Experiment 5A: Pre-Post Lab BSN 1H

Members: Arabis, Aranas, Bada, Idong, Peñaloga, Sumiguin

PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT
1. Give 2-3 examples of the different types of lipids.

According to Libretexts (2020), there are three main types of lipids: triacylglycerols,
phospholipids, and sterols. The triacylglycerol is the most abundant among the three. They
are mostly concentrated on the adipose tissues in our body; an example would be the ones
present underneath our skin and function as the storehouse of energy (Mougios, 2019).
Next, phospholipids are the major unit of our cell’s membrane. Since these types of lipids are
amphipathic, meaning they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts, they can instantly
arrange themselves in a particular structure to form the cell membrane (BD Editors, 2019).
Ultimately, sterols possess a multiple-ring structure, which makes them unique among the
three. A well-known example of a sterol would be cholesterol that is found in certain foods
that we eat like poultry, dairy, and fish (Carpenter et al., 2020).

2. Draw the structures of the lipid samples in the experiment.

Olive Oil

Coconut Oil
Lecithin Capsule

Glycerol (Glycerin)
3. What is the positive indicator of Iodine test for unsaturation?
The positive indicator of iodine test can be identified when the solution does not
become pinkish the way it reacted to saturated fat when added iodine in it caused by the
lack of double bonds in the sample fats compared to the unsaturated fats that have double
bonds (Sarquis, J. n.d) in its fatty chain causing the chemical reaction faster between the
iodine and unsaturated fats. The solution added with iodine will change its color as it
transfers iodine molecules into the double bond fatty chain, making some of its parts become
single-bonded as seen in the illustration below (Educationdotcom, n.d.).

Calhoun, M. n.d. Good and bad lipids. Retrieved from; https://www.education.com/science-fair/article/lipid-testing/

4. What is the positive indicator of Acrolein test?

The positive indicator of the acrolein test would be a pungent irritating odor. When fat
is heated strongly using a dehydrating agent called potassium bisulfate (KHSO4), this will
form an unsaturated aldehyde due to dehydrating the glycerol portion of the molecule, thus
producing a pungent irritating odor. The pungent smell confirms the presence of fats or oils
(Vidyapeetham and CDAC Online Lab, 2015).

POST-LAB GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. What is the purpose of translucent spot test? What is detected by this test? Is it
conclusive? Why?

A translucent spot test is additionally a starter test for the lipids, which can be
recognized by the presence of a clear and oily spot. The lipid won't wet the filter paper, in
contrast to water. The lipid will frame an oily spot as they have an oily surface that will
infiltrate into the channel paper. As opposed to lipids, the spot of water will vanish from the
paper while the spot of lipid shows up as the "Translucent spot". This test is conclusive
enough/will reach its conclusion depending on its results. Hence, this test's positive result is
a translucent spot will that appears on the filter paper, and the negative result is translucent
spot test will not appear in the filter paper (Biology Reader, n.d.).
2. Explain why results in the Test for Unsaturation are positive or negative based on
the structure of the lipid samples.

Iodine has dark color and reacts faster in unsaturated fats since it has carbon-carbon
double bonds that bond into the iodine and chemically produce a change of color in the
solution because an atom is added into a bond leaving some parts of the unsaturated fatty
chain single bonded (Educationdotcom, N.d). The test conducted in the olive oil that is
monounsaturated and lecithin should theoretically result positive since it has double bond
structure that when added iodine, it will theoretically become change in color or be colorless
while the coconut and glycerin will theoretically result in a negative unsaturation test
(Harvard T.H, 2020) since its structure dont have enough double bonds in the fatty acid
chain and the following products are the saturated and unsaturated nature.

3. What is the principle behind the Acrolein test? Explain why results showed positive
or negative.

amrita.olabs.edu.in. (2015). Qualitative Analysis of Oils and Fats [Illustration]. Amrita.Olabs.Edu.In. http://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?
sub=73&brch=8&sim=210&cnt=1

For distinguishing the presence of glycerol or fat in a solution, an Acrolein test would
be convenient to use. This test is done by heating the sample in a crucible, and its positive
indicator for glycerol presence would be a pungent smell, which gives an irritating or sharp
sensation. This is because the addition of potassium bisulfate (KHSO₄) to the lipid sample
will dehydrate the present glycerol component and form an unsaturated aldehyde, which is
your acrolein (BYJU’S, 2020). In the experiment, the glycerin (glycerol) sample had a
positive result. On the other hand, the rest of the sample did not release a pungent smell,
which can indicate the absence of glycerol within the sample, or the potassium bisulfate was
inadequate.

4. Explain the solubility test by comparing the structures of the lipid samples and the
solvents.

SOLVENTS:
1. Water
Peng, J., Guo, J., & Jiang, Y. (2019). [Illustration] Probing surface water at submolecular level with scanning probe microscopy.
SCIENTIA SINICA Chimica. vol. 49, pg. 536-555. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematics-of-the-
atomic-structure-of-water-molecule-and-the-hydrogen-bonds-between-water_fig8_331708266

2. Dichloromethane

Dichloromethane - CH2Cl2. (n.d). BYJU’S Learning App. Retrieved from: https://byjus.com/chemistry/dichloromethane/

3. Cyclohexane

Barnes, K. (n.d). [Illustration] Cyclohexane: Hazards, Synthesis & Structure. Retrieved from:
https://study.com/academy/lesson/cyclohexene-hazards-synthesis-structure.html

4. Hydrogen chloride
Hydrochloric Acid Formula. (n.d). [Illustration] BYJU’S The Learning App. Retrieved from: https://byjus.com/hydrochloric-acid-
formula/

5. Sodium hydroxide

Curious Chloride. (n.d). [Illustration] Sodium Hydroxide. Retrieved from: https://www.curiouschloride.com/substances/sodium-

hydroxide/

COMPARISON:
1. Olive oil
The structure of olive oil is different from the solvents that are used in the
experiment. It has a wide arrangement of chains that are slightly elevated in the
middle that cannot be seen in any solvents. According to Boskou et al. (2015), olive
oil comprises various lipids such as sterols, aliphatic alcohols, tocopherols,
hydrocarbons, and pigments. Also, the structure of water, hydrogen chloride, and
sodium hydroxide are similar to olive oil because these compounds' structure is
linear. Moreover, there is one element that they all have, and that is the hydrogen
element, which is interconnected to the carbon element in dichloromethane,
cyclohexane, and hydrogen chloride, while the carbon element is interconnected with
the oxygen element (an electronegative atom) in water and sodium hydroxide. The
electronegativity of the oxygen towards the other atom makes the structure bonded
and exerts a higher possibility to pull each other (Electronegativity, n.d).

2. Coconut oil
The structure of coconut oil is somehow indistinguishable from the structure of
olive oil. They have the same wide arrangement of chains that is also different from
the solvents used. Its structure is more linear and has its own composition of
different acids such as caprylic acid, lauric acid, and fatty acids, and every acid has
its own percentage (Boateng et al., 2016). Compared to other solvents, the structure
of water is slightly skewed, and its molecule is irregular (Yang et al., 2018). And this
physical feature of water is similar to sodium hydroxide, which is that they have an A-
like structure. With the photos provided along with its compound name, we can see
that the cyclohexane is the compound with a ring-like structure and is very enclosed
compared to others.

3. Lecithin capsule
According to the encyclopedia (2020), lecithin is a phospholipid, a yellow-
brown color fatty material that contains the ammonium salt of choline attached by an
ester bond to the phosphate. As in ammonium ions, nitrogen has a positive charge.
The positive charge of nitrogen is in choline and has four methyl groups attached.
Lecithin is an emulsifying agent because it has polar and nonpolar properties that
allow other fats and oils to be mixed with water components ("Phosphoglycerides,"
2020). The complicated structure and the shape of the lecithin molecule makes its
solubility immiscible in the solvents in the experiment.

4. Glycerol (Glycerin)
Glycerol is an alcohol that contains three carbons, five hydrogens, and three
hydroxyls (OH) groups ("Lipids | Boundless Chemistry," 2020), there are three polar
Oxygen-Hydrogen bonds that are attached to relatively nonpolar hydrocarbon
chains. The characteristic of the glycerol being both polar and nonpolar is the reason
why it forms a purple ring in cyclohexane because cyclohexane has no CH3 ends.
Instead each carbon is attached to a CH2 that forms a ring (Foist, 2020).
References:

amrita.olabs.edu.in,. (2015). Qualitative Analysis of Oils and Fats.

http://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=73&brch=8&sim=210&cnt=1

BD Editors. (2019, October 5). Phospholipid. Biology Dictionary.

https://biologydictionary.net/phospholipid/

Biology Reader.(n.d.). Qualitative Analysis of Lipids. https://biologyreader.com/qualitative-

analysis-of-lipids.html. Retrieved on: November 30,2020.

Boateng, L. et al. (2016). Coconut oil and palm oil’s role in nutrition, health, and
national development: A review. Ghana Medical Journal. Retrieved from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5044790/

Boskou, D., Blekas, G., & Tsimidou, M. (2015). Olive oil composition. Olive Oil (Second
Edition). pg. 41-72. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-
893997-88-2.50008-0

BYJU’S. (2020, August 11). Tests of Oils and Fats. https://byjus.com/chemistry/tests-of-oils-

and-fats/#:%7E:text=Fats%20and%20oils%20when%20heated,fats%20or%20oil%20is
%20confirmed.

Carpenter, K., Truswell, A. S., Kent-Jones, D. W., & Weininger, J. (2020, February 13).
Human nutrition - Lipids. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/human-nutrition/Lipids#ref869012

Education.com N.d. Lipid testing. https://www.education.com/science-fair/article/lipid-

testing/#:~:text=To%20test%20if%20a%20lipid,colors%20the%20lipid%20is
%20saturated.&text=To%20test%20for%20the%20degree,added%20to%20the
%20unsaturated%20lipid.

Electronegativity. (n.d). Chemistry Online Resources For Students & Teachers.

Retrieved from: https://surfguppy.com/bonds/energy/what-is-electronegativity/

Foist, L. (2020). Study.com. Retrieved 7 December 2020, from

https://study.com/academy/lesson/cyclohexane-structure-formula-
conformations.html#:~:text=Cyclohexane%20has%20the%20chemical%20formula,(with
%20hydrogen%20atoms)%20carbon.

Harvard T.H, 2020. the nutrition source. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-

features/coconut-oil/#:~:text=Coconut%20oil%20is%20100%25%20fat,fatty%20acids
%20in%20coconut%20oil.

Lecithin | Encyclopedia.com. Encyclopedia.com. (2020). Retrieved 7 December 2020,

from https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports-and-everyday-life/food-and-drink/food-and-
cooking/lecithin.
Libretexts. (2020, August 14). 6.2: What Are Lipids? Medicine LibreTexts.
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%3A_Basic_Foundation_of_Nutrition_for_Sports_Performance_(Byerley)/06%3A_Lipid
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Lipids | Boundless Chemistry. Courses.lumenlearning.com. (2020). Retrieved 7 December

2020, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/lipids/#:~:text=A
%20fat%20molecule%20consists%20of,of%20them%20have%2012%2D18.

Mougios, V. (2019). Exercise Biochemistry (Second ed., Vol. 2) [E-book]. Human Kinetics,
Inc. https://us.humankinetics.com/blogs/excerpt/what-are-triacylglycerols-and-how-do-
they-serve-us

Phosphoglycerides. Chemistry.elmhurst.edu. (2020). Retrieved 7 December 2020, from

http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/553phosglycerides.html#:~:text=Lecithin%20is%20an
%20emulsifier%20because,lipid%20bilayers%20of%20cell%20membranes.

Sarquis, J. n.d. Chemistry; fats and fatty acids. retrieved from:

http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Di-Fa/Fats-and-Fatty-Acids.html

Yang, Y. et al. (2018). Clear-water local scour at skewed complex bridge piers. Journal
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