Tishk International University -Sulaimani

Faculty of Engineering

Department of Architecture Engineering

Student name: Hansk Jamal Aziz

Supervisor name: Dr. Hoshyar Qadr
Course name: Theory of Architecture II

2nd Grade

2020-2021
Content:
• Sagrada Familia, Barcelona (1883) Designed by AntoniGaudi. Art Nouveau style of Gothic
architecture!

• Palais Wagner, Vienna (188, Vienna (1889-91) Designed by Otto Wagner.Vienna

Secession style of architecture, combining delicatemetalwork with ornament.

• Wainwright Building, St Louis (1890-91) Designed by Louis Sullivan. Based on a grid of

pronounced structural verticals.

• Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (1890-1902) Designed by Richard Morris Hunt.
Renaissance Revival style with Victorian limestone facade.
 • Crystal Palace, London (1851 -), Exhibition palace, Designed by Joseph Paxton, Victorian
style

• Rotunda, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (1822-26) Designed by Thomas Jefferson.

Neoclassical style of architecture.

• Altes Museum, Berlin (1823-30) Designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel. A neoclassical loggia
which overlooks the Lustgarten (pleasure garden).

• National Gallery, London (Houses of Parliament, London (1839-52) Designed by Sir

Charles Barry. Gothic architecture with Italian ground plan.

• Maison Courmont (1846-49), France designed by Viollet-le Duc. Using Gothic details to a
rational Parisian street frontage.

The Sagrada Família:

The Sagrada Familia is a monumental Roman Catholic church in Barcelona, Spain. It was
designed by the architect Antoni Gaudi. Construction work has been ongoing, intermittently,
since 1882, and it is perhaps the most famous incomplete building in the world. It is listed as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site and is an iconic symbol of Spain.

The Spiritual Association of Devotees of Saint Joseph was founded in 1874, and began
campaigning for the construction of an expiatory temple dedicated to the Holy Family. The
Association purchased a plot of land in Barcelona and the first stone was laid on St. Joseph’s
Day, March 1882.

Gaudi became involved a year later and transformed the original neo-gothic design into his
trademark style, combining elements of gothic and byzantine cathedrals, and curvilinear Art
Nouveau forms. Gaudi continued to work on the project until his death in 1926, when less than
a quarter of his grand vision had been realised.

Today, the Sagrada Familia is one of the largest testing grounds for construction methods in the
world, and one of Spain’s most popular tourist attractions, with visitor entrance fees financing
the annual construction budget of around 25 million euros.
Gaudi wanted to express Christian belief through the architecture of the cathedral, and to
capture the essence of transcendence with the lofty forms, geometry and the interplay of light
and colour. His original design consisted of 18 towers, each with its own significance. The
central tower would be dedicated to Jesus Christ and was intended to reach 172 m in height.

The temple is made up of a central nave flanked by aisles and transepts forming a Latin cross.
At the head of the cross is a semi-circular apse. Three monumental facades represent Christ’s
birth, his Passion, Death and Resurrection, and future Glory.

Palais Hoyos:
When Otto Wagner built himself a "town house" at Rennweg 3 in the 1890s, it was clearly still a
desirable residence. Now known as the Palais Hoyos and occupied by the Croatian embassy,
this early Wagner work is very much in the Ringstrasse style, with its elaborate wrought-iron
balconies and stucco decorations, but you can discern hints of his later work in touches such as
the projecting cornice and the very fine reliefs on the upper floor. Wagner also designed the
houses on either side, including no. 5, where the composer Gustav Mahler lived from 1898 to
1909.

Close by, on Rennweg, stands the Gardekirche, completed by Nicolò Pacassi (Maria Theresa's
court architect) in the 1760s, but refaced in a Neoclassical style just six years later. The Rococo
interior, however, was left alone, and still retains its richly gilded stuccowork, ribbed dome,
bull's-eye windows and lantern. Built as the chapel of the imperial hospital, it was handed over
to the Polish Guards in 1782, holds services in Polish and is popularly known as the Polnische
Kirche.
 Wainwright Building, Saint Louis:
When financier Ellis Wainwright asked Louis Sullivan to design a new, tall office building in St.
Louis, it wasn’t the very first skyscraper ever built. That distinction had already been achieved
just a few years earlier in New York and Chicago, as new skeleton frame building methods had
made taller buildings possible.

But before the Wainwright Building, no one had yet designed a tall building that embraced its
tallness. The tall building was a new phenomenon – and before the Wainwright, architects were
designing structures with disparate segments stacked one on top of the other, as on a tiered
wedding cake.

With the Wainwright Building, Louis Sullivan is widely credited with figuring out what tall
buildings could look like. In his simple, elegant design, he visually organized the building by
reinterpreting the elements of a classical column: a strong base, a soaring vertical shaft, and a
decorative (and functional) capital.
Writing in 1896, Sullivan explained the revelation that led him to his groundbreaking design:
“What is the chief characteristic of the tall office building? And at once we answer, it is lofty.
This loftiness is to the artist-nature its thrilling aspect … It must be tall, every inch of it tall … It
must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exultation that from bottom to top
it is a unit without a single dissenting line...”

With his design for the Wainwright, Sullivan created a new visual vocabulary for tall buildings.
Its aesthetic influence can be seen not only in the buildings that immediately followed it, but
also in sleek, soaring modernist skyscrapers that came decades later.

While it is not as tall as today’s skyscrapers, the ten-

story Wainwright Building was a soaring presence in
the St. Louis skyline when it was completed in 1891.
Photo Credit: Katherine Castro
Each floor of the Wainwright Building has its own
ornament theme, seen in the window panels.
Photo Credit: William A. zbaren

Metropolitan Museum of Art:

Metropolitan Museum of Art, byname the Met, the largest and most-comprehensive art
museum in New York City and one of the foremost in the world. The museum was incorporated
in 1870 and opened two years later. The complex of buildings at its present location in Central
Park opened in 1880. The main building facing Fifth Avenue, designed by Richard Morris Hunt,
was completed in 1902 and as of 2016 was called “The Met Fifth Avenue.” McKim, Mead, and
White designed certain later additions. The American section, added in 1924, included the 1823
marble facade saved from the demolished U.S. Branch Bank on Wall Street. The remainder of
the 20th-century additions were completed by the architectural firm of Kevin Roche John
Dinkeloo and Associates. They included the Robert Lehman Wing (1975), with its Old Masters,
Impressionist, and Post-Impressionist works; the Sackler Wing of the Temple of Dendur (1978),
which houses a monument given by Egypt; the American Wing (1980), a four-acre addition that
was wrapped around the old section and contains the largest collection of American arts in the
world; the Michael C. Rockefeller Wing (1982), which houses the arts of Africa, Oceania, and
the Americas; the Lila Acheson Wallace Wing (1987), which displays Modern art; and the Henry
R. Kravis Wing (1990), which contains sculpture and decorative arts of Europe up to the early
20th century. A renovated and reconceived group of 15 galleries featuring the “art of the Arab
lands, Turkey, Iran, Central Asia, and later South Asia”—one of the most-comprehensive
collections of its type—was opened in 2011. In March 2016 the Met expanded its Modern and
contemporary art programs into a Marcel Breuer-designed building at East 75th Street and
Madison Avenue (the former location of the Whitney Museum of American Art). “The Met
Breuer” was designed to host exhibitions and performances related to 20th- and 21st-century
art, artist commissions and residencies, and educational programming.

Crystal Palace:
The Crystal Palace was a cast iron and plate glass structure, originally built in Hyde Park,
London, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. The exhibition took place from 1 May to 15
October 1851, and more than 14,000 exhibitors from around the world gathered in its 990,000
square feet (92,000 m2) exhibition space to display examples of technology developed in the
Industrial Revolution. Designed by Joseph Paxton, the Great Exhibition building was 1,851 feet
(564 m) long, with an interior height of 128 feet (39 m). The erection itself was a representation
of modern architecture and modern industry that was developing with the Industrial
Revolution, and the structure was three times the size of St Paul's Cathedral.

The introduction of the sheet glass method into Britain by Chance Brothers in 1832 made
possible the production of large sheets of cheap but strong glass, and its use in the Crystal
Palace created a structure with the greatest area of glass ever seen in a building. It astonished
visitors with its clear walls and ceilings that did not require interior lights.

It has been suggested that the name of the building resulted from a piece penned by the
playwright Douglas Jerrold, who in July 1850 wrote in the satirical magazine Punch about the
forthcoming Great Exhibition, referring to a "palace of very crystal".

After the exhibition, the Palace was relocated to an area of South London known as Penge
Common. It was rebuilt at the top of Penge Peak next to Sydenham Hill, an affluent suburb of
large villas. It stood there from June 1854 until its destruction by fire in November 1936. The
nearby residential area was renamed Crystal Palace after the landmark. This included the
Crystal Palace Park that surrounds the site, home of the Crystal Palace National Sports Centre,
which had previously been a football stadium that hosted the FA Cup Final between 1895 and
1914. Crystal Palace F.C. was founded at the site in 1905, and the team played at the Cup Final
venue in their early years. The park still contains Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins's Crystal
Palace Dinosaurs which date back to 1854.

The Rotunda University:

The Rotunda is a building located on The Lawn on the original grounds of the University of
Virginia. It was designed by Thomas Jefferson to represent the "authority of nature and power
of reason" and was inspired by the Pantheon in Rome. Construction began in 1822 and was
completed shortly after Jefferson's death in 1826. The grounds of the new university were
unique in that they surrounded a library housed in the Rotunda rather than a church, as was
common at other universities in the English-speaking world. The Rotunda is seen as a lasting
symbol of Jefferson's belief in the separation of church and education, as well as his lifelong
dedication to both education and architecture. It was designated a National Historic Landmark
in 1966, and is part of the landmark University of Virginia Historic District, designated in 1971.

The collegiate structure, the immediate area around it, and Jefferson's nearby home at
Monticello combine to form one of only six modern man-made sites in the United States to be
internationally protected and preserved as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO (the other five are
the Old City of San Juan, the San Antonio Missions, Independence Hall, the Statue of Liberty and
the architectural works of Frank Lloyd Wright).

The original construction cost of the Rotunda was $57,773 ($992,792 in 2006 dollars). The
building stands 77 feet (23.5 m) in both height and diameter.
 Altes Museum:
The Altes Museum, built between 1823 and 1830 and designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel, is one
of the most important works of Neoclassical architecture. With its clearly ordered exterior and
an interior structure designed with exacting precision in the ancient Greek style, Schinkel
pursued Humboldt's idea of opening the museum as an educational institution for the public.

The monumental order of the 18 fluted Ionic columns, the wide stretch of the atrium, the
rotunda - an explicit reference to the Pantheon in Rome - and finally the grand staircase are all
architectural elements which, up to this point, were reserved for stately buildings.

Originally built to house all of Berlin's art collections, the Altes Museum has been home to the
Collection of Classical Antiquities since 1904. The building was severely damaged by fire in the
last two years of the war. Reconstruction work lasted until 1966.
 The National Gallery:
Established in 1824 as a new art collection for the enjoyment and education of all, the National
Gallery first consisted of 38 pictures, put on display at a house on Pall Mall while a purpose built
gallery was constructed. There are now over 2,300 works of art, from medieval classics to
world-famous pieces by the French Impressionists. The new museum opened in 1838, located
in Trafalgar Square because it was deemed to be at the heart of London – easy for rich people
to visit from the west by carriage and also convenient for poor people coming by foot from east
London.

Free to visit, the National Gallery is still as welcoming to all as it was back then. Anyone can
swing by and gaze on Van Gogh’s ‘Sunflowers’ for ten minutes on their way to work, or stay all
day and admire JMW Turner’s Bequest or Cézanne’s ‘Bathers’.

The gallery has blockbuster exhibitions, music concerts and courses that do carry an entry
charge, but most of the collection isn’t ticketed, and there are free talks each day, which you
don’t need to book in advance. These take a closer look at a different painting or theme each
time.

There are free sessions for families on Sundays and during school holidays, too. These give
children aged five to 12 the chance to experience the grand gallery atmosphere whilst getting
creative in drawing and art workshops designed for their level of interest. These are drop-in,
but demand can be high, so you might have to wait for spaces unless you arrive early.

The Maison Courmont:

Courmont Building - 28 street of Liège. Founded in 1846 by the renowned architect
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc who later redoed a substantial amount of the cathedral of Notre
Dame. Established in Paris, 8th arrondissement, Paris, Metropolis of the Grand Paris, Il
Courmont House was built for Henrice Courmont, Headquarters of Historic Monuments,
and is naturally listed today as a historical monument.
 The Reference:
https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/es/node/175083#infos-principales

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maison_Courmont_2012-09-02_14-48-

15.jpg https://www.timeout.com/london/art/national-gallery

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rotunda_(University_of_Virginia

) https://rotunda.virginia.edu/

https://www.barcelona.com/barcelona_directory/monuments/sagrada_famili

a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Hoyos

https://www.gpsmycity.com/attractions/palais-hoyos-57656.html

https://www.archdaily.com/127393/ad-classics-wainwright-building-louis-

sullivan https://www.britannica.com/topic/Metropolitan-Museum-of-Art

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London