Biology

Course Book

IGCSE

Volume II

LEVEL IX
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER TOPIC PG.NO.

Transport in animals 1
9 9.1 Circulatory systems 2
9.2 The heart 3
9.3 Blood vessels 8
9.4 Blood 12
9.5 Lymph and tissue fluid 17

10 Pathogens and immunity 22

10.1 Pathogens 23
10.2 Body defences 24
10.3 The immune system 28

11 Respiration and gas exchange 35

11.1 Respiration 36
11.2 Gas exchange in humans 38
11.3 Breathing movements 41

12 Excretion 48
12.1 Excretory products 49
12.2 Nitrogenous waste 49
12.3 The human excretory system 51

13 Coordination and response 56

13.1 Coordination in animals 57
13.2 The human nervous system 57
13.3 Receptors 60
13.4 The endocrine system 65
13.5 Coordination and response in plants 67

14 Homeostasis 73
14.1 Maintaining the internal environment 74
14.2 Control of body temperature 74
14.3 Control of blood glucose concentration 79

15 Drugs 83
15.1 What is a drug? 84
15.2 Medicinal drugs 84
15.3 Misuse of drugs 85
15.4 Tobacco smoking 87
16 Reproduction in plants 92
16.1 Asexual reproduction 93
16.2 Sexual reproduction 93
16.3 Sexual reproduction in flowering plants 95
16.4 Comparing sexual and asexual reproduction 103

17 Reproduction in humans 107

17.1 Human reproductive organs 108
17.2 Fertilization and development 110
17.3 The menstrual cycle 115
17.4 Birth control 117
17.5 Sexually transmitted infections 120

18 Inheritance 125
18.1 Chromosomes 126
18.2 Cell division 126
18.3 Inheritance 130
18.4 DNA and protein synthesis 138

19 Variation and natural selection 142

19.1 Variation 143
19.2 Adaptive features 145
19.3 Selection 148

20 Organisms and their environment 159

20.1 Ecology 160
20.2 Energy flow 161
20.3 Nutrient cycle 165
20.4 Population size 167

21 Biotechnology 175
21.1 What is biotechnology? 176
21.2 Using yeast 176
21.3 Making use of enzymes 177
21.4 Penicillin 179
21.5 Genetic engineering 181

22 Humans and the environment 187

22.1 Food production 188
22.2 Habitat destruction 191
22.3 Pollution 194
22.4 Conservation 202
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224