Idealization of Structures

Dr. Fawwad Masood

Introduction

• Most common type of structure lies in

Plane (2D)
• Choosing an appropriate physical model
is important for accuracy
• Idealized Structure (Model)
• Loads are estimated
• Point of load application is estimated
Idealized Models

• 2D frame can be taken out from the

previously shown 3D frame
• The frame can be further simplified into
a line diagram
Support Connections

• Roller simply rests on another surface

• Pin is connected with the other
structural member. Restricts movements
in two directions
• Fixed support provides a mechanism of
resisting moment
• Could be through embedded length or a
mechanism that produces couple
moment
Roller Support

• Roller simply rests on another surface

• Timber members are often assumed to
be pin connected.
• Bolting or nailing doesn’t restrict
rotation much
• In reality all connections show at least
slight resistance to rotation
Example of
Idealization
• Support A on the left is bolted
• Assumed to be pin connected
• Support B is resting on the I section
• Assumed as roller
• Rollers and Bearing Pads to
support Girders
• Bearing pads function as
buffers between the separate
concrete members
• To prevent damage and
facilitate movement (much
like cartilage between bones
at joints).
• Pin supported connection
Idealizations
One-way and two-way slabs
Types of slabs in Framed Structures
One-way/Two-way Slabs

• A slab being a one way slab or two

slab is decided by
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
• 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
• If ≥ 2, One-way slab
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛

𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
• If < 2, Two-way slab
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛

⤳
 • For a square slab, the longer to
shorter ratio is 1.
• It will be a two-way slab
Two-way • Similarly, ratio 1.2,1.3, 1.4 are all
two way slabs
Slabs • Not much difference in the length
of longer and shorter sides.
• Two way slabs are either square
or squarish.
 • For a slab with longer/shorter
ratio 2,
• Length of longer is double than
shorter side.
• It will be a one-way slab
One-way • Similarly, ratio 2.3,2.8, 3.1 are all
Slabs one way slabs
• Longer sides are at least double in
the length of shorter sides.
• One way slabs are always
Rectangular.
⤳
 Checking one/two way Slabs
Master 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 11
Bedroom • Master Bedroom = = 1.08 Two Way
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 10.17
11x10.17 Living+ Dining
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 21.67
21.67’x10.75’ • Living & Dining = = 2.01 One Way
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 10.75
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 10
• Kitchen = = 1.29 Two Way
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 7.75
• Foyer One Way
Bath
• Bath Two Way

If we want to divide Living and Dining room into 2 two-way slabs,

we can provide a Concealed beam
Kitchen
Foyer
10x7.75

⤳
 Loading one/two way Slabs
• Living + Dining is a one-way slab
• It will create UDLs on adjoining beams
• Master Bed is a two-way slab.
• Draw 45-degree lines from the corners until they meet each other.
• Join the intersecting points of the 45-degree diagonals to form an
envelope.
• Shorter Beams will be loaded with VDLs.
UDL • Longer beams will be loaded with Trapezoidal Loads
(combination of UDLs and VDLs).
VDL

Trapezoid
⤳
Consider the framing system shown. Beams AB,
CD, and EF rest on the girders AE and BF. A
uniform load of 100 lb/ft2 is placed on the slab.

• The center beam CD supports the

tributary area shown dark shaded.
• UDL= 100 x 5 = 500 lb/ft
• Reactions = 500 x 10/2 = 2500 lb
The center beam CD supports the tributary area
shown dark shaded.
UDL= 100 x 5 = 500 lb/ft
Reactions = 500 x 10/2 = 2500 lb

• Loads on beams AB and EF = half of CD

• Girder ACE will be
2 Way slab
• L1/L2 =1 (less than 2)
• Two way
• Tributary Area for AB
• Dark Shaded
• VDL=Intensity x shorter/2
• Solve example 2.2 and 2.3 of hibbeler
 For the Plan shown
• Take uniformly spread load/area
= 100 lb/ft2
• Identify 1/2 way slabs
• Draw loading diagrams of beams
• CF
• DEF
• HBE
• ABC
• GH
Loads
From
Slabs
Sizing of Concrete Members
 1-Once the beams
of an architectural
2-Identify the
plan are identified, slab(s) that is
the maximum being supported
moments of the by the beam
beams are to be under
calculated consideration
Loads from
Slabs 3-Check the ratio 4-If ratio is greater
of longer span than or equal to 2, it
to shorter span will be treated as a
(Ly/Lx) to one way slab, and if
decide whether it’s less than 2, it
the slab is one will be considered as
way or two way a two way slab.
 Live load for various occupancy
Live Loads Occupancy Live Load (psf)
according to UBC Residential 40
Libraries or Reading Room 60
Offices 50-85
Corridors in public building 80
Assembly halls 100
Mercantile 75-125
Heavy manufacturing 125-150
Light Storage 125
Heavy storage 250+
 Load Calculation for
beams • Live Loads
• Residential = 40 lb/ft2
• Find loads per unit area • Ulitmate Loads=1.4 Dead+1.7 Live
• DEAD LOADS • Ulitmate Loads=1.2 Dead+1.6 Live
• Assume a slab thickness (Residential 5”-6”) • 𝑊𝑈 = 1.4 75 + 1.7 (40)
• Let’s assume slab thickness=6” • 𝑊𝑈 = 105 + 68 =173 lb/ft2.
• Multiply with γconcrete (Unit weight of concrete)
• γconcrete (Plain) 144 lb/in3
• γconcrete (reinforced) 150 lb/in3
𝑙𝑏 6
• 𝑊𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 150 × 𝑓𝑡 =75 lb/ft2.
𝑓𝑡 3 12
Load Transfer-One Way

• One way slab will have loads distributed

along the beams parallel to longer side
(Ly), in form of a UDL.
• Wu=173 lb/ft2
• UDL on Beam= Wu x Half of shorter
side (lb\ft)
8
• 𝑊𝑈𝐷𝐿 = 173 × =692 lb/ft
2
• Find Max moment/Draw BMD
• Design
 Load Transfer-Two Way

• Slab thickness= 8”, Office Building

• Two way slab will have loads distributed along the beams
parallel to both longer (Ly) and shorter (Lx) sides
• In form of a triangular loading along the shorter side, while a
trapezoid along the longer side
• Wu=173 lb/ft2
• Loading on Beam= Wu x Half of shorter side (lb\ft)
10
• 𝑊𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 𝑊𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 173 × =865 lb/ft
2
 BEAM B1
• Slab S1 – Triangle
13
• 𝑊𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 173 × =1124.5 lb/ft
2
• Slab S3 - Trapezoid
9.3
• 𝑊𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 173 × =804.45 lb/ft
2

1.12 k/ft 0.80 k/ft

Loads
on
Columns
Catchment Area
Method
Catchment Area
Method
• Divide each portion
between 2 columns
into halves vertically
and horizontally.
• Repeat for all spans
• Find Catchment
Area
• Multiply with Wu.
Load calculation on C2
• Catchment area of C2
• From S1
13 13.5
•𝐴= × = 43.88 𝑓𝑡 2
2 2
• From S3
9.33 15.83
•𝐴= × = 36.92𝑓𝑡 2
2 2
• Catchment area of C2=80.8 ft2
• Load on C2 = 173 lb/ft2 ×80.8 ft2
• Load on C2 = 13978.4 lb
• Load on C2 =13.98 kips
 Task for Assignment
1. Mark Catchment Area for all the
columns in your plan.
2. Pick a column of your choice
supporting at least 2 slabs.
3. Find the value of Catchment area of
that column
4. Find the load of that column
Class Activity
• Use the Architectural plan that you have brought with you
• Take Slab thickness = 5”
• Office building (live load = 60 psf)