ATTY. KENT ALVIN L.

GUZMAN
Assistant Professor III

GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND

SOUTH

INTRODUCTION

History:
  The origin of dividing countries into the North-South Divide arose during the
Cold war with classification of East and West. (See the Cold War below)
 Soviet Union and China represented the East and classified as Second world
countries
 United states and their allies represented the West and labelled as First world
countries
 This division left out many countries which were poorer than the 1 st and 2nd
world countries. So they were eventually labelled as 3rd world countries.
 Categorization was later abandoned when Second world countries joined the
First World after the end of Cold War and break up of Soviet Union.
 New criteria were established, thus the name North-South Divide.

The Cold War (1945–1963)

Summary Brief Overview
Postwar Tension
In many ways, the Cold War began even before the guns fell silent in Germany and in the
Pacific in 1945. Suspicion and mistrust had defined U.S.-Soviet relations for decades and
resurfaced as soon as the alliance against Adolf Hitler was no longer necessary. Competing
ideologies and visions of the postwar world prevented U.S. president Harry S Truman and
Soviet premier Joseph Stalin from working together.
Stalin intended to destroy Germany’s industrial capabilities in order to prevent the country
from remilitarizing and wanted Germany to pay outrageous sums in war reparations.
Moreover, he wanted to erect pro-Soviet governments throughout Eastern Europe to protect
the USSR from any future invasions. Truman, however, wanted exactly the opposite. He
believed that only industrialization and democracy in Germany and throughout the continent
would ensure postwar stability. Unable to compromise or find common ground, the world’s
two remaining superpowers inevitably clashed.
Truman’s Postwar Vision
Truman worked tirelessly to clean up the postwar mess and establish a new international
order. He helped create the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund(IMF) and
funded the rebuilding of Japan under General Douglas MacArthur. After prosecuting Nazi
war criminals at the Nuremberg Trials, Truman in 1947 also outlined the Marshall Plan,
which set aside more than $10 billion for the rebuilding and reindustrialization of Germany.
The Marshall Plan was so successful that factories in Western Europe were exceeding their
prewar production levels within just a few years.
Stalin’s Postwar Vision
Although Stalin joined with the United States in founding the United Nations, he fought
Truman on nearly every other issue. He protested the Marshall Plan as well as the formation
of the World Bank and IMF. In defiance, he followed through on his plan to create a buffer
between the Soviet Union and Germany by setting up pro-Communist governments in Poland
and other Eastern European countries. As a result, the so-called Iron Curtain soon divided
East from West in Europe. Stalin also tried unsuccessfully to drive French, British, and
American occupation forces from the German city of Berlin by blocking highway and
railway access. Determined not to let the city fall, Truman ordered the Berlin Airlift to drop
food and medical supplies for starving Berliners.
Containment
The Berlin crisis, as well as the formation of the Eastern Bloc of Soviet-dominated countries
in Eastern Europe, caused foreign policy officials in Washington to believe that the United
States needed to check Soviet influence abroad in order to prevent the further spread of
Communism. In 1947, Truman incorporated this desire for Containment into his Truman
Doctrine, which vowed to support free nations fighting Communism. He and Congress then
pledged $400 million to fighting Communist revolutionaries in Greece and Turkey. In 1949,
Truman also convinced the Western European powers to join the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization(NATO), so that they might mutually defend themselves against the danger of
Soviet invasion. Threatened, the USSR sponsored a similar treaty of its own in Eastern
Europe, called the Warsaw Pact, in 1955.
Truman at Home
In the domestic policy arena, Truman signed the National Security Act in 1947 to restructure
America’s defenses for the new Communist threat. The act reorganized the military under the
new office of the Secretary Of Defense and the new Joint Chiefs Of Staff. It also created
the National Security Council to advise the president on global affairs and the Central
Intelligence Agency to conduct espionage. Truman’s leadership in confronting the Soviet
Union and rebuilding Europe convinced Democrats to nominate him again for
the 1948 election. His Fair Deal domestic policies and support for civil rights, however,
divided the Republican Party and nearly cost Truman the election.
Red Hunts
Developments in Eastern Europe, the fall of China to Communist revolutionaries in 1949,
and the Soviet Union’s development of nuclear weapons terrified Americans, who feared that
Communists would try to infiltrate or attack the United States from within.
Congressman Richard M. Nixon and the House Un-American Activities Committee led the
earliest Red Hunts for Communists in the government, which culminated with the
prosecution of federal employee Alger Hiss and the executions of suspected spies Julius And
Ethel Rosenberg. Truman initially supported these inquiries and even established a Loyalty
Review Board to assist in the search. He eventually began to express concern, however, that
the Red hunts were quickly devolving into witch hunts.
The Korean War
Cold War tensions between the United States and the USSR eventually exploded
in Korea when Soviet-backed North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950. Determined not
to let Communism spread in East Asia, Truman quadrupled military spending and ordered
General MacArthur to retake the southern half of the peninsula. MacArthur succeeded and
then pushed the North Koreans almost up to the Chinese border. Threatened, over a million
soldiers from Communist China poured into Korea, forcing MacArthur to retreat back to
the 38th Parallel, which had originally divided North Korea from South Korea.
When MacArthur began to criticize Truman publicly for his unwillingness to use nuclear
weapons in Korea, Truman was forced to fire his top general for insubordination. United
States forces remained entrenched at the 38th parallel for two more years, at the cost of more
than 50,000 American lives. Both sides declared a cease-fire only after the new U.S.
president, Dwight D. Eisenhower, threatened to use nuclear weapons in 1953.
Postwar Prosperity
Eisenhower’s election in 1952 ushered in an unprecedented era of economic growth and
prosperity in the United States. The average national income doubled during the 1950s and
then doubled again the following decade, primarily due to continued defense spending and to
the 1944Montgomery G.I. Bill, which helped returning veterans buy homes and go back to
school. The postwar “Baby Boom” contributed to population growth, while the Great
Migration of African-Americans to northern cities, “White Flight” from the cities to the
suburbs, and the rush to the Sun Belt altered population demographics. By 1960, most
American families had a car, a television, and a refrigerator and owned their own home.
Popular television Sitcoms like Leave It to Beaver and Ozzie and Harriet glamorized
suburbia and consumerism.
Creeping Socialism
“Ike” Eisenhower had entered the White House determined to block the creation of new
social welfare programs, which he called “Creeping Socialism.” He did not, however, cut
federal funding from existing New Deal programs. In fact, he expanded Social Security and
the Federal Housing Administration and even set aside tens of millions of dollars for the
creation of the first Interstates under the Federal Highway Act. Still a conservative, though,
Eisenhower refused to endorse the blossoming Civil Rights Movement and signed
the Landrum-Griffin Act, also known as the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure
Act, in the wake of numerous AFL-CIO labor union scandals in the mid-1950s.
McCarthyism
First-term Wisconsin Republican senator Joseph McCarthy, meanwhile, exploded onto the
national political scene in 1950, when he accused more than 200 federal employees of being
Communists. Even though McCarthy had no proof to support these claims, Americans
supported his endeavors to find more “Soviet agents” hiding in Washington. Thousands of
former New Dealers and Red-hunt critics from all walks of life were wrongfully persecuted.
McCarthy’s influence eventually waned after he humiliated himself during the nationally
televised Army-McCarthyhearings in 1954.
Ike’s New Look
In addition to halting “creeping socialism” at home, Eisenhower also wanted to “Roll
Back” Communist advances abroad. Along with Vice President Richard M. Nixon and
Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, Eisenhower devised a New Look at foreign policy that
emphasized the use of nuclear weapons, rather than conventional weapons and troops, to
contain Communism. Eisenhower threatened the USSR with “Massive Retaliation,” or
nuclear war, against Soviet aggression or the spread of Communism.
Eisenhower also made full use of the newly created CIA to help overthrow unfriendly
governments in developing countries. He resolved the Suez Crisis peacefully before it led to
war and committed American funds to fighting Ho Chi Minh’s pro-Communist forces
in Vietnam after the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. The Soviet launch of the
Sputnik satellites in 1957 started the Space Race, prompting Eisenhower to create
the National Aeronautics And Space Administration(NASA), and sign the National Defense
Education Act. In his farewell address in 1961, he warned Americans of the
growing Military-Industrial Complex that threatened to restrict civil liberties and dominate
American foreign policy making.
Kennedy and the New Frontier
Facing term limits, Eisenhower endorsed Vice President Richard Nixon for the Republican
presidential nomination in 1960. Democrats countered with World War II hero and
Massachusetts senator John F. Kennedy. After a close race, Kennedy defeated Nixon, thanks
in large part to the African-American vote and Kennedy’s polished performance in the first-
ever Televised Presidential Debates.
As president, Kennedy pushed for a package of new social welfare spending programs that he
called the New Frontier. Hoping to inspire a new generation of young Americans, he told
them to “ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.”
Republicans and conservative southern Democrats, however, blocked most New Frontier
legislation in Congress.
Flexible Response
Because Eisenhower’s threat of “massive retaliation” had proved too stringent and binding,
Kennedy and his foreign policy team devised a new doctrine of “Flexible
Response” designed to give the president more options to fight Communism.
In addition, Kennedy committed thousands of American troops to South Vietnam to
support Ngo Dinh Diem’s corrupt regime but claimed the troops were merely “military
advisors.” In Latin America, Kennedy took a different approach, funneling millions of dollars
into the Alliance For Progress to thwart Communists by ending poverty. Despite the new
doctrine, Kennedy was unable to prevent Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev from
constructing the Berlin Wall in 1961.
The Cuban Crises
Kennedy’s greatest Cold War challenge came in Cuba. Hoping to topple Cuba’s new pro-
Communist revolutionary leader, Fidel Castro, Kennedy authorized the CIA to train and arm
a force of more than 1,000 Cuban exiles and sent them to invade Cuba in the spring of 1961.
When this Bay Of Pigs Invasion failed embarrassingly, Kennedy authorized several
unsuccessful assassination attempts against Castro. Outraged, Castro turned to the USSR for
economic aid and protection.
Khrushchev capitalized on the opportunity and placed several nuclear missiles in Cuba.
Kennedy consequently blockaded the island nation, pushing the United States and the USSR
to the brink of nuclear war. Khrushchev ended the terrifying Cuban Missile Crisis when he
agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for an end to the blockade. Kennedy also removed
American missiles from Turkey and agreed to work on reducing Cold War tensions.
Tragically, Kennedy was assassinated in late 1963, just as tensions were rising in Vietnam—
which would prove to be the next, and most costly, theater of the Cold War.
Definition:

North- South Divide

– used to describe socioeconomic difference.
- Socioeconomic and political categorization of countries.

Global North
- comprised of all first world countries and most second world countries.

- Comprised of countries which have developed economies and account for

over 90% of all manufacturing industries in the world.

- They control 80% of the total income earned around the world.

- All the members of the G8 come from the North; 4 out of 5 permanent
members of the UN Security Council.

- About 95% of the population in countries in North have enough basic needs
and have access to functioning education systems.

Global South
-comprised of countries with developing economies which were initially
referred to as third world countries during Cold War.

-Countries in Global south have relatively low GDP and have high population

-Account only a fifth of the globally earned income but accounts for over ¾ of
the global population.

-Lack of basic amenities and as little as 5% of the population is able to access

basic needs

-They rely on imports from the North and low technological penetration.

DISTINCTION/ CLASSIFICATION:

Global North Global South

 G8 members (Canada, France,  Africa
Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK,  Latin America
USA)  Asia
 4 permanent members of UNSC  Mexico
(France, US, UK, Russia)  Middle east (except Israel)
 Israel  Home of BRIC countries (Brazil,
 All of Europe India, China except Russia)
  Hong Kong
 Macau
 Singapore
 Taiwan
 Australia
 New Zealand

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION: Human Development Index

Human Development Index

- a scale that used statistics for life expectancy, education and GNI per capita to
rank countries into 4 tiers.
- HDI is ranked on a scale from 0-1, as 1 being the highest human development.
- Broken down into 4 tiers:
Very high human development (0.8-1.0)
High human development (0.7-0.79)
Medium human development (0.55-0.70)
Low human development (below 0.55)

 “Developed countries” have an HDI score of 0.8 or above. These countries have
stable government, widespread education and healthcare, high life expectancy, and
growing, powerful economies.

 Least developed countries have an HDI score of 0.55 below. They have unstable
government, widespread poverty, lack of access to healthcare, poor education, low
income, low life expectancy coupled with high birth rates.

- HDI helps UN to determine which countries needs assistance, specifically the Least
Developed countries.
- HDI was first launched in 1990 and have been released annually ever since.

HDI Computation:
Having first defined the minimum and maximum values, the dimension- specific indices are
then calculated as follows:

¿ actual value−20
 Life expectancy Index (LEI) =
85−20

 Education Index (EI) =

mean years of schooling index + expected years of schooling index

2

MYS−0
 Mean years of schooling index =
15−0

EYS−0
 Expected years of schooling index =
18−0

¿ [ GNI per capita ] −¿ [ 100 ]

 Income Index (II) =
¿ [ 75,000 ] −¿ [ 100 ]

 Human Development Index (HDI) = √3 (LEI x EI x II )

EXAMPLE: HDI of Argentina

Argentina has an HDI score of 0.808 which is under the very high human development tier.
Thus, it is a developed country.
  As for the 2019 HDI Ranking:

THE GLOBAL NORTH

 Why the countries in the North are considered more economically
developed countries?

 According to Guttal (2016), the countries in the North are considered MEDC due to
some factors including stability of their economy, better standard of living and quality
of life.
 Aspects which may show this is how long the country’s life expectancy is, education
levels, and how developed their technology is.

Examples: US life expectancy 79 years for women, 77 years for men. However, in Somalia,
life expectancy is 51 for women, 48 for men.

Canada has free universal healthcare and free secondary education, which leads to better
quality of life for Canadians, while in Africa, little education and hardly no healthcare.

THE GLOBAL SOUTH

 Why the countries in the south are considered LEDC?

 Countries in the South are considered LEDC due to some reasons including: unstable
government, poor economy. Moreover, citizens have poor standard of living and
quality of life.
 They also have low Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and low HDI.
 Why is the South at such a disadvantage?

o Colonization
 - Most of the countries under MEDC were at some point in history imperialists.
Basically, most powerful countries have stayed powerful and inferior countries
have stayed inferior. However, there is always an exception like the US, which
is a former British colony, has developed into the most powerful country in the
world (Guttal, 2016).
o Trade
- Countries in the South import goods from the North and their spending are
greater than what they are earning in the global economy.
o Debt
- Their products were losing money in the global economy, so they needed to
increase production. The only way to do this is to borrow funds from the rich
northern countries.

FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD WORLDS

First World Second World Third World

 Democracy  Marxism (Marxist  Non Aligned States
 Capitalism Principles)  Underdeveloped
: Alliances with the US and :USSR/ Russia, China, and nations/ states
Western World other States who employed
Marxism.

o “THIRD WORLD” – coined by French scholar Alfred Sauvy in 1952

CAPITALISM VS SOCIALISM

Capitalism
- Private
 - Economy, property and businesses are owned and controlled by individuals.
The production and prices of goods and services are determined by how in-
demand they are and how difficult they are to produce.
Socialism
- Government
- The primary concern of the socialist model, in contrast, is an equitable
redistribution of wealth and resources from the rich to the poor, out of fairness
and to ensure "an even playing field" in opportunity and outcome. To achieve
this, the state intervenes in the labor market.

 Special Consideration: MIXED ECONOMY

- In reality, most countries and their economies fall in between capitalism and
socialism/communism. Some countries incorporate both the private
sector system of capitalism and the public sector enterprise of socialism to
overcome the disadvantages of both systems.
- In these economies, the government intervenes to prevent any individual or
company from having a monopolistic stance and undue concentration of
economic power. Resources in these systems may be owned by both state and
individuals

DEVELOPED VS LESS- DEVELOPED VS UNDEVELOPED

Developed Countries
- More industrialized
- Higher per capita income level
(mostly average per capita income is $38, 000)
- Stable population growth rates
- People consume large amount of natural resources
Less- developed Countries
- Less industrialized
- Lower per capita income level
- “developing countries”
Undeveloped Countries
- World’s most impoverished and vulnerable countries
- Low income countries
- “least developed countries”

DEVELOPING WORLD, 1980

 The economies of advanced industrial nations/ developing nations which had been in
a phase of expansion in the preceding year once again faced the TRIPLE
PROBLEMS of rising inflation, increasing unemployment, and current account
deficit.
 Non- oil producing developing countries, too, found it still more difficult to manage
their economies as their terms of trade worsened and their current account deficits
increased.
 These difficulties stemmed mainly from the second oil crisis of 1979.

ASIAN TIGERS

 Asian Tiger countries are primarily concerned with producing exports, educating their
citizens, and minimizing costs of production through cheap, low-skilled labor.
Background:
 In 1945, the Asian Tigers (Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan)
had a lack of natural resources and a small amount of farmland. They were
also overpopulated, poor, and could not feed their own populations.

 In the 1960s, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea (later known

as The Four Tigers) followed their Japanese counterparts through a similar
developmental path, with comparable strengths and endemic problems.

 The Asian Tigers captured the Japanese export market by underselling

Japanese-made textiles in the 1960s.
 In the 1970s, the group continued to follow Japan’s lead from a decade
earlier. 
Economy:
The Asian Tigers:
  Build cheap export manufactures using the same low-wage labor that could
undersell First World products.
 Were able to produce radios, televisions, sewing machines, and motorcycles
more cheaply than Japan.
 During the late 1960s, another group of Asian lands—Indonesia, the
Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand—tried to get on the bandwagon.

 Asian Tiger economy refers to the way in which four Asian countries underwent a
burst of economic growth, rapidly becoming a major exporter of goods shipped
globally.

THE RICH NORTH AND THE POOR SOUTH, BRANDT LINE (1983)

 Generally, most economically developed countries (MEDCs) are in the northern

hemisphere and less economically developed countries (LEDCs) are in the southern
hemisphere.
 There are exceptions such as Australia and New Zealand.

 The Brandt Line is an imaginary division that has provided a rough way of

dividing all of the countries in the world in to the rich north and poor south.
 In 1983, the Brandt report was published by a commission chaired by the
former German Chancellor Brandt.

 At present, Human Development Index (HDI) is used to categorize or classify

countries.

FLASHPOINTS AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE DIVIDE

Issues with regard to North – South Dichotomy

 North-South dichotomy itself. To explain policy disagreements potentially blinds one
to the nuances of very complex issues, making it more difficult for policymakers to develop
effective strategies.

 North-South dichotomy itself. To explain policy disagreements potentially blinds one

to the nuances of very complex issues, making it more difficult for policymakers to develop
effective strategies.

 Distinguishes Poor form the Wealthy Countries. The North-South Divide is criticized
for being a way of segregating people along economic lines and is seen as a factor of the
widening gap between developed (Global North) and developing economies as it uses some
simple geographical criteria to describe a complex social situation.

 Inequity and Inequality. Gives a deep structural defect that diminishes individual and
collective potential for many, and shapes power relations within and among societies.

 Distribution of Income around the world. An enduring issue in political economy.

Thus, it implies the increase accumulation and capital and investment flows among countries
especially the South.

 Economic Competition Worldwide. Some economists have argued that international

free trade and unhindered capital flows across countries could lead to a contraction in the
North–South divide. In this case more equal trade and flow of capital would allow the
possibility for developing countries to further develop economically.

Social, Political and Economic Challenges

 Global Challenges. Poverty, Environmental Degradation, Human and civil rights

abuses, Ethic and Regional Conflicts, Mass displacement of Refugee, Hunger and Disease.

 Negative Labeling. The Global South rids itself from the negative political and
economic labeling that Third World had before as it is generally seen to be more apolitical.

 Rapidly Changing Patterns of Development. With the massive technological

revolution, ease of travel and migration and interconnectedness of commerce and trade
brought forth by the liberalization, the terms may lead to swift changes especially with respect
to the countries categorized under it that leads to;

 Uneven Development. that makes even more complicated as it become an obstacle in

understanding the Global Situation.

 Differences. Differences in the political, economic and demographic makeup of the

countries tend to complicate the idea of as a monolithic south

 Globalization. Has also challenged the notion of two distinct economic spheres.
Following the liberalization of post-Mao China Initiated in 1978, growing regional
 cooperation between the National Economies of Asia has led to the growing decentralization
of the North as the main economic power.

 Recent Growth. Bottom 60 Nations of Global South were thought to be gaining on

the North in terms of income, diversification, and participation in the world market.

SOUTH – SOUTH Cooperation

An ongoing Global Transformation used to describe the exchange of resources,

technology, and knowledge between developing countries, also known as countries of the
Global South.

 The Global South is making increasingly significant contributions to global

development. The economic and geopolitical relevance of many countries has grown.

 In the past, south-south cooperation focused on sharing knowledge and building

capacities, but the countries of the Global South and new financial institutions have recently
also become increasingly active in development finance.

 Elite behavior within and between Nation States

 Integration and cooperation within geographic areas
 Resulting position of states and regions within the Global World Market and related political
economic hierarchy

The 3 Factors that direct the ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT of STATES

within the GLOBAL SOUTH

 Elite behavior within and between Nation States

 Integration and cooperation within geographic areas

 Resulting position of states and regions within the Global World Market and related political
economic hierarchy
 BRICS

BRICS is an acronym for the developing nations of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
The term "BRIC" is believed to be coined in 2001 by then-chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset
Management, Jim O'Neill, in his publication Building Better Global Economic BRICS.

This believed to be the future dominant suppliers of manufactured goods, services, and raw
materials by 2050. China and India will become the world's dominant suppliers of
manufactured goods and services, respectively, while Brazil and Russia will become similarly
dominant as suppliers of raw materials. As of 2010, South Africa joined the group, which is
now referred to as BRICS.

The objective of the association involves myriad of goals ranging from supporting China’s
one belt and road initiative (OBOR) to trade, communication, regional security, human
security, human development, technological development, eradication of terrorism and
alleviation of social and economic evils from the region.

Development
DEVELOPMENTAL INITIATIVES
 It is a goal for many developmental initiatives to close the GAP between the divide.
 A development program dedicated to narrowing the divide through its Millennium
Development Goals aimed at SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT by the UNITED
NATIONS.
It includes improving the:
1. Education and Healthcare
2. Promoting Gender Equality
3. Ensuring Environmental Sustainability
IMF and WORLDBANK
 Providing Loans and grants to Global South countries

REFERENCES
WEBLIOGRAPHY
BBC. (2020). Development. Retrieved from
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zvp39j6/revision/3
Conceicao, P. (2019). 2019 Human Development Index Ranking| Human Development
Reports. Retrieved from hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-
ranking
Cunningham, M., & Shinn, J. (n.d). Economic Inequality: Differences in Developed and
Developing Nations. Retrieved from https://study.com/acaademy/lesson/economic-
inequality-differences-in-developed-and-developing-nations.html
Gaw, K. (2016). The story behind the four Asian tigers. Retrieved from
https://www.idealsvdr.com/blog/the-four-asian-tigers/
Longley, R. (2019). Socialism vs. Capitalism: What is the Difference? Retrieved from
https://www.thoughtco.com/socialism-vs-capitalism-4768969
Majaski, C. (2020). Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC). Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bric.asp
Momoh, O. (2019). Capitalism vs. Socialism: What is the Difference? Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/020915/what-are-differences-between-
capitalism-and-socialism.asp
Radcliffe, P., Ph.D. (2017). Asian Tigers: Economics and the Development of the Asian
Nations. Retrieved from https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/asian-tigers-economics-
asian- nations/
Sahi, B.J. (2018). What is the purpose of BRICS countries? Retrieved from
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-purpose-of-BRICS-countries
Sawe, Benjamin Elisha. (2017, August 1). What is the North-South Divide? Retrieved from
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-north-south-divide.html
Sparknotes. Retrieved from https://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/coldwar/summary/
Wikipedia. (2019). South–South cooperation. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%E2%80%93South_cooperation
Wikipedia. (2020). BRICS. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
World Population Review. (2020). Human Development Index (HDI) by Country 2020.
Retrieved from https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/hdi-by-country/

BOOK
Coronacion, D. et. Al. (2018). Covergence A College Textbook in Contemporary World page
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