Marvin E.

Espeño/BSME-II Final Examination in Machine Shop Theory 07/12/21

Professor: Engr. David Parial

Part1. Discussion/Essay.
What is the importance of Machine Shop theory in Science & Technology and its contribution or
role, if any, to the advancement of the Philippine economy ?
A machine shop is a facility with equipment and supplies for machining, a process where parts
are cut, fabricated, and finished to prepare them for use. Machine shops are used in the creation
of new parts, as well as repairs of existing equipment and parts. Machine shop focus on the
student's understanding of the theoretical aspects of machining and manufacturing. ... This
course will cover all types of Milling Machines, their uses, cutters and cutter selection. Students
will also be introduced to speeds and feeds and simple gear calculations and cutting. Achieving all
these understanding and skills contributes largely to the society for modernization and progress
of our country's transportation, manufacturing, etc.

Part2. Enumeration & Discussion.

a.) What is Lathe Machine & explain the different function of its major parts.
A lathe is an essential machine used in the manufacturing industry. Among other things, it can be
used to cut, sand and turn workpieces. Not to be confused with milling machines, lathes are
designed to rotate a workpiece against a tool bit. The workpiece rotates against a stationary tool
bit, such as a blade or drill bit. While there are different types of lathes, most feature a few basic
parts to facilitate their operations.
Bed
The bed is a large horizontal structure or beam that’s used to support other parts of a lathe like
the headstock and tailstock. With the exception of woodworking lathes, nearly all lathes have a
bed. It’s the long platform on which these parts are mounted.
Headstock
Found on the end of the bed is the headstock. Once clamped to the end, the headstock provides
the rotational power for the lathe’s operations. It contains the bearings used by the lathe to
rotate the workpiece against the tool bit.
Tailstock
As you may have guessed, the tailstock is found on the end of the lathe opposite to the
headstock. Also known as a “loose head,” the tailstock features a non-rotating barrel that can be
used for a variety of purposes, such as holding tool bits or supporting workpieces while they turn.
Carriage
Lathes also have a carriage, which is found nestled between the headstock and tailstock. The
carriage is responsible for guiding the tool bit as it cuts or otherwise manipulates the workpiece.
Legs
Of course, legs are the vertical structures on a lathe that provide an elevated working surface.
Lathes don’t use just any type of legs, however. Because of their heavy weight, commercial-grade
lathes usually feature legs that bolt onto the floor on which it’s placed. By bolting the legs down,
the lathe will remain stable even under heavy load.
Cross Slide
The cross slide is a component found on the top of a lathe that allows the tool bit to slide back
and forth.
Saddle
Found on the top of a lathe is the saddle. Technically, the saddle is part of the carriage. Featuring
a H shape, it’s responsible for supporting cross slide movements.
Apron
The apron is a part of a lathe that’s clamped to the saddle. It’s designed to hold the gears, levers
and other components that push the cross slide. Along with the saddle, the apron is a key
component of the carriage, which as mentioned above, is used to guide the lathe’s tool bit.

b.) What is a milling Machine used for and explain the use of its main parts?
The milling machines are used to remove metal from the workpiece to get the desired shape with
the help of a revolving cutter called known as a milling cutter. This is used on flat, rough and
irregular surfaces and it is completed by place the workpiece opposite the rotating milling cutter.
Column and Base
Column and base provide support for the other parts of the milling machine.
There is an oil reservoir and pump in the column to lubricate the spindle.
The column rests on the base and also it has a coolant reservoir and a pump to provide coolant in
machining operations.
2. Knee
Saddle and table have the support of casting. The gearing mechanism is enclosed within the
knee.
The knee is fastened to the column by dovetail ways.
It is supported and adjusted by a vertical positioning screw also known as an elevating screw.
The use of the elevating screw is to adjust the knee up and down by raising or lowering the lever
with the help of hand or power feed.
3. Saddle and Swivel Table
The saddle is on the knee and supports the table. Saddle slides on horizontal dovetail on the knee
and dovetail are parallel to the axis of the spindle (in horizontal milling m/c).
Swivel table is attached to the saddle that swiveled (revolved) horizontally in both directions.
4. Power Feed mechanism
The power feed mechanism is in the knee. The power feed mechanism is used to control in
longitudinal (left and right), transverse (in and out) and vertical (up and down) feeds.
For the desired rate of feed on the machine, the feed selection lever is placed to indicate on the
feed selection plates.
For some universal knee and column milling machine, feed is obtained by turning the speed
selection handle till the required rate of feed is shown on feed dial.
Almost in every milling machine, there is a rapid traverse lever which is used when a temporary
increase in the speed of the longitudinal, transverse or vertical feeds is required. This lever is
used when the operator is aligning or positioning the work.
5. Table
The table is a rectangular casting that is present on the top of the saddle.
The table is used to hold the work or for work holding devices.
There are several T-slots to hold work and work holding devices (jigs and fixtures).
It can be operated by hand or by power. For moving the table by hand, engage and turn the
longitudinal hand crank. For move, it by power, engage and longitudinal direction feeds control
lever.

6. Spindle
The spindle is used to holding and drives the cutting tools of the milling machine.
It is mounted on the bearings and has the support of the column.
The spindle is driven by an electric motor via gear trains and gear trains are on the column.
The spindle face lies near the table and having an internal taper machined on it. There are two
keys at the front face provides a positive drive for cutter holder or arbor.
Drawbolt and jamnut secure the holder and arbor in the spindle.
7. Over Arm / Overhanging Arm
Overarm is a horizontal beam and it is on the top face of the column. It may be a single casting
and slides on the dovetail ways which is on the top face of the column.
8. Arbor Support
Arbor support is casting with a bearing that supports the outer end of the arbor. It also helps to
align the outer end of the arbor with the spindle.
Arbor support prevents the springing of the outer end of arbor in cutting operations.
Generally, there are two types of arbor supports used in the milling machines. The first one has a
small diameter bearing hole of a maximum diameter of 1 inch. The second one has a large
diameter bearing hole of up to 23/4 inch.
9. Ram
The ram is an overhanging arm in a vertical milling machine. The one end of the ram is mounted
on the top of the column and the milling head is attached to another.

c.) What is CNC and what is it used for ?

Numerical control (also computer numerical control, and commonly called CNC) is the automated
control of machining tools (such as drills, lathes, mills and 3D printers) by means of a computer. A
CNC machine processes a piece of material (metal, plastic, wood, ceramic, or composite) to meet
specifications by following a coded programmed instruction and without a manual operator
directly controlling the machining operation.