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Сontent: 1.Functional parts of speech in modern English. 2.The Adverb in modern English Conclusions List of references
Сontent: 1.Functional parts of speech in modern English. 2.The Adverb in modern English Conclusions List of references
Introduction
Conclusions
List of references
Introduction
The words of language are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The
traditional grammatical classes or words are called «parts of speech».
Words on the upper level of classification are divided into notional and functional.
Function words in English hаve little lexical or аmbiguous meaning, but instead they аre used to express
grаmmatical relаtionships with other words in a sentence, or specify the аttitude or mood of the
speaker.
The linguists are trying to make single classification for function words within the history but even
nowadays there is no one common opinion on this problem.There are four main approaches to this
problem: Classical, developed by prescriptivists; Functional, developed by descriptivists; Distributional,
developed by structuralists and Complex, which includes three previous ones.
The main problem of function words classification is that function words can belong to more than one
class. In most examples, we can only refer a word to a word class when we encounter it in context.
According to the scientist Sidney Greenbaum :«we recognise the clаss of a word by its use in context.
Some words have suffixes that help to signal the clаss they belong to. These suffixes are not necessarily
sufficient in themselves to identify the class of a word. For example, -ly is a typical suffix for аdverbs
(slowly, proudly), but we also find this suffix in аdjectives: homely, manly. Аnd we can sometimes
convert words from one class to another even though they have suffixes that are typical of their original
clаss: an engineer, to engineer» [4, p.152].
To the basicgrammatically relevant classes of functionwordsin Modern English belong the аrticle, the
preposition, the conjunction, the pаrticle, the modal wordand the interjection. Each of them has
specific functions, classifications and usage in the English language.
References:
2. Klammer,Thomas, Muriel R. Schulz and Angela Della Volpe. (2009). Analyzing English
Grammar (6th ed).Longman.-432 p.
3. Volkova L.M. (2002). Lectures in Theoretical Grammar DOC. Volkova L.M. Lectures in
Theoretical Grammar - 30 p.
4. Sidney Greenbaum (1996). Oxford English Grammar. Oxford Univ. Press. - 652 p
6. Каушанская В.Л. (2008) Грамматика английского языка.- М.: Айрис-Пресс - 319 стр.
The words of language are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The traditional
grammatical classes or words are called «parts of speech».
Words on the upper level of classification are divided into notional and functional.
To the notional parts of speech of the English language belong the noun, the adjective, the
numeral, the pronoun, the verb, the adverb.
The features of the noun are the following: 1) the categorial meaning of substance
(«thingness»); 2) the changeable forms of number and case; the specific suffixal forms of
derivation (prefixes in English do not discriminate parts of speech as such); 3)the substantive
functions in the sentence (subject, object, substantival predicative); prepositional connections;
modification by an adjective.
The features of the adjective: 1) the categorial meaning of property (qualitative and
relative); 2) the forms of the de-
of comparison (for qualitative adjectives); the specific lorms of derivation; 3) adjectival
functions in the «Sentence (attribute to a noun, adjectival predicative).
The features of the numeral: 1) the categorial meaning of ‘number (cardinal and
ordinal); 2) the narrow set of simple numerals; the specific forms of composition for
compound numerals; the specific suffixal forms of derivation for ordinal numerals; 3)
the functions of numerical aitributeand numerical substantive.
The features of the pronoun: I) the categorial meaning of indication (deixis); 2) the narrow sets
of various status with the corresponding formal properties of categorial changeability and word-
building; 3) the substantival and adjectival functions for different sets.
The features of the verb: 1) the categorial meaning of process (presented in the two upper
series of forms, respectively, as finite process and non-finite process); 2) the forms of the
verbal categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood; the opposition of the
finite and non-finite forms; 3) the function of the finite predicate for the finite verb; fhe
mixed verbal — other than verbal functions for the non-(inite verb.
The features of the adverb: 1) the categorial meaning of the secondary property, i.e.
the property of process or another property; 2) the forms of the degrees of comparison
for qualitative adverbs; the specific suffixal forms of derivation; 3) the functions of
various adverbial modifiers.
To the basic functional series of words in English belong the article, the preposition, the
conjunction, the particle, the modal word, the interjection.
The particle unites the functional words of specifying and limiting meaning. To this series,
alongside of other specifying words, should be referred verbal postpositions as functional
modifiers of verbs, etc.
The modal word, occupying in the sentence a more pronounced or less pronounced detached
position, expresses the attitude of the speaker to the reflected situation and its parts. Here
belong the functional words of probability (probably, perhaps, etc.), of qualitative evaluation
(fortunately, unfortunately, luckily, etc.), and also of affirmation and negation.
Nouns are subcategorized into proper and common, animate and inanimate, countable and
uncountable, concrete and abstract, etc. Cf.:
Mary, Robinson, London, the Mississippi, Lake Erie — girl, person, city, river, lake;
Verbs are subcategorized into fully predicative and partially predicative, transitive and
intransitive, actional and statal, factive and evaluative, etc. Cf.:
walk, sail, prepare, shine, blow — can, may, shall, be, become;
take, put, speak, listen, see, give — live, float, stay, ache, ripen, rain;
write, play, strike, boil, receive, ride -exist, sleep, rest, thrive, revel, suffer;
roll, tire, begin, ensnare, build, tremble — consider, approve, mind, desire, hate, incline.
Adjectives are subcategorized into qualitative and relative, of constant feature and temporary
feature (the latter are referred to as «statives» and identified by some scholars as a separate
part of speech under the heading of «category of state»), factive and evaluative, etc. Cf.:
long, red, lovely, noble, comfortable — wooden, rural, daily, subterranean, orthographical;
healthy, sickly, joyful, grievous, wry, blazing — well, ill, glad, sorry, awry, ablaze;
tall, heavy, smooth, mental, native — kind, brave, wonderful, wise, stupid.
The adverb, the numeral, the pronoun are also subject to the corresponding subcategorizations.
[7]
[7]https://studentguide.ru/shpargalki-po-anglijskomu-yazyku/bilet-21-part-of-
speech-in-modern-english.html
2 The adverb of modern English
alread tomorro
lately still
y w
recentl toda
finally yet
y y
greedil
anxiously carefully quickly
y
adjective adverb
somewha
absolutely enough perfectly
t
a (little)
entirely pretty terribly
bit
extremel
a lot quite too
y
remarkabl
awfully highly utterly
y
completel
lots slightly very
y
Mary will be staying a bit longer. (a bit longer = for a little more time)
It all happened pretty quickly.
She was quite surprised they came, actually.
It was £3.52 if you want to be totally accurate.
Focusing adverbs
largel
generally only simply
y
There are eight parts of speech in the English language: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective,
adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. The part of speech indicates how the word
functions in meaning as well as grammatically within the sentence. An individual word can
function as more than one part of speech when used in different circumstances. Understanding
parts of speech is essential for determining the correct definition of a word when using the
dictionary.