STANDARD 

CIVIL DESIGN BASIS. 

 { EQUIPMENT FOUNDATIONS }
1.0  DESIGN CRITERIA AND SPECIFICATIONS :

     The design of foundation for horizontal equipment above ground shall be
in accordance with the following codes and standards.
Civil / Structural Design Basis. { General }
Civil / Structural Design Practice. { General }
IS 456-2000 : Indian Standard Code of Practice for plain and reinforced
concrete.
2.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN :

Structural analysis and design shall be carried out for loads mentioned in
clause 6 & 7 below.

3.0 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION :

Lean Concrete : M 7.5 Grade - 75 mm thick 

Structural Concrete : Refer Table A & B below.

Reinforcing Bars : HYSD bars of grade Fe415 conforming to IS 1786.

4.0 UNIT WEIGHTS :

Concrete (PCC / RCC) : 2.4/2.5  T/M3

Soil (Bulk density) : 1.8 T/M3

5.0 FOUNDATION PARAMETERS :

Foundation Type : Bored Cast-in-Situ piles/Isolated /Combine Foundation,

etc. as per the recommendation of Soil Consultant.
In case the piles are used than, minimum 2 nos. of pile shall be provided
below each saddle support & 4 nos. of piles for each isolated/combine
foundation. Grade beam connecting 2 saddles may be provided to
distribute / cancel out the effect of horizontal load.
   Top of Pedestal {Minimum} : 300 mm above Finished Grade/Floor level.

6.0 TYPE OF LOADING :

a DEAD LOADS { D } : 

Weight of foundation, pedestal & soil pressure shall be considered as dead

load. The weight of the soil above the foundation shall not be considered
for equipment empty condition. The same shall be considered for
equipment operating & test condition.
b EQUIPMENT LOADS { E } :

Equipment loads for Various Conditions such as E(E) - Empty Condition,

E(0)-Operating Condition & E(T)-Test Condition are considered.
For calculating empty weight of the equipment all fixtures, platforms,
ladders and attached piping but excluding contents shall be considered.
When piping weight is not indicated separately or included in the weight
of the equipment the same shall be taken as 10% of the empty weight of
the equipment.
c WIND LOAD  { W } :
 Wind load as supplied by the vendor / equipment group shall be
considered for design.
d EARTHQUAKE LOAD { V } :

Seismic loads as supplied by the vendor / equipment group shall be

considered for design.
e THERMAL LOADS  { T } :

Thermal loads as supplied by the vendor / equipment group shall be

considered for design. In the absence of availability of thermal loads, the
same shall be considered equal to 0.3 x operating weight of the equipment
on each pedestal. The thermal forces shall be considered to be acting on
both the pedestals in opposite direction. These forces shall be considered
to be acting only along longitudinal axis of the equipment.
f BUNDLE PULLING FORCE (B) : { Only for heat exchangers }

   Bundle pulling force shall be considered as supplied by vendor /

equipment department and the same shall be applied on fixed saddle
support only. 
However bundle pull force shall be greater of the two, as given below.

   a 0.86 x Bundle weight.

   b 30 N/mm of diameter.

7.0 LOAD COMBINATIONS :

Check for stability & sizing of the foundation shall be in accordance with
un-factored loads. Load combination for foundation stability shall be as
tabulated below :

Load Condition Load Combination

D+E(E)
Equipment Empty Condition
[D+E(E)]+[W]
D+E(O)+(T) 
Operating Condition [D+E(O)+ (T)] + [W or
V]
D+E(T)
Test Condition
[D+E(T)] + [25% W]

Load combination for design of reinforced concrete members shall be as

given below :

Load Condition Load Combination

1.5 [D+E(E)]
Equipment Empty Condition 1.5 [D+E(E)+W]
0.9 [D+E(E)]+1.5[W]
1.5[D+E(O) +(T)]
Operating Condition 1.5[D+E(O) +(T)]+1.5[W or
V]
1.5[D+E(T)]
Test Condition
1.5[D+E(T)]+1.5 [25% W]

   In addition, for heat exchangers fix saddle support shall be checked for
bundle pull forces during maintenance.
 8.0 MINIMUM NOMINAL COVER TO MAIN REINFORCEMENT :
   Refer  table A & B below.

TABLE A :  ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE CONDITIONS :

ENVIRONMENT     EXPOSURE CONDITION
Concrete surfaces protected against weather or aggressive
MILD
conditions, except those situated in coastal area.
Concrete surfaces sheltered from severe rain or freezing whilst wet.
Concrete exposed to condensation & rain or continuously under
MODERATE water. Concrete in contact or buried under non aggressive soil /
ground water. Concrete surfaces sheltered from saturated salt air in
coastal area.
Concrete surfaces exposed to severe rain, alternate wetting &
drying or occasional freezing whilst wet or severe condensation.
SEVERE
Concrete completely immersed in sea water or exposed to coastal
environment.
Concrete surfaces exposed to sea water spray, corrosive fumes or
VERY SEVERE severe freezing conditions whilst wet. Concrete in contact with or
buried under aggressive sub soil / ground water.
Surface of members in tidal zone. Members in direct contact with
EXTREME
liquid / solid aggressive chemicals.

TABLE B :  MINIMUM CONCRETE GRADE, COVER & MINIMUM CEMENT CONTENT  

AS PER EXPOSURE CONDITIONS :
CEMENT CONTENT MIN. CONCRETE NOMINAL COVER
EXPOSURE
(KG/M3) GRADE (MM)
MILD 300 M20 20
MODERATE 300 M25 30
SEVERE 320 M30 45
VERY
340 M35 45
SEVERE
EXTREME 360 M40 70

9.0 MINIMUM COVER TO FOUNDATION BOLTS :

    Minimum distance from the center line of foundation / anchor bolt to
edge of pedestal shall be such so as to satisfy the maximum of the
following :
  i Clear distance from the edge of the base plate / frame to the outer edge
of the pedestal shall be minimum 50 mm. 

  ii Clear distance from the face of the pocket to the outer edge of the
pedestal shall be 75 mm.
  iii Clear distance from the edge of the sleeve or anchor plate to the edge of
the pedestal shall be 75 mm.
10.0 SPECIAL PROVISIONS :

  i In case the required Safe Bearing Capacity is not available at Foundation

level, than the excavation shall be carried out up to the required depth
where the appropriate SBC is available.
  ii Backfilling shall be done up to foundation level with hydraulically
compacted sand. Now new the SBC shall be taken as that available at the
excavated level.
  iii The above method usually results in an economic design for foundation
depth up to 4.0 M.