Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Marshal's Handbook: July 2020
Marshal's Handbook: July 2020
July 2020
Copyright © 1985, 1989, 1992, 1994, 2000, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2018, 2020 by
The Society for Creative Anachronism, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
This handbook is an official corporate publication of the Society for Creative Anachronism, Inc., a nonprofit
organization dedicated to researching and recreating the customs, combat and courtesy of the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance.
Copies of this document can be ordered from SCA Marketplace, PO Box 360789, Milpitas, CA 95036-0789
Members of the Society for Creative Anachronism, Inc., may photocopy this work in whole or in part for SCA use
provided that copyright credit is given and no changes are made to the text. The contents of this document will be posted
at http://www.sca.org and further reproduction on other Internet sites is expressly forbidden.
Revision History
Summary of changes from previous version (January 2020)
/s/
Gravesend
Society Marshal
This handbook is the latest revision of a set of rules and guidelines that have been adapting and evolving
over the last fifty years. What you find within these pages reflects a vast body of experience and knowledge
gathered from across the Knowne World and compiled through the efforts of many. While the traditions and
laws of each kingdom vary, these rules represent the minimum requirements for equipment and conduct
required for participation in SCA armored combat.
There are two additions to the Marshal’s Handbook in this revision. Armored steel fighting within the
SCA is intended as an additional style allowing the further exploration of medieval combat safely within
the context of the SCA and its governing documents. Armored steel fighting will provide a venue to
attract additional population, and a series of controls allowing intermingling of a variety of groups; it is not
intended as a replacement for any current SCA activity, only as an addition.
The second addition is an accounting of the several variances which have been granted by the Board
over the years for the Kingdom of Lochac. Prior to this section being added, there was no centralized
accounting for these variances. The Society Marshal hopes that placing them here, in the Marshal’s
Handbook, will help clarify the extent of the variances granted, and, since changing those policies will
now be a matter of changing Society marshal policy, the path by which the variances can be changes will
be disambiguated.
As a marshal it is your duty to know and understand these rules and to teach and share them with the
participants we train and authorize. Be aware of changes and updates to these rules and policies and
clarifications made to your kingdom and Society standards. Frequently visit your kingdom and Society
websites to stay up-to- date and stay active.
As we gather at our events to recreate the ideals of honor and chivalry of the Middle Ages, remember
that these rules and standards are but the foundation of the fighting community, set to ensure that we may
continue to enjoy SCA combat. No book of rules can replace common sense, which must also be exercised
to keep all combatants and spectators safe. In all combat activities, safety must always be paramount.
We all participate in the SCA because we enjoy it. So, as you go about your tasks, duties, and activities,
remember to have fun and to help others do the same. The rules must be followed, work must be done, and
safety considered first above all, but always remember why we’re all here: Have fun, and be safe!
Fight with honor, fight often, and read the handbook!
/s/
Gravesend
Society Marshal
3. When not otherwise directed by the sovereign, the sovereign’s representative upon the
field and in all matters dealing with Society combat is the Earl Marshal, and, by
delegation, warranted members of the kingdom marshallate.
B. Behavior on the Field
1. Striking an opponent with excessive force is forbidden.
2. All fighters shall obey the commands of the marshals on the field or shall be removed
from the field and subject to disciplinary action. Disagreements with the marshals on
the field shall be resolved through the established mechanisms outlined in the
Procedures for Grievances and Sanctions of the Marshallate Procedures of the SCA,
Inc.
3. Each fighter shall maintain control over his or her temper at all times.
4. Upon hearing the call of “HOLD” all fighting shall IMMEDIATELY stop.
5. A fighter shall not enter the lists or participate in any form of SCA combat activity
while impaired by alcohol or drugs (including, but not limited to: drugs prescribed by a
licensed health care provider, over- the-counter medications, and illegal controlled
substances.)
6. Any behavior that takes deliberate advantage of an opponent’s chivalry or safety-
consciousness, or that takes deliberate unfair advantage of an opponent, is prohibited.
7. A fighter shall not deliberately strike a helpless opponent.
8. Any fighter who obtains an unfair advantage by repeatedly becoming “helpless” (for
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example, by falling down or losing their weapon) may, after being duly warned by the
marshals on the field, be forced to yield the fight at the next occurrence of such
behavior. The onus of this is on the marshals, not on the opponent. However, the
opponent may ask the marshals to let the fight continue.
9. Grappling, tripping, throwing, punching, kicking, and wrestling are prohibited. Contact
between combatants’ bodies, shields, and weapons is expected in corps-a-corps or mêlée
situations, as such controlled contact is allowed during these engagements.
10. Deliberately striking an opponent’s head, limbs, or body with a shield, weapon haft, or
any part of the body is forbidden.
11. Grasping an opponent’s person, shield, weapon’s striking surface, or bow/crossbow is
prohibited.
12. Intentionally striking an opponent outside the legal target areas is forbidden.
13. Intentionally striking a Combat Archer’s bow/crossbow is prohibited
14. Intentionally blocking a strike or projectile with a bow/crossbow is prohibited
C. Target Areas
1. Torso: All of the body above the points of the hips, excluding the head and arms and
including the groin, shoulder blades, and the area between the neck and shoulders.
2. Face: the area between the chin and the middle of the forehead and between the ear
openings.
3. Head: The whole head and neck except the face as defined above.
4. Thighs: The leg from one inch [25.4mm} above the top of the knee to a line even with
the bottom of the hip socket.
5. Hips: Area between the bottom of the hip socket to the point of the hip (iliac crest).
6. Shoulder: From the point of the shoulder down to a line even with the top of the
underarm.
7. Arms: From the shoulder to one inch [25.4mm} above the wrist.
8. Blows that land outside the legal target areas shall not be counted, unless an illegal
target area has been intentionally placed in the path of an impending blow.
D. Combat Archery Conventions
1. Upon a hold being called, all archers must unload their weapons (crossbows may
remain cocked). Archers may nock an arrow on their bow or load their crossbow at
"make ready" (or equivalent) and may fire when "Lay on" is called.
2. Archers may have a backup weapon on them, but may not draw it until their
bow/crossbow has been safely disposed of (taken off the field, discarded in a low
traffic area, handed to another combatant, etc). Upon drawing a backup weapon to
enter combat, hands must be appropriately armored.
3. Archers may carry and use thrown weapons without need to discard their
bow/crossbow or change hand armor.
4. Archers need to be aware of what is beyond their target area to ensure that errant shots
do not endanger anyone.
5. An archer’s minimum range is dictated by ensuring that the ammunition completely
clears the bow/prod before contacting the opponent.
6. Ammunition dropped onto the ground is considered dead as if it had been fired, and
needs re-inspection.
7. Live combatants may pick ammunition off the field for re-inspection (as long as re-
inspection is allowed during the scenario) and reuse it during the same battle. Dead
combatants may clear ammunition from the field for use in future battles if scenario
rules allow.
8. Within scenario limits, ammunition may be taken from caches stored on or off the field
and from other combatants (dead or alive) with permission of the owner.
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IV. THE USE OF WEAPONS AND SHIELDS
A. Weapons shall be used in accordance with their design. For example, spears may only be
used for thrusting, axes for striking along the edge of the blade, etc.
1. Only weapons approved for thrusting may be used for that purpose. Feinting as if to
thrust with a weapon not approved for that purpose is prohibited. Before any bout
where a thrusting weapon is used, the opponent and marshals shall be informed that
such a weapon is on the field, and the thrusting tip shall be shown to the opponent.
2. The blade of an opponent’s weapon may not be grasped at any time, nor may it be
trapped in contact with the fighter’s body as a means of preventing the opponent’s use
of the weapon. Armored hands may grasp the haft of an opponent’s weapon.
B. The striking surface of a weapon in motion may not be grasped or blocked by the hands or
limbs as a means of impeding a blow.
1. If a combatant intentionally places an illegal target area (e.g., an empty hand and or
lower leg, including the knee and foot) in the path of a blow, the combatant forfeits that
attached limb as if it had been struck in a legal target area.
2. Inadvertently bringing the hands in contact with the striking surface of a weapon in
motion, as when attempting to block a blow with another weapon, shall not be
considered to be in violation of this convention.
C. Blows repeatedly blocked by a weapon in contact with a fighter’s helm, body, or shield at the
moment of impact may, at the sovereign’s or marshal’s discretion, be considered to have
broken the blocking weapon. This will force a fighter to forfeit the fight, unless a secondary
weapon is carried or the opponent chooses to allow the fighter to rearm with another weapon.
D. A shield or weapon may be used to displace, deflect, or immobilize an opponent’s shield or
weapon, so long as such use does not endanger the safety of the combatants. A shield or haft
may be safely placed against the opponent’s body to restrict his ability to strike or defend.
E. Shields must be controlled by the hand; use of passive shields (not controlled by the hand)
will be treated as decorative armor and subject to effective blow acknowledgment.
F. A combat archer may carry and use shield or pavise; however, as long as they are carrying it,
they cannot span their weapon.
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF BLOWS
A. Judging the effects of blows is left to the honor of the combatant being struck by the weapon,
unless he or she relinquishes this responsibility, with the exception of clear violations of the
Rules of the Lists or the Conventions of Combat. Effectiveness of a blow may not be judged
by the opposing combatant, the marshal on the field, or other observers. Information
unavailable to the combatant being struck may be supplied by the opposing combatant or the
marshal, including blade orientation upon impact, apparent force transmitted, or apparent
location and angle of the blow’s impact based upon the observer’s angle of observation.
B. When judging the effect of blows, all fighters are presumed to be fully armored. Special
tournaments or combat rules may redefine what areas of the body are armored, and to what
extent, so long as all the participants are made aware of the special conditions prior to the
start of combat.
1. All “fully armored” fighters are presumed to be wearing a chain hauberk over a padded
gambeson, with boiled leather arm and leg defenses and an open-faced iron helm with a
nasal. The helm may be presumed by kingdom convention to include a very light chain
mail drape, permitting vision and resisting cuts by the mere touch of a bladed weapon.
a. Under this standard, an acceptable cutting blow to the face would be lighter than to
other portions of the head or body. Areas deemed illegal to strike (the wrists from 1
inch [25.4mm] above the hands; the legs from 1 inch [25.4mm] above the knees and
below) shall be considered safe from all attack.
b. The minimum effective thrusting blow to the face shall be a directed touch and the
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maximum shall be substantially lighter than to other parts of the body.
C. An effective blow will be defined as a blow which was delivered with effective technique for
the particular type of weapon used, properly oriented, and struck with sufficient force.
2. An effective blow to the head, neck, or torso shall be judged fatal or completely
disabling, rendering the fighter incapable of further combat.
3. An effective blow from an axe, mace, polearm, greatsword, or other mass weapon,
which lands on the hip above the hip socket or strikes the shoulder inside the
shoulder socket, shall be judged fatal or completely disabling.
4. An effective blow to the arm above the wrist will disable the arm. The arm shall
then be considered useless to the fighter and may not be used for either offense or
defense.
5. An effective blow to the leg above the knee will disable the leg. The fighter must
then fight kneeling, sitting, or standing on the foot of the uninjured leg. Kingdoms
may place limitations upon the mobility of such injured fighters.
6. If a wounded limb blocks an otherwise acceptable blow, the blow shall be counted
as though the limb were not there.
D. Changes to blow acknowledgment standards may be made on a per-combat, per-scenario, or
per-tournament basis, but thereafter will revert to the standards above. Alternate
acknowledgment standards do not alter the allowed target areas, nor do they increase the
basic force level for a telling blow. All combatants must be informed of any changes to
standard blow acknowledgment before they participate in the combat.
E. When judging the outcome of a delivered blow, all fighters are expected to take into account
the nature of the weapon being used by their opponent and the location of the point of impact
of that weapon. A blow that strikes with sufficient force and proper orientation shall be
considered effective, regardless of what it hits prior to striking the combatant.
F. Sometimes a blow that would normally be accepted occurs at almost the same moment as an
event that would cause the fight to be stopped (a “HOLD” being called, the killing of the
fighter throwing the blow, etc.). If the blow was begun before the occurrence of the event that
would cause the bout to be halted, and if of sufficient force, it shall be deemed a legal blow
and acceptable. If the blow was begun after the occurrence of the event that would cause the
bout to be halted, it shall be deemed not legal and need not be accepted.
G. A blow that includes the dropping of a weapon at the moment of impact need not be counted.
(Note: If the force of the blow causes the weapon to be dropped, the rule shall be suspended.)
H. Owing to safety limits placed on combat archery equipment, and the low mass of the
ammunition, arrows and bolts strike with less force. They need not strike with the same force
as hand-held weapons for the strikes to be considered killing blows. This does not transfer the
responsibility of judging the effects of blows to the archer, as it is left to the honor of the
combatant being struck by the weapon to judge the effects.
I. Weapons (bows and crossbows) that are under-powered have not historically delivered
enough force for a fighter to notice a hit in battle. Please be aware of all the factors that
impact blow calibration for combat archery, including target area, weapon strength and
ammunition choice.
VI. ARMOR REQUIREMENTS
A. Armored Participants
All participants on the field during adult armored combat shall meet the Society minimum
armor standards for a fully armored combatant. This includes, but is not limited to, combat
archers, siege engineers and other combatants.
It does not include marshals, water-bearers, or chirurgeons. All authorized combatants and
warranted marshals shall disguise, cover, or remove modern corporate logos and sport gear
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unless the gear is necessary for medical reasons. Special attention should be paid to
appearance and the atmosphere of a medieval event should be maintained.
B. Helms
1. Helms shall be constructed from steel which has a thickness of no less than .0625
(that is, 1/16) inch (1.6 mm), or of equivalent material. Alternative materials, such as
stainless steel, brass, bronze, or like materials, are permissible as long as the material
is structurally equivalent to 0.0625-inch-thick steel. The mass of the helm is an
important part of the protection. As such, no titanium, fiberglass, aluminum, or other
ultra-light materials may be used unless they meet the equivalent mass, strength, and
weight of steel which has a thickness of no less than .0625 (that is, 1/16) inch (1.6
mm). Proof of construction technique, materials, and equivalency must be provided
to the kingdom earl marshal (KEM) for an approval for in-kingdom use. If a spun-
metal top is to be used in the construction of the helm, it shall be a minimum of 0.0
75 inch (14-gauge or 1.905 mm) steel. The process of spinning the top thins the
metal, thereby requiring a heavier gauge.
2. All joints or seams shall be constructed in one or a combination of the following
ways, with all welds sound and rivets secure:
a. Welded on the inside and outside.
b. Welded with a single bead that extends through both surfaces.
c. Lap joints welded or brazed at the edges of both pieces.
d. Helms will be riveted with iron or steel rivets no more than 2.5 inches (63.5 mm)
apart, or with equivalent riveting techniques. Screw- and pop-type rivets, along with
other lightweight rivets, are not to be used.
3. Face guards shall prevent a 1 inch (25.4mm) diameter dowel from entering into any
of the face guard openings.
4. The face guard shall extend at least 1 inch (25.4mm) below the bottom of the chin
and jaw line when the head is held erect.
5. Bars used in the face guard shall be steel of not less than .1875 (that is, 3/16) inch
(4.8 mm) in diameter, or equivalent. If the span between crossbars is less than 2
inches (50.8 mm), .125 (that is, 1/8) inch (3.18 mm) diameter bars may be used.
6. All movable visors shall be attached and secured in such a way that there is minimal
chance that they will become detached or come open in normal combat use.
7. There shall be NO major internal projections; minor projections of necessary
structural components shall be padded. All metal shall be free of sharp edges. Face
guard bars or mesh should not attach to the interior of the helm, unless of structurally
superior design and workmanship.
8. All parts of the helm that might cause injurious contact with the wearer’s head shall
be padded with a minimum of .5 inch (12.7 mm) of closed-cell foam or equivalent
padding, or shall be suspended in such a way as to prevent contact with the wearer
during combat. Similarly, parts of the inside of the helm that might come in contact
with the wearer’s neck or body should be padded.
9. All helms shall be equipped with a chin strap or equivalent means to prevent the helm
from being dislodged or metal contacting the wearer’s face during combat. An
equivalent might be, for example, a bevor or a chin-cup suspension system. A “snug
fit” is NOT an equivalent. The chin strap shall be, at a minimum, .5 inch (12.7 mm)
in width and shall not be placed in the helm in a manner that could strangle the
wearer.
C. Eye Wear
The lenses of all eyewear shall be constructed of shatterproof industrial safety glass or
plastic. Ordinary glass lenses are prohibited. The wearing of contact lenses or “sports
glasses” is strongly recommended.
D. Neck Armor
The neck, including the larynx, cervical vertebrae, and first thoracic vertebra must be
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covered by one or a combination of the following and must stay covered during typical
combat situations, including turning the head, lifting the chin, etc.:
1. The helm
2. A gorget of rigid material
3. A mail or heavy leather camail or aventail that hangs or drapes to absorb the force of a
blow. If the camail or aventail lays in contact with the larynx, cervical vertebrae, or
first thoracic vertebra, that section must be padded with a minimum of .25 inch (6mm)
of closed cell foam or equivalent
4. A collar of heavy leather lined with a minimum of .2 5in (6mm) of close cell foam or
equivalent
E. Body, Shoulder, and Groin Armor
1. The kidney area and the floating ribs shall be covered with a minimum of heavy leather
worn over .25 inch (6 mm) of closed-cell foam or equivalent padding.
2. The groin must be protected to a standard equivalent to that provided by an athletic
cup or pubic protector, secured by straps, or worn in a supporter or fighting garment
designed to hold the protection in place.
3. Separate breast cups are prohibited unless connected by or mounted on an
interconnecting rigid piece, for example, a heavy leather or metal breastplate.
F. Hand and Wrist Armor:
The outer surfaces of the hand, to one inch above the wrist of both arms and including the
thumb, must be covered by one or a combination of the following:
1. A rigid basket or cup hilt with enough bars or plates to prevent a blow from striking the
fingers or the back of the hand. If a basket or cup hilt, shield basket, or center-grip
shield is used, a vambrace and or partial gauntlet shall cover the remaining exposed
portions of the hand and wrist.
2. A gauntlet of rigid material either lined with .25 inch (6 mm) of closed-cell foam or
equivalent or designed to transfer potentially injurious impact to the surfaces being
grasped.
3. A gauntlet of heavy leather lined with .5 inch (12 mm) of closed-cell foam or heavy
padding. (Note: An ice hockey glove is considered to be the equivalent, but looks
blatantly modern; their use is discouraged.) Street hockey gloves are NOT equivalent,
as the padding is lighter than a regular ice hockey glove. Street hockey gloves will be
treated only as padding.
4. A shield with a shield basket or equivalent. A shield alone is NOT sufficient, since it
covers the back of the hand, but not the fingers, thumb, or wrist. A shield alone may be
considered an equivalent to full hand protection only if no part of the hand or wrist is
within 4 inches (10.2 cm) of the edge of the shield while the shield is in use.
5. Combat archers, siege engineers, and those using a thrown weapon, need only a half-
gauntlet made to the above standards for gauntlets but without finger protection.
G. Arm Armor
The elbow point and bones at either side of the elbow joint must be covered by a rigid
material underlain by at least .25 inch (6 mm) of closed-cell foam or equivalent padding.
This armor shall be attached in such a way that the elbow remains covered during combat.
A shield alone is sufficient on a side-strapped shield, if the elbow is 4 inches (10.2 cm) or
more from the edge of the shield during typical use.
H. Leg Armor
1. The kneecap, including the area one inch (25.4 mm) above and below it, and both sides
of the knee joints, must be covered by rigid material, lined by at least .25 inch (6 mm)
of closed-cell foam or an equivalent padding. This armor shall be attached in such a
way that the knee remains covered during combat.
2. Combatants should wear footwear that provides adequate protection and support for the
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terrain and activity of combat.
I. Shields
1. Shields shall be edged with leather, padding, or other covering or constructed in such a
way as to minimize damage to rattan weapons or other fighters.
2. No bolts, wires, or other objects may project more than .375 (that is, 3/8) inch (9 mm)
from any part of a shield without being padded. Rounded shield bosses are not
considered to be projections.
3. Shields may be constructed with leg(s) so that they can act as freestanding pavises
during melee combat.
a. The leg(s) used to keep the pavise standing must be at least 1.25 inches (31.8 mm)
in diameter or 1.25 inches (31.8 mm) square and be well-attached.
b. Pavises are destroyed by a single hit from siege engine ammunition. Combatants
behind the pavise are not killed. The pavise must then immediately be removed from
the field or dropped flat.
c. A pavise can be carried in a manner which does not require hand control (such as by
a shoulder strap). In this case, the fighter is not allowed to actively block with it, nor
can they use their own weapon, and if struck by a hand weapon, the blow is counted
as if the pavise was not there.
VII. WEAPONS STANDARDS
A. General
1. With the exception of the hilts, guards and pommels, no metal or non-approved rigid,
granular, or liquid material may be used in the construction of single or two-handed
weapons including spears.
2. Primary weapons used single-handed shall have a wrist strap (or equivalent restraint)
which will keep the weapon from leaving the immediate area of the user if released
during any part of a bout or combat. Restraints are not required on hafted weapons
used single-handed, or on single-handed back-up weapons.
3. Flails are expressly prohibited.
4. Mechanical devices known as “sliders,” which are used to guide or propel spears, are
prohibited.
5. All weapons shall have all cutting edges and thrusting tips marked in a contrasting
color.
6. The striking surfaces of all weapons, including the tip, shall be wrapped in a manner
that allows no rattan splinters to protrude.
7. All thrusting tips and striking heads must be securely attached to the weapon.
8. The edges and tips of all striking surfaces shall be rounded.
9. No part of a weapon shall have sharp edges or protrusions with cross-section of less
than 1.25 inch (31.8mm) in diameter. Guards, pommels, hooks, etc., shall be firmly and
securely affixed to the weapon haft.
10. It shall not be possible to force into a legal face guard, any part of a weapon which may
reasonably be expected to contact an opponent during combat more than .5 inch (12.7
mm). Rattan weapons may have a handle section which is less than 1.25 inch (31.8
mm), so long as it meets this criterion. Combat archery shafts may be thinner as long as
the head and tail meet the criteria.
11. Rattan shall not be treated in any way that will substantially reduce its flexibility (e.g.,
treated with wax, resin, fiberglass, etc.).
12. No weapon shall exceed 6 pounds (2.73 kg).
13. No missile weapons intended to simulate firearms, slings, slingstaffs, nor atlatls can be
used on the field of armored combat.
14. No “punch weapons” or thrusting weapons that have the blade or tip more
perpendicular than parallel to the grip.
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15. No shovel handles on any thrusting weapon.
B. Single-Handed Weapons
Weapons that shall be used in one hand shall have the following requirements:
1. Single-handed weapons shall be constructed of one of the following:
a. rattan
b. rattan-cored Siloflex or Siloflex-equivalent
c. natural polypropylene round rod (maximum diameter: 1.25 inches (31.8 mm)
and shall be not less than 1.25 inch (31.8 mm) in total diameter (including tape) along its
entire length excepting the handle.
2. Rattan-cored Siloflex or Siloflex equivalent weapons shall be constructed using tubular
materials meeting ASTM standard D-2239 or the international equivalent, with a
pressure rating of 160 PSI or greater, having at least a 1.25 inch (31.8 mm) diameter on
the outside and at least .125 (that is, 1/8) inch (3.2 mm) walls, and having an inner core
of rattan that fills the interior of the tubular material entirely. Periodic inspection shall
be made to determine the condition of the inner core.
3. If the weapon has a head, it shall not be constructed of solely rigid materials. The head
shall be firmly and securely attached to the haft. The head shall allow at least .5 inch
(12.7 mm) of progressive give between the striking surface and the weapon haft.
4. No weapon may have a cutting and/or smashing surface at both ends.
5. When thrusting tips are used, they shall be at least the same diameter as the shaft of the
weapon they are mounted on and have at least .75 inch (19.1 mm) of resilient material
in front of the rigid tip of the weapon providing at least .375 (that is, 3/8) inch (9.53
mm) of progressively resistant give across the face of the thrusting tip. (Note: Pressing
with the thumb into the center of the thrusting tip is not an adequate test. The give must
be across the entire face of the tip.)
6. Swords shall have a hand guard, such as a basket hilt, quillions, or equivalent.
7. Total weapon mass shall not exceed 5 pounds (2.27 kg).
C. Two-Handed Weapons
Weapons which may be used with one or two hands shall have the following requirements:
1. Weapons shall be constructed of rattan of not less than 1.25 inch (31.8 mm) in diameter
(including tape). Polearms may contain blades constructed of split rattan, so long as the
piece(s) are securely fastened to the haft.
2. The weapon shall not be excessively flexible.
3. If the weapon has a head, it shall not be constructed of solely rigid materials. The head
shall be firmly and securely attached to the haft. The head shall allow at least .5 inch
(12.7 mm) of progressive give between the striking surface and the weapon haft. Semi-
rigid ultra-lightweight shaped foam heads and laminated or split rattan construction
techniques do not require .5 inch (12.7 mm) of progressive give, so long as their
construction imparts striking characteristics similar to an unpadded weapon constructed
of a single piece of rattan.
4. No weapon may have a cutting and/or smashing surface at both ends.
5. Thrusting tips:
a. When thrusting tips are used on rattan weapons with greater length than 7.5 feet
(2.286 m), they shall be no less than 2 inches (50.8 mm) in diameter/cross-section
and have 2 inches (50.8 mm) of resilient material in front of the rigid tip of the
weapon, thereby providing progressively resistant give.
b. When thrusting tips are used on rattan weapons with length less than or equal to 7.5
feet, they shall be at least the same diameter as the shaft of the weapon they are
mounted on and have 1.5 inches (38.1 mm) of resilient material in front of the rigid
tip of the weapon, thereby providing progressively resistant give.
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(Note: Pressing with the thumb into the center of the thrusting tip is not an adequate test.
The give must be across the entire face of the tip.)
6. Weapons exceeding 7.5 feet (2.286 m) shall not be used for cutting or smashing
and shall be used for thrusting only.
7. Total weapon length shall not exceed 12 feet (3.658 m).
D. Fiberglass Spears
1. Fiberglass spears shall not have a cutting or smashing head.
2. Fiberglass spears shall be constructed with pultruded fiberglass shafts with an
outside diameter of no less than 1.25 inch (31.8 mm) and no greater than 1 5/16
inch (33.38 mm). Minimum manufacturer specified wall thickness shall be .125
(that is, 1/8) inch (3.2 mm) and the minimum measurable wall thickness shall be
3/32 inch (2.38 mm).
3. The end of the shaft which will have the thrusting tip attached must be covered
with a schedule-40 PVC cap with an interior diameter the same as the outside
diameter of the shaft (1.25 inches or 31.8 mm). The thrusting tip will then be
attached over this cap.
4. All fiberglass spears must have a thrusting tip that is a minimum of 2 inches (50.8
mm) in diameter/ cross-section and have 2 inches (50.8 mm) of resilient material in
front of the PVC end cap, thereby providing progressively resistant give without
allowing contact with the PVC end cap.
5. Shafts may be spliced using a fiberglass rod or tube with a sidewall of .125 inch
(3.2 mm) of the same or equivalent material, having an outside diameter of 1 inch
(25.4 mm) and a length of 8–12 inches (203–304 mm). Only two splices will be
allowed per spear shaft. Each end to be spliced shall be cut square and clean of
cracks or frayed fibers. The rod shall extend at least 4 inches (101.6 mm) into each
spliced end. One or both of these two methods shall secure the splice:
a. Epoxying both ends of the fiberglass rod before insertion.
b. Epoxying one end of the fiberglass rod before insertion and thoroughly taping
the splice over with fiber tape.
6. The butt end of the shaft shall be smooth and free of cracks or frayed fibers. The
butt shall be taped over or otherwise sealed. If a weapon is completely taped, a
marshal may require that one section be untaped enough to determine that
pultruded fiberglass has been used in the construction of the shaft.
7. Total spear length shall not exceed 12 feet (3.658 m).
E. Throwing Weapons
These weapons may be used for striking and may also be thrown in melee scenarios where
thrown weapons are allowed. Examples are thrust-and-throw javelins, axes, knives, etc.
1. Shafts shall be constructed of rattan not less than 1.25 inch (31.8 mm) in diameter
along its entire length or of two layers of Siloflex or equivalent. The outer layer shall
be 1 inch (25.4 mm) inner diameter Siloflex (1.25 inch [31.8mm] outer diameter) and
the inner layer shall be 0.75 inch (19.1 mm) inner diameter Siloflex. All Siloflex used
for throwing weapons must have a pressure rating of 160 PSI or greater. If Siloflex is
used, both ends of the shaft shall be covered with either a schedule-40 PVC cap with an
interior diameter the same as the outside diameter of the shaft (1.25 inches [31.8 mm]),
or with a rubber stopper or equivalent means to prevent the tubing from penetrating the
thrusting tip(s), fastened securely in place by tape and/or glue.
2. Thrusting tips shall be used on any tip that can be reasonably assumed to contact a
fighter when the weapon is used or thrown. Tips shall be no less than 1.25 inch
(31.8mm) in diameter/cross-section and have 1.25 inch (31.8mm) of resilient material
in front of the rigid tip of the weapon, thereby providing progressively resistant give.
3. If the weapon has a head, it shall not be constructed of solely rigid materials. The head
shall be firmly and securely attached to the haft or handle. The head shall allow at least
.5 inch (12.7 mm) of progressive give between the striking surface and the weapon haft
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or handle.
4. The weapon must have the owner’s name, kingdom, and branch clearly and legibly
printed on it in English characters for identification.
5. Total mass of the weapon shall not exceed 2 pounds (0.91 kg).
F. Combat Archery Bows/Crossbows
1. During inspection, all equipment must have its poundage and draw physically
measured with a ruler or other metered device and poundage scale.
2. Marshals must calibrate their bow scales regularly to be accurate at either 35 or 50
pounds, depending upon the most prevalent bow in their kingdom, as
measurements obtained with commonly-used, standard spring-type scales can vary
over time.
3. No compound bows, nor compound crossbow prods are allowed.
4. No non-Society period sights, spring/flipper rests, plunger buttons, stabilizers,
clickers, or modern string release aids may be used.
5. Bows/Crossbows must be powered solely by the flex of the limbs.
6. If both Light and Heavy bows/crossbows, by the standards as defined below, are on
the field at the same time, then all Heavy bows/crossbows must have their upper
limb (or one limb for crossbows) covered with at least 4 inches (10 cm) of red
material (tape, cloth, etc).
7. Handbows
a. A handbow’s power is measured at 28 inches (71 cm). If the bow is not designed
to be drawn at 28 inches (71 cm), then it cannot be used in SCA combat.
b. Light handbows measure 35 pounds (15.9 kg) or less at 28 inches (71 cm).
c. Heavy handbows measure 50 pounds (22.7 kg) or less at 28 inches (71 cm).
8. Crossbows
a. Crossbows are measured by inch-pounds (”#), which is calculated by taking the
poundage of the bow measured at the lock, multiplied by the distance (in inches)
from the front of the string at rest, to the front of the string when in cocked
position. A metric measurement of kilogram-centimeters (kg-cm).
b. Light crossbows measure 600”# (691 kg-cm) or less.
c. Heavy crossbows measure 1000”# (1152 kg-cm) or less.
d. No crossbows may have a modern pistol grip.
G. Combat Archery Ammunition
1. All ammunition must have the owner’s name (not initials) and kingdom displayed
clearly on it.
2. No metal can be used as ammunition construction material.
3. All ammunition has a maximum length of 28 inches (71 cm) from the back of the
head/blunt, to the string acceptor on the nock.
4. Optionally, ammunition may have fletches as long as they are securely attached and
made of a soft material. Fletches may not project farther than .5 inch (12.7 mm) from
the shaft if they are less than 1.5 inch (38.1 mm) thick.
5. Light Ammunition (for use in light bows or light crossbows only) must consist of a
fiberglass shaft, a blunt (either commercially manufactured or UHMW) and an APD
(either commercially manufactured or HDPE).
a. Fiberglass Ammunition Shafts
i. Solid pultruded fiberglass of between .25 (6.5 mm) and .375 inch
(9.5 mm) diameter.
ii. Fiberglass shall be of a good quality, defined as significant
‘bending’ pressure as applied by a marshal not causing the shaft
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to break.
iii. The shaft must be covered from behind the blunt, to the front of
the anti-penetration device (APD), in a sturdy tear-resistant tape,
such as strapping, electrical, or duct tape.
b. Anti-Penetration Devices (APDs)
i. APDs must be attached no further than .5 inch (12.7 mm) from the
end of the arrow or bolt (including nock).
ii. APDs must be attached securely via tape, glue, cable ties, etc. The
method does not matter as long as it is securely attached and will
not come off during normal use. This will be tested by Marshals
by grabbing and pulling on the APD with moderate force while
twisting it slightly. If it detaches or moves lengthwise along the
shaft, then it fails.
iii. APDs must not have major cuts or cracks in them. If anything can
be inserted into a crack, then the APD fails.
c. HDPE APDs
i. HDPE Pipe: APD made from materials meeting ASTM D2239
(minimum of 1 inch (25.4mm) inner diameter) or ASTM D2737
(minimum of 1.25 inch (31.8mm) outer diameter) and manufactured of
PE3408, PE3608, PE3710 or PE4710 resin, or equivalent. Either 100 or
125 PSI is approved.
ii. The length of the top edge of the APD must be at least 1.25 inches (3.2
cm) if the front is cut square, or .625 (that is, 5/8) inch (16 mm) if the
front is cut at a 45 degree angle.
iii. APD may have a channel routed in the bottom, and/or cuts made in
the front and back edges for helping tape attachment.
iv. All sharp edges must be eased.
e. Blunts
i. All blunts must be securely attached via tape, glue, cable ties,
etc. The method does not matter as long as it is securely
attached; however at least one piece of sturdy tear-resistant tape
must extend over the blunt and be securely attached to the shaft
on both sides. This will be tested by marshals by grabbing and
pulling on the blunt with moderate force while twisting it
slightly. If it detaches or moves lengthwise along the shaft, then
it fails. (Twisting around the shaft is okay.)
f. Commercially Manufactured Blunts
i. Allowed commercial blunts: Baldar, Fathead, and Fathead 2 only.
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ii. All other designs or manufacturing techniques must be approved in
writing by the Society Marshal's office prior to use. Contact the
Deputy Society Marshal for Combat Archery for technical details for
submission and testing of experimental combat archery missiles.
iii. Must be of a type designed for use on fiberglass shafts (.25 inch
shaft acceptor), and can only be used with .25 inch or 6.5 mm
shafts.
iv. Commercial blunts may have no additional modifications.
v. Baldar only rules: Only the original 2-piece mold Baldar Blunt is
approved. Blunts must be attached in such a way that at least 50%
of the blunt is visible and can be inspected (the parting line visible
around the circumference of the thickest part of the blunt in the 2-
piece molds). If no parting line is seen the blunt cannot be used.
There should be no delamination along the parting line. This will
be tested by Marshals by attempting to insert a fingernail with
light force into the parting line. If the fingernail can penetrate the
blunt, then it fails
i. A tennis ball is placed at the end of the tube and attached via
tape and/or string. The ball shall not be perforated as this leads
to it getting dirt/water inside of it.
ii. Regulation tennis balls may be used as ammunition heads, as is,
with the following restrictions: Ball must weigh less than 3
ounces (85 grams). Ball must not be covered in tape. (Dyes or
stains may be used to change the color)
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7. Fellwalker Bolts
a. The “Fellwalker design” is approved for crossbows only (heavy and light)
b. The shaft is of solid fiberglass of between .25 inch (6.5 mm) and .375 (that
is, 3/8) inch (9.5 mm) diameter. Fiberglass shall be of good quality, defined
as significant bending pressure as applied by a marshal not causing the
shaft to break.
c. The core is made from UHMW rod of at least 1.25 inches (31.8 mm)
diameter with a hole drilled in it to accept the shaft.
d. The shaft hole must be at least 1 inch (25.4 mm) deep, and there must be at
least 1 inch (25.4 mm) of UHMW in front of the shaft.
e. The striking surface must have at least 1 inch (25.4 mm) and at most 1.25
inches (31.8 mm) of padding (with progressive resistant give) after taping
and be at least the diameter of the blunt.
f. The head must have padding (with progressive resistant give) that extends
from the tip of the padding to at least .5 inch (12.7 mm) over the UHMW
that brings the total diameter of the head to at least 1.5 inch (3.8 cm) after
taping.
g. The tail end must have a disk of UHMW installed that is at least 1.25
inches (31.8 mm) diameter, at least .5 inch (12.7 mm) thick, and drilled at
least .25 inch (6.5 mm) deep to accept the shaft. It must be attached
securely via tape, glue, cable ties, etc. The method does not matter as long
as it is securely attached and will not come off during normal use. This will
be tested by Marshals by grabbing and pulling on the APD with moderate
force while twisting it slightly. If it detaches or moves lengthwise along the
shaft, then it fails.
h. The shaft must be covered from behind the blunt, to the front of the anti-
penetration device (APD), in a sturdy tear-resistant tape, such as strapping,
electrical, or duct tape.
i. All sharp edges must be eased.
VIII. SIEGE COMBAT
A. General
Siege engines or structures may be used in combat during melees and wars in accordance
with the rules set forth in the Siege Engines Handbook.
B. Munitions
1. Siege-class munitions are denoted by being primarily yellow and include ballista bolts
and rocks (1-pound [0.45 kg] foam or 4-tennis-ball clusters).
2. Small-arms munitions include single tennis balls and tube shafted combat archery
arrows and bolts.
C. Blow Acknowledgment
1. A blow from siege class ammunition to any legal target area shall be judged fatal or
completely disabling.
2. Blows from siege class ammunition to shields shall be judged fatal or completely
disabling to the bearer of the shield unless otherwise specified by scenario rules.
3. Hand-held weapons struck by siege class munitions shall be considered destroyed.
4. Small-arms munitions fired from siege engines shall be treated as combat archery
projectiles.
5. Siege munitions are considered spent upon striking a target, the ground, or a battlefield
structure.
D. Destroying Siege Engines.
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1. Fighters shall stay clear of moving parts and, when possible, approach siege
engines/structures from the side.
2. Striking or thrusting siege engines/structures with hand-held weapons is strictly
prohibited.
3. Siege engines may be destroyed by placing a hand-held weapon on the engine/structure
and declaring “this weapon is destroyed,” or by being struck by siege-class munitions
from another siege engine.
4. Siege engine crews are fully armored combatants and should be treated as would be
any other fighter on the field.
5. If fighting occurs within 5 feet (1.524 m) of an engine that is cocked or loaded, a hold
shall be called and the engine shall be declared destroyed and removed from the
combat area and made safe.
A. General
Armored steel fighting within the SCA must follow all policies and procedures outlined in this document,
as well as all relevant policies contained in the Rules of the Lists and the additional rules established by the
Kingdoms. Generally speaking, this section outlines the standards that might differ from the policies and
procedures outlined in the Rules of the Lists, such as differing minimum standards in armor.
1. All Combatants will ensure that their combat equipment is in safe, good working order and meets
the specifications set forth in this document.
2. An authorization shall be completed prior to engaging in this activity. Authorizations are not
required for designated practices for instruction and training purposes. Authorization requirements
are described in section IX.B
3. Should the inspecting marshal fail a weapon or armour, the owner of the equipment may appeal to
the Armoured Steel Combat. MIC. The MIC’s decision is final for that day.
a. The decision of the Armoured Steel Combat. MIC can be appealed to the Kingdom
Deputy of Armoured Steel Combat.
4. Combatants, as directed by the Rules of the Lists shall:
a. Armor themselves to at least the minimum standard described in section IX.C
b. Use only those weapons as permitted in this style of combat.
c. Upon hearing the call of “HOLD” all fighting shall IMMEDIATELY stop.
d. Obey all of the “Conventions of Combat” outlined in the Marshal’s Handbook, unless
differing procedures are specifically outlined in this document.
B. Authorizations
Unless otherwise described below, authorizations shall follow the requirements and specifications outlined
in above in Marshal’s Handbook.
The construction of armor shall explicitly meet the standards as outlined below. The minimum armor
standards are designed to allow for recommended protection; combatants are encouraged to armor to the
level they feel safe beyond the minimum standards. The protective equipment has to provide reliable
protection to the head, neck, spine and joints in any body position.
1. Helms: Shall be of welded or riveted construction with a minimum of 12-gauge mild steel
thickness or equivalent protection from other materials (i.e. stainless steel or spring steel).
Additionally, helms:
a. Shall have no internal protrusions which could cause injury to the wearer.
b. Shall be padded in such a manner as to provide progressive give under the force of a blow
without resulting in injury to the wearer. Foam/padding and a suspension system are two
examples.
c. Shall have a chin strap, which ensures its stability, eliminating any possibility that it may
fall off or come loose during combat.
d. Shall not have an opening in excess of the following:
i. For grill style openings, the maximum shall be ¾ inch by 1 1/2 inch or have an
open area not to exceed 1.125 square inches.
Rigid is defined as a single or combination of materials which provide stiff and unyielding protection from
the impact of the weapons being used (i.e. no injury resulting from being struck from the weapons where
the armour and weapon were used as intended.)
Padding can be in the form of a gambeson or modern materials.
D. Weapon Standards
1. General
1. The only permitted weapons are steel constructed longswords (bastard swords) and arming swords
(broad swords and saber style).
2. Swords from a reputable supplier are recommended, and they must meet the minimums outlined in
IX.D.2 Should a marshal have a question about a weapon it may be subjected to the following:
a. Spring test. Can the weapon be bent over the knee (3 inches?) without permanent
distortion (returns/springs back to straight or true).
b. Strike Test- Marshal strikes a steel object (could be a helmet, could be a block of steel)
with a reasonable degree of force to make sure weapon doesn't shatter.
3. Weapons shall be in good condition with the edges having been rounded, burrs removed and no
chips or dents that compromise the integrity of the weapon.
4. Swords may have basket hilts. In conjunction with rigid constructed demi-gauntlets. Baskets shall
be constructed to provide all of the protection required of a gauntlet.
5. Arming Swords shall have a lanyard to keep them from leaving the fighters person.
6. The cross guard of all weapons shall not extend more than 35 MM from the gauntlet. This is to be
measured as show in the diagram below.
E. Shields
1. General
Shields shall be no more than 23. 5 inches wide and no taller than 30 inches. Shields shall be appropriately
edged to prevent splinters, metal shavings, or debris that may fit through the face plate of a combatant.
The edge of the shield must be maintained. Hand protection behind the shield shall equal gauntlet and
forearm protection as stated above. There is no minimum weight for shields. All bucklers will remain
within the above listed standard.
Bucklers: Shields:
F. Rules of Combat
G. Target Areas
1. All valid blows will be targeted at the head and torso of the combatant. Arms one inch above the
condyles of the wrist are valid. A valid blow 1 inch above the knee cap of the combatant’s
opponent shall be considered valid.
2. A blow striking non-counted (hands and 1 inch above the knee and below) areas shall not be cause
to stop a fight unless it results in an injury. (an injury will require a root cause to determine if the
armour failed to protect or the nature of the blow was the determining factor. In either case action
by the marshal is required.) Blows striking non counted areas shall not be considered as a valid
counted blow.
3. Strikes to the groin, neck, and throat of a combatant are valid, however combatants should exercise
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caution when striking into these areas.
H. Valid Blows
1. A valid blow will be considered a cut, unimpeded or the intent of the blow not significantly
diminished by defensive action, striking only upon the edge of the sword.
2. The blow is thrown with a similar technique as would have been used to cause injury, but with a
force that is deemed acceptable for sports competition.
3. Three joints must be employed in the delivery of the blow (wrist, elbow and shoulder are a prime
example).
4. Longsword blows require both hands on the grip to be scored.
I. Permissible Techniques
1. Cutting blows to the opponent’s target areas (as defined above) delivered with the cutting edge of
the weapons.
2. Blocking the opponent’s blows with a shield or a blade.
3. Pushing or pressing the opponent with a shield or shoulder.
4. Hitting with the plane of a shield
5. Repulsion of a blade, a shield, or opponent’s arms and hands with the shield’s plane or the shield’s
edge.
6. Hooking the opponent’s shield with your shield.
7. Overlapping of the opponent’s shield with your shield
J. Prohibited Techniques
The follow are the tournament styles which are currently approved, which are more fully described in
section O.2. below:
• Gallery
• Race to x (judged or called) no reset
• Race to x (judged or called) reset after each point
• Timed – counted blows judged only
• Set number of blows
1. List fields shall be marked clearly on the ground (i.e. with paint, chalk or tape as examples). The
marshals stop the fight as the fighters approach the defined boundary.
2. A safety zone of 10 feet shall extend out in all areas where spectators are allowed. The safety zone
is not optional. A rope or rail boundary not less than 3 feet high shall be used.
As a general matter, marshals are in charge of enforcing rules and monitoring safety during fights. They
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are also responsible for inspecting weapons and armor before each fight. Judges are responsible for
counting blows during fights.
N. Marshals
Marshals have the sole responsibility of safety for the list, combatants and judges. Marshals shall not
concern themselves with adjudicating blows. Marshals will observe the fighters for equipment integrity
and safe behavior. Marshals shall meet a minimum training and authorization standards outlined below.
Each kingdom participating in Armored Steel Combat must develop a training program to ensure
familiarity with these rules, and issue separate warrants for Armored Steel Combat marshals
2. Event Marshals
3. List Oversight
Field Marshals shall ensure that he combat is conducted in accordance with the rules and
conventions for Armoured Steel Combat. The Field Marshal shall administer punitive actions as
follows
a. A warning will be issued at the Fields Marshals discretion.
b. Sanctions will be accessed using the following criteria as guidance.
i. Dropping a weapon will result in a 2-point penalty.
ii. Not engaging in combat (actively denying engagement for a period of time). – 2-
point penalty
iii. Voluntarily stepping out of the list area – 2-point penalty
iv. Failure to obey the commands of the Field Marshal - 3-point penalty
v. Conduct unbecoming a competitor in the list. – 5-point penalty
c. Disqualification sanction imposed on a fighter for gross violation of the rules. It shall be
stated in in the marshal’s report. This sanction is automatically reviewed by the Marshal
in Charge.
i. This sanction may be imposed for a single fight or for the remainder of the
fighting activities for the event. Longer suspensions require review and approval
from the Kingdom Earl Marshal/Deputy Earl Marshal for Armoured Steel
Combat. Examples are as follows:
• Using Prohibited Techniques which put a combatant in significant risk of
injury – i.e. the use of a thrust.
• Injuring the opponent due to the use of a prohibited fighting technique(s)
or striking a no scoring area.
• Conflicts with the marshals or Judges. Insults to the opponents or
disrespectful behavior towards them, as well as other parties of the
competition.
ii. Disqualifications shall be reviewed by the Kingdom Deputy Marshal of Armoured
Steel Combat to determine if further action is warranted.
O. Judges
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Judges have the sole responsibility of evaluating fighter’s blows. Judges must be specifically trained to
evaluate that a combatant has provided a blow, thrown with intent, edge on and is unimpeded by any
activity of the combatant answering the blow. If they see an unsafe condition, they are required to call
hold as is normal within the Rules of the List, SCA Inc. Judges meet a minimum training standard.
1. General
a. Judges shall take positions in the list against the outer containment rope or barrier in the
corner.
b. A judge may move along each side that forms the corner he or she start in.
c. Clickers must be used for counting blows
d. Before a fight the Marshal goes to a fighter and asks which judges will be counting blows
landing on that fighter and repeat with the second fighter. This is to ensure that that the judges
are aligned correctly.
e. The judges for each fighter shall be positioned catty corner (opposite corner) from one another.
f. Judges shall not talk with each other until the scores have been recorded.
g. At the conclusion of the bout judges shall return to their corner where a MoL will go to each
judge and record the score.
2. Counting Blows
a. There will be a minimum of 2 judges counting valid blows landing on each fighter.
b. Valid blows are defined above (section IX.H)
c. During each fight click once for each blow landed on the fighter you are watching.
d. A valid blow is valid no matter the style of tournament.
e. “Don’t count noise” Sight is the determining factor in judging valid blows.
f. Watch the fighter on whom you are counting blows landing without getting distracted by the
fight itself.
g. Judges need to move with the fight in order to get the best view. A judge may move all the
way down each side of the safety zone from the corner they started in.
h. Fighters will be designated as “Fighter 1 and 2” or “the Red fighter and the Blue fighter) for
example.
i. Marshals should consider using arm bands for the fighters and judges – fighter 1 would have a
blue armband as would the two judges assigned to him in order to make it clear who is
counting for whom.
3. Tournament Styles
a. Race to X without resetting (judged or called) - the Marshal will tell the judges and crowd that
the fight is a race to “5” (or “10”, etc.) As soon as one judge has counted that number of blows
landed on the fighter they are watching, he or she will call the number of blows struck, “five”
for example, and combat will stop.
b. Race to X with resets - Combat will stop and reset each time a valid blow is struck. This
continues until the predetermined number of blows is counted by a judge.
c. Timed - Counted blows judged only. A judge will click the counter each time he or she sees a
valid blow land on their combatant. This continues until time is called. Scores are reported to
the MOL.
i. A person, who has no other task during the bout, will be designated to use a stopwatch
or other device, such as a phone, to keep time for these fights. i.e. A videographer
cannot keep time, nor can a judge.
d. Set number of blows - Each combatant can throw a set number of blows (for example, 20);
after a combatant throws the pre-determined number of blows, he or she can only defend.
i. Judges count the valid blows landing on the combatant they are watching.
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ii. Two additional persons, who have no other task during the bout, will be designated to
count the number of blows thrown by a given combatant. A hold shall be called when
the designated number of blows has been reached.
e. Gallery - In this tournament style the winner of a fight is determined by a gallery. A gallery
will be comprised of segments of the populace attending. For example: all ladies, all peers, all
children, etc.
i. The gallery shall select a spokesperson to report the results.
ii. The gallery shall have 1 minute to announce the victor.
iii. It is expected that this way of determining a victor is 100% subjective.
4. Training
a. Judges must read and be familiar with the conventions and rules for Steel Fighting.
b. Currently judges are doing on-the-job training. New Judges can be paired with experience
judges to provide experience and training.
c. It has been found that when experienced judges work with new judges, they come to
approximately the same score after a few example bouts. It helps when the marshal/MC has
fighters show what a valid blow looks like and runs a sample set of fights for the judges to learn
from.
d. There will be judging sample videos online to help in the training of judges.
5. Equipment
a. Tally Counters/Clickers - these can be purchased at amazon.com. They are easily found by
searching for “4-digit tally counter”
b. Score Cards
Score Cards shall be used to record the outcome of combat. The following is an example.
a. Armbands for fighters if this is decided to be used (Red and Blue, for example)
b. Judges’ tabards, if used should match the arm bands in color.
c. Other field equipment needed includes: list paint, safety zone fence, shade, table, cover, water
cooler, cups, sign in sheets, notepad, pens, chairs, squeeze bottles; it is also good to have: pickles,
pretzels, electrolytes.
5. Hands and wrists: Check the gauntlet and/or basket hilt to see if they cover the required
area (the hand and one inch of the forearm). Check for signs that the equipment is faulty.
7. Shield: Check the rim for exposed sharp edges. (For this purpose, a 90-degree
angle is a sharp edge.) Check the rest of the shield for sharp edges, broken or
missing rivets, or other signs that it is faulty.
C. Sample Weapon Inspection
See Section VII, “Weapons Standards” above for Society minimum standards.
1. Swords:
a. Check that they meet the minimum diameter (1.25 inch [31.8mm]). A 1.25
inch (31.8mm) marshaling gauge will speed this up enormously.
b. Check that the ends are taped and that there are no exposed cuts in the rattan.
c. Check the quillions or basket hilts for sharp edges, broken or missing rivets,
or other signs that they are coming apart.
d. Check the wrist strap or other means of keeping the sword from flying away.
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2. Thrusting Tips: Check that they have the minimum cross section. Push on the
end to verify the required amount of resilient give. Check that it the tip is
constructed in such a manner that it cannot be forced more than .5 inch (12.7
mm) into a legal faceguard.
3. Mass Weapons: Check the padding for give. Check the wrist strap (single-
handed mass weapons only). Consider the total mass of the weapon.
4. Pole Weapons: Check the thrusting tip, if any. Check the padding for give.
Consider the total mass of the weapon. Check that the weapon meets the
relevant length restrictions.
D. Sample Combat Archery Inspection
1. Bow/Crossbow
a. Ensure that the string is not showing excessive wear.
b. Measure the power of the bow with a calibrated scale to ensure it is within
appropriate specs.
c. Check the bow itself for cracks or gouges, as well as for significant limb
twist that could make the string leave the tips.
2. Crossbow Only
a. Check that the lock mechanism releases smoothly under simulated
pressure.
b. Check that the lock mechanism is solid and will not accidentally fire.
c. Ensure the stock has no failures between the bow and lock.
3. Ammunition
a. Based upon the type of ammunition, measure all dimensions for
conformance
b. With two fingers and a thumb, grab both head and tail and pull with
moderate force while slightly twisting. If either end moves laterally, it
fails.
c. If the ammunition is with made with foam, check that the tip is
constructed in such a manner that it cannot be forced more than .5 inch
(12.7 mm) into a legal faceguard.
d. If the blunt is commercially manufactured, ensure it is in good repair.
e. Check the shaft and APD (if applicable) for signs of cracking or other
failure. If a marshal can place a fingernail in a defect, then it fails.
f. Check that it is properly labeled and taped.
XVII. EXPERIMENTAL WEAPONS AND MATERIALS PROCEDURES
A. Experimental Weapons and Materials
1. Before any unapproved weapon or material can be used at Society activities, a test
plan and a sample of the proposed weapon or material must be submitted to and
approved by the Society Marshal or a designated deputy. This plan shall include:
a. Specifics on construction (e.g., materials used, how it is assembled, etc.),
b. A detailed outline of the test and its scope.
c. All restrictions that will be imposed on the test.
d. How long the test period would be.
If requested, any samples submitted shall be returned to the submitting party no later
than the conclusion of the test period, unless otherwise specified.
2. It is the prerogative of the kingdom Earl Marshal to allow limited testing of
alternate or unapproved materials and weapons within a kingdom after receiving
approval from the Society Marshal. Limited testing means the weapon or material
may be used at fighter practice tourneys and in small melees, but only after all
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combatants and marshals have been informed the weapon or material is being tested
and that it is not approved for general SCA use.
3. All combatants and marshals must consent to the use of the weapon or material
before combat begins. If any of the marshals or combatants object to the use of the
material or weapon, the material or weapon may not be used in that fight or battle.
All experimental materials and weapons shall be marked with alternating bands of
red and green tape totaling 6 inches (15.2 cm) in length. Bands shall be visible
during weapon usage.
4. Once per quarter throughout the test period, the Earl Marshal will update the
Society Marshal on the progress and results of the testing. At the end of the test
period, the Earl Marshal will provide the Society Marshal with a test summary.
This summary shall include a list of injuries that resulted from the use of the
weapon or material and any concerns from fighters and marshals recorded during
the testing. The Society Marshal, after consultation with the Earls Marshal, shall
determine if the weapon or material is suitable for SCA combat-related activities.
XVIII. MARSHAL RESPONSIBILITIES, CHAIN OF COMMAND AND
REPORTING
A. Reporting Requirements
1. If you are a Marshal-at-Large:
a. Whatever processes your Kingdom requires of a warranted marshal.
b. Reporting on any incident observed, either during or related to combat, on
which the Marshal in Charge was required to report.
2. If you are the Marshal in Charge of an event:
a. Whatever processes your Kingdom requires of a warranted marshal.
b. A brief report on the event, including any incidents in which:
i. Someone was injured.
3. A fighter or marshal had to be disciplined.
4. Event reports shall go to the Principality Knight Marshal or the Kingdom Earl
Marshal. (Reports should not go to the Marshal of the Society!)
5. Any other reports that the Earl Marshal of your Kingdom requires. (If you do not
know, write and ask what he or she will want before the event. It is a lot easier that
way.)
6. If you are the Knight Marshal of a branch:
a. Whatever processes your kingdom requires of a warranted marshal.
b. Regular reports on the state of fighting in your branch. If there are subsidiary
branches (e.g., cantons or ridings), this includes summarizing the reports that
you get from them. Ask your immediate superior how often you need to do
this.
c. Any other reports that the Earl Marshal of your kingdom requires.
7. If you are the Principality or Deputy Kingdom Earl Marshal or Knights Marshal:
a. Whatever processes your kingdom requires of a warranted marshal.
b. Regular reports on the state of fighting in your principality or region.
c. Any other reports that the Earl Marshal of your kingdom requires.
8. If you are the Earl Marshal of a kingdom:
a. An agreement to serve as Earl Marshal.
b. Quarterly reporting to the Society Marshal regarding the state of fighting in
your kingdom. (If you are required to make a similar report to the Crown, a
copy to the Society Marshal is sufficient.)
c. If disciplinary action that extends beyond the bounds of a single event is
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being taken against a fighter in your kingdom (e.g., authorizations suspended
or revoked, Courts of Chivalry), a brief account of what was done, to whom,
and why. (If more information is needed, for example because of an appeal of
the action, the Society Marshal will let you know.)
d. Either individual warrants must be provided for each member of the
marshallate in your kingdom, or a roster must be maintained. (Information on
the roster system may be obtained from your kingdom seneschal.) This task
may be partially delegated to the regional or principality marshal of your
kingdom, if any.
e. Answer correspondence from the Knights Marshals of your kingdom.
9. If you are Marshal of the Society:
a. On a quarterly basis, report to the President (and thence to the Board) on
the state of the marshallate.
b. Provide warrants for the Earls Marshal as they are appointed.
c. Answer correspondence from the Earls Marshal.
XIX. PROCEDURES FOR GRIEVANCES AND SANCTIONS
A. Grievances and Disputes
Usually the combatants are more than willing to correct any problems or breaches of the
rules pointed out by a marshal. This is the desired solution: get the problem fixed.
However, occasionally a marshal must take action. In the unhappy event that you find it
necessary, here is how you shall proceed. In order of preference:
1. Point out the violation (missing armor, grappling during combat, etc.) and ask the
fighter to correct it.
2. In the case of missing or inadequate armor, do not allow the combatant onto the
field until it has been fixed.
3. In the case of violation of the rules during combat, ask the combatant to leave the
field, and do not allow combat to resume until he or she has cooled off. This
particularly includes removing from the field anyone who has lost his or her
temper.
4. If you need support, call on (in order):
a. Any other marshals who are present (especially the marshal-in-charge).
5. A regional, deputy, or principality Earl or Knight Marshal.
6. The kingdom Earl Marshal
7. The local Seneschal
8. The principality or kingdom seneschal
9. The Crown
10. If the violation cannot be stopped, convince the marshal-in-charge and the local
seneschal to end the event.
11. In any case where voluntary correction is not made after the problem has been
pointed out, a detailed written report shall be made to the Earl Marshal as soon as
possible after the event. In cases where the fighter has made corrections voluntarily
a report should be sent to the Earl Marshal if a pattern of problems, even minor
ones from the same fighter is occurring.
B. Sanctions
1. In addition to removing an unsafe combatant from the field at the time, long-term
sanctions are available. These will normally be applied by the marshallate of the
kingdom rather than by a local marshal. Procedures outlined in kingdom law or
kingdom marshal policies shall be adhered to when sanctioning any person.
2. Sanctions which revoke or limit the ability of a fighter to participate for no longer
than a single event (even if the event is a multi-day event or war) are not considered
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to be “administrative sanctions” as discussed in the Society Sanction Guide, and do
not follow procedures for administrative sanctions.
3. Possible sanctions include:
a. Revoking the authorization of the individual to fight with a particular
weapon. (This sanction may be applied whether or not your kingdom does
authorizations by weapon forms.)
4. Revoking the authorization of the individual to fight at all.
5. Recommendation to the Crown to banish the individual from participation in
events.
6. Recommendation to the Board to banish the individual from the Society and its
activities.
7. If any of these long-term sanctions are in progress, the Society Marshal shall be
informed.
8. If authorization has been revoked, it is acceptable to inform the Earls Marshal of
any neighboring kingdoms to which the currently unauthorized fighter might travel.
Once long-term sanctions have been applied, a report shall be made to the Marshal
of the Society.
9. An authorization from any Kingdom may be suspended/revoked in another
Kingdom, should it prove necessary and appropriate. Such suspension/revocation
means that the fighter may not fight anywhere in the Society until and unless the
issue is resolved. Accordingly, the Earl Marshal of the kingdom issuing the
suspension shall inform the Society Marshal and the Earls Marshal of the
neighboring kingdoms.
10. Furthermore, if the fighter is subsequently re-authorized, the neighboring Earls
Marshal shall again be notified.