Assignment on:

Human Resource Information System

Topic:

1-Database chapter 2.Ntier Architecture, Cloud Computing and Best of Breed

3.System development life cycle 4.DFD 5.Project Management, CPM, PERT,
Gantt chart, Human resource perspective.

Submitted To: Mr. Mohammad Imran

Assistant Professor

FBA, USTC

Submitted by: Durjoy Sharma Joy

ID : 1525

Semester : 8th

Batch : 40th

Major : Human Resource Management

Date of submission: 27-12-2020

 1. Database Management Systems

Data are the lifeblood of an organization. The production and maintenance of data are critical to
the smooth operation of every part of the organization. Data represent the ―facts‖ of transactions
that occur on a daily basis. A transaction can be thought of as an event of consequence, such as
hiring a new employee for a particular position for a specified salary. The organization attempts
to capture the data (facts) associated with each of these transactions, such as the date hired, the
name of the person hired, the title of the position, the location where the new hire will work, and
so on, and then store these data for future use.

Database Management Systems

A DBMS is a set of software applications combined with a database. A DBMS electronically
allows organizations to effectively manage data. Managing data means

 Identifying the data needed to create information that is necessary to make HR decisions,
 Defining the characteristics of that data (e.g., number data vs. character data),
 Organizing those data in a manner that promotes integration, data quality and
accessibility,
 Restricting access to the data to the right personnel. By performing these functions
effectively, a DBMS turns data into an organizational resource.

Database Management System Diagram

MS Access
MS Access is a relational DBMS in which data are organized as a collection of tables. Like any
relational database, the data in tables can be queried. MS Access is designed for relatively small
databases and assumes limited knowledge of database programming. MS Access provides the
following functions:

 It allows to create databases containing tables and table relationships.

 It lets easily add new records, change table values in existing records, and delete records.
 It contains a built-in query language, which lets obtain immediate answers to questions
ask about data.
 It contains a built-in report generator and report wizard, which lets produce professional
looking, formatted reports from your data.
 It provides protection of databases through security, control, and recovery facilities.

Data Integration
Database Warehouses

A Data Warehousing is process for collecting and managing data from varied sources to provide
meaningful business insights. It is electronic storage of a large amount of information by a
business which is designed for query and analysis instead of transaction processing.

Business Intelligence

Business intelligence comprises the strategies and technologies used by enterprises for the data
analysis of business information. BI technologies provide historical, current, and predictive
views of business operations.

Data Mining

Data mining is defined as a process used to extract usable data from a larger set of any raw data.
It implies analysing data patterns in large batches of data using one or more software. Data
mining is also known as Knowledge Discovery in Data.

2. N-Tier Architecture, Cloud computing

and Best of Breed.
N-Tier Architecture
N-tier architecture is a client-server architecture concept in software engineering where the
presentation, processing and data management functions are both logically and physically
separated. These functions are each running on a separate machine or separate clusters so that
each is able to provide the services at top capacity since there is no resource sharing. This
separation makes managing each separately easier since doing work on one does not affect the
others, isolating any problems that might occur. N-tier architecture is also known as multi-tier
architecture.

N-tier architecture usually divides an application into three tiers: the presentation tier, logic tier
and data tier. It is the physical separation of the different parts of the application as opposed to
the usually conceptual or logical separation of the elements in the model-view-controller (MVC)
framework. Another difference from the MVC framework is that n-tier layers are connected
linearly, meaning all communication must go through the middle layer, which is the logic tier. In
MVC, there is no actual middle layer because the interaction is triangular; the control layer has
access to both the view and model layers and the model also accesses the view; the controller
also creates a model based on the requirements and pushes this to the view. However, they are
not mutually exclusive, as the MVC framework can be used in conjunction with the n-tier
architecture, with the n-tier being the overall architecture used and MVC used as the framework
for the presentation tier.

Advantages of n-tier architecture include:

 Scalable – Scale separate tiers without touching other tiers

 Individual management – Prevents cascade effects; isolates maintenance

 Flexible – Expands in any way according to requirements

 Secure – Each tier can be secured separately and in different ways

Cloud computing
Cloud computing can be defined as a computing architecture that uses the Internet and central
remote servers to maintain data and applications. Hosted services are then delivered over the
Internet. Cloud computing technology allows businesses to use applications without having to go
through the complex installation process. It is notable that the ―cloud‖ in ―cloud computing‖ was
inspired by the cloud symbol that one uses to represent the Internet in flow charts and diagrams.
There exist three general service categories commonly recognized in cloud computing.

These include:
  Infrastructure as a Service—This type of service basically provides access`to an
operating system (such as Microsoft Windows or Linux) or cluster of connected systems.
Amazon Elastic Cloud Compute provides access to on-demand operating systems.
 Platform as a Service —The next level of services include application and Web server
technology prebuilt into the leased computer. Enterprises still build out custom
applications on top of these servers. Microsoft Azure is an example of PaaS.
 Software as a Service—In this case, a complete application is delivered over the Internet.
This can be as simple as an e-mail service (think Google Mail) or as complex as the
entire HRIS application.

Best of Breed
Best-in-breed is the strategy of selecting the best product that will meet all of your business
requirements. With this approach, your business will select the best system, typically in its
referenced niche or category and it will perform a specialized function better than an integrated
system.

Recruitment The business process to recruit new employees for a company has many BOB
opportunities. Large HRIS applications tend to focus on the internal hiring processes of the
company—creating and approving job requisitions, saving applicant data, scheduling interviews,
capturing interview results, and, finally, hiring the new employee. Yet there exist other software
applications to ―finetune‖ the hiring process.

Time Collection Most companies require employees to submit time-keeping data each pay
period. For hourly employees, this typically means using a punch card and time clock to track
hours. Some solutions use employee badges with magnetic stripes, thereby enabling employees
to clock in and out. Again, most HRIS vendors do not provide the hardware needed to track time.
Time-keeping systems will capture the hourly data from various readers throughout a site.
Employee scheduling for various shift coverages can be implemented with time collection or
planning software. For example, transit districts schedule bus operators to cover a very complex
route system throughout the week. Unionized rules force certain break periods and preferences
for senior operators. Driver schedules are posted for future pay periods; and actual hours worked,
reported sick, taken as vacation time, and so on, are collected for prior pay periods. Such data
will be reviewed each pay period prior to being transmitted to the HRIS payroll application.

Payroll In some cases, the entire payroll process may be outsourced to another vendor, such as
ADP. ADP specializes in providing payroll services for companies of all sizes. For some
enterprises, the cost of maintaining a payroll application and staff in-house may outweigh the
benefits of controlling the process. In this case, employee time data, pay rate, and benefit
information would be transmitted to ADP for processing.
Benefits Each year, most employers present their employees with what is called the benefits
open enrollment period during which signing up for benefits is similar to course enrollment for
students each semester. Instead of enrolling in courses, though, employees enroll for major
medical, dental, and insurance benefits. For example, employees choose between health care
providers such as Kaiser or Blue Cross for their medical insurance. These providers support
interfaces with the major HRIS applications so that, as employees log into the enrollment
software, they can review offerings tailored to their company’s plan. Thus, when employees
select a particular insurance program, they can then transmit enrollment data to the provider
through their organization’s HRIS.

3. System development life cycle.

The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is a formal, multistage process through which
information systems are implemented. Specific phases include planning, analysis, design,
implementation, and maintenance. System design has multiple advantages.

First, it allows the organization to focus on a limited set of issues.

Second, it contains many activities within one phase and allows organizations to make ―go, no-
go‖ decisions at the end of each phase. At any time the project is seen as not meeting objectives,
it can be terminated, with the work to-date providing a baseline if conditions merit moving
forward.

Planning
The planning phase of the SDLC includes both long-range or strategic planning and short-range
operational planning. During the planning phase, HR will determine the existing technological
and system capabilities and develop a general plan for adapting, upgrading, or changing these
plans. It developed a plan to move forward.

Analysis
It is in the analysis phase that an organization’s current capabilities are documented, new needs
are identified, and the scope of an HRIS is determined. In many systems projects, this phase can
be the most time-consuming and important phase of the SDLC. The analysis phase of the SDLC
encompasses steps such as reviewing the current system processes, looking for opportunities for
improvement, exploring and justifying change, developing requirements for the new system and
prioritizing those needs.

Implementation
During the implementation phase, the HRIS is built, tested, and readied for actual rollout, or the
―go live‖ stage—the point in the SDLC at which the old system is turned off and the new system
is put into operation. Two common approaches to switching from the old system to the new
system used by many organizations is to either pilot the new HRIS in one location before fully
going live, or to turn on limited functions and then continue to add functionality. There is not one
single optimal approach, but instead, the approach used by your organization should reflect your
needs and context. Key steps in implementation include coding or configuring modules, system
testing, finalizing procedures, converting old data for use in the new system, documentation, and
training end users

Maintenance
The SDLC does not end once the go-live date arrives. The maintenance phase, sometimes
referred to as the ―forgotten phase‖ (Smith, 2001), is that phase in the life of an HRIS during
which the primary objective is to prolong the useful life of the HRIS, and it begins once the new
system is put into operation. Consequently, a crucial part of maintenance is the evaluation of the
HRIS. Does it meet the needs of all users as determined during the earlier phase of the SDLC?
Has it been accepted by the users? Is the HRIS being used properly? Maintenance serves four
main purposes:

a) Corrective Maintenance—

There will be times that despite the best efforts of designers and implementers, something in
the system doesn’t work properly and must be fixed (e.g., computer bugs, misinterpreted
designs, incorrectly specified designs, or identified needs ignored).

b) Adaptive Maintenance—The human resources environment is always changing and

evolving. For example, new government regulations affecting HR practices, such as
 legislation addressing racial and gender discrimination, can prompt new requirements or alter
the old requirements of the system.

c) Perfective Maintenance—The goal of perfective maintenance is to tweak or improve on

the existing system. For example, a more efficient routine that speeds up processing times
could be developed in the maintenance phase.

d) Preventative Maintenance—Preventative maintenance focuses on the ongoing

requirements of maintaining the hardware and software than runs the HRIS. Such a
maintenance action will prevent future system crashes due to inadequate hardware.

4. DFD (Data Flow Diagrams)

Data flow diagrams is graphically represent the flow of data in a business information system.
DFD describes the processes that are involved in a system to transfer data from the input to the
file storage and reports generation. Logical Process Modeling With Data Flow Diagrams

Advantages of DFD
1. There is freedom from committing to the technical implementation of the system too early.

2. They provide a deeper understanding of the interrelatedness of systems and subsystems.

3. They allow for stronger communication of system knowledge to the employees, since the
diagrams are in pictorial form.

4. They ensure a deeper analysis of the proposed system to determine if all business processes
have been identified.

A DFD consists of four symbols. These include the

  Entity
 The data flow
 The process
 The data store.

Entity
The entity represents any external agent that either receives or supplies data to the HR system.
For example, in an applicant tracking system, a manager could request that a job opening be
posted, or an applicant could submit her resume online. In this scenario both the manager and
applicant are entities.

The data flow

The data flow represents the movement of a single piece of data from point to point through the
system (e.g., from process to process, entity to process, or process to data store). As a data flow
represents data about a person, place, or thing, it should also be labeled with a noun. The label of
a data flow should describe exactly what data are contained in the flow. For example, a data flow
labeled ―Time Sheet‖ would represent an employee’s time sheet, and the exact data contained in
the flow would be precisely defined as part of the diagramming process.

Process
A process represents a business activity. The goal of each process is to change or transform
inputted data into a useful output such as creating an applicant record, updating an employee
record, creating a recruiting yield ratio report, reporting Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission data on applicants. Since data are transformed as part of these processes, they
should be labeled with action verbs, for example, calculate, send, print, or verify.

The data store

It is a system or a repository of data. This repository could be a filing cabinet, a file on a desk, a
computer file, or a database table. A data store contains data about a person, place, or department
and should be labeled with a noun. Examples of data stores include employee files, applicant
files, employee records, and customer or current benefits records.

5. Project Management, CPM, PERT,

Gantt chart, Human resource perspective
Human resource perspective

The techniques of PM from the IT literature will ensure the development of an overall written
work plan for the HRIS project. However, there are still a number of organizational requirements
involved in the successful completion of the HRIS project. How to manage the people who
manage the projects. The HRM literature provides guidance on how to handle the behavioral and
management issues that arise in fulfilling these requirements during the HRIS project. The
organizational and management requirements include the following:

Identification of steering committee and project charter

Configuring the PM team

Identification of available resources and constraints

Controlling project creep

Selection of the implementation team

Training and documentation

The critical path method (CPM),

CPM is a mathematically based algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities. s. CPM is
used to construct a project model that includes the following:

 A list of all activities required to complete the project

 The time (duration) that each activity will take to complete
 The dependencies among the activities

Gantt chart
Which is a graphical representation of the duration of tasks against the progression of time in a
project. A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule. Gantt charts
illustrate the start and finish dates of the terminal elements and summary elements of a project.
Terminal elements and summary elements comprise the work breakdown structure of the project.
There are multiple advantages in using these:
1. Definition of all activities to be accomplished to complete the project

2. Establishment of a specific schedule for activities that includes an estimate of when each
activity will start and end

3. Project milestones that are used to monitor specific activities set by this schedule

4. Assignment of resources in terms of equipment, people, and, thus, costs for all activities

5. Computation of the total budget and allocation of the budget needed to accomplish each
activity

6. A graphical picture of the entire project showing all activities, their costs, and their milestones

Performance evaluation and review technique (PERT)

Performance evaluation and review technique (PERT) is a method for analyzing the tasks
involved in completing a given project, the time needed to complete each task, and the minimum
time needed to complete the total project.

Thank You!