythical powers of the
water of the tank in the cure .of leprosy would appear to have
been pronounced by Guru Arjan with the object of getting rid .of
persons a!Ricted with that loathsome disease from tjle sacred precinct~
of the temple at Amritsar. A large quarter of the town i~
inhabited by lepers, whp were in past times drawn t)lere by the
reputation of the place and settled .down. About a mile from the
to.wn there is an asylum for the reception of indiuent lepers from
nll parts of the Province. •At the present time there :re 230 inmates.
The expenses of the institution nre defrayed by the Municipality of
· Amritsar, and by contributions from districts whose lepers are
maintained in it. (See Chapter V, page 66.) At the north-west
corner the tank is a lofty column, built by Prince Nao Nihal Singh;
from tl1e top of wl1ich Amritsar carl be seen bv the aid of glasses.
of
Tarn Taran is the capital of the tract country known as the
Manjha or middle land, which extends from the Ravi ·to the Bias, the
nursery of the chivalry of the Native Army, and the home of ll
sturdy and otrong race of agriculturists. A mela is held here every
m?ntb, to -:vhich hlrge numbers of devotees resort. T)le Am3.vas
fatrs, held Ill. the months of March and Auuust, attract many
thousands, who bathe in the tank. The trade is purely local, though
~he town is ~tnated-in the midst of one of ·the most fertile tracts in
the ~ro..ince, and on the trade route between Firozpnr, Patti, ancl
Amntsnr. The town contains n population or· 3,210 ailcording to
the Census of 1881, nnd has a municipal committee of the Srd class
.Amr!.tw :D!atnct.l ·
CHAP. VI.-TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND CANTONMENTS. 77.
consisting of two official and six non-official members. The annnnl chapter VL
municipal income averages Rs. 3,000 and is derived chiefly from octroi • -
the incidence_of which is n~arly .Re. 1 per ann?~ due to the lnr~t; ~u~&nf~clpS.:
number of v1s1tors. Detn1ls mil be found 111 l'aBle XLV. A · menta~ton
metalled road recently made connects Tarn Taran with Amritsar,
Tam T&mn.
The. public buildings are the tahstl on the usual standard plnn, a
dispensary, post office,
Limits of Enumer .. Year of Persons. Males. FemalOJ.. school houses, tlulna,
ation. Census, sarai, and reslr house.
The Subraon branch
Whole town ... { 1881 3,210 1,850 1,360 Canal
1868 2,709 1,485 1,22<1 of t)te Bari Doab
· - -- - -- - -
{ 1868
Municipal limite ... . es7o
2,709 ......
......
.. .... short
flows within n
distance of the ·
town, and from this
1881
3,133
3,210
4 .....
······
...... the tank is supplied
' with water through n
channel recently constructed at the expense of the ltaja of Jbfnd.
The population as ascertained at the enumerations of 1868, 1875,
. and)881 is shown in the margin.
The constitution of the population by religion and the number
of occupi~d houses are shown in Table No. XLIII. Details of sex
will be found in Table XX of the Census report of 1881. .
. Ramdas is situated ·in the Ajnala talml, 12 miles north-east ot RO.mda. town.
Ajnala, in latitude 31• 58' 12" north, longitude u· 58' east. Itti
population, according to the Census of 1881, was 4,498. The
municipal committee is of the 3rd class, and consists of two official
and five non-official members. The income, which is shown in
Tabla XLV, is on an average Rs. 1,000 per annum, derived from
octroi. The incidence seldom exceeds four nouns per bend. The
\vntch and ward is performed by cluwkidars, eight in number, paid ,
from municipal funds. The town is difficult of access in the rainy
season, as .the Kirran or Sukbi stream, which is unbridged; runs
to the east and south of it.. The town was called after Guru
Ramdas, but was founded by Babn Budba,-n disciple of GurU. Nannk,
· · who was born and
Limits of Boum.eration. Year of Cenaue. Persona. >Ialai. Female• died here. There
.

-- is a small temple
in the town, also a;
jwholetown ... { 1869
1881
6,853
4,(98
3,1841
2,3<3
2,689
2,165
school. The place
- - is of no commercial
'{ 1868 6,853 ......
...... ...... importance. The
HUDioipallim.lta 1876
1681
6,257
4,488 ...... .......,J,••
population ns ascer-
tained at the enu-
meration of 1868, 1875, and 1881 is shown in .the· margin.
The constitution of the population by religion and the numb~r
of occupied houses are shown in Table No. XLIII. Dlltails of sex
will be found in Table XX of the Census report of 1881.
Of the towns containing less than 5,000 inhabitants, a few Other towna.
require special notice : -
Attdrl.-This is a large village on the Grand •Tronk Road,
having a •station on the· railway. The town wns foonded by one
Gaur Singh, a Jat of the Sidhu tribe. It is principally important
 T~a.'l:l G&zottao:,
··78 CRA.P.'VI.-TOWNS, ]I[UNICIPALITIES; AND CANTON~NTS.

•
dbapter VI. as the residence of the well·: known Sardars of Attar{, iieeceudants
of Gaur Singh. The family was of great importanca under the
Towns;·Munic-!>,·a- Sikh commonwealth, and also under Ranjlt Singh. The present
lities :e~t~~tc.1- representative •or t'be family enjoys large jdg£ra and is an Honorary
Magistrate; •
Other toivns. Ajnd'!a1-Ajnala is the head"qunrters of the tahail and pa1•gana
of ·that name, aud is a small village on the . Amritsar aad Siillkot
road, 16 miles uorth•west ·of Amritsar. 1'he Sakki stream; .
which is spanned 'here by an old bridge, built in the time of Sikh
rule, flows close by. 'l'he village was founded. by one Baga, a Jat
of. the ·Najar clan, ·who named it accordingly Najrala, which has
since become corrupted into Ajnala. .The. proprietary rights are,
still held by Najar Jats. The head-quarters of the tah8U, which
were formerly· at Saurian, were transferred to• Ajnala . on account
of its centrical position and its situation oq the Gujrfmwala. road.
It contains now ·a. tahail, court-house, police, tMnti, sarai, distillery,
dispensary, post office, and an Anglo-Vernacular grant-in-aid school.
The village itself is of no importance, and purely agricultural, On
the encamping gro1md is a large mound of earth which marks the
grave• of a body of mutineers, captured and shot by the civil autho-
rities in 1857•
. Raja Sansi.~Raja Ssnsi, a town of some note, as being the
res1dence of the Sindhauwalia family, is situated in the Ajuala par-
gana, seven miles north•west ot Amritsar, on the Sialkot road.
Raja Sansi was founded about the year A.D. 1570 by one Raja, a. Jat
uf the · Sansi tribe. Renee the name of· the town. With Raja.
was associated his brother Kirtu in the fouudina of the town, and the
latter is the common ancestor both of the Sin~hlmwalia family and
of M,aharaja .Ranj1t Singh. The pre~eut bead of the family is
Sardar lluksh1sh Sinab .son· of Sardiu Thakur Singh, but adopted by
the late Sardar Sha;tsher Singh. Sardar Bakshish Singh, who has
been nuder the• Court of Wards since Sardar Shamsher Singh's death,
catne of age in·April1884. There is a. post office at Raja Sansi
aud an Anglo-vernacular School. The most noticeable building in
the t?w!l is ·the• Sardar's house, a. handsome building finely decorat-
ed Within,
 . STATISTICAL TABLES
-.,- . APPXNDED rd TUB ·
. '
.

G A ·z E. 'I' T· E E R
OP THE

'' ABYA PBSS81 u LAifOilB.

' i! . [ Pulljab Gazetteer,

ST A!I:'If!ITICAL TABLER.
•
Page. Page~

·L-LCD.ding atalialict . ... Frontis· XXII. ....:Live Stock.· xiii

piece, .
'::nv
.. XXIIL-Occupations
!I.-Development iii
XXIV,:_Mnnufaotures ib,
IlL -Annual rainfall ... ib. •XXV.-River traffic
UIA:-Jdonthly , ~v
XXVL-Retail prices
• ...
·.n~a::_seaaonal , I ib,
XXVII.-Price of labour xvi
IV.-Temperature ih.
· XXVIII.-ltevenueoollections i(
V.-Diatribution of. pop~lalion
VI.-Mig.ation
v

ib.
XX:OC-Land revenue ib - .
XXX;-Asaigncd revenue. xyii ·
VlL-Religion-and Sex ···. vi
XXXI.-Bala.nce&, remisSions, ~e. ib.
vm.-Langnage ib. . '
XXXII.-Snles and mortgsgcs of land :xviii '
.IX. -:-Major oCastes -and tribes
.. vii I '

IX.o!I.-Min<n: .. ib•
XXXIII:-Stamps and registration
'XXXIIIA.-Registration
ib •
xix:
X.-Civilconditlon viii
XXXIV•.-:4cense tax . ib,
XI.-Birtbs·'and deaths ib. ',-, ···- .,
XXXV.~Exciso / ib.·
XI.A.- · · (montbly, .o.ll
ba.uaes) ,
u
ib, XXXVI~ District (unds
. ... XX

XLB.-, ,. ·I ·., fo,•er) ... -ix

'

XXXVIL-Schoola
.
... ib.
XII.-llifirmilico il>. XXXVill.-Dispensnries '. ':xxi
XIII,-EducatJon ib. XXXlX.-Civll and. revenue Iitigatioa . ib.
' '
,.XIV.-Surveyed and assessed..,.... ib, XL.-Criminal trials · :s:xii
. '
XV.~onures from Goyemment. X .. XLI.-Police inquiries •ib.
'XVI.-:, 1
;, • not from Governmeut ... xi. XLn ..:..oaols · ·~'
-1.'dii
XVII.~Governmeut Iande. XLIII.-Popnl&t.ion of towns ib.

_XlX,-Land acquired by Government ..• xii

' .
' ' XLIV.-Birtbo and deaths (towns) ...
XL ¥.-Municipal in~ome
.
xxiv-

XX.-Crop areO.s ib. . XLVA.- manuiact.u.rCJS XXV

"
XX!.'-Reut.ratea
. .and yield . xiii XLVI.~Polynietrical table·.
.: ' . ·', ... xxd
Amrltsar District. 1 w
Table No: n, showing DEVELOPMENT.
• •
1~ I~
1 8
'
DKT411& 18.11-M. 1858-50. II~ IBGS-80. 1811-74. IS78-7t,

Popl;ll&tloD. .. .. .. ..
. 85!,838 .. 803,2<0
Caltlvatod acr01. ·
• .. .. .. • .. tm',TSO 1Mt110 ,..,,.
Irrtgolod.....,. .. .. .. .. 803,1102 m,m tfo!,901
Ditto (from Govemment worb) .. .. .. •• 117,1109 llt,OU tT,l!M

Aseeasod Land Ravenue, rupees .. .. .. .. 12,85,749 10,10,483 lO,I<,NO

Rov8nuo from land, rnpoe. .. .. " .. o,sa,m S.IO,GOl . T,77,0DO
Grou rcve!luo, rupeu .. .. .. .. 12,74,107 ll,ST,OSO lt,A,SST

Number of kino
•• .. .. ..
...-
" 2tO,!GO 21C,706 174,058
aheep and goata .. .. .. 45,620 63,2.at u,na
..." oamclo
- .. .. .. .. 1178 1,024 ·sn
.. .. ..
IIU.ea of motaUed roads

"
unmetallod roo.da .. - ..
.. ..
..
.. .. } M< }
. ..
... 41
liOl
16

' "
"Ro.UwBJ3 " " •• 61

Pollceatafl .. .. .. 1,083 1,118 003 O!.S

Prlsonera convicted·
.
"

..
1,474 2,400 4,237 6,086

t4,s2t1
4,601
I •• 170:

ClvU aultl,-number 5,4-10 6,810 6,614 114,005 17,19

. -_valuo lil rnpoes
•
S,10,58l
'
5,85,058 6,74,587 9,1T,8d • 0,48,217 O,Bl,Odt

.. .. •
:Municipalltiea,-·DUDibcf'

"
-income In rupees

-
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
_j
..
'
8,21,020
1 2,18,230
• t,OIS,GOS
•

Di!penaarles,-numbor o[

"
-patlonta
Sehoots...;.,number of
..
.. '
. .. ..
..
' ..
""' ...
35,502
6
61,41Jt
.j
1. .
1!,171
e

ISS

. --eohola.rs .. "I ••
"
.. 9,1Da 10,087 s.tdt 1,060

NOTB.-'l'hae figuros nro taken from Tabloa Nos. I, Ill, VIII, XI, XV, XXI, XLI, XLV, L, LIX, and LXI of the
• , A.dminbtraUon Report. , ·
. " '1
Table No, ill, showing RAINFALL.
. 1
•I•I•I•I I 1·1·1 I 6 1 10 II
1~·1~· 1~·1~·1,·1~; 1 I~· 18

btro.t.L &&nrrA.LL m rmrrBt or u IWCIL

...
Bain1J1.1lg8 station.
" !:g
1
g ~
$ ~
; ,;::;
0
.. ·rt5 ~ ~ ~ "'..·- .: :r... ~
.!.
~
~
i tl rj
!i
= ... lo ~

·=t21J =...= ...

~
lo lo ! !
.

Amrl- (t&b.n) :. !55

= S!l =
~ ~

154 187 160 185

~
~

...
~ 138
~

... ...
4111
~ ~

107 ...
...,. ..."',. ...,.'" ......m ~
~

1141
Amrl-
.
...
..•• !.s8 ""' M• 202
211 .... ""
1118 181

. .. . ~J
102

...... ;: ... ~"' ~=~

2181· 208
.,.. ..
Taron Taron 170 128 1.. 616 218
BuchAr
1... ~"' tii ~ .,. .,. 168 164

...... ...... ...... ..·- -.... ...... ...... ...... ......

Aj.WO 1. . I"" 116 00 1..

JB.:~
'
.. .. .... 1.. 200 139
.... f,tj . ~ ~... ... ... ..1
Raya
Khanr
'
.. .. .. -.. .. .. .. .. .. •e
..
.... 170
1M
12b
100
 [Punjab Ga.zetteep,
Tabla No.·niA, showing RAINFALL at head-quarters.
• 1 . ·2
I s 1 s I s.
ANN'tt.U. AVBnAOZS. .ANNtrAL AVBa.t.OB&

RAinfall In Rainfall in
No. ofraiiiy \Pnthll of an '
lll\lNT~S.
No.ofra~ tentha of aq
~QI;T~B: dBya \n tach inch in each ' days in inch tn each
month- month-
- 1867
month-
to 1876, 1817 to 188~
1867 to 1876. ·month-
1867 to 1881~

-
' ~anuary '''. ..
•bru&r)'
HaTch
~
,.
'
......
....
:.
•'s I
.... 8
16
7
8
BepUnnbet
October
November
Dooombar
l8t OctobeT to 1st Jn.n:uaty ::
..
..
. . ·1
..
s
1
1
so
2
8
14
•
.. ..
Juno
July
A~
. .... 1
l
s
- 27'
75
G8
lst January to let A~ril
let A~ril to 1St OctO er
· ~'hole year
.. . 81
7
••
8S
.,. ' 216
262~

'f~-'lhe:IO fl~ros AN taken fro~ Table No. ;~1V ,of tb,e ~ven~e ~eport, and from: pe.ge Sl of the Famine Report.

1
.
2 I 8
l 4 I ••
AVEfi:A08 F~LL IN 'r8N'l'BS OF ~ INOB, FROM 1.878-74 '1'0 1877·78,

-
.
~~~~~'fl~~~
I l11t October tq·
lst~an~y.
I let Janunry to
·lat April.
I
1st April to
1st October.
.
. Whole yee.r.

.. .
~~
. .,, oc •.
..
.. . ..8 I 25
~
I 17S
111
201
·199
'

Table
. . • ~o.. IV', shoWin-g TEMPERATURE.
. .
.. I •' I • I • •• j . 10
~

'
.
1 s

TEl!j'ERATURE
1 0 j
P' SHADE (IN DE!GRE'J'lS FABRENBEIT).
7
' I 8
I
'~a.,v. July. .Deonnbb'.
·'
. ·....
YEAR.' .

d a ~

.
'
•.
.. . ......
lill ill
g
l I :a ill
~
•
~:a
-
~
:a• ~
:a
]
~
a
:a
1868-80·
1869-'1'0
..
.. ..
.. .... ......
.. .. .. .. .. .. . ..
' tsTo-n·
1871·72
.... .. .. 1~-o
100'0
74'0
• 70'0
'97"9
81"3
78'0
so·o
ss·o
so-o ...,.
55'89
.....
18711:-78
1B'rn-7'
1874.-7&
l873.7G
..
..
. 1u1·o
tes·o
109•0
M·O
-~1'() ···671
19"48
1011J
ns·o
lO.f:O
68'0
70-o
81•16
89•11

..
81-G
86"0
ss·o ..
29·G
ss·o .....
52'46

..
1976-TT
187T·i'8
..
.. ....
lU"O
....Ol·:l: 89'16
.... ....
'114.-d '76"0
..
..
91•66
..
.. ..
....
..
..
.... ......

I
.... .. .. ....
...... ..

I
1878-79
..
18i9-8Q
1880-8\ .... ..
.. 0 ....... --..__ , .... .. .. .... ..
-~1~ ... .. .. .. .... .. ..
..
- '.
.Amritsa.r District. 1
Table No. V, showing_ the DISTRlBUTION of POPULATION.
•
. '
1
• • • 6

TabaU T•h•U Toholl

llbtri"B Amri-- To...,
AJU!a.

Total aquan~~ mUe11 .. .. .. .... • 1~74 ... ....

..,.
T......

424
Cultivated square rnflee
CultunLble equaTe milea
••
•,
••
•,
Bqu.ore milea under crop& (average 1817 to 1881) .. •
1,198
16S
1,000
4«
81
307 ... 401
40
611
Total population
Urban popt~lation
....
..
.. ...... .... 8P3,2116
187,SOO -
490.418
)~,Mil
Hl,fl78
Ul,tl18
101,1711
4,4\JI
Rural population .. .. 706.867
...,
260,8311
.,.... 147,8d0 1N,151t

r . --
Total popullltlon per sqna.ro mUe
Rural populAtion per eq1W'e m~e
..
.. .... ..
.. «8
78ll
416
4<0
410

5,000 to 10,000 ...... ...... ..

......
..
..
1
• ••
.. ..1
•• .. •
... ... .. ..••.
8,000 to 5,000 ••
.... .... .. 18
4
2,000 to s,ooo
1,000 to 2,000
.•
•. .. ..
.... 21
115 • 1tl
n· 10

.... .... ....

500 to 1,000 .. SO< 104 no
~ Under liOO : •• • .. I1S 167 119
.. .. ..
......... . .......
f-4 - Total .. t,osa 848

· Occuptod houses. ' · Villages {Towns ' .... .... ..

..
32,248 2li,!ZSO 2,059
.. 88,907 29,186 S0.01S

UnoccupiedboU.Iea. {~fib;.
•
.... .... ..
..
10,8!i0
24,487
9,211.,
w:oo 6,708 8,071

Resident famUiea •• {~~!.: .... ..

..
.... 48,422
168,846
144,107
66,0~9
8,001
-64,912
1,1M
48,876

tlor&.-These ftgurts~ are takon from Tablca No•. I and XVIll of the Cen"tUI of 1881, except tho cultlnted, oul&urable
and crop areu, which are taken from Tabla Not. I and XLIV of tho Adm.iniatraUon Raport. •

Table No. VI, showing MIGRATION.

1 2 8
• I • PER 1,000
• I T
I a
JIALEfl D1anu:amcnr OJ' hnnoa.urna

DISTRICTS.
.
I
t i
]
Jl
OJ' 80TU IBJ:D.

.JI
]~ d ~
]
BY TABIU.a,

~J ~
~ ~

Umbdl& .. ..
.... .. ... '
1,095 .,. ,..... ...... ..,....""
Sl1
..- ......
. Ludhlana · 1,7&1 611

... ..... .....

J,l48 1,28B 77
.,.
=-
Jullundur 6,898 5,806 S1tl . 480 8,4M 2,676

..... ...... .....

HOAhiarpur .. .. 6,0.15 1,844 482 8,631 1,121
.. ..
.....
' 2,371 SO!i 57i 700 210 73
..
Sial'kot ...... ....
..
"86,'157
17,896
20,277
7,430 431 817
22,862
1,826
9,2M

...... ........ ..... ••....,

Laho"' .. 17,5-lB 41,48! 412 0,842 7,074 . a.Mt
.. .. .,.
......
Gujranwala 2,5-10 1,m f,S2 487 1,731 408 415
Perozoporo
Rawalpindi
..
..
..
.. .... 2,221 7,691
. !,807 f:24
817
7M 708
1,...
Jbelum .. ... .... 1.012
..,. 486
Gnjrat
:Mooltan
Monl:goDll!ll'J'"
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1,518

...
1<8
101
1,532
1,088 ...... " '"'......
6i4
676
.. ..
1,030
1~
8>
'17
17
.
Paobawar
NaUvo State.
N. W. P. &DdOudh.
KaohmJr . ..
..
..
..
. ..
..
..
7,018
6,1'!90
ll,M1
2,100
10,015
....
031
1>61
.4174
. ..
..
487
......, ...
807
4,722
1,912
1,.."18
14
t,'TlS 178
175

Non.-TheMI IJUI'CII are taken from Table No. XJ ~ ~ CeUUI P.e~ of .1811~ •
 [ l'unjab Gazette at";
Table No. VII, sb.Owing RELIGION and SEX.
1 2 I , 1· • ., 5 6 I 7 8 .

o
Dumuar.

__..__. 1~Amri---Uo<---.II--T-•nu.
---2'--------~----·----------.--J-P~•-no_n_•_·,_»__~_.._·~-F-•_~
--~----,-~-·

Al_nML---I------
___c· __
Tanm
T.ursu.e.
V!llagca, I
Pinona .. 808,266 450,418 261.676 201,172 'l05,SG7
•
llalaa 490,61M

Femaloa .. 118,668 92,427 320,641

118,841 U9,279 <8,096 189,992

Bllch> .. 216,397 92,o4.6- 88,1~ 91,957

Jatnl 812 166 146 312

Buddhiat.· .. I

9
. I 7
• 2

100,~ 191,830 104,556 116,821

' .. 869 5)8 862

'•
l othcn ~~d u~eelficd . 1 1 1
'
G22 6

ftunnll ' .• 220,716 188,Si6 100.769 10S,4U 114,882

1,549 793 7>9 768 222 ... ...

Wababla .. 541 306 2SS 22> 87

NOTB. Thoeo ftgtU'Oa are takon from. TILblca NoL Ill, IliA, IIIB of the Cell8UI of 18Hl.
'"

.
'
Table No, VIII·, showing LANGUAGES.
1
• . - I • I
Dl8TRIBOTlON BY 'lAHBILS.
6

.Language. Dia,trlct.

~
Tanm
Taran.· Ajn~.
I
llU:zduatani
&g.;
..
..
; . ..
..
..
..
..
..
••s&
1,288
.
. 3,555 .
1,202 ..
620
•
291-
61
Po.njabi .. .. ... ~T,066 896,278 261,125. 200,668
Pa!!ht.u .. •
.. ..
.. .. .. 6~6
'498 .6 1S
Knlhtnhi. -
c
.. .. .. 27.4~ 27,SOO 18, 1~7
· SiMhl ' .. ... .. ..7 ..1 .. '16· -
Penian .. .. .. .. 177 177 .. ·-
-'\ i:nslleb .. ..
I
.. .. I -· 419 412 7 . ....--
~O"J1,-Tht•e 61\lTCa aro _ta'k~n f~ Tabll\ No. IX of t.he CenaUI Report for 1881• ..
A.mritaar District. 1
Table No. IX, showing MAJOR CASTES and TRIBES.
1
I • • I• I • I • I· 7
I a
I '• 10

·' TOTAL Ntn~DENL Lua, aT J\&IJQIOl'l.

l!crial
No, --.---. Prop.,..
UoD pel'
lnConsu•
Tu.ble No.
VIllA.
-•
Cute or tribo.
. Penono. llaloa. FenWOI. Dindu. Sikh. I .
Job>. lluoal-
mlUe oC
......
popul&-

.. m.m
....n•
Total populu.Uon 89S,200 490,004 40'.!,57! HS,OOO 123,3111 IGO
.... ......
1,000
' 6
•
••• g~
Pnlhan
J•t
Rajput
......
-4,3-10
205,434
27,668
4,057
2 1M7
117,96•
16,316
2,199
'·""'
87,467
12,S!it
1,8>8
9,~:r.l
1.181
..
. ... &7::~..18
.... ......
V,Mi
21,107
llt,850
.....
2,lg{l
•

••
.
8 4,168 2,~3.5 1,833
..
•• ::!~h
7
\,/' .... 44,008
13,654
8,280
24,0S!S
7,311
20,625
6,S4S i:b86 B;M&
......
.2~m
,,,.,
00
16
··m
"'•
17 t:lbekh 4,156 4,124

.s s..., ...
"' Phaml
. .,yad
Faqlrs
......
• ....
I
34,753
6,003
8,1Hl6
6,157
1D,'i88
2,774
6,(185
J,1i5
lf,D66
2,2:!9
3,911
2,982
19,396
..
60
.. so
.. ......
;:.,
f,QQ&
:S,l'l'6
10
7
,.
21 Nal 14,G9.& 7,919 6,776 2:644 1,894 .. 5,&81
"u
:!olinud
.... ll,O·hJ •.s:n 5,21~
•• ..
.... 6,089 .
.. ..•••
11

..,.•
16 Kbntrl 31,411 li,7« )3,007 te,:Ud i:s!IS
10 .. 20,019 11,-117 11,196 8,035 s,ast
.&rom
.... s,sos
.. .. .. s:aoa
......
' Khoju.h
Kaabtntrl
0,934
32,495 18,766
8,131
18,7-tO
"
.. 18,766
cb...,.. i,2tl6

10
Chuhra
Mochl
..
" 4,712
107,011
.2-1,311
2,Z05
56,873
12,739
2,4-n
50,138
11,672
M:soo
.. 1,m
.. .. l,Zl2
12,719
uo
07'
.
9
16
JW.ba
Jhinwar
Lobar
~!=7-
--- ....
.."
..
"
.n,5PS
<{5,360

......
18,778
21,005
~3,4.70
9,980
18,682
1P,63:1
~1,8110
8,7118
16,402 -·2,043
...•
8,Bil8 2,89-1
2,493
11,~97 r--::
"
"
~ll,9ti0
l2,tl8
G,9:Sl
fl,242
t7
61
21

••••16
.."" ..
11
13
..
29,175 15,974 13,201 3,291 1,471
.. 11,212

so
••
Chhimba
Teli
Sun~
Barwaln.
....
"
l:J,S19
20,66-1
1~
8,605
180
7,194
11,180
4,•Ul
7116 .....
0,1~
9,524
4,1M

.
Nau:.-'l'heec figures arc taken from Table No. VIllA of tho Census of 18111•
1,815

2:497
"
2,1...
1,581
..
....
"
I
8,236
11,180
'T,UG
..,, IO
16

Table No. IXA, showing MINOR CASTES

. and TRIBES.
1 • 1--- • 1•-
• ---
Scrlnl No. in
CcnBUB Table Callto or tribe. Peiaona. Hales. F. . . .
Ko. vuu..

I .,.,.• Chamar
A wan
..
.."
....
" ..
......
1,0-1~
1,889
...
........,.... ... ,.,""'
6117

18
Bonya
BUoch
..·- .. ..
1,518
274
1,170
2i4

..."'
BaiDI
" ....
Dhobl. !;b55 1, ... 1,251

......
32 " "
S7
S8
llughaJ
Q ....b ....
"
..
2,64.6
1,971
1,:U4 1,2112
1,008
to,
4:?
61
t·~·
JJahtam
.... ..
......
" ..
..
J ,7'Et

...
2,304
1,srs
1,191
1,378
007
...
820

..,...,. .......
1,107

.....,
!.2 Laban• ..

-
••
61
~
Dand
Ltlarl
..
..
..
..
"..
.."
..
..
l,O:ifl
2,121
' l,ffi
1,811 """
1,115
1,000·
...
.. ......1,008
817

. :o
Bhatiya
Ulama
....
" "
..
" M:!' .....
"'" 1,658
....
72 8arud
"
.. ~.8.53 J,m
..
.••."'
..
... .........
1,... <to
7a Sud
!lawai
Faqir UdlUil .•
..
..
..
..
2,325
l 181P
''" 1,157
1,360
1,161f

Bha""'
Raj
"
..
..
..
.... 1,3()1)
117 :wa 3;H
.. ' ... ·-.. ·~:-
Kanchan 312
""
1:16 Darweoh .. .. 1,005 Li9 .t.lG

:NoTe. ~~ .6gurct arc taken from Iablc So V1fiA Of the Ccoaua ol1iiL
viii [ Plllljab Ga.zetteer1
Table No. X, showing
. CIVIL CONDITION.
. . .
1 I G ~ 8
I 4
• I .• 7
I 8

81NOLJ:. MARBII:D, WIDOWED.

DETAILS.
-
0
Males.
•
Fomo.lce. Malee. Females. Halos.' I Fcmale4.

i!~ All rollgtoua .... 24.8,746 186,186 208,820 211,265 53,628 66,181

~
Htndu.t
Sllr.hJI
Jain•
....
..
....
....
....
76,118
62,638
.. 41,007
2:8,102

"' -
69,143
61,266
60
1
00,087
61,4.76
62
9,484
9,687
23
17,747
13,...
30

l~ ...
Buddhtate
Muaa.lrnan•
CbriaUana .. '
.. -
110,622 05,694
218
.
97,742:
108
99,618
"'
14,56S
20
25,068
••
!1
'O'll
~~i
AUag,.
Oo-10
16-16
]6-20
20-26
26--<10
......
....
..
..
'

. ..
..
....
....
.. '
6,070
9,U-l6
P,048
6,601
3,764
S!,JSO
1,384
8,367
U,821
~,608
1,391
186

"
......... .....
4,24!:1

6,929
7,3(11
7,921
6,248
176

6,418
O,f.;'S
9,303
S,ll:H '
685
I
20
115
807
•••
, . ·1,895

171
866
•
26

...
l,S{)IJ ~
"'II 80--40 67 744
....
~~
iS~
40-60
6G-60
Qflll' 00 ..
..
..
..
•••
038
612 .
••
88
7,660
6,919

'·'"I
'
6,!134
. 4,829
2,188
1,341
'2,148
8,690
8,024
6,182
7,824

NoTI.-Thoao ftguroa·aro to.kon from TablO No. VI of the Census Report.

Table No. XI,

' -
showing
. BIRTHS and DEATHS, . .,

I
• I• I • • I•I 7 8 I
I 0
I 10 .
TOTAL DIRTIIII RSOISTBRRP, TOT.A~ DP.A.TH8 BE01&TERED; TOTAL DU.Tn8 J'ROH

YEARS.
)falee. Fonmlcs. PCl'!IODR. :Malca. Fcmalea. F:el'IIOna. CMlcra. Smru.J... Fever.
pox._
,.

I - .. ..
-
.... ...
1877
...... 11,794. 9,Sl2S 21,717

...
2 12,748
1878 .. . .. 20,622 16,770 87,392 2,967 2-I,OM
1879 20,224. 15,-141 36,005 . 868 4.,488 20,844
1880
1881
..
.. 18,299
20,8152
lS,SoiS
18,461
s4:o7o
89,298
12,941
,21,662
10,978
20,434
. - 23,914
4:!,000 ' •
707
14,621
28,962

NOTK.-Thoso tlguroa aro takon from Tnbloa NOd<· I, 11, Vll, VIII, nnd IX of tllo Samtary Report.

Table No. XIA; showing MONTHLY DEATHS from ALL CAUSES.

,
. J . I ,

'
.

. ' 1
.
• • • " • 7
-
}>IONTH. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881; Total.
' '

. Jan\Uioi'Y
· Fobl'UIU'J'
..... 2,218 2,122 4,037 1,818 2,081 12;271 '

..... .....
1,500 1,748 2,723 1,427 1,5!4 8,941
H=b
AprU
..... 1,448
1,216
1,645 2j74l 1,410
1,886
1;5!12 8,886
1,658
ll•Y .... (}~M 2,951) 4,0M 1,634
' 1,24.4
1,840 12,322
-Juno
July ..
,918.
1,853
' 2,685
~.too
3,00-1
2.529
·1,8.35
1,435
1,836
1,480
11,178
9,517.
August .. 1,666 1,689 2,.{63
'. 2,080 2,059 9,9&'i
Septembor .. 1,538

.....
8,470 2,552 2,d19 6,882 16,006'"
Octobor .. 2,053' 6,077 8,075 2,880 10,278 2t,S13
..
NovOlllbor
'Docombo:r ~ ....
2,:!02 IJ.S40
4,i69
~000
2,Mri
8,141
4,129
2:!,547

...... !2,657 16,383

" -
Total .. 21,717 S7,S92 23;014. <2,096 Ie6,7st

Non, Th010 lia;uroeaR takan from Table No; Ill of the Sanitary Beport.
Amritsar District. 1
Table No. XIB,· showing MONTHLY DEATHS from FEVER.
- • • • • •
... I
~
·1 T
- lto!'ITD. 1Si7. tsoa. llr.i'. ISSO. \881.
I Tutal.
Jnnu:u'Y
Fobru.:lry
lbrch
April
)ln.y
......
....
..,
),oll\2
!1:12

012
1,0-1;
s·><•
01\3
itl\l
1,:1•1:!
~.':'dl
1!1i9fl
1,401
),:'\!'1\l
t,itW.
•
1,231

1,000
'"
OPS
•~::
l,ltiO
8:'3
A"! I
iUj
l,O.Ii'
7',~:1
b,rr.!l'
4.;')•5
o~.x"'
1\,:!10
Jtmo .. l,:?Ofl ).:?•>5 1/ofi:f,. l,:!M 1,10..1 C'l,31ol
Jtt1y
August
September
...... 1,105 .
1,035
872
1,0".!'2
ll:!l
2,.)Mj
),olol!.l
1,:;11:!
1,!1:!2
-1, 1!\4
/1.',0

l,!'AG
;.·.s
""'
.c.n~7
b,l!lot'l
b.~'t
10, \.&:!
October .. 1,230 5,00.1 2,1:!2 J,iOO 8,00.') }M,(lt\7
Novembor .. l,2,j.T b Ho~ ., t·•(J l,S\0 ll,ol:!..i 16,ill1L
December .. 1,110 R:o&:li i:;;g l,ti.~O 3,0Pi ll,lOB
TOTAL
.
.. - 12,;,t1 ----- ------
24,0.;6
2:Vol" u.~u 2",91;:!
I 101,\!:ltl
.
NuTS. Tit"*' f\t.lll"\lS arc t.ukun fr•>m r.liJle !\lo, lX of tho
. ~an! tan Roporl.

Table No XII• showing'INFIRMITIES .

.
1 2
I • • I • • I 7 8
I ••
INSANE.. flLH:O. 0£Ar A.'~~D lluuo. LEP&IIA,

Males. FetnalM. llu.lcs. Fumnles. lta.ICB. Femnlol. MIL1Ce. Fomal••

.
AU roliglons
II indus
Sikhs
·•
{ Tutal

.'
VlliKgos ......
..
''"
151
71
••81
,.
53
76

8
.....,
~ • .-;!}{1
2, IR2
1,8:U
l,<l:l!J
6ft:!
273
68~
419
t!lt)
....,80
so•
.
2'!5
101
:!~1
2~·:!
••
!f1
.....,
lH

.. mr: 168 1M
-
1,272
llusalm.'Uls

No't&.-Th030 figur~11 are t~k.o11

"
from To~.blo.i :S~.
' XlV to XVII of th.:~ Cou.~~ws of U~tl1.

"Table No. XITI, showing EDUCATION .

1 2
I • l • I • 1
,. I I • 3
I •
!-{ALI';S, FPU.LES,
------
lb.LRS, F£lULES.
. ------
i:
-:= ]a., .!;" -go;
l~
.S.: .s= lo!
• .2
••
.,~

:;,~
•• d ..
~~
1g
e-t
••
tS"l!a
- -
"' ~'il
-~ ·-"'
:3£ .5] :SE
"CC~ .~
6"":1
"-a-
.... . .....
:;>1:

All religion~ { T?tal • ·

---
6,656 24,RW
•
"6921lJUI'..'t.lmanll
pr; I Chrilltiu.nA
.. --- ---
• --- •
.... ., ,., .,.
2,397
"', 4,:'17~ 10!0

HindUA
Vlllagos .•
. ••
~.115-1. lO,Rll
4,225 U,2-12 10<1 160 r•h.U
Amriha. ·
....
5,ir.2 1i,040
1•10

.....
11 I ., TRran Tanr.n 1,1\i\1 6,241 81
Sikh a 1,!)27 6,833
...124 ••
..•• 1 ., Ajnala 1,2lb 2,SS8 27
Jl\in•
'Buddhists .. .. .
18
.. .. . .
.
Nun:.-Thcso figur~ B1'0 t.:lk.on fr.:~an Table~(). XIII of thu Ccnl6ua of 18lll,

Table No XIV. showing detail of SURVEYED and ASSESSED AREA.

• 0

1 2 I. 8
I • r • .... I 7

U!ictn.TI\'A'!'ED.
I 8
I 9· 10
I II I
'i!2~
12

COLTIVATJCD. -.~:~c.,
""•Qo
a_,.z_
o,..,..
lrriqQ-kol.
UG~nrpri:
Y ov- 'vnte tn-
Unlrri·
... ted.
ITotat"d·
tiva.ted.
o.....
lou'".'f. •
ablo.
Un·
oblo.
T(ltnl 1Tota1 a.ren.
Cuttur· c:ultur- un('ulti-
vatod.
IIJUI(IU-

mooL ~~~n
~ ~ .......... zs
emmont. divldll·
work.tt. ala. I '----'
1-.--
1100,:11~ 875,-t.)R '·"''·'"' ,l,..,,n•l s.m
....
JSilS.tJ!J 117.~ro ,JJ\6,1!13 621,~28 ~.';':tO 5,~';'6- li:VM
l1'!7S-';'-&

"·····'I'"'·'"' i
4~!\,09'.! ';'"6,720 1:!~124 !'l!<,!oOO 122,·H
i l.fii0.4.•n
2:~:.1•{.0 :t,!!d7
~.,.t)..;o

'·:II .,.,
b2J,{:00 i00,7i3 t18,HYJ 13~. h.IO 240,0:!5 1,00d,7,g ·1,014,~0 t,:HL
IS7~79 07,:!Coll 1-lo.:;,IH7
Tahsil deb.i\11 ~~~
IM;'S-70- 5.40,087 4~1.~ifi
TahaU Amril.!laJ"
Tarnn Taroln
:~5,1i~
3:!,:\.1!1
j"r-.r.r.sj
59,!197
1!li·.~OO
271,8P:L
2S4,:VJO
31-1,2-1(}- I,,..
1~,:!1)0
~,81!i
4-t,i.t016-l,j!ri
S8,7Jo>!.o i0,:!13 3~,4.";3 3()1:!,:194 4,044
lo2,t\3~ 1~,0iS W,?':O
"Ajnllla. .. 29,iJ.! 55,975 102,.a;u 168,183 S,'.MO .,,180 273,2:.8

.
" l~OTr-
T'les<" fi'!11~'1 are tnkon fMm fable ~\.I. Ull of the Aoim~nu;tratioD RlllJ"rl, cxtept. tho lal5i column, wbkh 1.1
takm. from Table !'\o. I of the: aiDO RoporL
 -·
_Table No. xv, showing T~NURES held," direct from Government as they stood in l8ofl}79,

=- ' I • I • I • 6·cJ.I_7 J.I-;-.8--ll-:...:.~_,_::10:..tl.::11:..tl_.:1::1 .JI_::1•:_J.:10:.ti.:'":JI_1::6_JIL...:.17:__

-~ ~-~==-=-=-~~-~=--------~-- ------~-J--;-'-:--'---'--:-)·-'
' '. WooLB DIIITBJOT.

ii
• GS .!!
NATURE Of _TESURI<.
3
3
3
I• !) I
~

';
,..
0
'S
0 ii ';

~
.

-A.-Kn•"" J~jt Bma~ YJLJ.AII& OOlOtu~o~ttuw, ASD PAYtNU nc

-'
COMNOlf
- " "
• . (ZAIUNVAIU). . ,
.. .
. {(a),
111..-Pteyinq t,ooo
~eld by 'tncllv1dual& under the )aw of prtmo- I

• •
1

• , t,ln& ..
1 .. S,02'1
.. .. ..
.. .. I 1 1 B,Oil •• ... ..•
SlJdO rcUIJIIC.
to
(II).
R"fllt.nl\:', • .
Bold by indlvld~la or ta.mllles under the Ol'd1•
•
•
.. .. .. • f
S,T71 '2 i S,7i'1

tr.--PG}Iin1t t,ono rn-{(a), Aeabo•e.

nary lu.\\•,
• ' •. • • • 8 2101S •• .•
• •• • •
pr.u relltnM Clltd.
~~~,.. (b). As abovo. ·. _

PaoPRuc-r..:ar lJULl'IVA.TJ!fO VILLAO& CO)IKUXITl&s-

•• II II
• • •7,393
- --J--',---1---r-r-+-:..,..;.-J-..::.:--=-!---=- 11 !!,071 Stt 5 6 4,401
-:--1~1--,---

n..-.zn.mh1•Mri PAytng the ro•auo aud holdlnw the land in common

•.
.~
Tbo land aud rovonuo being dlvidod upon anac:rtrul or
' 82
111::
SS'
m lS,~w
140 !1,1'20
ttJ.,~l 6.~
6 8
&&
110
t.os~ ·46,~o
l,P12
72 ··i:J o.3bo 'ti,2os
126s ~ 2,~ lP,lM
:'!.-~'IIUidorl
cu1to1nnry thllil'OI!, .ubjcct to au~ by tM law
s;na
of lnborlt.t.ooo. - ' ·
D.-.8-~&a.JGeMN .: In which po~~~oeaelonta tho mcasnroohlgbttn R!llftoda ltd ~:: M·~7 Ist,IGD ~2 'iii ·7,S&O s,r,,PSO 49 49 4,o.'r.l u,ow ~& i& s.sn~ 40, 159
J
~W!
___
Jit-NiJtbl or iHtPIIJ" In which tho lAnd.e aro held P!'l't1Y tn ee~t)'" ud

3 -
l "®ri
.. •. f
~ ~
_:_.
partly in eommo11, tho DlOIUIUI"O of right. lP com•
mpu lq,nd bohlg tho alb.ouut of tho almro or tho
oxtont of hmd hold in aevernlty,: ,
TSJ _:__ ' I tl-ls,ssr- . ' m 18,790 !W,dtO 2>4 cr·S27 2,40,140 ('" ~0 1¥1-'fm 2,0>,&17

I. .I'
•

''
J.', --Grn.ftt«• f1f tffli!C'M\PU'1U 11!1£ faUhtrt undo'""'' pt'I:II'IOUI d4.a', ami ptJ.JiDd
r'"'m..:• dit"Ut to GortrRlltlllrtC in &II~ pa~itMJa of:-
J,-l'r~pri«to,.,,- lDcludtng iudlvidl.lals tewardod !ot Arvice orotbe'l"'
1
' '
u.-u"'".
wlao, but nut purch~U~era of Govemmeot waste.
. . .
·
·66
s
66
a
18 !.D.lS
_t,tss
41 4 93 - 4,S29
~
60 60 0!1 i,468
aj · 905
· I 1 1 18 ett

_;::_c_;_:__
i ••
J

__:.~..:_:-:-,.._
.• ·..

wlllope romnuuait# 1tor-iad1&tkd in «AI pretoio•• elttU.

. .-. • ..
tto&

lL-Pw~Aucr.. qf Uo11ernmcnt toMtd 'JXl.llin,y rllllfnW! diuct to· Qonrnmmt IIX4

1
__;_:__:__ _:__ _ _ lf-::;-i'---- - - - - - - _,.....
Q.-£a.II.UiOld•r~t ~~~0 httue rtdterMd !Itt t't'W"*' au4 Gn! BUIIIOcr• qf OAJI
1 •1 · 1
..ll
'"
j . ~~
24.
fj

!U
, 1_,010
.
l,882
IJD
28
19
28
3
IS
41$
J,~65
r-
2
,
1

••
2
: : - - . - .-

•• ,,
--
..- - ;

••
..

1
••
·
!) - - ; - ; ;

1 1 407
noC inr.lUIW in anr prt'lrioYI t'bul, .
1.-QoHI"'tJIItlll ...., '""''"""or uauigJied .. e ·• .. 1.810 •• •• •• •• ·6 •• I · •• },810 •• .. .. ..

.. 1,176 : : : ~ 1,006,:78141U ~~IOI01,009 548,628 421 415 91,997 98t,Ot7 958 818 .-;,490 274,808
 Ta.ble No. ·xv~ showing TENURES not held direct :&om Government a.s they stood in 1878·79.
l • I a. ' I • •· I· • •. I '
~----------------~--~---------------·---~---·-~----1·--J_--~----
fdt:U ,......
x.....
IIATDRE OF TBIIURJI,

...
(q) Pn.ytng the •mount elf GQYommont re..,.u. 01117 to ~· 8G8 ,,711 2dO e90 4G.a t,~l ns. J,l81
J *""'•
' 1'4.!'"" 'I'CIII f."'prlotor&
(b) 'hy ng aucb am'>not, ph\!1 a oMh ~lo.llknn"b
{ (d P.1yt11g at atatd O.\eh ,_tea pen-aero
,•
.,
lS,UO
liQ
76,400
:a:n
T1S7l
26
s&.41t
1015
:,oo,
J!lo
80,2211
7~
l,llftt
10
8,76•
11
(J) f'll.l'lnal J.ump euma (caab) tM Lhuir hold lugs ,• BOO 1,12) j-..::UO::..J--"::,.;:_I_..::..:..:.--:100:::. f - · 70 2UO
~·' BI,Ctl6·1--'T':..*_I,__...;.•~'..
, ,

•••;, ,..:,,:·;:'~"•{(•) P.:>'lng

~=:'::z.~· '\
• otat.id}

'
.
'l'otal Jl&Ylns' ront iP cub

'
· ,
prarluc.an41,-t.ban
.
1 pro4ud6
.
.,1--,-,,-,-,.-!-
,. 43
1-----1---l---1-
12t •. •• fi ·
I
..-ii-"-'''-•-•.;l._aa.•u 1,63-!_+_-,-.,-,-..--
liS
. '.;. •--J.---·1--
Totalpa.Jins N~~Un ~ttnd. •• -tA 112 .. .. f6 I Itt •• ..
-·-=-1-.:.:.;,..!~-:~~+~,---:-t---:- --
Oa.uco TOT.u. of Taq:mU with rl:hte of OOCUJlU'OY •• 14,~111 81,.6&71 7,~Ud .j..·_..
_._I611~-I,-""'-J 13,~ 816!7 10.1..
------~~~~~~~~~~~-------~---1----1
11--TBNANTB BOLDIIIO OONDITIONAI,LY.
---~~·1----
0

.. •.. ··-
·. ,.!• ~ 'r::''~.__. f!~ Wrt"- . '
·- .•
lllJ
au
65
ft
1103
f06
!!II
. m • •.f.IW 1~14
140 18 ..,

•••••
.... ~~
,
•. oa "'UC',, (b NoL wrlt.t.an ,,
Ill. 8114}1.:1 lo .U&oalf..,.. •N pr.,..,.C of rr.C ··rt se
'"tl7 to ··a ··u,
---~~~---·~~-~--~

. ... ......
C--TBNANTII-AT· Wjl,L.

•..
,.. .....
•U,'r60
.....
ll,n5
no
...005
t,Ui6 ...
T,II&O
lllt
Jf.GOI
7..
1.616
#,11:10
a,u:~

----------'------------- -·1---1---1·~-11----1---t--

.,..
D.-PARTII:II DOLDINO AND Ot1L1'lVA'I'r.fO SERVlCR·ORANTS PROJI
PRoi'IUBTOHB PJWI OP ALL W:WBllUB. .
1. 6h•h!:lttJ1 or l)Aa.,.~~e~,.,.c.l ,• •• •• •• •• .• tlt 1,197 ,$ 6111 ,..~ 41t 41'! •
" ~--=""=-'
tllo--
II, OrRdi~ •• llf'IIICC
il--=l·:.:.....:'+-.,...-:·--·-'+-'-"'-1·--'.:.·'-"-t·---"-:
•• ... •• •• ••

Ga&wD Tor41. OJ' Tuuaa ...... 111,:108 U.OTO I ...... ...... ...... ..... 1-.;:;;-
IIOT•-'fl>- Is..- ... 1&\111> lrv.. Nol• ~o. ~V.,
•
 xii [ Punjab Gazetteer,

Table No. XVII, showing GOVERNMENT LANDS.

0 1
• a • I • •

Al!l"fA l11;1fl uudtr

.. I." '
7 I 8

~~
g

•
!i
tullinding (UIMI.
Rtnudni)l!/ acrtl•
··-
<•-
3· .
~ .i .,;
~ E-d
.LoC=
·~
b.: -
"~ ...... :j . t-e•,.;-
~~ei
Q

~e::;
~
r:f.!."

'a
,.• "3
?.
."'• ;§>
g~ "'ee ]~~=0

:5~ i Po~S
tEsg gg ....
"t'' S'
;5;::;8·;
~
~.s.s .
"
Whole D111trlct
'1'4t.h•n Amrit.Mr ....
..
.,
79
_4,582
1,1lld
s,:1-n
.
•••,
117
20~
:!-1~1

••
S,iOO

3,200
r.oo
. ....
....
.
....
•• 2,9!t9

....
..
' -
15
- Tnnm Ttll'M
" AjnD.Ia
"
' .. • 10.' •• 20 .. •• .

No-ra. -Tho!lo ftgur'C!I o.ro taken frolll Tu.blc ~o. fX of the Rovenuo Uoport vf 1SS1-82.
-

Table No .. XIX, showing LAND-ACQUIRED by

GOVERNMENT.

Purpose for which ru:qulrod.' Acret acquired.

. Com:perisnthni paid
m ropcea.
Reduction or
revenue, in rupees.

Roo.d11 ' .. 2,0!"11 28,8liS 2,021}

Cann.1s
Stato Ibt.tlWI\Y"
..
.. 0,878 •.
. 150,052 8,367

Ounm.ntocd. JlallWI'f!l .. {I;"\ 4{1,2-10 .1;051

)I illcollanoons
,.1.. 1,SV3 70,9S4 · 1,2'-12

•. ToW

NO'J~t.-Thaao ~gurcs
:12,i33 .

a.ro b\kcn from To.blo Xo. XI of the Hevcnne Report.

zgo,tgs \ 12,d!:ltJ
-
Table. No. XX,. showing ACRES UNDER
- CROPS.
..
.

• 1 • I o·I ' • ~ · 1 ·1o In 112 lui ., 1 16

1

.
8

.. .
I .
••
1 ,.
."
~
.
.;
~

~
-' 0
TEAR&.

-~
-
li
a
]
i:=
"' :a ------
- - - - -~-- ~
~
~ -~ ~ .I a
..,a-. .."e ' ~ ! ~ ]"
~
!i ~
!!

1813·7-1 .. 742,003 2!'1,467 256,1iiS 112~126 32 ~7,Gil5 :n.nsz 85,{106 40,!124 1,501 l.b!iO 27,-IU9 .. !I0,7S2 'i,r.n
1874·75
18i5-71J
.... i1S,o.&3 24,124 2i!l,SOO 53,0!14
61:!,00i 20,013 2.i5,818 [1.1,0~3
•• !!•!;,,013
o. as.n.'>2
9i,74.0 107,217
::10, 75{1 87,175
1S,:t06 l,i2i
li,i5-l 6.'~1:1
"4,195 27,058-
3,623 Z!,IJli ...... 81,936 5,428
31,23; 1 6,703
18i6-77 .. 656,600 20,123. 213,2tlll 54,-129 911,501.1 10:1,3-'iO 4,11fJ 877 2,16P 2S,51l7
.... 10 44,-120 86,57UI 15,175

...,...
1SiT·iS lHS,loi:! 22,11}3 276,063 4-1,44-l 7182,6:17 o1:1,010 102,243 2,03i 1,0Ci 4,1)g8 28,204 .. S5,541; 13,584
1878·70
..
650,081 22,2S6 /IO.'i,l::S!l]• 8{'1",705 12!"1 SS,fiB4. 89,31lj 82,45:1 5,007 1,435 21,007 .. :10,4!16 lS,IllS
1870-80 671,2ll3 22,555 21\1,2-40 i0,11l2 l5:i 153,4-18 Si,OOS {IS,l-12 1-l,ll-'Ji il6 1,708 18,6.'1-S .. 34,1S'ij18,517
1880-81
l SSl-82
..
.. GS!l,0-12 24,747 2fiT,O:i2 52,Wl
75i,001 29,493 8-1.2,~07 01,099
t to:r 61,4W
252, bS 7G4.
41,~78 100,001
40,848· lll,OiB
1D,Il24
19,5-li
1,!)66 16,84i
i61 117i4 li,5iD j
.... 93,085,14,36
28,385115,891 •
. I ' .
N.A,_G QF T.-\JltUL ~IIIIIL AVSRA.Ol\8 FOR TH& FIVE YBAR;J, FROH
. 1 .8
)8 '., TO 1881-89 ..

~~~"'\ .{ ''"\ -~·~~ •~I"

AmrlUILT :. 1fi6,R~ {1,251 4,50 G
To.nm Tarin
Ajnv.lo. ..
:J~•i,S';l
1~,;;a
4,4';'3
lS,l:!O.
Dll,-187
74,4-SS
Si,444
i,OiS
25' 27,710
s-l' 10,~11

~
"' \'·m
lO,lOS
18,702"1'·117 i8,115
11,088

,.. 2.1~. ~ -:::-1····19

8,4JIU
. GaS
Slol 4SO
!!1::. 1,162
5,4!j0 •• 14,ll96 P,lbl
i 183-l • • 10,746 1,-IP8

TOTAL .. 6$2,311 24,219 \ 200,409 ..1;t68 141\.6,042 •o.aoa

Nun. l"beae figures aro tt'k.~:t~ (rom TaW.o .No. XLI\ of Ul~ AdwinlsLro.t_lon Ueport.
98,7901 ,,.., 1..
1 •• ,.. 15,15
•
Amritsar District.]
•
Table No.~. showing RENT RATES and AVERAGE YIELD.
1

Na.ture or crop.

ntco •• {I llaxlmum
)Jlnbnuw ""• 10
A.
0
0
Jndlgo
Cotton
Sugar·
••
f)lnxtmum
• · ~ llinbnum
lMn.z:hnmn
lllntmmc.
llaxlmmn
•· { lltuluunn
•
•••
.. 0
0
0
0
.
)hu:iumm 0

...
12
Opium
•• { !oll.nlmnm
f 11Aximmn 10• 0
0
12

l
Toblicco

.. ••
·• • ( Minimum 0
0
' { IAi ga ted
Wheat · · • • T
.Unlrrlgated - • ·
{
)f""lmu.R
• • { ltinhnmn
}hcc:bnmn
)llnhnmn
•• 0
0
~I
0
~~f~~::~~:;:
0
tnferinr
ploll · ·
trrlgnOOd .• {
Unirrtgfttcd, :. { ~:f:~~~~
.. "•
2
0
0
0
•••
...
:
~~-ted
~•"ti .. - ••
{ llns.imum
~lbumum •s 0
0

••
Oil aoods • • ~- ?ala."C"'mum
Unirrl.gated ·• llinhnum
~:~::::~:-
il
••·-
Fibres
-· ··{ lnigate4 .. { 2 01
~ •• Unl ,,....ted .•-{ M1_1ximum 0
rr&&~ _ llmlm.um
•
Or.un
Darley - ..
Bnira:
Jawtw 738
Vegetal.t1ea
Too
.

NoT£.-1'beac:: figul'el4 ·nrc taken from Table No. XJ~\"£ of toe Admlnbtratlon Report.

Table No. XXII, showing NUMBER of STOCK.

. 1 .. 2
I • I • • I • I 7
WHOLE DlliTKICT FOR TilE
Y&AR& T.&rtsiUI ron rn• nA.B187S.79.

Cows and ~lloeks

KtlCD OF STOCK.-

.
'

..
.
-
..
16GS-G9.~16rs-7~.~187~79.
240,'!00
'
2U,i05 174,056
~rltaar.[
......
·=- I
60,896
Ajnala.

83,181
·'
u ..... .. .. .. .. 2,377 -3,8150 1,4fS -760 116 67&
.. .. - .. ..
.
l'onlei
Donkeys .. . .. .. ..
1',646
1!!,320
3,456
12,716 .....
1,475 ~

2,~ ~.ou
067 1!1)8

1,198
Sheep and gonta
Pigs ..
..
.
..
..
'·
..
..
..
.....20
... 63,249
..
47,214
..• .. S,7b0 25,!!'20
. ..
18,2M
..
Ca!nela·
..
... ..
..
.. ..
.. ,,...
676 1,0!!4 8ll IOU . tii'

,•...,I
Carts 2,455 1,8i5 "1,500 ..1 18
Ploughs
'
-·
..
..
..
...
- ..
..
..
.1 .... I 84,486 ... 129 )8,650
..
Jj,S9f
-
Boats 310 - 2<0
. lt:J 117
••
!'\on.-1h;eev figure• an: t.ak;cn_ from Table !lio. XL\" of the Adru1nl»tnn1.1on Report.
:dv
[Punjab Gazetteer,

Table No. XXIII, ehowirlg OCCUPATIONS of MALES.

• -
1
' • I • I • I 1
• • -I • I•
- Alalu ahor:e· IG gtarl
• of i<l'·
' j Mala ahotoe 16 ytara
0/tl.flll,

i
-
Nature of occnpa.tlona.

Total popnlatton ·
-
--
Towns.

73,431
J.:~ ITood-1 ~
2.111,144 909,576
a

17
Naturo of occupa.tiom.

Aqrlcnlturollo.bourers --
Town.o.l
.,..
- I vn~
bges.

8,172
j Total•
4,110

•
1
OccUJY.I!Uon ftpccUied .•
8 Agrit"'J1tllrnl, wbotboralm.plo
G6,MO
6,1~7
215, no 28l,BSO
110,897 lltJ,OS-1
IS
19
Pa..torul
Cooks n.nd other servan~ -·..-- S,SAA•• 1,192
846
1,287
4,7M
or eom\JiuOO.
4 Olvtl AdJninlatratlon
•• Anny
Rollgion
7 Illlrllora •
....
....
t,7Rb
a.r;s
m
.,o
2,203
1,8-!5
S,S..%1
5,~i5
4,1l6S
2,-COS
4,01-4
3,955
.
20
21

28
W~~oter-ca.rrion
S\voopen aud KCn.?ongets •.
Workers in reed, cano,loo.vcs,
11trnw,&e.
Worken in. lent her ,• ·
1,3:20
639
807
432
8,J5S

891
214
9,4-73
14",264 - 14 1M3
1,764:
'646
8
•
Other prflfCII!Ilona .. l,!i!l.\ 2,803 ofi,~ili
•• ~.oot-mnkcrs •• 1,4.'l5 4,895 6,SRO

....
Monoy-lendel'll, gQ,OCI'ft,\ tm· 1,779' 1,4..C. 8 1 2~3 26 Workers in woot IUld pa.ahm '1,019 68 7,081
dorA, pedlars, &:::o. - 26 , silk .. 3,800· 1'.!0 4,01&:'
..
10 Dc:l.lors in IJrnln and flour ; •
ll Com-jJrlndcra, pnrchof'll, &e. .,.
2,!t4S
a,s-J-1
6,!!53
581
8,803
1,100
21
28
Pot"ten
,. cotton
,. wood
o ..
..
1,4~9-
1,1Si
sss
16,609
5,079
18,108
6.216'
..._
12 Confootlonon, groen-grocara, l)dS 4,622 29
so \Vorkct'!l and dealers in gold 1,624
'8,792
1,61().
4,120
8,23-t
Carrien and boatmon .. 1,4M 1,H9 '2,684
.,S2 nnd silver.
..
.
18
14 l..&ndo\vnel'll .. 2,009 71,441 7..... Wor~l'!l in irnn 780 2:,843 8,623'
16 Tenants .. 2,505 81,777 '34,1172 Genernlll\bottret.'e 5,425 3,204 8,R2Qo
.. 1,l.W Bogg?ors, faqtnr and: the Uk~~ 2,65l . 10,347 12,996
16 Jolnt-cultivatore 1,0S8.
183
' Table No. XU A of the CenfiWI Report of 1881~
Norl.-ThOllC llg,lNSIU'e taken from

Table No. XXIV, showing MANUFACTURES.

•
I ------ i •-I .• ! I I I
2 8 • 7 . 8 9 10 11 -_.

I
1

SUk.
Other
Oott.oJL Wool. lab- Po.per Wood. Iron'. B~·
and Buhd- Dyel::l, and
inga. ~' ctur· ·
-
Nurnbcr of mt\1~~: ond largo foctortoa
Number of pdvu.to looLn;s or l:ltn.Ul
worlu. '
02:1
..
0,541
. ---· ----
II
IS... 1 ·60
638
40
825
rica.

17
108
15
..
80
-
coppe~. ing of dyea.

20
100
Number of workmen { &11\l" •• 860 1!l.\ ..58 260 .. 160 100 375 85
t.n large work.~. . FoDl:llo ..
Nwn~rof workmen ln sumtl work.'4 1,225 19,678
'40 9i3
'
'6ss 540 - 506
. .... 450
..
. 200
.
or independent. o.rti!l:l.us.
Value uf pltLUt in l:l.l."g'o work.ll 2,0CO ...
160 1,200 1,'100 2,000 2,200 700 1,500
~tim.-.t.ld annu:\1 C?Ut-turn or Ali 2,GO,OOU 17,96,2'17 89,270 35,000 2,340 2,95,9:2 ... 1,.74,200 l2,29,031 1,40,000

. ~r
62,0~
worka U} ruplJOS.

I 12
. IS
PotWry,. Oil-pres ~ PMhmlnl\
I. Car- Gold, other sn.
1$
I 10
-
Loo.thcr. common lin[, nnd and ts ftr, nnd _manu!ac- Totn).
- and
glnzed, re ning • Shawls. pc ·, jewellery. ture.s.

Number of mUla and larga (1\clorh!" 11 16

---- -----
..... -
40 90 1 15 .. 82<>
Numbllr at privnWI loowa or 11:nall
work:!.
Number of workmen { l!rile
ln lnrgo works. Fcml\\0 ,•
8,-&42
..
110

.;,. I
1,382
40 80
•oo
l'Z'h .
II 457
. 160
400
250
20,472
2,3!!1J .

,:::1
11!. 120
Number of workmen in smnll work.ll o;... i:ooo
I
2,000 76 1,160 48,91)2
or ,\ndcpendent nrtisana.
VBlue of plr.nt ln brgo workll 800 • 800 n,ooo 25() ' 325 84,~5-
• Estlmntod. annu:U out-turn of .ii ljl,31,510 95,497 11,48,GQ1 f,OO,OOO 11,650 8,42,27~
5,000
1,60,000 72,63,c.i';'),
works ln rupees,
- -
-
:'iOT&-These figurca are t.o.k.~ from tho Repo:-t on Internal Trade :uad llannfacturoa fot 188h~2.
 Table No. XXVI, showing RETAIL PRICES.
1
•
• I • I' . I • I • I
' I
N\BIJIKR
8 I
or 8Rintll
• I 10

UfD 0811'.\NKI PB8 RUf'RII.

I 11
I It I IS
I .. I 10
I i. I<

Tan.

··--- - - - - .,
Wheat.

.
8.
- -
OJ•
-
s. 0"
-
. s.
lh:'"••,. t

-·- - --
s.
Oh.
- -,.
Gram.

s.
- -
s.·
-
Ch.
-
s.
-- --
Jndtau
corn.

s.
8.
-
OIL
I .JaWIIl'o llajra.

8. CIL
Rloo(bo~j.urd .iw. Pob..~Cll.l:!:.!t~ I(~~). JObi (OOW'I).
OIL B. ,Ch. Ob. Ch. Oh.

"tl{" - -- --
s.
. --• --1 -Oh.
Firowood.

s. Ch•
Toboooo.

s. Ch.

- -.
f
-
8.
llalt
(Lobori~

OIL

.., .. .... . • • •• •• •• .. .. a •
, 18\il..OI .• 17 .. 1 S1 18 .. ... a
8 IT '18 7 17 1 8 1 I~ 8 0 •
• ·co
lBtlii:·6S .•
181S-Gt ••
119
II'
T
8 . 11
9
•• •
8
.. ..
.. .. • . ... ••
S7
8
&
07
0
10
14 II 8
.. ..
.. .. 1
8

...•
8
t
I
11 • I
I
. ...
II 88 10
I .7
: 7
7
• ••
• 7

•s •
....
lltH-411 •• go 1 10
• 87 • s II 16 IS 1 1 a 11 7 II
• •
.. JW-31 >' 17 11 82 8 til ..
..
.. .. •
. .. .
20 : 20 1t
"8 19
,." .... .. ~ 11 8 1 a
• 11
7 7 7 9
•
11101H7 •.. ll2 1 81 16 so . IS 0 0 18
• • . t
.r I s 7 T
'I I

• .. .
.•.. ..
8 • 2) 6 II 11 ..
1&
• 16 10 2 10 I 0 16 ~ 1
• •
.. ..
ltiO'I-GI .. 10 10 20 0 2S
u .. • • .. ..
11C18-U •• II
• 14 7 18 3
.. .. ·" ,. •• • 1i 9 1
" • & l 1$ I 7 7
• •
I .....TO ...
11%0•11 ..
9

.. ....•
18
7 II
II
0 0 12

• ,. .. .... 20 • so .. ••
17 10 :!0
'1
17 10
u ..
..• Ts .. .... •• • c
18
.. 15 1
1
3
IS
I
I
0
t . •
••
• ' ..•
.. • • .. •
• 7
7
II 10

1fl11·1t
1tif·11
..
..
.."' .. ..
::..
. 8
6 ti
..
•• 8

,. - ..
8
• ..
30
... • ...
.. ..
10
• I•
.. • u • "
I.
.. • • •
8
10
20
8 2
11
1
1
8

•
110
100 .. ..
... '
8 10
15

\ • .. . o,
187!·74
ur...ra
..
.. . 30
87
..
..
IS
..
8T
..
..
..
.. "' ..
81 •
•
81 It ..
..
lS

..
.. •
.. •
...
:!:!

• .. 8
18
10 II
II 1
1
. •
•
100
100
..
..
..
..
..
•
•
8
8
10
10

.. ..
..
lli"6·?'0 .. 12
..
II .. 8 II
..
8 Sl 8 Sl 8
.. .. •
.. • .. •• •
1G 11 I 8 100
.. ..
.. 7 10

1iro-n .. .
,,..,. .... ..
liTTo!l . .. ., .... •.
..
•to
I>
'
I
.. a.
..
M
10 8
40
10
60
10 ,. •
10

.. 11 ..
.:ll

.
.. • •• • .. 11 .. ' .. .. ''
Jl
16 I I
~~~ I
I
ll
7
110
110 .. .. I
10
•I
10
10

..
111'10-80
IS

• . ....
IS ..
.. .
'liO
..
20
..
.. 11
IT It
I
IP II
8 li
10 .. .. 10
• u ....
-.. n .. .. .. ..• • •
..
11
14 ! 11 t 8
I
I
•
6 .
ao
..
..
8
6
..
I
10

.,
10
10
10

11!0-81 .. 10 I IP II u ll II 8 18 14 I l
"• ~"... .. • II
•
Jlal.atHI .. I! .. .. ..
lO .. 19 so II 27 • .
10 If t ll 1
' • 1!
'
 [ Pnnjab Gazetteer•
xvi
Tab1e No XXVII • showing PRICE of LABOUR.
1 0 • .
I• I• I •
6 7· 8
• 10 11· I I I 12
I 13

. WA0£8 or LAUOUB PA DAY • C.mTB P&n DA.\", CAU.EL8 PBR DAY

DoS'KEY8 PF.R.
8COR& P&R DAY.
.

BoATit PER DAY,

. -. ,. •
-
'
YEAR. Skillc1l. lll1dallt1l. I I
ITlghc•tl Lowes;· Bigheat LQwe•t
,I
l!tgbe~t: J.owest UiJhC8t T.owest
Highest\ f..owest Highest! Lo.west
------- n.. .A. P. Roo. A. P.
a.. A.P.IR8..A,P. Ilo . .\.P. ltll. A. P. lt8. A.P.Illo. .A.P.

.... • • s· ·o
0 .0 ~
0 s 0 1 12 0 080,060 3 12 0
1868-~
18;":i·i4
....
OSOOISO
0 .soioooo 3 01 0 "!! 0 0•
08010600 s Oj 0 • •• 1 120
8 01 0
080069
•
0 0501040 3 • 0 0[3. 8 0
20.280
o: 2
0 0 I 8 0
0
1878-79
11!79·1:>0-
..
0800(i00 o, 0 2 ., 0
08010600 s o, 0 2 01 0
• 8 01 0 0 0 0~0040
8 0 0
•~-
0 05'00403 • 2
2·0;280
•8 ( 0 8 0
0 8 0
18dO·Sl
o s ·o o 6 O· o. 3 o, 0 2 0 o, 8 0~ 0 0 050,04018 2 o; 2 8 0 0 8·~ 0
1881·82
. . I
NOTt:.-Thct~o nguros n.ro ta.kou (rom T~blu No. XL\ HI of the AdmLnistmU?n Repo11;.
' .'
. . ' 0
Table No. XXVIII, showing REV.ENUE COLLmCTED;
-·
. 1 2 s
Fluclu:1.t-
'• • 6
l 7 8
• '.
Fhod ih~o.ud •.-. EXCISE,
Total
'-1 eel- I..neal Stamps. • Collec~
YE~R- L:md l1moons 1 T~bute. ro~.
- IWvonuo. ·Land Spllit.K.-; :UruZft. tiona.
Rovcnuo.
. 1868·60
181i9-70 0
.... ...... 9,~8,:?71
7,2S,~P
22,757
·t,40,M7
. ..
..
..
.. oci,854
80,028
55,1P4
58,851
1 178,8PS
1 149,M14
12,01,07~
10,86,87!
1!17'0·'71 .. .... 7,~2,M.U
7,31,:W7
6::1,700
1,0;",219·
..
.. 54,S'.?IJ
82,S.f6
50,777
40,520
85,483
1,2P,275
1,S0,21U
o,oe,w7
11,01,781
11:171·72
187:Z.78 .... . ... .. 7,M,04i
i,l:IP,0!\9
1,14,95:"!
91,283
...
.... 67,0:19
64,5-{0
!J;",015
41,088
• 28,832
30,412
1,{18,969"
1,411,989
11,5:1,354
11,17,375
1.tliti·H·
187-1-75 .... . ..
,.
7,6:1,2tl0
7,1\5,701
68,112
7~450 .... 65,198
67,431
. .(7 ,52.~
48,102
84,603
27,563.
1,69,884
_1,M,!l53
11,24,588
ll,S!t 12C.O
..
-......
1875·70
1876·71
• >...._
7,78,0;"2
7,82,4-i4
61,•308
:..1,700 .... • 6tl,553
00,365
65,015
50,til9'
Sll,2i2
54,404
1,59,:204
l,SO,Sil)
U,O:?,i!!4
11,65,®7
1877-18,.
1878-7!'1
. ""·,;.-~-
7,i7,01l0
7,7i,S5:!
0!1,600
84,403 .. ' - 89,805
8:!,811
50,788
47,834
8::1,258
S4,20j
1,87,000
2,02,5-IS
12,0R,507
12,2P,i55

.... ....
18i9·SO
1880·131 7,fli.505 05,278 .. 84,755 61,295' S2,2S2 2,11,424 12,iS,G24
1SSHI2
. I 7,0 ,800 00,427 - 84,{1:.!4 (16,096 86,004 2,07,8.19 12,86,136

Non.-Th•o fiJlurli)S nro takon from T,lble ~o. XL[V of tho Rcvonno Roport. Tho fnllowmg revenue 1s excluded:-,....;:
· u Cannl, b'orusta, Customs auJ Salt. Auo~d Tuxes, Feos, C~~~oes," ~· .

Table No. XXIX, showing REVENUE DERIVED from: LAND.

1 •• 8 •1•1··1 7
'1 8 •oJto Jnll21ts
.!• liiSCELLANEOUS R_E\'Elo"UE.

~..;
"·
:•· ~
0
~"'-·a
t:G
•
.~' ~ ·-~-~·
YEAR. ...e :
'1;1.
~~
~:.=
-·~·E
1--~·
l .• c=~
"':=
~...
~'0 ~.e
~

i!"l!
•• .s: ~~ ]'9
.:a ~ f! ~ ~ ~.§
-"o;"-'ot•""'·;,t"f"";.,=.,a"".~ll--+-,- ---- --~
Totnl of CJ ycarM-
1St,;ti-69 to llii2·i3 •. 3!'l,l.S,0_5.0·.i"5S,GSo 10,430 .1.,0J218~i9,655 4,42,490 ·5,101 • 75 - 1ii,195
Total of 5 yo:.u'8-
ld73·i4. to 1S7i'·'i8 •. 38,5-I,OOi' \S,!fl,16S
1878-79 . • '1,!12,709
1S70.S0 ••

•. 1881-82 ..
66,101
J,Oo&,i'!So 81.0&1
1SSO.Sl .. · 7..1!1,2~6
7,!14,~
&'\,190
til,i.<l\1 1f
... '
10,1!18
•o•
l,lti:;
l,SJO
3,295 2,48,37.2
1,135
1,181
1,-1().-1
l,OO'J
513,6!12
70,791"
82,017
88,0:11.1
3.1~,002
6-1,780
79,0'.!5
s7,:mr.
9'.?,0'J3
..
162
·'
3,60f ••
..
1i7
13,171
1,371
2,041
1,7!15
2,04.6
Talui.U TotalA for 5 yenrs-
1877-78 to 1881-82.
Tllbtlil Amrlt&"Lr ·.. 17,02,4-ld jl,lS,':'O:l 123 1,07'i 4,902
., Turnn TtLrtU\ .. 1i,l7,761 l,Sb,:t71 S,!!!lO 8,4:28 518 2,831
,. Ajnala .. 0,:>8,387
1
81,701 1,480
•• 107 1193

l\on·.. Tbo.se figurea IUO ta)tQD. from Tables Nos.~ _.._~~(U o( tho RC'r<:uue. Rc}JOrt.
,,
Amritaar DlatricS. ] nil

Table No. XXX, showing ASSIGNED LAND R:'l:VENUE.

l
•I 3
I I • I I • I• I
4

TOT.u. Alur:4 A~D

e
Rr.v.uu1 AJJitaMKD.
7 0 I~

PntiOP 0,.
11

.... IO!UIIIIQCT0
•
WAol~ Yillogu. Fnvrlmenl JWtftl
TAHSIL. oJ Villagu, PloU. lb<oL Itt. ptrpcl•ill.
•
Areo. llclvonno. Aro&. I IWYOnuo. Aroa. IRoveuuo. A-. lloftDue.
"""'
Rneuu.

Amrlt&aT .... 46,..,. .U,MC 17,t;t tP,7ft.l

- ....... 50,fl'\O
'"·~
ll,MMt !0,!':'6 if-,411\."1
T....., Tarall t6,SQ!; 4U,41ll 2.a,ali0 211,302 11,6:16 IS. 78Co s1,m Pl,bdO 118,61'1 46,~"j9
Ajoala
- 811SU ·~..,. '20,:t71 ..,000 121UI$ U,.S:Il Of,GlS 11,966 2:1,.... w,ooo
Total District .. ,2S,tl29 1,81,001 tl~,:!".£81 78,&bS ...... 48,601 2,2l,Wd 1,68,218 ,tt.m 1,13,...

012
I I I I I
13 14 16 18 17 18 19 iO !1 I osjoa " !3

l'KRIOD OF .AR8IONK£YT.-Dmc'l~ NUJ1am or A.IIIOIIUL

Fwo11e Wt. Fttr more Uoa During,.,.;,.,..,

na11ao oj E•tab·
P-';"V
orrla-• ttl JI g
&bll~ l&MTMR~. 0oM"H114tlll.
J
TAHSIL.

..• d
i
~
~
li
§ j i
f f .~
a.
6 ,\!g
~ J
0!! t
ll
t ! !• j Ja &
,\!
"' "'
Amrltsar
Taran 'htan
Ajual&
-
....
..
15,520 14,111
~ is5 !.'0,382
29,197 27,425
1~674
2,006
31:s4S
..... .....
2,~26

t,476
7,639
19,1'18
18,758
:12,144
ll,OSf
.... ....
.. .. 1,().19
1,12ll
. , ...
p,., '138

..0
8>8
tOO 011
418
188
..
....
t,«,
t,4~
1,671

Total Dlatrlct .. 65,462 61,918 't,O~ 10,656 86,6<2 46,956 .. .. s,us 1,976 1,210 11217 .. 7,1r115

. -·
NotL-Theso figuroa aro ta1wD. from Tablo No. XU of tho Bovenuo Report; for 1681&

Table No. XXXI, shoWing BAI.ANOES, REMISSION_S

and TAKAVL
BalGaea D/ ~ ,..,..,
llodactiotUI or

ru-
"'n<p«<. bod demand 'falr:&wt
on account. of a4Tancaln
Pluctuatt:a~
YEAIL
.........
PIsed
bo<loeuo..,
and m.lBCCl· det«iorat.ioq.,
............
tanooua &c.,tnrupeca.

1888-611
1800-70
1s;o-n
1sn-n
1.....TS
1878-Tt
....
. ....
....
....
....
......
12,693
8,189

.....
1,8>8
&,748
4,200
....
....
....
......
....
..
.....
t,83S
O,PAS
t,710
8,736
1,463

...... ......
0 701
1814-75
.... 8,670
i:-
. ... ..
1875-76 . 10,120 1,588
1878-71 7,080 1,630
.... .... - ...... ...... ;:nQ
1m-1B 4,796
1878-79
1879-liO
1880-$1
1881-&'i
..
....
..
.....
16,'.!18
18,800
6,152
8,230
•.m
.....
...70 • 4,650
...
10,191
470
 xviii [ PuDjab Gazetteer,

Ta.ble No. XXXII, showing SALES .and. MORTGAGES·of LAND.

-·----~·-1-------+l-·~l__•_l,__•~l~·-l~a~l--7-+1~8~·~1__ 9·~1~1o__ l
BALES OF LAND, )[ORTOAOE8 OF LAN))•
•
AgricuUuriltl. Non·Auricul.turl•ta. Agriculturid&.
- • of p ---:;:::;:;:-,,-;----l::-7Tl:=~;:----l
Area
No. oI land 111
_. o1 1land
ure11Mo .,o. in p urch a!IC N o. 0·1 la
Areaof Areaotu
d tn ... or
tgnge
CUC8. BCrd. money. CtLSell. 1 acres. money. cases. ~B. money.
;....------------:--1--- --- --- --.- --.- --- --
' DIBTBICT FtOUli.EI.

Total of o J81l.1'1-1868-69 to 1878·71 • • 102 s,mm 2,70,420

1--1·----+---'---1
496 512{11( J,iS,270 . 334 2,05H l,S71919 1,061 10,741 ·2,43 1 6~0

1,M3
1878·79 ••
210 48,016 126 1,046 43,640 42-1 8,654

....877,
)l!i9-'Ml •• 3a..1 2,-liO IH,Stl6 115 1,179 47,146 914 :i,P15
1881).81 •• 240 1,603 tl6,3!19 69 88,023 'ifli 6,Gil7
1881·82 •• 202 1,69G 87,266 86 ~,i96 '176 : 6,114
---------------r---·1--1·---;--~-~~--•---
TA.IIIIL ToT.u.s J'OR 6 YEAB8-. 1
1871•78 TO 1881·82.
l'ahsil Amrlt.Mr ' •. 7,441
•• Taran Tnmn •• 8,168.
u Ajnal& •• 9,886

v;;;;:u;;;-;;;;;;-1"'2 ~I=1·"""'1,_14___.1_1•___,1_1__6 _,I 11 1 1 18 19

MoRroAoza oFLAND,-Con· REDElri.PTJoNB ov MoRTOAOED.LAND.
dwkd.

YBA!I. J{on.-Agn"culturiaU. AgricuUuriltl, _

1--~o-=.--­
No. or ~h! Mortgage No. or ~7t Mortgage No. of =~ llortgago
1

---------------ll-cao_oa_. acrca. money. cnsca. ::res~ money. eases. acres. monoy.

D181'BICT FIOURU,
Totnl of & yoare-1868·69to187S.7f ••
'l'otalof4ycara-187t-76to1877·'l8..
--------::::-:::---lr-:--l-----~----·1--1----1-
867 '1;210 2.00.560 100 1,011 23,016
-7-191
--
17 223 4,402

1878-79.. 659 6,182 1,531517 81 433 10,002 {121

1879·80 .. 618 4,584 1,21,520 67 710 13,092 12 116 1,617
1880·81 .. 446 4,040 99,101 lOS 1,182 19,507 40 433 6,895
1881-82 • , 44~ 2,74.7 1134,868 154 1,827 28,935 45 2iO fi,36G
------------11--'- ---1..,:....--1---1---1--'--- - - - -
If ,!l'AIIIlL TOTALS J'OR 5 YIU.na--

TaluU Amr!tonr
u
1J
Tlmm 'l'amn
.Ajnala.
1877•78 TO 1881·82.
..
0.
••
785
670
060
.....
8,626
6,908
2,2G,4!7
1,67,0S7
1,SS.860
1
1~0
144
102
1,449
1,267
082
·~522'
24,8-i5
15,556
.•••7
01
'4ss
618
' Nou.-Tb.oae ftguroa 00'0 tn.kon from Tn.blcs Nos. XX...XV nnd XXXV B of tho Revenue Report. No details for transfers by
agrlculturlsbl and othon, and no figurc& for rodempUon aro ava.ilo.blo boforo 1874·75. Tho llgures for earlier yoara
lnoludo aJ' aolca and mortgages.
Table No. XXXIII, showing SALE of STAMPS a.nd
REGISTRATION of DEEDS.
1 2
I 8
1NYOME FRO>! SALE OJf.
4
• 0
I 7
I 8 9 I 10 I 11 I 12 1 . 1•
STAMPS. OPERATIONS OF THE REGISTRATION DEP ART!>!ENT.

ru,....
Net incou~e: ''" ValtW: ofrwopcrty Clcffee~

-......e i·il. -
RtcdpUinnpeu. No. of deed~ rtgl&ttml. in ruptu.

~:a .§~ 'ii .. 2 . 'a

t
YEAR. ·.~
I~ :ap ...'l .o- ~~ .....• ~~

:g..,
,..,.
·~
=
p
.~
:a
.p
g
z
;2i~
~a
o•;:
pO& "et =·.,=~ li
Po
~a
0 •
o!.
se
.!!"'
~1
I~
~

l3
i!~
$
~'ii
-· 1871-'18 .... 1,26,761
"'o
44,871 1i24.885 42,802
~

1878-79
18'l9.SO
1880-81
.... 1,29,160
l,Sft,84.2
1,88,547
......
58,740 1,16,197 ~6.2d8
1,21,74.6 68,5{17
72,877 1,2'1,48& 69,151
4,4.68
6,227
b,MO
447
S78
128
S28
~67
201
6,243
6,872
6,087
14,81,522 87,960
14.,66,162 ,20,099
14,67,966 20,608
02,611
87,576
61,504
15,62,098
17,73,8!J7
15,59,956
1881-82 .. l,tt,951 62,928 l,S0,1S!i 60,1:')9
5,238
4.,616
117
103
178
108
5,&40
6,135
14,01,941 22,4~6
14,48,476 12,716
69,309
63,801
15,91,157
15,27,031

-
Nors. Thno fii\lktl aro tako~ hom J.rpondi.x.A of tho Stamp and 'Ia"blca Not.ll and~ of tho Bogu~tra.ti~n 1\oport.
Amrltsar l>latrlct. l
T a.ble N o. YYYTTIA• 8 h owmg REGISTRATIONS .
1
• I • I -• 6
I I
I ' •I- T

No...,.#fiJHU~
•
JSS0-31. \Mt-81.

Compul.
oory. OpUooaJ.I Total. Compul· OptloDal.
oory. Total;
~

Regbltrar Amritear .. .. .. It 1 IS to I It

,.. ........
.., Sub-ltegUtna.r Amrltur .. '. 1,979 1,817 8,806 11T80 ltMT
. Ajnala .. .. . 630
... ... .., ...
SOl 881 47S
.. Toran Taton .. .. 151 831 ioil
. ... ..
..... .,...
Atarl 210 98 806 1..
. 0'
Tohtl of dbtrlct .. .....
. •• s.o 2,176 6,131

N'OT&-theso-flgurea are taken lrorA Tablo No. t elf tho Roslltratlon Roport.

Tabl~ No.. XXXIV, showing LICENSE TAX COLLECTIONS.

I •Is I•I•I 6 7 ..
I . I I I·· In I -- 8 9 11
" • 15

NlDIBO OJ' LICEMS£8 OR.t.WTBD IJI' &A.CR CLAM AMD 0JUDL

To;e.
-
Numbm"

-
'vzAR.
. Ctau r. I c~~u~
crau 11. In. num
ol
Total of villagM
=•untlln whlcb
of feoe. lleon•u

'1'1'1'~'1~'
irat1lofto
~ .r;; ~ ~ Ra.T6Ra.b01Re.25~~~ 1 Ro.1
'j'l'
- ,S,MO
....
1818·70
1879-80
,
lSS0-81 .. •• •
I
1
6
4
I
4
4

7
6
8-1
Sl
20
21
Sl

.
M
82
8S
,.
19
t81
'.i!i7
SilT
... 1,562
1,2~~
lt,OAS 18,400

.... .... ...

7r.8 l,WiS a,606 li,SOO 17 ,8Pol.
1,6113
1,023
llt,MO
6'1,9"25
31,265 ......
''"
'""

...... • ...••
881~82 78 810 1,176 ; 81,670
Tnbail dotaita
1881-82-
r~r

• ... ...,.. ....

• •••• ... ..
.. .... t 1m

... ....
6 16 18 70 21'1!0'!11

.. .... .... ..
Tahsil Amriblr 6
Tru-au Taran
AjW&la.
1
• ..•
1 3 .. m
160 s;2rAJ

- .
Table No. XXXV, showing EXCISE STATISTICS.
1
•I •I •I I • 5 _7
I I I ~· 1
8 0 11
I
'
1~ IS
I I If

IUlCISB RKVB!'iUB
16

J!'SRllENTBO LIQUO!lS. tll"tOXICATllS'Q DRUGS. PROH

YBAIL -·h~
o:a No. ofrdaU
alwp~.

2-~!!
CoJUKJllpliq" !Jt oV'o. df rtta.i'
grllt.oru.

b's
'""'""·
CbJUKntpfioll i" 'D&4KRdf.

JIl. d ""' B• lltented Drop. TotaL

.8-~ I~
b'.;
d ~a
ll•tuon.
~;::~
~i &I~g
~
.
~ ----
=:;;
~
-
1S71·78
ts;e-79
....
••
8::
...
:t2
~lo
·u
3,.

"'"'
8,0:!2
s,m 9<) 3 lSI ;~ 480 ...... 60,003
b0,4"U
.......
IJ,Z30
.
IH,-l07
~-
",. ...... ,.,...
.. 3 11 1100 T,,.;o SO 8 l!ift 11 11' li.H 4G,~IIS I:.I,Sd:J AO,Oi'J
....
....
l1ti9·SO

., :s::, 2:le
11 11,:,~2 '30 8 119 ){I 100 69,4;~
1880·81 3
11 """
!Hi 10.Did 291110
IH,70t
10.!,100
1~1·8:!
--- 3
"'
~i9 l,alS 41\:i!'.O
30
160
•
15
...
8-H 2,:i:r.t 2,8.'.0 .. :!t:!,il4
~

AVUrt'b'lS
TOT.\L ••
.. '"'I .
" u
"""
9,:!06 30 & too -tu.ti .no .. .W,4U
hHt,iM t4-U,9'>1)
aa,u.n ~~;,.aw

.
 [ Plll\la.b Ga.zetteer,
Table No. XXXVI, showing DISTRIOT FUNDS.

1 2
I s
I .j
0
6
I 0
I '7
I I I 10 I
.Annual uptJulitun in ruptu •
8 9 11

.Annual fnconu in. rupu.~.c

•
TEAR. 3
J
. ..e.
~

.. j..:]]
~
lil ~
~
b
. §
~~ =i
. f~ ~ ---
---
~- ~~
--- ~i ~ i
~g
.:~a ll! ~~ £~ !l
.. .... 120 68,870
1874-16 ••
llli6-7~ ••
]876-;'1 ••
]877-78 ••
....
.. ....
00,618
84,000
101,21)1
00,980
8,001
8,33:!
3,518
2,9'!2
4,004
6,908
6,802
18,018
21,287
11'1,4<8
16,127
.....
425
1,616
2,106
120
120
920
41,414
60,820
61,0(16
4.4,735
82,6t.i7
{12,114
65,810
]878-70 ..
1870-80 •• 04;7os i6S!2
70,208
07,920
8,630
8,4K9
'691
1:!0
_18,034
19,llf7
a,121
8,418 •••
506
97,001
41,570
02,846
7S,2i0
1880..81 •• 07,8.'10 7,004
11:181-82 •• 07,605
2,2.'•0
9,306 00,810
Ofl,680 4,018
B12S2
1!!0
120
10,4-16
ttl,ai4. 7,878
48S
885
85,967
88,495
67,727
68,984

$on.-Th.qso ftguroa IU"O takon fro111 AppJndlcea A o.nd B to tho Annual BoTlow of Dlsfrict Pllnd OJlCrotlo~a.

T!!oble No. XXXVD; s~owing GOVERNMENT and AIDED SCHOOLS.

1 • I ~ I •1 1·1 a/ • 11• iu
6 7
,., 1S 14116 \1ojnl1•1 }g 20
1 I
21

HIGH SCHOOLS. )IlDDLE SCHOOLS. l'RllllABY ,SCHOOLS.

J!.<(OLIBU, 'VmntA· E:t"01.18Uo VONACUL-A EMOL18Jl, Vzn'lfACVLAR.

OULAR.

'Yun,
Go peril-
t~&enC.

--- ---
.....
Aidtd. Gowrn·
~
IJUIIt.
Gorer"'"
1 .didtd. Go~trntlltld.
Grnti"M•
ment.· Aided. G171!1munent.
. Aided.

i t 1 ...,~ .~ .• ~ ~
~ .,;5 ..,t "'i I .,~ .,.. "'~ ... "'s ~
,;
.,;
i g .,; g 8
~
0 0
~ ~ <l! .,u
a! u 11 ~ ;Z ~ u 111 11 u -3 oil'
.g ;Z 'II
"' .
"'
FIGURES FOR BOYS.

.I .•• j
A

1871·78
1818-79
'i67D·I:IO
.. 1
1
1
••
'""
••••
1 :'!l1J
1 1117
1 26 ,.
.... ....
.. ..
.... ....
1
12 f
210
•2
m
lld
"' •
•
s
2
.
S2t
8
'109
7..
'tU2
.. ..
8 1,~76
..
..
8 177
.. •• 67
0,228
2,859
8,001
18
14
••.
1,618
....
1,48-l

•• • ••
JSS()-81 I I 2 168 2 71 6 81 1,4!lG i47 3,184 ••
' U8l·S2 1 1 16
• "'I "" • 8 1,2i4 -'i65 62 S,02S •• ..
FIGURES FOR GIRLS •.

1871·7• ..
JS;S-70 .-.
..
•.
·..
..I ..
.. 4
12'0
120
65
42
2,0f&
1,~90
1879·80 :. •• .. 4 10-l 43 1,.'147
lSSO-.<Jl
1881·82
•••
•.
••

1
•. .. ·'l 8 1
••
••
. 1
1
41
6T
41
41
1,279
1,194

N. B.-~ineo 187\'1-SO, in tho c.~o of both Government and Aided Scboola, thoeo acholara only who ho.vo
complotod tho :'11\ddlo School cour11o ru"li 11howu in tho retltmtl n.s attending High SchoolB, and those only who hav"
complotod tho Prlouu-y School CO\lt"do u.ro Mlaowu a.<~ n.ttonding ~llddlo Scho•llll. Proviotts to that ycn.r, boys attend·
ing tho Uppor Prlllll\1"y Uup.1.rt.mont wot-o includod h\ thct. rottmas. of Middle St~boola in tho cnso of lnstituttoua
undo.r tho lnunodl.ato control of tho Edua\tl.on Dl$pu.rtmcnt, whi.bt in lnstltuti<ms under Dhltrict Officora,- boy&
llttondh1g both the UpJ>Ot 1\ttd L.-,w<Jt ..l"rlm·tn• Dep1.rtmJnt.tl wcro incltttied tn ?.Iiddle Schools. In the cMO or Aided
lnst.itllt.ionl\, '' ltigh :-J.:hOt)l tuclnd&.l '!bo M.i•ldle and Pt•lmary Dapn.r.tmcn tA nttachcd te it; tmd n. Middle School, the
. Prim:u-y DoJtt;\rtmont.. lloforo 1871'-SO, Branches of Government Sclto>oltt, U tiUpJ10rtcd on the grn.nt·in-u.1d system, were
dMsod M -~idOO ~hO<)ls; in Uto return11 for 1879-80 and Rtthoroquoatt :roars thoy luave boon l!hO\\'ll 3.1! Government Schonls.
1\r:m{'ho., of E11g1\"h Sch•x•l111, whotJtor Oovommettt or Aided, Utllt ,,,.ero fonnorly tnchtdcd amongst Vornn.cu1at Schools,
:a.l"() now returno-:t. :~.~~o Ent(liBh !iehooh.. Hottcc thl) returns bc(ore 18i9·SO do not a.tlonl the ruea.naof making a&atiafactor:y
(;otnp.'\TtBOn ~lth \.he at..:..tiatics of f!Ub8Qquont )'Otlf'8, •

· ~ndi;:~n~\1.1 School~ .
. :\ll.d Jail Sch~ls a.ro not lnc\ud!Jd in· thG:Jc roll.ltJ.W.
Amritsa.r District. l nl
Table No. XXX.VIIJ, showing the working of DISPENSARIES.
1
• • I• I • I ·- I T I • I • I 10 I 11 I II I IS I .. I 16, II I 11

NOT£.-These ftguroarLrO taken from Tables N011. II, tV, and 'V of the Dlapona.!aey' Roport.
• 204 la on account of Amrltaar LyiDg·ln H011pttaL

Table No. XXXIX, showing CIVIL and REVENUE LITIGATION.

1 2
I 8
I • I • • l •7 I 8 -•
Number oJ Ci"ll SKIU eon«rning ValiU' i• rupu• ofBw.iU c:on«n~h&fl •

YEAR. )loney 01' Rent and

Lnnd and
revenue, Total.
•
Land.
•
Other
.
Total.
......
......u.
Kumbe!' ot

movable tenancy and other

property. rtghta. mattcln.
mattera.

1818 •• ... -
14,808 285 2,000 17,098 M,129 9,15,,.0
-
D,81,000 lO,It'O

1879 ...
1880 ..
..
..
..
U,827
14,921
18,816
......
227 t,og
1,829
2,190
16,666
17,1»2
16,1!0
S0,700
66,240
l,l.S,G!G
7,80.190
S.19,191
9,66.473
8.80,9$9
8.i5,4Sl
10,10,100
ll,GIM
12,101
10,...
1881 '••
-
1SS2 .. .. 19,666 - 422 2,CM.O 16,1118. 98,191 12,19,~ 19,17,98!
. 0,<100

Non:.-.Tbeae ftgttl'f.lfJ nre taken trouiTables Noa. VI a,n,d VU of the Ci..U. Bopor't.t for 1808 to 1880, ~d ~ot. U and JU
of the Reports on Chil JUIItice for 1881 and 188!. ·
• Butta beard ill SctUcmont eourte a.ro adu4ed (tom theM coluZUU. 1'0 dtta31a of \be QJu• ol tbe ~ brine
aYall&ble.
 xxU [.Punjab Oa.zetteer.

Table No. XL; showing CRIMINAL TJ;tiALS.

~----·--------- 1
---------------l---- ---!----
8
---l----
4
--· 1·--~-·---l----·----
1 2

... D E T A I L 8.

Brought to trW
1878. . 1879. 1880.

.•
1881. o

... ..
1882•

10, 1~2 10,4.03

. :,,oao
11,466- 9,201
b,082
9,989
5,503

..
Dl8obargcd • , •• 4,:i'l7 6,718
Acqnltt.Cd
Convtatod
•.
•.
Commlttod or rofcrrod
.•
.•
••
•• 0 1,6~

.
4,10.7
1,214
4,101
.17
1,630
• 4,046
.0
1,123
s,ooo
1,101
• 3,165
••
-
Summon~
"
caaee (regular)
(summary)
- - 2,117
006
l,tS19
2,703 .. ....
Warnmtct1808(regular) .•
· ., (summary)
Total ea.toa dblposod of 4,784
1,9TO
)~,188
• ••
---~~----~--------------1------l----~------l--~--l----~
Dentb
l - ••
Tnmaporto.tion'for life ..
,
••
for a term
••
..
••
•.
••
9
1
12·
s
6
· 4
11
10
6
1
6
b
2
S
-5 ·
Penal Mn'ltude
Fino under ua. 1u
•t
11
10
fi~
,too~~"
..

to
to }1)0
60 rllpooa
.)I
••
••
o•
..
2,376
067
61
...
2,078
27
l1
1,689
•••,.
. 4fi

..
600 to 1,000 n

I -""
•• .
11
Over 1,000 rupooa .• .. •. 1
lmprlaonment onder d wontna . • 824 733 68~ 460 650
· ·\\ · · 6ID:ontha to. 2 yoa_n :: 297 239 184 219- 1!!
'1 O,'(Ot' 2 yePJA 48 02 51 ss ......
l-~~~·r~r:.•~g~~··~-~~·~·-----·~·--~~~:---~1~··~1i----~2~·~·-l-~--~1·~·~~----~··~1'-----c.•l
Ftnd•urctloaofthopotwo •••. tH 109 21)1; ~OtS 17\
Recoguiaanco to keep tho pcllOO •• •• 00 · 00 103 · 24, 11
Glvoaurottoafor_good boha.viour •. .. 232 441 259 1~0 4{i6

Narc.-'l'ho!lo flgurea aTe tnlr:en from Sta.tcmonts ~os. III ~d IV oi ~c C_rlm_ina~ Rc,PO,rt:.d (o.r 1.8~8 ~ 1_8SO_.~• &.;nd Nos.. ~'i
. ~n.d V ~ ~-o (fdu;\inal Re:fortl (o_r" 188.~ ~Wei: 1~_2t . · .·

'l'able No. XLI, _showing l'OLIQE INQ,VIR.IES.. ·

1 2 f • \ • l • 1• 1 7 1 • l • 1 w ·1 ~1 l~ , , . 114 115. 1-1~-
Number qfetuu in. .irect into·
l---.,----,----c·,- '
I Numba of pt'I"IOJU a.rre&U<l ai'
AU.m!Mned.
-Number of per.wm
~

con~itted •.

~B~ of oiTOI\CCo 1817 1878 1870 1880 1881 1877 187811879.,1880 f 1~1 1877,18781 ~8791 ~880 188\
..,_ . . . f---,- ---1--- ------ ~---:~--~
~oung or unl&wful
aasembly :. 0 S 2 6 4 66 oJS 29 46 . 4S 41 "14 S1 3& ••
llurdorandattom,Pta
to murder · .. ·..
Tot:ll aorloua ~ll'o,noeS
·
10. 1~
'
1; 11 11 21 21 11 10 10 21 ..
ngatnat tho persoh
Abduction of u:W-riecl
women. ..
10,2
..
1~ 89; 'H 1'10 160 lSi 121 ]()[, -110 85
•• 78
·~
Total serious offonccs
ap.in.st propoTty •• Ul '539 ~ ~98 60.0 26~ s.s~ soo_ 229 266 167 228· 288 1S7 169.
Total minor offoncos
Qgalnat tho poraon 55 98 68 7l 4.9 8S
7~
1D4 128
89. • 1~7
142
~21 •• •••• •• •• 116 78 80 ...

"': I . .f r: ": .
Cattlethe(t :. '10 94. 180 18.7 1\S. 88 .1!6
total minor ollencos
• .gab:ult property.. 1,001 1,!!26 1,260
~tal cogo,lmblo of.
766 ~s. 842 \,051 1,047
·
7(1.'1 5p,1 . 588 772 766 560 ""
ns

.;;;.~~ ··~ ·~
~oru~ee
m&rdage
rela.tiD.:S ~
'l'ot.N non-e~bl~
•.
r,
·
s 8 4
· ·
2 1
' ~·
2 1
·
"lS
m ' : '::'
9 2- 1
:
··
2
·:
' '
{t
':"I : ~
~ •
..

' off~CC3 • • 1,876_ 811 40S 688 4.29 2,000 88-1 437 790 6a6 ~.650 650 885 671 415
GRAM» TOTI.L of Of. ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - , - - - - ::::..:..:..j---, --· -
fonoo• ' •• <.OSB 9.751 S.SBS 2,807 2,1M 4.251 9,880 2,\!85 ,,058 ,,285 9,280 12,,8 i2,48S 2277 1 686
N~.-~•u ftgures
.. ' . . ·. . . aTO. t&'kcu'.' from.
-'
S~temont
'~. '. A. of tba
. ..Pollee Bn»ort.
,, .
 Amrl.tsar District. l xxiil
Table No. XLII; showing CONVICTS in GAOL.

1 • I• • f • ejrj•. •j,ojuj" 1sj 14

No. in guM at No. impritoM
bt''""'HO
Yf4r.
qJ th.e diU'ing tlu. y<4T

YEAR.
•

j
1877-78
lSiS-70
18i9.SO
1880-81
••
..
••
••
,•
-··
••
•• I
S37
HdS
45;
4tH
11
11
8
18
, 1,076
1,354
l,Hl
l,OlS
4~
47
41
48
6!S
714
l:-18
07
-;-;.-~-••
681
175
188
I. -,:--=;; .. I... .
,.
••
18
1
4
••
••
•
lW
27
6
UO
161
90
"
__,_.._,.._.__._.--"+--""-i--'-•.;--'•-•..,__•.,.•..:...-".,.'•-11-a .. u. 'eo .• tw 11
..... I I 16 I .. j IT ,,. ,,. 21 .. I .. I •• .. I ..

~ ~ ~ ~ ..i ig 18 ~
YEAR.
~ ~ :a fi~ ! §
..
3
11 s
:
s s .:-~ ~ as
ll
'B •
~~ · U ~ ~:a-cS
! fi ~H 5 t
!8~~
t e ;j d-
~
..~-.-.-..
1-871·-.7-.- +--.-.-. '=
·l-::_87-.
...
-'-"-,-(::-",:....+".'-.+"'--7 -; 12S
ts
~~ 1-'.=-:.-J--'.'=-,,..,...:-,-1-;;:;-
1878-79 ,.
18i!.l-SO ••-
1880-81 ••
1881-82 ••
•r
••
••
••
1,157
l3li
159
81
837
155
87
6S
220
1.54
62
109
S7
44
32.
22:
17
9
2
2
t
4
7
2
. 10
'';
.• .
117
45
43
M
7S
ts
2S
24.
22
13
16
18
I !Z7,338
W,!MS
!6,197
28,000
4,0d0
S,4M
8,500
&,185

Nnu,-'l'heso 6guroa are takon from Tables Nos. XXVIII, XXIX, XXX, XXXI, fdld XXXVII of tbo AdmlnlatnilOil
j\eport. .

Table No. XUII, showing the POPULATION of TOWNS.

-
• --- •
• -- • -•
I
1 2 6 7 10

-...... -... Penon•

..
Total Other No. of perlOO
HindUI. Sikhs. J.m.. lllualOWJ& nil
Town.
t>tf.~
'1'olWL ocouptod oceuplod
......
I
.. ..
~-
.Amriloar
Jandlala
.llajltha
.. ....
151,896
.o.~

5,061
61,274
... .....
..... ... ..
..... 18,874

1179
0 7>,891

2,866
845

•
e
1,200
1,175
&77

61&

!j'ar.uo Tar!on ••
Bundala
~a1rowal ·
.. &,101
6,4.09
1,601
l,fM .,
2,192
'
..
..
..
. 1,408

.....
11,40-1
..
..
0011
0011
1,1)01
....
1,110
•
...... ...
..
,,... ,
Sorhall Kalan 6,19';' 1,... 2,195 458
Tamn 'l'anuo .. 11,210 1,077 .. 3-089 .. ill

1-l~ .. Rainnas .. 4,498 1,866 .... .. 2,640 ..

-.. ' ..
:nlv · [ PuDja.b Gazetteer,
Table
. No. - XLIV, showing .BIRTHS
- and DEATHS
. '
fo~: TOWNS.
.
I I I I
::l6:~l~~.L: -I
G 10 12
1 'll 8 9 11 19

Tolnl)~
laJion b1 Total dta.thl regUkrtd dKring Uu &'etr.r.
CentKio/
TOWN. l!oz.
1875• 1877., 1878-11870.11880.11881. ~877. 11878. 1 is79. -~tsso. ( 1881.

Amrlt.ar
.
...
~~~--
FoDllllcl 58,188 2,816 2,829
78,089 213M 2,869 2,27S 9,004 2,002
2,296 2,88! 2,858
2,858
.2,696
6,880
<,m
6,097
4,897
2,774
.
2,486
s;m
8,516

-
N01'a.-thceo6guroa aro t.a.koo from Tnblo No. LVII of t,hc Aclmlnletr&t\on Report.

Table No .XLV,· showing MUNICIPAL INOO:ME.

.
1
-1 • I • • -I
5 6 7

N.xa" OJ' MO'MICIPA.l.rTT.

-I
CIMa ol Mun\clpollty •• I. m:. IlL lli. III•. III.

18TO.il •. 1,70,971

. 1871·72 •• 1,99,008 8,265 725 . 877

1872·79
·-•• 4,61,867 S.628 824 1,354

1873-'i"f .. 2,06,471 816 878

187'4·75 8,507 1,4.72 800

1875-76 •. 2,98,874 088 871 8,(27 . 1,480

1876-77 •. 9,<9,603 1,052 1,568 '4,606

•. 8,1&,045 ol,692 2,SS9

.. 8,00,685 6,484 1,194 1,828

1879-80 .• 2a87,905 8,151 1,193 1,242

t,to:r t,io~s

I
1880-81 . 6,8-10

4,28& 1~168 1,846 1,887

1881-82 .
Amritsar District. l
Table No. XLVA, showing :MANUFACTURES.
- -
1 • 8
• 6 0 I
'
-
SUk. Cotton. • wo81. Other
Fabrlct. Paper. Wood.

....
-
Number of mtila and large f~toriea ... .. .. 11 .. 60
NUmber of private looms or small works , , - .. .. IS .. 160
Number ~f wo:kmen I:Jl-{ :Malo - .. SSG .. .. 106 .. ~10

large works. Female .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Num.bol' of workmen ~small works or in-·. 1,215~
'
.. .. <0 . r.o
dependent artisans. - - ..
ValUe of plant in large w.:orirf · .. 2,000 .. .. 160 1,700

Eetima.ted annual out-turn of all works In 2,60,000 ... .. 85,000 .. 1,50,000

Jilpees.

·-
.
-
'- 8
• 10 11 12 IS

Dyetns-and Pottm'.
B.,... manuflictlll" Leather. commonancl
Iron. and copper. BulldWgL tnsotdfoo. slouod.
.

·Number of mUls nn~ larp factories .. - <0 17 15 20 11 1&

Number of priva.tCI.looma or small works ._.

Numbor of wor~en tn {Male_
large worka. ' ~ Female
~ ..
..
120
160
..
100
..
~

..
sn
30

.
100
.. 260
110
.. ..
00
<0

460 200 600 ISO

Number of workmea in 8mall workJ! or b~..- 2<0 820

depe:ndent-arttsans.
Valu.o of plan~ in largo works .. 2,,01)0 -~.200 __ 100 1,600 800
1,10,000
800
8>,000
. 1,60,000 1,40,000 62,000
~ted amiual out-tum of all works in 1,20,000
n>poea.
,. 17 18 ,.
- 1G 16

Gold. anver, Otber

.
on-~ng PMhmlna
an reftn· andabawl& • <larpebl.
!ng•
and
Joweuory. .......
,..,.ur... Tobll.

~umber of
--.
mills o.n.d largo factories ..
·~
30
-
1 16 . .,.
Numbor of private looms or small works ..
Number of workme~ in {Male· ..
.. ..
120
80
<00
m
..
.
1
160
..
30 <00
260
..
2,m
"'t,m
1..
largo works. Female
Nun1bor o( workmen in amall workl ctr in- 160
"''
•.oro • 1<0 1,160 e,r.s

~dont artilanB.
Vlilue or plant in )argo WOl"ks .. 10,000 6,000 .,.
i,OOO
0 ...
4,00.000
..ooo
1,60,000
......
21,M,OOI
Estimated annual out-turn or aU worka in ...ooo · f,OO,OOO

rupooo.

- '
 Table No. XLVI, showing DISTANCES.

Aju:ila .•. ... AjnAla.

.Arurita&r ... "'i7l Amri~sar•

, Mtori ... 20 IS AUari.

Chhabhal 28 11 18 Chhabhal.

!f~ogawon 12 15 S ... Chos• wan.

l<'atehga1·b 12 1G . . . ... 22 Fut• hgnrb.

liharindB ... 12 4 H 7 ":" i Gh .rinda.

... 49 ~7. 1 Hal'iki.
Hnriki ...
Jaudyahl
50
28
33
11
..
20 20 26 27 29
-
... Jandyal~.

Kn.thu I\nugal 12 30 23 27 ... 24 H 23 Kathn Nanga!.

Khoe.u. •.. 8 10 ... 19 20 Khasa,

lllajitha ... ... 10 28 21 ... 22 43 ... 6 j

18 Majitha.
-j s .
ltaj11 Sant.i 0 7 IS ... 40 IS ···J"' -...D::_a.
I
anar.
... 2442 ... 39 ...
13..2. ~··
.-
Hay• ... 13 ·.·... ... ...
Sirholi 44 27 .. . 5 ... ... ... Sirhali.

::O:berou ••• 26 10 .. . ... 35 ••• 14 ... 31 29 26 7 Sheron,

'l'o.mn 1'a.ro.u 29 12 23 9 27 28 10 21 10 24 ... 22 10 ... 12 51 'l'aran Taran.

\\~o.it·owol .. 24 ... ... 13 ... ... ...1-::-1 Wairnwal.
W azir Bhullar .. 2846 ... ... 17 ... \36 ... 4 ... 1-:- Wazir Bhullar.
l