Chemical

Composition in
Cells
Sekolah Cikal -
Biology Year 11
Table of contents

Carbohydrates Lipid
01 Monosaccharide, 02 Simple lipid, compound
disaccharide,
lipid, derived lipid.
polysaccharide.

Protein Nucleic Acid

03 Simple protein and 04
conjugated protein
Chemical Component in Cells
All of the cells activity is because of
the chemical reaction in cells. The
chemical compound that constitute
the cells is called Protoplasm.

Protoplasm is consist of organic

compounds and inorganic
compounds. The organic compounds
such as carbohydrates, lipid, protein
and nucleic acid.
 Organic vs Inorganic
The Organic Compound contain carbon (C) in
combination with one or more other elements as
hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), sulphur (S), etc. The
organic compounds usually contain large molecules
which are formed by the similar or dissimilar unit
structure known as the monomers.
The Inorganic Compound are those compounds
which normally found in the bulk of the physical,
non-living universe, such as elements, metals,
non-metals, and their compounds such as water, salts
and variety of electrolytes and non-electrolytes.
Do you have any
idea what is the
difference between
Protoplasm and
Cytoplasm?
 Common
Element
Composing the
Human Body

Human Anatomy & Physiology (2015, Pearson)

 Can you
differentiate the
which one is the
inorganic
element?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (2015, Pearson)

 01
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide,
disaccharide,
polysaccharide.
 Carbohydrates
● The carbohydrates are the compounds of
the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
● They form the main source of the energy
of all living beings.
● Only green part of plants and certain
microbes have the power of synthesizing
the carbohydrates from the water and
CO2 in the presence of sunlight and
chlorophyll by the process of
photosynthesis.
● Carbohydrates are classified into three
Monosaccharide, disaccharides, and
polysaccharides.

Remember the main product of photosynthesis is glucose, and

glucose is the example of monosaccharide that has six atom
carbon
 Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides is simple carbohydrates that determine by atom C. The example are triose
(consist of 3 atom C), pentose (consist of 5 atom C), and hexose (consist of 6 atom C).
 Disaccharides
Disaccharide C12H22O11, also called double sugar, any substance that is composed of two
molecules of simple sugars (monosaccharides) linked to each other. The example is sucrose, and
lactose
 Polysaccharides
There are two types of polysaccharides (C6H10O5 )n, there are homopolysaccharides, and
heteropolysaccharides
● The homopolysaccharides contain similar kinds
● The polysaccharides which are composed of
of monosaccharides in their molecules.
different kinds of the monosaccharides and
● The example of homopolysaccharides of the
amino-nitrogen or sulphuric or phosphoric acids
matrix are the starch (amylum) as the result of
in their molecules are known as
photosynthesis, glycogen in heart cells and
heteropolysaccharides.
muscle cells, lignin in xylem, inulin in root cells.
● The most important heteropolysaccharides are
and cellulose in cells wall.
as follows: Hyaluronic acid, keratin sulphate and
chondroitin sulphate.
02
Lipid
Simple lipid, compound
lipid, derived lipid.
 Lipid
● Lipid build by glycerol and fatty acid.
● Lipid is not soluble in water, but can be soluble in organic solvent such as
kloroform, alcohol.
● In living things lipid has function as plasma membrane, hormone and vitamin.
● The lipids are classified into three main types :
1. simple lipids
2. compound lipids
3. derived lipids.
03
Protein
Simple protein and
conjugated protein
 Protein
● Protein is a complex chemical substance.
In living thing, protein has two main role
as catalytic protein shown by enzyme,
and as the mechanic shown by muscle
protein.
● Simple protein only produce amino acid
and the example are albumin and
globulin.
● Conjugated protein produce by amino
acid and other substance such as
glycoprotein, nucleoprotein, lipoprotein,
chromoprotein
04
Nucleic Acid
 Nucleic Acid
● Nucleic acid is the main
material of cells.
● There are two types of nucleic
acid
1. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
2. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA)
Do you still remember
what is the difference
between RNA and
DNA??
Thank
you