Energy

Energy
The ability to do work is called energy.

Work
Work is said to be done by a force, if on application of the
force the body gets displaced in the direction of force.

Mathematical expression
If ‘ F’ is the applied force and ‘d’ is the displacement, then
the work done by the force—
W= f x d [ mechanical work ]

Si unit of work
SI unit of force is N (Newton)
SI unit of displacement is m (meter)
Therefore SI unit of work is N.m or J (joule)
1J= 1N x 1m; 1calorie= 4.2J
Definition of 1J:
1J of work is said to be done if 1N force is applied and the
object gets displaced by 1m in the direction of the force.
Different forms of energy:
Mechanical energy:
The energy of an object due to its position (potential
energy) or motion (kinetic energy).
Types of mechanical energy:
1. Potential energy.
2. Kinetic energy.
What is potential energy?
The mechanical energy stored in an object due to its
position (gravitational) or shape (Elastic) is called
potential energy.
Mathematical expression
A body of mass m which is taken to a height h, then it’s
potential energy is mgh where g is the acceleration due
to gravity
Gravitational potential energy
Is the energy stored by an object due to its height in the
gravitational field.
Example
• Water stored in dams has potential energy due to its
height.When water is released,it is made to do some
work and moves the blades of the turbines to
generate electricity.
• A stone kept on top of the hill has potential energy
due to its position. If this stone falls from above, it
can hurt a person.
Elastic potential energy
Energy stored in a body when work is done to deform,
stretch or compress it.
Kinetic energy:
The mechanical energy of an object due to its motion.
Mathematical expression:
If ‘m’ be the mass of an object moving with velocity ‘v’,
then the kinetic energy of that object is
1 2
mv
2

Examples of kinetic energy:

● A car is motion.
 ● A person is walking.
● A ball is dropped or thrown vertically up.
Law of conservation of energy:
Energy cannot be created nor be destroyed, it can only be
transformed from one form (type) to another. The total
energy of the universe is constant.
Conservation of mechanical energy:
Potential energy Kinetic energy.
For an object is falling the total mechanical energy is
always constant.
Let,
Kinetic energy=x
Potential energy=y
And x + y=10J
If x=1J, then y=9J
If x=9J, then y=1J
Kinetic energy(x)+Potential energy(y)=constant
Q1. The mass of an object is 2kg, moving with 10m/s.
What is the kinetic energy of the object?
Ans:
The mass(m)=2kg
Velocity(v)=10m/s
1
Kinetic energy mv2= 1/2x2x102=100J
2

Q2. The mass of an object is 200g, moving at 10m/s.

What is the kinetic energy of the object?
Ans:
The mass(m)=200g=0.2kg[SI unit of mass is kg]
Velocity (v) =10m/s
1
Kinetic energy 2mv2= 1/2x2/10x102=10J

Q3.The mass of an object is 200g, is moving with

10cm/s. What is the kinetic energy of the object?
Ans:
The mass(m)=200g=0.2kg[SI unit of mass is kg]
Velocity (v) =10cm/s=0.1m/s
 1
Kinetic energy 2mv2

=1/2x(2/10)x(1/100)
=1/1000=0.001J