Multiplexing

Presented By
Keyur Mahant
 Need of Multiplexing
• Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of
available bandwidth to achieve
specific goals.
• Efficiency can be achieved by multiplexing;
i.e., sharing of the bandwidth between
multiple users.
 Definition-Multiplexing
• Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking
two devices is greater than the bandwidth
needs of the devices, the link can be shared.
• Multiplexing is the set of techniques that
allows the (simultaneous) transmission of
multiple signals across a single data link. As
data and telecommunications use increases,
so does traffic
Example of Multiplexing
Example of Multiplexing
Types of Multiplexing
 Types of Multiplexing
• There are two standard types of multiplexing.
– Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM): the
medium carries a number of signals, which have
different frequencies; the signals are carried
simultaneously.
– Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM): different
signals are transmitted over the same medium but
they do so at different times – they take turns.
 Frequency Division Multiplexing
• FDM: A number of signals can be carried
simultaneously.
– Each signal is modulated to a different carrier
frequency
– Carrier frequencies are sufficiently separated so
signals do not overlap (guard bands)
• Available bandwidth of medium should be more
then the sum of all channels.
• Examples: broadcast radio, cable TV.
• Channel allocated even if no data.
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
FDM process
FDM demultiplexing
AM and FM
FDM System

n
B   Bi
i 1
FDM-Analog hierarchy (AT&T)
FDM-Analog hierarchy (AT&T)
 Example 1
• Assume that a voice channel occupies a
bandwidth of 4 kHz. We need to combine
three voice channels into a link with a and
width of 12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz. Show the
configuration, using the frequency domain.
Assume there are no guard bands.
 Solution
• We shift (modulate) each of the three voice
channels to a different bandwidth, as shown in
next slide. We use the 20 to 24 kHz bandwidth
for the first channel, the 24 to 28 kHz
bandwidth for the second channel, and the 28
to 32 kHz bandwidth for the third one. Then
we combine them
Solution
 Example 2
• Five channels, each with a 100-kHz
bandwidth, are to be multiplexed together.
What is the minimum bandwidth of the link
if there is a need for a guard band of 10
kHz between the channels to prevent
interference?
 Solution
• For five channels, we need at least four guard
bands.
• This means that the required bandwidth is at
least 5 × 100 + 4 × 10 = 540 kHz
 Advantages
• It does not need synchronization between its
transmitter and receiver.
• Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is
simpler and easy demodulation.
• Due to slow narrow band fading only one
channel gets affected.
• It is used for analog signals.
• A large number of signals (channels) can be
transmitted simultaneously.
 Disadvantages
• It is suffers problem of cross-talk.
• It is used only when a few low speed
channels are desired. (Data rate
requirement is less)
• Inter-modulation distortion takes place.
 Applications
• It is used to public telephones and in cable
TV systems.
• It is used in broad casting.
• It is used in AM (530 to 1700 KHz) and FM
(88 to 108 MHz) broadcasting.
• First generation cellular telephone also
uses FDM.
 Wave Division Multiplexing
• Analog multiplexing technique to combine optical
signals
• Conceptually the same as FDM
• Light signals transmitted through fiber optic channels
• Combining different signals of different frequencies
(wavelengths).
 Prisms in WDM
• Combining and splitting of light sources are
easily handled by a prism
• Prism bends a light beam based on the
incidence angle and the frequency
 Time-division Multiplexing (TDM)
• Sharing of the signal is accomplished by
dividing available transmission time on a
medium among users.
• Digital signaling is used exclusively.
• Time division multiplexing comes in two basic
forms:
1. Synchronous time division multiplexing, and
2. Statistical, or asynchronous time division multiplexing.
 Synchronous TDM
• TDM is a digital multiplexing technique to
combine data. In synchronous TDM,
multiplexer allocate time slot to each device
or user.
• Either user has data to send or not.
 TDM: Time Slots and Frames
• If a slot is allocated to user A, can’t be used by
any other device.
• If device is unable to transmit or doesn’t have
any data to send, time slot remain empty.
• If system has n input lines, each frame has at-
least n slots.
 Interleaving
• Synchronous TDM can be compared with very fast
rotating switch.
• Switch moves from device to device at constant rate
and fixed order. This process is called as interleaving.
• Interleaving can be done by bit, by byte, or by any
other data unit.
 Data Rate Management
• It is also possible to accommodate varying data rate.
• To handle a disparity in the input data rates.
• Multilevel multiplexing, multiple-slot allocation and
pulse stuffing.

Multilevel multiplexing
 Data Rate Management
Multiple-slot allocation / Pulse stuffing
 Frame Synchronizing
• Synchronization between the multiplexing and
demultiplexing is a major issue in TDM
TDM-Digital Hierarchy
DS and T Line Rates
T-1 Line for Multiplexing Telephone
Lines
 Empty Slots
• Synchronous TDM is not efficient in many
cases
• Statistical TDM can improve the efficiency by
removing the empty slot from the frame
Statistical TDM
 Statistical TDM
• Addressing is required in Statistical TDM
• Slot size: the ratio of the data size to address
size must be reasonable to make transmission
efficient
• No synchronization bit: no need for frame-
level sync.
• Bandwidth: normally less than the sum of the
capacities of each channel
 TDM: Example 1
• Four 1-Kbps connections are multiplexed together. A unit is 1
bit. Find (a) the duration of 1 bit before multiplexing, (b) the
transmission rate of the link, (c) the duration of a time slot,
and (d) the duration of a frame?

a) The duration of 1 bit is 1/1 Kbps, or 0.001 s (1 ms).

b) The rate of the link is 4 Kbps.
c) The duration of each time slot 1/4 ms or 250 μs.
d) The duration of a frame 1 ms.