INTRODUCTION TO HOUSING

MODULE 1
S7 CUSAT
Marian College of Architecture and Planning
Kazhakkuttam
HOUSING: Introduction

• Primary needs of life:

Food- Clothing- Shelter
• Why?
Availability of these in
appropriate quantity and
quality increases physical
efficiency and productivity
of the people.
• Definition: Housing unit, its
ancillary services and its
environment together are
called Housing.

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HOUSING: Introduction

• Housing is the driving engine

of nation’s economic growth,
with multiplier effects of:

• 5 times on society.
• 8times on employment
opportunities.
• Housing is the responsibility
of a welfare state.
• Engineering , architecture,
planning, economics,
geography, management,
construction etc are linked to
housing.

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HOUSING: Determinants

Housing determinants are

• Land
• Finance
• Population

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HOUSING: Need and Demand

• Housing need and demand

are planning issues.
• Housing Need:
• the quantity of housing
required to accommodation of
the agreed minimum standard
and above for a population
given its size and household
composition without taking
into account the household’s
ability to pay for the housing
assigned to it” (Robinson,
1979:56-57) .
• Housing Demand: In Developing nations,
• the relationship between “the Supply= Demand
price of housing and the
quantity and quality of
In Developing Nations,
housing for which people are
able and willing to pay”
Housing gap exists and widens.
(Shucksmith, 2002:61)
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HOUSING: Housing shortage

• Population in India as per

census through house
listing and population.
• Census 2011 (last census)
• Population is 1.21 billion.
• Urban population is 377
million. (31% of total).
• Population growth is 1.2%
• Projected population: 1.53
billion in 2030.
• 159 million (18.75%) are
living in slum and
squatter settlements.

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HOUSING: Shortage and gap

• Housing shortage:
a deficiency or lack in the
number of houses needed
to accommodate the populatio
n of an area.
• Housing gap: the differential in
supply between house building
rates and population growth.
• Impact of Housing gap:
• Houseless
• Slums
• Reduced national growth
etc

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HOUSING: Shortage and gap

• Differentials that affect Housing

gap are:
• Socio cultural aspects
• Gender (discrimination)
• Economy and market
• Affordability
• Ownership
• Employment
• Birth/ death rates

• Housing gap in EU:

• Housing gap in Bhutan:
• Housing Gap in India:
• As per 1991 census
• Shortage of 18.5 million
HU- 13.7 million in rural and
4.8 million in urban areas.
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HOUSING: Qualitative Housing shortage

Qualitative shortage in housing

Housing condition is a major indicator of qualitative housing shortage.
Access to
• Safe drinking water
• Toilet
• Transportation
• Pucca/kutcha or building materials used
• Geographic location
• Family structure
• Kinship
• HH size
• Occupational pattern
• Socio cultural aspects

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HOUSING: Quantitative Housing shortage in India

In the year 2012 there are 18.78 million Houseless.

EWS 10.55 m 56%

18.78 million 96%
LIG 7.41 m 40%
shortage
MIG+HIG 0.82 m 4%

Projected housing shortage in India in 2022,

20 million houses @Rs.1400/sqft = Rs. 22.50 lakh crore.

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HOUSING: Quantitative Housing shortage in Kerala
• Kerala formed 1st November 1956- uniting Travancore-Cochin and
Malabar.
• 2011 census population 3.33 crores
• rural- 1.74 crores 52.28%
• urban- 1.59 crores 47.72%
• 2001 housing shortage 63000 units
• Dilapidated 538000 units
• Newly required houses 450000 units
• Total requirement for a span of 5 years 10.84 lakhs units

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HOUSING: HH, HU etc

HOUSEHOLD or HH:- A household is a socio - economic unit consisting of

individuals who live together. It consists of a group of individual who share living
quarters and take their principal meals from the same kitchen.

• Two types of households

•Private household or family household
•Institutional household or non family households like hostel.
• HH in India = 4.9
• Housing Unit or HU: A housing unit is one of a house, apartment, mobile
home, group of rooms or single room that is occupied or intended as
separate living quarters. The separate living quarters that define a housing
unit are those where the occupants live and eat separately from other
residents in the structure or building, and have direct access from the
building's exterior or through a common hallway.
• Housing condition: Pucca, semi pucca, kutcha houses.

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HOUSING: Housing and socio economic development of a nation

• Availability of housing unit, amenities and environment in

appropriate quantity and quality increases physical efficiency and
productivity of the people.
• How?
• Improvement in health condition
• More job opportunities
• Reduce poverty level
• Housing investment in GDP of nations: a comparison
Developing countries: 2 to 4% of GDP
UN target : 5% of GDP
India : 5% of GDP in 1960
3% of GDP in 1980

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HOUSING: Housing and socio economic development of a nation

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HOUSING: Housing and socio economic development of a nation

• GDP: Gross Domestic Product, sum of values of all goods and services
produced in a fiscal year, within its geographical borders. It’s a nation’s total
economic activity.
• India ranks 6th in GDP.
• GNP: Gross National Product, is the value of all finished goods and services
produced in a country in one year by its nationals. It is a broader measure of
nation’s total economic activity.
• GNP and GDP both reflect the national output and income of an economy.
The main difference is that GNP (Gross National Product) takes into account
net income receipts from abroad.
• GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is a measure of (national income = national
output = national expenditure) produced in a particular country.
• GNP = GDP + net property income from abroad. This net income from abroad
includes dividends, interest and profit.
• GNP includes the value of all goods and services produced by nationals –
whether in the country or not.
• Growth rate: 7%
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HOUSING: Housing situation in India, certain statistics
• World population is 7.5 billon. Current population in India is 1.342 billon, that is
17.86% of world population, second position in the world.
• Population in the state of Kerala is 3.45 cores that are 2.76 % of population of
India.
• House hold size in India 2001 5.3
2016 4.67
2018 4.9

• House hold size in Kerala 2001 5.5

2012 5.0
2017 4.3
HH in Kerala is shrinking

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• 50% of urban and 47% of rural households live in one room house. 12 to 15% of
the existing housing stock unfit for human habitation.

• 2011 census :- the total house holds 246.7 million- 167.8 million rural- 78.7
million urban, 68% in living in rural and 32% in urban.

• Data indicate that 95% rural households live in own house and 69% urban also
have their own house.

DILAPIDATED HOUSING
• 1981- 12-15% houses are in dilapidated condition

• 2011- 5.3 % house are in dilapidated condition

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1. International Human Rights Law recognizes everyone’s rights to an adequate
standard of living including adequate housing.
2. Over a billion people are not adequately housed.
3. Millions living in life or health threatening condition in over crowed slums.
4. Housing is one of the basic needs of man and to provide housing has been
accepted has responsibility of a welfare state.
5. 1948 Universal declaration of Human rights and in 1966 International
Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights. Adequate housing was
recognized as part of the rights to an adequate standard of living.
6. Adequate housing must provide more than four walls and a roof.
7. In modern concept housing is not shelter alone, but it is shelter in a habitable
and healthy environment.
8. Man is created his environment, if the environment is good, that produce
good people. There is a correlation between sub-standard housing and
occurrence of diseases is an established facts.

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• Safe and secure shelter is one of the basic need of human beings.

• Shelter is fundamental human right.

• UN economic social and culture rights uphold adequate housing is a human

right.

• Article 21 of constitution of India- protection of life and personal liberty

encompasses right to shelter is integral to the dignified living of the individual.

• In 1981 census the housing situation is complex and gigantic- the percentage
increase in population is 25% while increase housing stock is 23%.

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HOUSING : Institutions and agents
PLANNING AGENCIES
Responsibility is to formulate socio economic planning policies for the nation.
1. Predecessors until independence
• National Planning Committee by Subhash Chandra Bose in 1938
• Advisory Planning Board from 1944 to 1946.
2. Planning Commission
• Established after independence in March 1950
• From 1950 until 2015
• Top down approach
• Scrapped when ‘one size fits all’ approach became obsolete.
• First FYP in 1951
• to promote a rapid rise in the standard of living of the people by efficient
exploitation of the resources of the country, increasing production and
offering opportunities to all for employment in the service of the community.
3. NITI Aayog: National Institution for Transforming India
• Formed in 2015, by Narendra Modi government
• Bottom-up approach
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HOUSING : Institutions and agents
HOUSING FINANCE AGENCIES
HUDCO: Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited

NHB: National Housing Bank

Private institutions
LIC, GIC, HDFC etc

Institutions under State

Housing boards, Slum Improvement Board, Matsyafed etc.

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URBANISATION AND POVERTY
Definition:
Change from a rural to an urban society which involves an augment in the
number of people in urban regions during a particular year
Nsiah- Gyabaah
Immigration of people in huge numbers from rural to urban areas due to
concentration of resources and facilities in urban.
Gooden
Development of population and cities, so that higher proportion of population
live in urban areas.
Reynolds

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URBANISATION CHARACTER
Fast change in the existing character
of local livelihoods as agriculture or
more traditional local services and
small-scale industry give way to
contemporary industry and urban
and related commerce, with the city
drawing on the resources of an ever-
widening area for its own
nourishment and goods to be traded
or processed into manufactures .

(Dear, 2000)

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URBANISATION AND POVERTY
Started with social, economical and
political developments.
Started with industrial revolution when
• people migrated to search new jobs
in industrial hubs
• when agriculture became less
common.
Impacts of urbanisation are:
• Increase in population density in
urban areas.
• Increase in urban boundaries or
urban sprawl.
Developing nations urbanise faster than
• Houseless population developed or industrial nations.
• Poverty
• Economy imbalance
Urbanisation rate
1951 17%
2001 20%
2020
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URBANISATION: Causes
Major causes of urbanisation are:
1. Industrial revolution
1. Emergence of large manufacturing centres.
2. Job opportunities: There are ample job opportunities in mega cities therefore
village people or individuals from town frequently migrate to these areas.
2. Availability of transportation.
3. Migration:
1. Types are: rural-urban, urban-rural and rural-rural, Urban-urban migration.
2. Reasons: poverty, push and pull factors can force people to migrate to cities
(Gugler 1997).
4. Infrastructure facilities in the urban areas: As agriculture becomes more fruitful,
cities grow by absorbing workforce from rural areas. Industry and services
increase and generate higher value-added jobs, and this led to economic growth.
The geographic concentration of productive activities in cities creates
agglomeration economies, which further raises productivity and growth. The
augments income and demand for agricultural products in cities.
5. Growth of private sector.

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URBANISATION: Issues in India
Migration
73 % of population live in Rural areas.
More influx of people to urban
Urbanisation causes migration.
Lack of land for development
1. Urban sprawl Land value increases

2. Overcrowding in urban areas Lack of authorised housing


3. Housing gap Informal settlements
4. Environmental degradation:
Poor transportation planning.
5. Unemployment Poor infrastructure planning like
6. Slums& squatter settlements water supply, sanitation.
Poor waste management planning
7. Decline in quality of living
8. Transportation issues Pollution of water sources, Presence
9. Infrastructure issues of unlawful factories.
10. Failure or lack of efficiency in urban governance. Weak governance
11. Urban pollution
12. Urban crime Poor socio economic conditions
Crime rate increases.

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URBANISATION: Issues in India- impact on housing
The issues of urbanisation directly affect middle income and low income groups
maximum. (MIG& LIG).

Affordability is the reason.

Affordable housing refers to any housing that meets some form of affordability
criterion, which could be income level of the family, size of the dwelling unit or
affordability in terms of EMI size or ratio of house price to annual income.
(High Level Task Force on Affordable Housing for All, December 2008)

Affordable housing refers to housing units that are affordable by that section of
society whose income is below the median household income.
Reserve Bank of India

Housing for all 2022

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URBANISATION: Issues in India- impact on housing

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URBANISATION AND POVERTY

RATE OF POVERTY
• Poverty line:- poverty line fixed in terms of income/food requirements.

• In 1978
– 2400 calories for rural and 2100 calories for urban  650 grams of grains
• In 2011-12 Suresh Tendulker committee fixed
– Rs: 27 for rural Rs.33 for urban
• The present value is Rs. 32 rural , Rs.47 for urban.

• In 1994- 45% of population are below the poverty line.

• In 2012 – reduced to 22%- that means 137 million are lifted out of poverty line.
(There are disparities in different parts of country.)

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HOUSING CONDITIONS

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HOUSING POLICIES IN INDIA
Phase 1 1945 to 1960
• Government took up the provider role.
• Financial empowerment of poor was a strategy for national development.
Phase 2 1972 to 1980
• Self-help
• Site and Services
Phase 3 from 1980s onwards
• Role change from provider to enabler.
• United Nations Human Settlement Program(UNCHS), World Bank, United
Nations Development Program(UNDP), Centre for Human Settlements.

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HOUSING AND FIVE YEAR PLANS
FYP based on Harrod Domar model
Phase I: FYP 1 to 6: Government led Housing Development
Phase II:

First Five Year Plan 1951- 55

• Identified the major issues:

– Refugees from Eastern& Western Pakistan
– the pressure of urban population
– lack of housing and basic services.
• meet the housing requirements of the vulnerable sections and to create an
enabling environment for provision of shelter for all on a self-sustainable basis.
• First Five Year Plan (1951-56) with a focus on
– institution-building
– housing for weaker sections of society.
– Housing for government employees.

1.3 million houses were added.

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HOUSING AND FIVE YEAR PLANS
Second Five Year Plan 1956- 61

• Major issues:

• Town& Country Planning legislation enacted in 4 cities

– Madras, Bombay, Hyderabad, Saurashtra.
• Industrial housing scheme expanded to cover more workers.
• Public housing schemes.
• New towns established
– Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur, Chittaranjan, Neiveli.
• Major new schemes were:
– Rural Housing
– Slum clearance
– Sweepers housing

1.9 million new houses were added.

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HOUSING AND FIVE YEAR PLANS
Third Five Year Plan 1961- 66

• Discussion on setting up Central Housing Board.

• Major aim was to
– Increase national income by 30%
– Agricultural production by 30%
– Economic development in backward areas.

• Housing loan to MIG by LIC.

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HOUSING AND FIVE YEAR PLANS
Plan holiday 1966-69
• due to miserable failure of 3rd FYP, war, lack of resource and inflation.
• Equal priority was given to agriculture, its allied activities, and industrial sector.
• The government of India declared "Devaluation of Rupee" to increase the
exports of the country.
• Annual plans for 1966-67,67-68, 68-69.
• also faced drought in 1966-67.
Fourth Five Year Plan 1969- 74

• Major attention given to

– Water supply
– Sanitation
– Pollution control
• Major issues faced were
– Growing population
– Congestion in urban areas
• HUDCO, a public sector housing company was set up.
• HFC(later HDFC), a housing finance company was set up.
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HOUSING AND FIVE YEAR PLANS
Fifth Five Year Plan 1974- 78
• Major attention given to
– Urban Development program of Bombay, Madras, Calcutta etc.
– Boosting condition of backward class.
• The Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation (ULC&R) Act 1976 was enacted to
prevent of land concentration & hoarding. It aimed in equitable distribution of
land in urban agglomerations to subserve the common good. (Act was later
repealed in 2007 under JNNURM aiming at infrastructure development)
• More emphasis on promotion of smaller towns to urban centres.
1978-80 Rolling Plan: political imbalance
Sixth Five Year Plan 1980- 85
• Economic liberalisation
• Exisiting social housing scheme reclassified based on income (EWS/LIG/MIG).
• Ended Nehruvian socialism
• Integrated Development of Small and Medium towns (IDSMT).
• HUDCO and GIC enter rural housing.
• NABARD was stablished.
• Successful plan: Targeted 5.2% growth achieved 5.7%.
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HOUSING AND FIVE YEAR PLANS
Seventh Five Year Plan 1985- 90

• Vision for 15 year: 1985 until 2000

• Indira Awaas Yojana launched in 1996.
• PPP as a preferred mode of construction.
• JNNURM(Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission)
• 1988:
– National Housing Bank(NHB), apex bank for housing finance was established.
– National Housing policy and Habitat Policy (draft NHHP) was formulated.
• Major attention given to
– Technology based development
– Increase in economic productivity
– Food production
– Employment through social justice( Jawahar Rozgar Yojna)

• Target growth rate of 5%, but achieved 6%.

Annual Plans 1990- 91, 91-92 due to political imbalance and economic crisis(forex
shortage)
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HOUSING AND FIVE YEAR PLANS
Eighth Five Year Plan 1992- 97

• Long term objective: Shelter for all

• Economic transformation by Dr. Manmohan Singh as Finance minister: free
market reforms- Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation(LPG)
• India became a member of WTO.
• National Housing Policy (NHP)was formulated in 1994.
• Major involvement of Panchayati Raj, Nagar Palikas, NGOs.
• Key features: decentralisation and people's participation.
• Major attention given to
– Control population explosion
– Infrastructure development
– poverty reduction,
– employment generation,
– institutional building,
– tourism management, human resource development,

Target growth rate of 5.6%, but achieved 6.8%.

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HOUSING AND FIVE YEAR PLANS
Ninth Five Year Plan 1997- 2002

• 50 years of independence
• Aimed at economic and social growth.
• Noted interstate variation in housing shortage.
• Repelled ULCRA( Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act, 1976)
• Public Private Partnership or PPP
• In 1998, NHP revised to National Housing and Habitat Policy (NHHP).
• Target growth rate of 7.1%, but achieved 6.8%.

Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-2007

Key feature was the regional approach to reduce regional inequalities.

Aimed to
• reduce poverty rate by 5% by 2007.
• Improve employment rate and quality.
• Reduction of gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50% by 2007.
• 20-point program was introduced.
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• Target growth: 8.1% – growth achieved: 7.7%.
HOUSING AND FIVE YEAR PLANS
Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007-12

Aimed at
• Education for all
• Inclusive development

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HOUSING AND FIVE YEAR PLANS
NITI Ayog

12th FYP

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HOUSING: Public and Private Sector Investment

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