ABADA COLLEGE SENIOR HIGH

SCHOOL
_ _

Before starting this module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you while enjouing
the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit.
HAVE FUN!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances learning.
3. Practice solving with the help of the given examples. Practice makes perfect.
4. Perform all the provided activities in this module.
5. Let your facilitator/guardian pre-assess your answers.
6. Enjoy studying!

MODULE MAP

CIRCLE PARABOLA

ELLIPSE HYPERBOLA

SERIES AND MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

LESSONS AND COVERAGE

LESSONS MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES

Lessons 1 to 4 The learners illustrate the different types of

conic sections: parabola, ellipse, circle,
hyperbola and degenerate cases.
1. Circle a. The learners define a circle.
b. The learners determine the
standard form of equation of
a circle.
2. Parabola a. The learners define a parabola.
b. The learners determine the
standard form of equation of a
parabola.

3. Ellipse a. The learners define an ellipse.

b. The learners determine the

First Quarter | Module 1 | Pre Calculus Page |1

 standard form of equation of an
ellipse.

4. Hyperbola a. The learners define a hyperbola.

b. The learners determine the
standard form of equation of a
hyperbola.

Lessons 1 to 4 a. The learners recognize the equation

and important characteristics of the
different types of conic sections.
b. The learners solve situational
problems involving conic sections.

5. Series and Mathematical Induction a. The learners illustrate a series.

b. The learners differentiate a series
from a sequence.
c. The learners use the sigma notation
to represent series
d. The learners apply the use of sigma
notation in finding sums.

INTRODUCTION TO CONIC SECTIONS

A conic section (or conic), is a curve formed by a plane passing through a

double napped circular cone. As reflected in Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2, the angular
orientation of the plane relative to the cone defines whether the conic section is a
circle, parabola, ellipse, or hyperbola. If the plane passes through the vertex of the
double-napped circular cone, then the intersection is a point, a pair of intersecting
lines, or a single line. The circle and the ellipse are formed when the intersection of cone
and plane is a bounded curve. The circle is a special case of the ellipse in which the
plane is perpendicular to the axis of the cone. If the plane is parallel to a generator line
of the cone, the conic is a parabola. Lastly, if the intersection is an unbounded
curve and the plane is not parallel to a generator line of the cone and the plane
intersects both halves of the cone, the conic is a hyperbola.

Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2

The graph of the second-degree equation of the form 𝐴𝑥2 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦2 + 𝐷𝑥 +
𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 is determined by the values of 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶. Table 1.1 provides the type of conic
section given the values of and Conic sections can also be defined in terms of
eccentricity. The table also shows the relationships between eccentricity and the
type of conic sections.

Table 1.1
Graphs of Quadratic Equations
Conic Section Value of 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 Eccentricity
Circle 2
𝐵 − 4𝐴𝐶 < 0, 𝐵 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝐴 = 𝐶 𝑒=0
Parabola 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0 𝑒=1
Ellipse 2
𝐵 − 4𝐴𝐶 < 0, 𝐵 G 0 𝑜𝑟 𝐴 G 𝐶 0<𝑒<1
Hyperbola 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 > 0 𝑒>1

Example 1: Determine the type of conic section that each general equation will
produce.

a. 9𝑥2 + 9𝑦2 − 6𝑥 + 18𝑦 + 11 = 0

b. 4𝑥2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 + 8𝑥 + 24𝑦 + 36 = 0
c. 2𝑥2 + 4𝑦2 + 8𝑥 + 24𝑦 + 44 = 0
d. 4𝑥2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 43 = 0

Solution:

We will collect all the values of A, B, and C in each equation. Then solve for the
value of 𝐵 2 − 4𝐴𝐶. Interpret the result based on Table 1.1.

a. 9𝑥2 + 9𝑦2 − 6𝑥 + 18𝑦 + 11 = 0

𝐴 = 9, 𝐵 = 0, 𝐶 = 9
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 02 − 4(9)(9) = 0 − 324 = −324
Note that 𝐵 = 0 and 𝐴 + 𝐶. Thus, the conic section is a circle.
b. 4𝑥2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 + 8𝑥 + 24𝑦 + 36 = 0
𝐴 = 4, 𝐵 = 4, 𝐶 = 1
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 42 − 4(4)(1) = 16 − 16 = 0
Thus, the conic section is a parabola.

c. 2𝑥2 + 4𝑦2 + 8𝑥 + 24𝑦 + 44 = 0

𝐴 = 2, 𝐵 = 0, 𝐶 = 4
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 02 − 4(2)(4) = 0 − 32 = −32
Note that 𝐵 = 0 and AG 𝐶. Thus, it is not a conic section.
d. 4𝑥2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 43 = 0
𝐴 = 4, 𝐵 = 6, 𝐶 = 2
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 62 − 4(4)(2) = 36 − 32 = 4
Thus, the conic section is a hyperbola.
 MODULE 1: CIRCLES

OBJECTIVES

After completing this module, the students will be able to:

 identify conic section defined by a set of points;

 determine the type of conic section defined by a given 2nd degree equation in 𝑥 and 𝑦;
 define a circle;
 determine the standard form of equation of a circle;
 graph a circle in a rectangular coordinates system;
 derive and illustrate the equation of the circle;
 draw a circle given different points;
 find the center and the radius of the circle of an equation;
 convert the general equation of a circle to standard form and vice versa;
 recognize the equation and important characteristics of a circle; and
 solve situational problems involving circle.

INTRODUCTION TO CIRCLES

A circle is a set of all points on a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point on
a plane. The fixed point is called the center, and the distance from the center to any
point of the circle is referred to as the radius. Let say for example we let the center of a
circle be at the fixed point 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘) and the radius is 𝑟. By applying the distance formula
= √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1)2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1)2 , we will arrive at the value of the radius 𝑟 = √(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
or equivalent to 𝑟2 = (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2.

The standard form of an equation of the circle is (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟2 with the
radius 𝑟 and center (ℎ, 𝑘), while its standard form radius 𝑟 and center at the origin is
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2.

In addition, the standard form of an equation of a circle with radius 𝑟 = 1 and

center at the origin is called unit circle and has the equation 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1. The general
form of the equation of a circle is 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0.
FORM OF A CIRCLE

This section will discuss how to set up the graph of a circle and determine its
radius. The following examples will illustrate the following sets of problems.

Example 1: Graph the circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 16.

Solution:
Note that 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 16 is the standard equation of the circle with center at the
origin (0,0) and radius. We can represent the equation into 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2, to determine
the radius 𝑟.
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 42, thus 𝑟 = 4.
To be able to sketch the graph of the circle, we take all the points that are 4
units from (0,0) to all direction along the plane. The circle is reflected in Figure 1.4.

Figure 1. 4

Example 2: Determine the general equation of the circle whose center is (3, −1) and
whose graph contains the point (7, −1). Sketch the graph.

Solution:
We need to solve for the length of the radius.
We let (ℎ, 𝑘) = (3, −1) and (𝑥, 𝑦) = (7, −1) . (See figure 1.5)
𝑟 = √(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
𝑟 = √(7 − 3)2 + [−1 − (−1)]2
𝑟 = √42 + 02
𝑟 = √16
𝑟=4

Then we substitute 𝑟 = 4 and (ℎ, 𝑘) = (3, −1),

we get

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟2
(𝑥 − 3)2 + [𝑦 − (−1)]2 =
42
(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 16
𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦2 + 2𝑦 + 1 − 16 = 0
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 6 = 0

The equation of the circle is 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 6𝑥 +

2𝑦 − 6 = 0.

Figure 1.5
Example 3: Find the general equation of the circle whose center is (2, 6) and whose
radius is 3. Graph the circle.

Solution:
We let (ℎ, 𝑘) = (2, 6) and = 3 . We will make use of the same formula, to establish the
equation of the circle. (See figure 1.6)

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟2
(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 6)2 = 32
(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 6)2 = 9
𝑥2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦2 − 12𝑦 + 36 − 9 = 0
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 4𝑥 − 12𝑦 ± 31 = 0

The equation of the circle is 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 4𝑥 − 12𝑦 ± 31 = 0 .

Figure 1.6

GENERAL FORM TO STANDARD FORM OF A CIRCLE

The standard form of the equation of the circle where the center (ℎ, 𝑘) and the
radius is 𝑟 is (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟2 . The standard form of the circle is more convenient
in the sense that we can easily identify the center and the radius of a circle.
Another way to represent the equation of a circle, which is called the general
form, is 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0. We can convert the equation of a circle in general
form to standard form by completing the squares, the equation may be presented as

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0

𝑥2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝑌2 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0

(𝑥2 + 𝐷𝑥) + (𝑌2 + 𝐸𝑦) =

−𝐹

𝐷2 𝐸 2 𝐷 2
𝐸 2
[𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 + ( ) ] + [𝑦2 + 𝐸𝑦 + ( ) ] = ( )
2
+( ) −𝐹
2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2
(𝑥 + 𝐷) + (𝑦 + 𝐸) = 𝐷 + 𝐸 − 𝐹
2 2 4 4

Thus, center (ℎ, 𝑘) and radius 𝑟 is equivalent to

� ℎ=− ,𝑘 =−
� 2 𝐸 2
, 𝑟2 =
𝐷2 − 𝐸2 �
�
− 2
4𝐹 −
4
�
�
2

−
4
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
=
√

4
Example 1: Change the equation 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 +
8𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 0 to standard form and determine
the center and the radius of the circle. Sketch
the graph.
Solution:
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 8𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 0
(𝑥2 + 8𝑥) + (𝑦2 − 6𝑦) = 0
(𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 16) + (𝑦2 − 6𝑦 + 9) = 16 + 9
2

(𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 25

Thus, (ℎ, 𝑘) = (−4, 3) and 𝑟 = 5.

Figure 1.7

Example 2: Express the equation 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4 = 0 to standard form and

determine the center and the radius of the circle. Draw the circle.

Solution:
In order to convert the general equation we will apply completing the square and
factoring the square of binomial.

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4 = 0
(𝑥2 − 6𝑥) + (𝑦2 + 4𝑦) = −4
(𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 9) + (𝑦2 + 4𝑦 + 4) = −4 + 9 + 4
2

(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 9

Thus, the circle’s standard form is

(𝑥 − 3) + (𝑦 − 2) = 9, center ℎ, 𝑘) = (3, −2) and
2 2

𝑟 = 3.

Figure 1.8

Example 3: Express 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 20 = 0 to standard form and determine the

center and the radius of the circle. Draw the circle.

Solution:
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 20 = 0
(𝑥2 + 4𝑥) + (𝑦2 − 8𝑦) = −20
(𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 4) + (𝑦2 − 8𝑦 + 16) = −20 + 4 + 16
(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 0

Thus, (ℎ, 𝑘) = (−2, 4) Note that the right side of the

equation is zero. Thus, point is the only point
on a plane that satisfies the equation and the
radius is zero. This type of equation is referred as
point circle.

Figure 1.9
Example 4: Express 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 6𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 40 = 0 to standard form.

Solution:
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 6𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 40 = 0
(𝑥2 + 6𝑥) + (𝑦2 − 10𝑦) = −40
(𝑥2 + 6𝑥 + 9) + (𝑦2 − 10𝑦 + 25) = −40 + 9 + 25
(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = −6

Note that the right side of the equation is negative. This implies that there is no point in
the plane that satisfies the equation 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 6𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 40 = 0. Therefore, the circle
does not exist.

CIRCLES DETERMINED BY DIFFERENT CONDITIONS

This section illustrates how to establish the equation of a circle given different
conditions. Three of the possible cases are presented in the succeeding examples.

Example 1: Determine the equation of the circle which passes through the points
𝑃1(−1, 2), 𝑃2(0, 5), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃3(2, 1). Sketch the graph.

Solution:
Recall that the general form of the equation of a circle is 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 .
We will substitute the coordinates 𝑃1(−1, 2), 𝑃2(0, 5), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃3(2, 1) to establish the equation
of the circle.
Let 𝑃1(𝑥1, 𝑦1) = (−1, 2)

(−1)2 + 22 + 𝐷(−1) + 𝐸(2) + 𝐹 = 0

1 + 4 − 𝐷 + 2𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0
5 − 𝐷 + 2𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0 First equation

Let 𝑃2(𝑥2, 𝑦2) = (0, 5)

(0)2 + 52 + 𝐷(0) + 𝐸(5) + 𝐹 = 0

0 + 25 + 5𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0
25 + 5𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0 Second equation
Let 𝑃3(𝑥3, 𝑦3) = (2, 1)

(2)2 + 12 + 𝐷(2) + 𝐸(1) + 𝐹 = 0

4 + 1 + 2𝐷 + 𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0
5 + 2𝐷 + 𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0 Third equation

Combine the first and second equations:

25 + 5𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0 Second equation
(-) 5 − 𝐷 + 2𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0 First equation
20 + 𝐷 + 3𝐸 =0 Fourth equation
Combine the first and third equations:
5 − 𝐷 + 2𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0 First equation
(-) 5 + 2𝐷 + 𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0 Third equation
−3𝐷 + 𝐸 =0 Fifth equation
Combine the fourth and fifth equations and solve for E.
3(20 + 𝐷 + 3𝐸 = 0) → 60 + 3𝐷 + 9𝐸 = 0
−3𝐷 + 𝐸 = 0 → (+) −3𝐷 + 𝐸 = 0
60 + 10𝐸 = 0
10𝐸 = −60
𝐸 = −6
Substitute 𝐸 = −6 to equation wherein we can solve for D. (In this case, use either the
fourth or fifth equation.)
20 + 𝐷 + 3𝐸 = 0
20 + 𝐷 + 3(−6) = 0
20 + 𝐷 − 18 = 0
𝐷+2 = 0
𝐷 = −2
Then, we substitute 𝐸 = −6 to the second equation to solve for F or substitute 𝐷 = −2
and 𝐸 = −6 to the third or first equation.

25 + 5𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0
25 + 5(−6) + 𝐹 = 0
25 − 30 + 𝐹 = 0
−5 + 𝐹 = 0
𝐹=5
Lastly, we substitute 𝐷 = −2, 𝐸 = −6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 = 5 to the general equation of a circle:
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 5 = 0

Thus, the general equation of the circle is

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 5 = 0 which contains the points
(−1, 2), (0, 5) and (2, 1).

Figure 1. 10

Alternative solution:

Let be 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘)the center of the circle.

𝑃1(𝑥1, 𝑦1) = (−1, 2), 𝑃2(𝑥2, 𝑦2) = (0, 5)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃3(𝑥3, 𝑦3) = (2, 1)
Note that the radius is equidistant to any point on the circle, thus we can say that
𝑟 = 𝐶𝑃1 = 𝐶𝑃2 = 𝐶𝑃3.
We then apply the distance formula by equating two radii.
𝐶𝑃1 = 𝐶𝑃2
√(𝑥1 − ℎ) + (𝑦1 − 𝑘)2 = √(𝑥2 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑘)2
2

√(−1 − ℎ)2 + (2 − 𝑘)2 = √(0 − ℎ)2 + (5 − 𝑘)2

(−1 − ℎ)2 + (2 − 𝑘)2 = (0 − ℎ)2 + (5 − 𝑘)2
1 + 2ℎ + ℎ2 + 4 − 4𝑘 + 𝑘2 = ℎ2 + 25 − 10𝑘 + 𝑘2
2ℎ + ℎ2 − 4𝑘 + 𝑘2 − ℎ2 + 10𝑘 − 𝑘2 = −1 − 4 + 25
2ℎ + 6𝑘 = 20
ℎ + 3𝑘 = 10 First Equation
Equating another pair of radii, we get

𝐶𝑃1 = 𝐶𝑃3
√(𝑥1 − ℎ) + (𝑦1 − 𝑘)2 = √(𝑥3 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦3 − 𝑘)2
2

√(−1 − ℎ)2 + (2 − 𝑘)2 = √(2 − ℎ)2 + (1 − 𝑘)2

(−1 − ℎ)2 + (2 − 𝑘)2 = (2 − ℎ)2 + (1 − 𝑘)2
1 + 2ℎ + ℎ2 + 4 − 4𝑘 + 𝑘2 = 4 − 4ℎ + ℎ2 + 1 − 2𝑘 + 𝑘2
2ℎ + ℎ − 4𝑘 + 𝑘2 + 4ℎ − ℎ2 ± 2𝑘 − 𝑘2 = −1 − 4 + 4 + 1
2

6ℎ − 2𝑘 = 0 Second Equation
3ℎ − 𝑘 = 0
Combine the first and second equation to establish the coordinates of the center.
First Equation ℎ + 3𝑘 = 10 → ℎ + 3𝑘 = 10
Second Equation 3 (3ℎ − 𝑘 = 0) → (+) 9ℎ − 3𝑘 = 0
10ℎ = 10
ℎ=1
Substitute ℎ = 3 in any of the two equations.
3ℎ − 𝑘 = 0 → 3(1) − 𝑘 = 0
3−𝑘 =0
−𝑘 = −3
𝑘=3
Center (ℎ, 𝑘) = (1,3)
After we have established the center of the circle, we solve for the length of the radius
by selecting any point on the circle, let’s say we select 𝑃1(𝑥1, 𝑦1) = (−1, 2).
𝑟 = 𝐶𝑃1 = √(𝑥1 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑘)2
𝑟 = √(−1 − 1)2 + (2 − 3)2
𝑟 = √(−2)2 + (−1)2
𝑟 = √4 + 1
𝑟 = √5

Substituting the values of ℎ, 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟2 to (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟2 .

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟2
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 =
√52 (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2
=5
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦2 − 6𝑦 + 9 − 5 = 0
2

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 5 = 0
Thus, the equation of the circle is 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 5 = 0.

Example 2: Determine the equation of the circle passing through (4, 0) and (3, 5) with a
line 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 7 = 0 passing through the center. Sketch the graph.

Solution:

Let 𝑃1(𝑥1,𝑦1) = (4, 0) and 𝑃2(𝑥2, 𝑦2) = (3, 5)

𝑟1 = the distance from 𝑃1(𝑥1,𝑦1) to the center (ℎ, 𝑘)
𝑟2 = the distance from 𝑃2(𝑥2,𝑦2) to the center (ℎ, 𝑘)

𝑟1 = 𝑟2
√(𝑥 − 𝑥1) + (𝑦 − 𝑦1)2 = √(𝑥 − 𝑥2)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑦2)2
2

√(𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = √(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 −

5)2 (𝑥 − 4)2 + 𝑦2 = (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 −
5)2
𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 16 + 𝑦2 = 𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦2 − 10𝑦 + 25
2

𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 𝑦2 + 10𝑦 = 9 + 25 − 16
2 2 2

−2𝑥 + 10𝑦 = 18
−2𝑥 + 10𝑦 − 18 = 0
𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 9 = 0

Solve for the intersection of 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 7 = 0 and 𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 9 = 0 to establish the center of

the circle.

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 7 = 0 → 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 7 = 0
−3(𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 9 = 0) → (+) −3𝑥 + 15𝑦 − 27 = 0
17𝑦 − 34 = 0
17𝑦 = 34
𝑦=2
Substitute 𝑦 = 2 to 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 7 = 0.
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 7 = 0
3𝑥 + 2(2) − 7 = 0
3𝑥 + 4 − 7 = 0
3𝑥 − 3 = 0
3𝑥 = 3
𝑥=1
Thus, the center of the circle is (1, 2). Then solve for the radius 𝑟 we get
𝑟 = 𝐶𝑃1 = √(𝑥1 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑘)2
𝑟 = √(4 − 1)2 + (0 − 2)2
𝑟 = √(3)2 + (−2)2
𝑟 = √9 + 4
𝑟 = √13
Substituting the values of ℎ, 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟2 to (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟2.
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟2
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = √132
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 13
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦2 − 4𝑦 + 4 − 13 = 0
2

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 8 = 0
Thus, the equation of the circle is 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 8 = 0.

Figure 1.11

Example 3: Find the equation of the circle that circumscribe the triangle determined by
the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 and 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 24 = 0. Sketch the graph.

Solution:

Combining the equation 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 0 to determine the coordinate of 𝑃1, we get

𝑃1(𝑥1, 𝑦1) = (0, 0).

Combining the equation 𝑥 = 0 and 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 24 = 0 to determine the coordinate of 𝑃2,

we get

3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 24 = 0
3(0) + 4𝑦 − 24 = 0
0 + 4𝑦 − 24 = 0
4𝑦 = 24
𝑦=6 The coordinate is 𝑃2(𝑥2, 𝑦2) = (0, 6).
Combining equation𝑦 = 0 and 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 24 = 0 to determine the coordinate of 𝑃3, we
get
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 24 = 0
3x + 4(0) − 24 = 0
3x + 0 − 24 = 0
3x = 24
𝑥=8 The coordinate is 𝑃3(𝑥3, 𝑦3) = (8, 0).
 Substituting, the vertices of the triangle in the general form 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0.
If (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0, 0), then
02 + 02 + 𝐷(0) + 𝐸(0) + 𝐹 = 0
𝐹=0
If (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0, 6), then
02 + 62 + 𝐷(0) + 𝐸(6) + 0 = 0
36 + 6𝐸 = 0
6𝐸 = −36
𝐸 = −6
If (𝑥, 𝑦) = (8, 0), then
82 + 02 + 𝐷(8) + (−6)(0) + 0 = 0
64 + 8𝐷 = 0
8𝐷 = −64
𝐷 = −8 Figure 1.12
Substituting 𝐷 = −8, 𝐸 = −6, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 = 0 in the general equation of the circle, we get
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + (−8)𝑥 + (−6)𝑦 + 0 = 0
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 8𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 0

TANGENT TO A CIRCLE
A tangent to a circle is a straight line that intersects the circle at exactly one
point referred as the point of tangency. As shown in the figure below, 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is the point
of tangency while the linear equation 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 is the tangent line.

There are four main types of problems concerning tangents to circles which
are part of the discussion in this text. First, a tangent line at a given point on the
circle, second is tangent in prescribed direction, third is the inscribe circle in
polygon, and fourth are tangents to a circle from a point outside the circle.

Note: If a line touches the circle in a single point, then it’s a tangent.
If a line touches the circle in two points, then it’s a secant. If a line does not touch the circle, then there is no solution.

A. TANGENT AT A GIVEN POINT

Example 1: Given the equation of the circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 8𝑥 − 14𝑦 + 45 = 0. Prove that

𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 is a tangent to the circle. Sketch the graph.

Solution:

We need to show that 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 touches the circle with equation 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 8𝑥 − 14𝑦 +

45 = 0 in a single point.

Solving 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 in terms of 𝑦, we get 𝑥 = 2𝑦. Substitute 𝑥 = 2𝑦 to the equation of the

circle, we get

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 8𝑥 − 14𝑦 + 45 = 0
(2𝑦)2 + 𝑦2 − 8(2𝑦) − 14𝑦 + 45 = 0
4𝑦2 + 𝑦2 − 16𝑦 − 14𝑦 + 45 = 0
5𝑦2 − 30𝑦 + 45 = 0
𝑦2 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 0
(𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 − 3) = 0
(𝑦 − 3)2 = 0
𝑦−3=0
𝑦=3
𝑥 = 2𝑦 → 𝑥 = 2(3) → 𝑥=6

Figure 1.14
Thus, the point of tangency is at (6, 3). Since there is only one solution, this shows that
the line 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 just touches the circle in one place and therefore it is a tangent as
shown in Figure 1. 14.

Example 2: Find the equation of the tangent line to the circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 6𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 17 = 0
at the point (−2, 1). Sketch the graph.

Solution:
Let 𝑃(𝑥1, 𝑦1) = (−2, 1)
We need to determine the center of the circle, we get
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 6𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 17 = 0
(𝑥2 + 6𝑥) + (𝑦2 − 10𝑦) = −17
(𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 9) + (𝑦2 − 10𝑦 + 25) = −17 + 9 + 25
2

(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = 17
Thus, (ℎ, 𝑘) = (−3, 5).
The gradient (slope) of CP is
𝑦1 − 𝑘 1−5 −4 −4
= = = = −4
𝑚1 = − ℎ −2 − (−3) −2 + 3 1
𝑥 1
Thus, the gradient (slope) of tangent is 1 and the
4
equation of the tangent is
𝑦− 𝑦−1 𝑦−1
𝑦1
𝑚2 = = =
𝑥 − 1 𝑥 − (−2) 𝑥 + 2
𝑥
We equate 𝑚2 and 1, we get
4
1 𝑦−1
=
4 𝑥+2
𝑥 + 2 = 4𝑦 − 4 Figure 1.15
𝑥 + 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 0
𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 6 = 0
Therefore, the equation of the tangent line is 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 6 = 0 as shown in Figure 1.15.

Example 3: Find the equation of the circle with center (4, 0) and touching the line
2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 18 = 0. Sketch the graph.

Solution:
The radius can be obtained by applying the formula for the distance from a line to a
point.
Let 𝐴 = 2, 𝐵 = −1, 𝐶 = −18, and (𝑥, 𝑦) = (4, 0), substituting we get
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 2(4) + (−1)(0) + 8−0− −10
𝑟= (−18) 18 =
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2 = = √5
√22 + (−1)2 √4 + 1
Thus the required equation of the circle as shown in Figure 1.16 is
−10 2
(𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = ( )
√5
 100
(𝑥 − 4)2 + 𝑦2 =
5
 (𝑥 − 4)2 + 𝑦2 = 20
𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 16 + 𝑦2 − 20 = 0
2

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 8𝑥 − 4 = 0
Thus, the equation of the circle is 𝑥 + 𝑦2 − 8𝑥 − 4 = 0.
2

Figure 1.16

B. TANGENT IN PRESCRIBED DIRECTION

This section illustrates how to determine the tangents parallel to thegiven an
equation of the lines which is parallel or perpendicular to the tangent line.

Example 4: Determine the lines tangent to the circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 and

parallel to the line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 30 = 0. Sketch the graph.

Solution:

Convert the equation of the circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 in standard form, we get

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0
(𝑥2 − 6𝑥)+(𝑦2 + 4𝑦) = 12
(𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 9)+(𝑦2 + 4𝑦 + 4) = 12 + 9 + 4
(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 25

Thus, (ℎ, 𝑘) = (3, −2)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 5.

Take note that the line through the center parallel to the given line takes the
equation of the form 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 30 = 0. The equation of a line through the center and
parallel to the given line is

3𝑥 + 4𝑦 → 3(3) + 4(−2) → 9−8 =1

The equation is 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 1 or 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1 = 0.

The required tangents are parallel to line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1 = 0 (note that the line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1 =
0 cuts through the center of the circle) at a distance 5 (radius) from it. Apply the
𝐴𝑥+𝐵𝑦+𝐶
distance from a line to a point formula 𝑑 = where 𝑑 = 𝑟. Note that 𝐴 = 3, 𝐵 =
√𝐴2+𝐵2
4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = −1.
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1
𝑟= = = = =
2 2
√𝐴 + 𝐵 2
√3 + 4 2
√9 + 16 √25 5
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1
𝑟= = ±5
5
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1
=5 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1
5 = −5
5

3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1 = 25 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1 = −25
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1 − 25 = 0 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1 + 25 = 0
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 26 = 0 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 24 = 0

Thus, the equations are 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 26 and 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 24 as reflected in the figure below.

Figure 1.17

Example 5: Given a line 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0 and circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 8𝑥 − 4 = 0, find the

equations of the tangents to the circle which are perpendicular to the line. Sketch the
graph.

Solution:

Slopes of tangents are determined by conditions of perpendicularity, thus

𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
2𝑦 = −𝑥 + 4
1
𝑦=− 𝑥+2
2
𝑚1 =
1
− and slope of the perpendicular line to 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0 is 𝑚2 = 2. Then we
2
determine the center of the circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 8𝑥 − 4 = 0.

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 8𝑥 − 4 = 0
(𝑥2 − 8𝑥) + 𝑦2 = 4
(𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 16) + 𝑦2 = 4 + 16
2

(𝑥 − 4)2 + 𝑦2 = 20

Thus, (ℎ, 𝑘) = (4, 0) and 𝑟 = √20. Then we apply the formula of a distance from a point to
a line letting (𝑥1, 𝑦1) = (4, 0) and 𝑚2 = 𝑚 = 2, we get

|𝑚𝑥1 + 𝑏 − 𝑦1|
𝑟=
√𝑚2 + 1
|2(4) + 𝑏 − 0|
√20 =
√22 + 1
|8 + 𝑏|
√20 =
√5
(√20)2 = (8 + 𝑏)2
2
√5
20 = (8 + 𝑏)2
5
(8 + 𝑏)2 = 100
√(8 + 𝑏)2 = √100 Figure 1.18
8 + 𝑏 = ±10

Solving the values of 𝑏 in the equation 8 + 𝑏 = ±10, we get

8 + 𝑏 = 10 8 + 𝑏 = −10
𝑏 = 10 − 8 𝑏 = −10 − 8
𝑏=2 𝑏 = −18
Substituting the values of 𝑚(slope) and 𝑏(𝑦-intercept) in 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, the equation of the
tangents are 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2 (𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0) and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 18 (𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 18 = 0). See
Figure 1.18

Note: The distance 𝑑 from point (𝑥1,𝑦1) to the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 is given by

|𝑚𝑥1 + 𝑏 − 𝑦1|
𝑑=
√𝑚2 + 1

C. INSCRIBED CIRCLE IN A TRIANGLE

Inscribed circle (or incenter of a triangle) is the largest possible circle that can
be drawn inside the triangle in which each of the triangles’ sides is a tangent to the
circle. The incenter is the point at which the angle bisectors of a triangle intersect and it
is the center of the circle that can be inscribed in a triangle.

Figure 1.19 shows the graph of the circle inscribed in a triangle determined
by the line 𝐿1, 𝐿2 and 𝐿3. 𝐶 is the incenter of the circle.

Figure 1.19

Example 6: A triangle has its sides having eqution equal to 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 16 = 0

and 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 9 = 0. Find the equation of a circle inscribed in a triangle. Sketch the
graph.

Solution:

Let 𝐿1: 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0, 𝐿2: 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 16 = 0 and 𝐿3: 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 9 = 0

Note that the center of the circle is located at the point of intersection of the
bisectors of two angles of the triangle. We can determine the equation of the angle
bisector by
𝐴𝑥+𝐵𝑦+𝐶
applying the formula 𝑑 = , the point being the center of the circle.
√𝐴2+𝐵2

𝐴1𝑥 + 𝐵1𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 0 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦
𝐶1 𝑦
𝑟1 = = = =

√𝐴 2 + 𝐵 2
√22 + (−1)2 √4 + 1 √5
1 1

𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐵2𝑦 + 𝐶2 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 16 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 16 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 16
𝑟2 = = = =
√𝐴22 + 𝐵22 √22 + 12 √4 + 1 √5
𝐴3𝑥 + 𝐵3𝑦 + 𝐶3 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 9 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 9 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 9
𝑟3 =
 = = =
√𝐴32 2
√1 + (−2) 2
√1 + 4 √5
+ 𝐵32

Equating −𝑟1 = 𝑟2 (angle bisector of 𝐿1 and 𝐿2) and 𝑟2 = 𝑟3 (angle bisector of 𝐿2 and 𝐿3,
we get

−𝑟1 = 𝑟2
2𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 16
𝑦 =
− √5
√5
−2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 16
−2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 16 = 0
−4𝑥 + 16 = 0
−4𝑥 = −16
𝑥=4

𝑟2 = 𝑟3
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 16
= 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 9
√5 √5
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 16 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 9
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 16 − 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 9 = 0
𝑥 + 3y − 7 = 0

The equation of the angle bisector of 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 is 𝑥 = 4, while the equation of the angle
bisector of 𝐿2 and 𝐿3 is 𝑥 + 3y − 7 = 0. Solving for the center (ℎ, 𝑘), we get

𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7 = 0
4 + 3𝑦 − 7 = 0
3𝑦 − 3 = 0
3𝑦 = 3
𝑦=1

Thus, the center of the circle is 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘) = (4, 1). Substituting the (4, 1) to any of the 𝑟1,𝑟2
and 𝑟3 yields the radius of the circle, we get

2𝑥 − 2(4) − 1 8 − 1 7
𝑟1 = = = =
𝑦 √5 √5 √5
√5

Then we substitute to the standard equation of the line to determine the

generalequation of the circle, we get
7
(𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = ( )2
√5
49
(𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 =
5
5(𝑥 − 4)2 + 5(𝑦 − 1)2 = 49
5(𝑥2 − 8𝑥 + 16) + 5(𝑦2 − 2𝑦 + 1) = 49
5𝑥2 − 40𝑥 + 80 + 5𝑦2 − 10𝑦 + 5 = 49
5𝑥 + 5𝑦2 − 40𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 80 + 5 − 49 = 0
2

5𝑥2 + 5𝑦2 − 40𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 36 = 0

Therefore, the equation of the circle tangent to the three given lines is
5𝑥2 + 5𝑦2 − 40𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 36 = 0, as shown in Figure 1.20.
 Figure 1.20

D. TANGENTS FROM A POINT OUTSIDE THE CIRCLE

This section illustrates how to determine the tangents that contains a point
outside the circle.

Example 7: Find the equations of the tangent line to the circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4 = 0

from the point (1, 7). Sketch the graph.

Solution:
Let 𝑃1(𝑥1, 𝑦1) = (1, 7) and 𝐶1: 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4 = 0 .
We solve for the center (ℎ, 𝑘) of the circle 𝐶1.

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4 = 0
(𝑥2 + 4𝑥) + (𝑦2 − 6𝑦) = −4
(𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4) + (𝑦2 − 6𝑦 + 9) = −4 + 4 + 9
2

(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 9

Thus, (ℎ, 𝑘) = (−2, 3) and 𝑟 = 3.

The point of tangency can be defined as reflected in Figure 1.21. Then

𝐶𝑃1 = √(𝑥1 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑘)2 = √(1 + 2)2 + (7 − 3)2 = √32 + 42 = √9 + 16 = √25 = 5
𝐶𝑃2 = 3
𝐶𝑃3 = √(𝐶𝑃1)2 − (𝐶𝑃2)2 = √52 − 32 = √25 − 9 = √16 = 4

Solve the general equation of 𝐶2: (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 7)2 =

16 (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 7)2 = 16
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦2 − 14𝑦 + 49 = 16
2

𝑥 + 𝑦2 − 2𝑥 − 14𝑦 + 1 + 49 − 16 = 0
2

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 2𝑥 − 14𝑦 + 34 = 0

Solve the equation simultaneously

𝐶1: 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4 = 0
𝐶2: (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 7)2 = 16

Subtract circle 𝐶1 and circle 𝐶2, we get

𝐶1 − 𝐶2 = 0
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4 − (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 2𝑥 − 14𝑦 + 34) = 0
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 + 2𝑥 + 14𝑦 − 34 = 0
 6𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 30 = 0
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 15 = 0
3𝑥 = −4𝑦 + 15
−4𝑦 + 15
𝑥=
3

Substituting the value of 𝑥 in circle 𝐶1, we

get

−4𝑦 + 15 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4 = 0
2 −4𝑦 + 15
( ) + 𝑦2 + 4 ( ) − 6𝑦 + 4 = 0
3 3
16𝑦2 − 120𝑦 + 225 −16𝑦 + 60
+ 𝑦2 + − 6𝑦 + 4 = 0
9 3
16𝑦2 − 120𝑦 + 225 + 9𝑦2 − 48𝑦 + 180 − 54𝑦 + 36 = 0
25𝑦2 + 9𝑦2 − 222𝑦 + 441 = 0
(25𝑦 − 147)(𝑦 − 3) = 0
Solve for 𝑦,
25𝑦 − 147 = 0 𝑦−3=0
25𝑦 = 147 𝑦=3
147
𝑦=
25
147 −4𝑦+15
Substitute 𝑦 = to 𝑥 = , we get
25 3

147
147 −4( 25 )+15 71 71
If 𝑦= , then =− and
147
the coordinate is (− , ) or −2.84, 5.88).
25 3 25 25 25

−4(3)+15
If 𝑦 = 3, then =1 and the coordinate is (1, 3).
3

Solving for slopes 𝑚1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2, we get

𝑦1 − 𝑦 147
𝑚 = 7 − 25 = 7
=
71
1
𝑥1 − 𝑥 1 − (− ) 24
25
𝑦1 − 𝑦 7 − 3 4
= =
𝑚2 = − 𝑥 1 − 1 0
𝑥 1

Applying the point-slope formula, we get

7 4
𝑦−7 = (𝑥 − 1) 𝑦−7= (𝑥 − 1)
24 0
24(𝑦 − 7) = 7(𝑥 − 1) 0(𝑦 − 7) = 4(𝑥 − 1)
24𝑦 − 168 = 7𝑥 − 7 0 = 4𝑥 − 4
−7𝑥 + 24𝑦 − 168 + 7 = 0 − 4𝑥 = −4
−7𝑥 + 24𝑦 − 161 = 0 𝑥=1
7𝑥 − 24𝑦 + 161 = 0 𝑥−1=0

Therefore, the tangent lines are 7𝑥 − 24𝑦 + 161 = 0 and 𝑥 − 1 = 0.

 Figure 1.21

UNIT EXERCISES
A. Determine the type of conic section that each general equation will produce.
1. 𝑥2 + 3𝑦2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 1 = 0 4. 2𝑥2 + 2𝑦2 − 12𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 0

2. 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 1 = 0 5. 𝑥2 − 8𝑥 − 8𝑦 − 24 = 0

3. 4𝑥2 − 𝑦2 + 16𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 9 = 0 6. 9𝑥2 + 16𝑦2 − 54𝑥 − 64𝑦 + 1 = 0

B. Solve the following.

1. Determine the general form of the equation of the circle whose center is (3, 2) and
whose graph contains the point (1, 2). Sketch the graph.
2. Find the general equation of the circle whose center is (2, 1) and whose graph
contains the point (3, −6). Sketch the graph.
3. Write the general equation of the circle whose center is (5, −1) and whose radius is 4.
Sketch the graph.
4. Find the general equation of the circle whose center is (−2, −2) and whose radius is
√14. Sketch the graph.
5. Change the equation 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 6𝑥 − 16 = 0 to standard form and determine the
center and radius of the circle. Sketch the graph.
6. Convert the equation 4𝑥2 + 4𝑦2 − 4𝑥 − 12𝑦 + 1 = 0 to standard form and determine
the center and radius of the circle. Sketch the graph.
7. Determine the equation of the circle which passes through the points
𝑃1(3, −4), 𝑃2(5, −6) and 𝑃3(1, 2). Sketch the graph.
8. Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points 𝑃1(5, 10), 𝑃2(6, −9) and
𝑃3(−2,3). Sketch the graph.
9. Determine the equation of the circle passing through the points 𝑃1(0, 7), 𝑃2(4, −1) and
with center 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4 = 0. Sketch the graph.
10. Determine the equation of the circle passing through the points 𝑃1(−2, 0), 𝑃2(−2, −3)
and with center 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = 0. Sketch the graph.
11. Determine the equation of the circle that circumscribe the triangle determined
by the lines 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 10 = 0. Sketch the graph.
12. Determine the equation of the circle that circumscribe the triangle determined
by the lines 𝑦 − 1 = 0, 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0. Sketch the graph.
13. Determine the equation of the tangent line to the circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 2𝑥 − 16𝑦 + 15 = 0
at the point (−4, 3). Sketch the graph.
14. Find the equation of the tangent line to the circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5 = 0 at the
point (−2, 1). Sketch the graph.
15. Find the equation of the circle with center (8, −2) and touching the line 5𝑥 − 12𝑦 −
25 = 0. Sketch the graph.
16. Find the equation of the circle with center (3, −2) and touching the line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 −
26 = 0. Sketch the graph.
17. Given a line 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5 = 0 and a circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 3 = 0, find the equations
of the tangent to the circle which are parallel to the line. Sketch the graph.
18. Find the equation of the circle inscribed in a triangle, if the triangle has its sides
on the lines 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 8 = 0, 𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 19 = 0 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = 0. Sketch the graph.
19. determine the equation of the lines drawn from the point (1, 5) to the circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 −
4𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 17 = 0. Sketch the graph.
20. A radio tower services a 10 mile radius. You stop your car 4 miles east and 9
miles north of the tower. Will you be able to receive waves from the tower?

CONGRATULATIONS!

You have successfully finished the first

module for the first quarter.

References:

Pre Calculus, Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D., Mindshapers Co., Inc., 2016

Pre-Calculus, Debbie Marie B. Verzosa, Ph.D., Richard B. Eden, Ph.D., and Ian June L.
Garces, Ph.D., Vibal Group, Inc., 2016