EM Book by Amit Mahto

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Amit Mahto
Strictly as per the New Revised Syllabus (R-2016) of Mumbai University w.e.f. academic year
2019-2020 SEMVIII
( As per Choice Based Credit and Grading System )

Course Code Course Name Credits
ILO8029 Environmental Management 03
Objectives:
1. Understand and identify environmental issues relevant to India and global concerns
2. Learn concepts of ecology
3. Familiarise environment related legislations
Outcomes: Learner will be able to...
1. Understand the concept of environmental management

2. Understand ecosystem and interdependence, food chain etc.
3. Understand and interpret environment related legislations
Module Detailed Contents Hrs

1 Introduction and Definition of Environment: Significance of Environment 10
Management for contemporary managers, Career opportunities, Environmental
issues relevant to India, Sustainable Development, the Energy scenario
2 Global Environmental concerns : Global Warming, Acid Rain, Ozone Depletion, 06
Hazardous Wastes, Endangered life-species, Loss of Biodiversity, Industrial/Man-
made disasters, Atomic/Biomedical hazards, etc.
3 Concepts of Ecology: Ecosystems and interdependence between living organisms, 05
habitats, limiting factors, carrying capacity, food chain, etc.
4 Scope of Environment Management, Role and functions of Government as a 10
planning and regulating agency Environment Quality Management and Corporate
Environmental Responsibility
5 Total Quality Environmental Management, ISO-14000, EMS certification. 05
6 General overview of major legislations like Environment Protection Act, Air (P & CP) 03
Act, Water (P & CP) Act, Wildlife Protection Act, Forest Act, Factories Act, etc.
Assessment:
Internal Assessment for 20 marks:
Consisting Two Compulsory Class Tests
First test based on approximately 40% of contents and second test based on remaining contents
(approximately
40% but excluding contents covered in Test I)
End Semester Examination:
Weightage of each module in end semester examination will be proportional to number of respective
lecture hours mentioned in the curriculum.
1. Question paper will comprise of total six questions, each carrying 20 marks
2. Question 1 will be compulsory and should cover maximum contents of the curriculum
3. Remaining questions will be mixed in nature (for example if Q.2 has part (a) from module 3 then
part (b) will be from any module other than module 3)
4. Only Four questions need to be solved.
INDEX
MODULE NAME PAGE NO
1 Introduction and Definition of Environment 1
2 Global Environmental concerns 11
3 Concepts of Ecology 25
4 Scope of Environment Management 32
5 Total Quality Environmental Management 37
6 General overview of major legislations 41

Introduction and Definition of Environment MODULE 01
Introduction and Definition of Environment
Introduction to Environmental Management:
• Environmental management (EM) is a subject that combines science, policy, and socioeconomic
applications. It primarily stresses on finding solution to practical problems that people face in
cohabitation with nature, resource exploitation, and waste production.
• In a purely anthropocentric sense, environmental management is all about dealing with the
fundamental issue of how to innovate technology to evolve continuously while limiting the degree
to which this process alters natural environment.
• Thus, Environmental management is closely linked with issues regarding sustainable economic
growth, ensuring fair and equitable distribution of resources, and conserving natural resources for
future generations.
• Our very survival in this planet Earth depends on the proper management of environment. Every
living species in this plant require air, water for survival.
• All living beings are interdependent directly or indirectly. The survival of trees and forests will bring
good rainfall and good agriculture.
• The climatic condition depends on the air temperature. Everyone is now feeling the change of
climate due to the rise in air temperature of the earth.
• More presence of carbon dioxide is resulting global warming, ozone layer depletion and acid rain.
• All these environmental hazards are happening due to imbalances in the surrounding air.
• Every living body need clean air, water and soil for survival and healthy life.
• Due to enormous increase in population and stress on environmental factors like air, water and soil,
it is now urgently needed to frame guidelines and rules for the management of environment in a
proper way.
• A good management of environment can only bring a sustainable life to all in this planet earth.
Scope of Environmental Management:
• The awareness regarding environmental problems and their proper management began in 1970s
through various people movements around many countries of the world.
• The green peace movement, the Chipko movement etc. are some of them.
• The advancement in the field of science and technology helped to provide various tools and
instrument supported by statistical data to properly solve environmental problems and help in its
management.
• The revolution in the field of computer technologies has now provided us enough means to utilize
this in the area of environmental management.
• There are now very advanced instruments to measure air and water qualities at different places.
• The soil testing procedure adopted now can give very accurate result about the quality and nutrient
quantities of soil at different areas.
• The rapid growth in population along with rapid industrialisation has put much stress on
environmental factors like air, water and soil.
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• Many forest areas have given way to establish factories. Large amount of industrial waste polluting
the air water and soil in the surrounding areas.
• This pollution is not limited to one place.
• It is spreading too many areas of population. This pollution of environment has become a global
issue. It requires help from all sections of people in the society.
• People around the world are now very conscious about the health of the environment.
• Due to development in all branches of science and technology, there is enough scope for
environmental management in the present time.
The scopes in the following areas need environment management:
1. Population increase and health services.

2. Treatment of pollutants (air, water and solid) generated from various sources.
3. Pollution level in air, water and soil.
4. Development of non-polluting renewable energy sources like wind, solar, biomass etc.
5. Solid waste utilisation through recycling.
6. Biodiversity Conservation.
7. Environmental awareness in society.
WHY UNDERTAKE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT?
• There are a number of business advantages to undertaking environmental management.

• The central message of this learning material is that Environmental Management will make good
business sense and improving our environmental performance can improve our business
performance.
• There are a number of advantages to undertaking environmental management and these include:
a. Cost savings
b. Ensuring legislative compliance
c. Anticipating future legislation
d. Reduced environmental risk
e. Meeting supply chain requirements
f. Improved relations with regulators
g. Improved public image
h. Increased market opportunities
i. Employee enthusiasm
Types of Environmental Management
There are three broad categories of environmental management in the lifecycle:
1. The construction environmental management plan

2. The operations environmental management plan
3. The decommissioning environmental management plan
Construction Phase Environmental Management Plan
• The construction phase EMP provides specific environmental guidance for the implementation and
construction phase of a project.
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• It is intended to enable the management and mitigation of construction activities so that

environmental impacts are avoided or reduced.
• These impacts range from those incurred during start up (e.g. site clearing, erection of the
construction camp)to construction activities (i.e. erosion, pollution of watercourses, noise, dust).
Information presented in the EMP is typically categorised as follows:
✓ Identify the specific activity or potential impact that requires management;
✓ Determine the mitigation measures to be implemented;
✓ Identify the performance indicator;
✓ Identify who would be responsible for implementation and
✓ Identify who would be responsible for monitoring
Operational Phase Environmental Management Plan
• The operational phase EMP provides specific guidance related to the operational activities
associated with a particular development.
• The roles and responsibilities for mitigation monitoring and performance assessment for the
operational life of the development are specified in the environmental management plan
The Decommissioning Phase Environmental Management Plan
• Decommissioning may present positive environmental opportunities associated with the return of
the land for alternative use and the cessation of impacts associated with operational activities.
• However, depending on the nature of the operational activity, the need to manage risks and
potential residual impacts may remain well after operations have ceased.
• Examples of potential residual impacts and risks include contamination of soil and groundwater,
stock that has been abandoned (e.g. oil drums, scrap equipment, old chemicals) and old structures.
• The decommissioning phase of EMP provides specific guidance with respect to the management
of the environmental risks associated with the decommissioning stage of a project.
• The decommissioning phase EMPs are typically encountered within extractive industries such as
minerals mining and oil and gas exploration and extraction.
Importance of Environmental Management
• Environmental management promotes physical, social and economic environment of the enterprise
or project.
• It encourages planned investment at the start of the production chain rather than forced
investment in cleaning up at the end.
• The importance of environmental management are as follows
✓ To clarify modern environmental concept like how to conserve biodiversity;-
✓ To know the more sustainable way of living;-
✓ To use natural resources more efficiently;-
✓ To know the behavior of organism under natural conditions;-
✓ To know the interrelationship between organisms in populations and communities;-
• To aware and educate people regarding environmental issues and problems at local,national and
international levels.
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• Environmental management is vital to conform socio-economic development project to

environmental safety and thereby ensure sustainable economic development.
• Its impact on the environment is also ever increasing, leading to rapid deterioration in
environmental conditions.
• It helps the planning and management to take long term measures for effective management as
well as environment conservation.
5 Environmental Issues The Indian Govt Needs To Address
• There are many environmental issues in India. Air pollution, water pollution, garbage domestically
prohibited goods and pollution of the natural environment are all challenges for India.
• Nature is also causing some drastic effects on India.
• The situation was worse between 1947 through 1995.
• According to data collection and environment assessment studies of World Bank experts, between
1995 through 2010, India has made some of the fastest progress in addressing its environmental
issues and improving its environmental quality in the world
• Still, India has a long way to go to reach environmental quality similar to those enjoyed in developed
economies. Pollution remains a major challenge and opportunity for India.
1. Air Quality
• A portion of the world’s most polluted urban communities are in India; the natives of Delhi are as
of now experiencing the insufferable effect of poor air quality.
• While the administration’s electric versatility push is excellent, the stress should be on charging
stations, reasonable batteries and motivating forces to move from petroleum/diesel to electric
vehicles.
• For enterprises, the CEMS (Continuous Emission Monitoring System) framework must be executed.
The proposed star rating framework for enterprises to recognize the better performing
organizations from the “can improve” ones must be executed.
2. Water Conservation
• All enterprises must be made ZLD (Zero Liquid Discharge) units. While the law as of now requires
it, usage is the key.
• We have to prevent the untreated effluents from entering our water bodies, at exactly that point
would we have the option to clean them.
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• A NITI Aayog report expresses that 21 Indian urban communities, including Delhi, Bengaluru and
Hyderabad are probably going to run out of groundwater by 2020.
• We have to guarantee through law and approach intercession that water gathering, and
consequently groundwater revival, is made compulsory.
• PM Modi had set a due date in March 2019 to finish 200 tasks under the clean Ganga activity, yet
the due date has now been pushed to 2020.
• Hopefully, the new due date will be regarded, and progressively, Indian waterways will be cleaned.
3. Hazard Management
• As the second most populated country, it is nothing unexpected that we create large measures of
waste—electronic, plastic, biomedical etc. Be that as it may, what is astounding is the way we are
attempting to deal with this waste.
• Directly from Swachh Bharat to Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016, E-Waste (Management)
Rules 2016 and Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules,
2016— the legislature has found ways to address the issue, yet likewise with a few different activities,
usage is inadequate. Forbidding the usage of single-use plastic was a positive development.
• However, we can see a few such bundling items making a rebound.
• We still depend on the disorderly area, all things considered, for our waste administration.
• This needs to change, and the vital foundation should be made for proficient and successful waste
administration.
• Reusing plastic and other waste in the development of streets and so forth should be boosted.
4. Wildlife And Biodiversity

• Timberlands are fundamental for our survival.
• We have to ensure and improve our green spread forcefully.
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• Any progressions to existing defensive laws and guidelines, for example, the Indian Forest Act 1927,
Environment Impact Assessment Notification 2006 alongside another National Forest Policy must
not weaken the adequacy of these defensive laws.
• The administration must take a hard position against the disintegration of biodiversity and intently
direct all action to guarantee that backwoods and untamed life aren’t jeopardized.
• The assets implied for compensatory afforestation must be used productively.
• The interests of the indigenous individuals and customary woods occupants must be secured.
5. Environmental Change
• PM Modi was recently granted the UN’s Champions of the Earth Award alongside the French
President for advocating the International Solar Alliance just as for promising to take out all single-
use plastic in India by 2022. Unmistakably, India’s authority is moving in the right direction.
• Aside from the issues referenced over, a portion of different problems which were a piece of India’s
National Action Plan on Climate Change needs critical consideration, and this incorporates
reasonable farming, securing the Himalayan environment and improving vitality proficiency.
Sustainable Development:
• The concept of Sustainable development (Bruntland Commission 1972) broadly means that the
development initiatives be initiated in such a way that the future generations can enjoy the benefits
of nature without any compromise.
• It reiterates that we must use the resources only to the extent to which it is sustainable.
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• Since the Stockholm Environmental Conference in 1972 the focus has been on regulating for the
caring capacity of the globe.
• The important elements in the attempts to achieve sustainability have been on
✓ Regulation
✓ Consumer awareness
✓ Companies' solution of end-of-pipe problems
✓ Companies' green product development.
• The government of each country has developed guiding principles of sustainability from the
Stockholm Conference.
• The United Nations have given an impetus to these Stockholm principles by providing the Agenda
21 through the Earth Summit at RIO in 1992.
• The principles listed below serve as a source of inspiration to evolve action areas by the national
government, depending upon their capacity.
❖ PRINCIPLE 1
✓ Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are
entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.
❖ PRINCIPLE 2
✓ States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of
international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own
environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities
within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other
States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
❖ PRINCIPLE 3
✓ The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and
environmental needs of present and future generations.
❖ PRINCIPLE 4
✓ In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute
an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from
it.'
❖ PRINCIPLE 5
✓ All states and all people shall cooperate in the essential task of eradicating poverty as an
indispensable requirement for sustainable development, in order to decrease the
disparities in standards of living and meet the needs of the majority of the people of the
world.
Indian Energy Scenario
• Coal dominates the energy mix in India, contributing to 55% of the total primary energy production.
• Over the years, there has been a marked increase in the share of natural gas in primary energy
production from 10% in 1994 to 13% in 1999.
• There has been a decline in the share of oil in primary energy production from 20% to 17% during
the same period.
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Energy Supply
❖ Coal Supply
• India has huge coal reserves, at least 84,396 million tonnes of proven recoverable reserves (at the
end of 2003).
• This amounts to almost 8.6% of the world reserves and it may last for about 230 years at the current
Reserve to Production (R/P) ratio. In contrast, the world's proven coal reserves are expected to last
only for 192 years at the current R/P ratio.
• Reserves/Production (R/P) ratio- If the reserves remaining at the end of the year are divided by the
production in that year, the result is the length of time that the remaining reserves would last if
production were to continue at that level.
• India is the fourth largest producer of coal and lignite in the world.
• Coal production is concentrated in these states (Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal)
❖ Oil Supply
• Oil accounts for about 36 % of India's total energy consumption. India today is one of the top ten
oil-guzzling nations in the world and will soon overtake Korea as the third largest consumer of oil
in Asia after China and Japan.
• The country's annual crude oil production is peaked at about 32 million tonne as against the current
peak demand of about 110 million tonne.
• In the current scenario, India's oil consumption by end of 2007 is expected to reach 136 million
tonne(MT), of which domestic production will be only 34 MT.
• India will have to pay an oil bill of roughly $50 billion, assuming a weighted average price of $50
per barrel of crude. In 2003- 04, against total export of $64 billion, oil imports accounted for $21
billion.
• India imports 70% of its crude needs mainly from gulf nations.
• The majority of India's roughly 5.4 billion barrels in oil reserves are located in the Bombay High,
upper Assam, Cambay, Krishna-Godavari. In terms of sector wise petroleum product consumption,
transport accounts for 42% followed by domestic and industry with 24% and 24% respectively. India
spent more than Rs.1,10,000 crore on oil imports at the end of 2004.
❖ Natural Gas Supply

• Natural gas accounts for about 8.9 per cent of energy consumption in the country.
• The current demand for natural gas is about 96 million cubic metres per day (mcmd) as against
availability of 67 mcmd. By 2007, the demand is expected to be around 200 mcmd.
• Natural gas reserves are estimated at 660 billion cubic meters.
❖ Electrical Energy Supply

• The all India installed capacity of electric power generating stations under utilities was 1,12,581 MW
as on 31st May 2004, consisting of 28,860 MW- hydro, 77,931 MW - thermal and 2,720 MW- nuclear
and 1,869 MW- wind (Ministry of Power).
• The gross generation of power in the year 2002-2003 stood at 531 billion units (kWh).
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❖ Nuclear Power Supply

• Nuclear Power contributes to about 2.4 per cent of electricity generated in India. India has ten
nuclear power reactors at five nuclear power stations producing electricity.
• More nuclear reactors have also been approved for construction.
❖ Hydro Power Supply

• India is endowed with a vast and viable hydro potential for power generation of which only 15%
has been harnessed so far.
• The share of hydropower in the country's total generated units has steadily decreased and it
presently stands at 25% as on 31st May 2004.
• It is assessed that exploitable potential at 60% load factor is 84,000 MW.
❖ Final Energy Consumption

• Final energy consumption is the actual energy demand at the user end.
• This is the difference between primary energy consumption and the losses that takes place in
transport, transmission & distribution and refinement.
• The actual final energy consumption (past and projected) is given in Table
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Sector Wise Energy Consumption in India
• The major commercial energy consuming sectors in the country are classified as shown in the Figure
1.5. As seen from the figure, industry remains the biggest consumer of commercial energy and its
share in the overall consumption is 49%. (Reference year: 1999/2000)
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Global Environmental concerns MODULE 02
Global Environmental concerns
Global Environmental Issues
• As early as 1896, the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius had predicted that human activities would
interfere with the way the sun interacts with the earth, resulting in global warming and climate
change. His prediction has become true and climate change is now disrupting global environmental
stability.
• The last few decades have seen many treaties, conventions, and protocols for the cause of global
environmental protection.
• Few examples of environmental issues of global significance are:
✓ Ozone layer depletion
✓ Global warming
✓ Loss of biodiversity
• One of the most important characteristics of this environmental degradation is that it affects all
mankind on a global scale without regard to any particular country, region, or race.
• The whole world is a stakeholder and this raises issues on who should do what to combat
environmental degradation
Ozone Layer Depletion
• Earth's atmosphere is divided into three regions, namely troposphere, stratosphere and
mesosphere
• The stratosphere extends from 10 to 50 kms from the Earth's surface.
• This region is concentrated with slightly pungent smelling, light bluish ozone gas.
• The ozone gas is made up of molecules each containing three atoms of oxygen; its chemical
formula is 𝑂3
• The ozone layer, in the stratosphere acts as an efficient filter for harmful solar Ultraviolet B (UV-B)
rays Ozone is produced and destroyed naturally in the atmosphere and until recently, this resulted
in a well-balanced equilibrium
• Ozone is formed when oxygen molecules absorb ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths less than
240 nanometres and is destroyed when it absorbs ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths greater
than 290 nanometres.
• In recent years, scientists have measured a seasonal thinning of the ozone layer primarily at the
South Pole. This phenomenon is being called the ozone hole.
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Ozone Depletion Process
• Ozone is highly reactive and easily broken down by man-made chlorine and bromine compounds.
• These compounds are found to be most responsible for most of ozone layer depletion.
• The ozone depletion process begins when CFCs (used in refrigerator and air conditioners) and other
ozone-depleting substances (ODS) are emitted into the atmosphere.
• Winds efficiently mix and evenly distribute the ODS in the troposphere. These ODS compounds do
not dissolve in rain, are extremely stable, and have a long life span.
• After several years, they reach the stratosphere by diffusion.
• Strong UV light breaks apart the ODS molecules. CFCs, HCFCs, carbon tetrachloride, methyl
chloroform release chlorine atoms, and halons and methyl bromide release bromine atoms.
• It is the chlorine and bromine atom that actually destroys ozone, not the intact ODS molecule.
• It is estimated that one chlorine atom can destroy from 10,000 to 100,000 ozone molecules before
it is finally removed from the stratosphere.
Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion
• Effects on Human and Animal Health: Increased penetration of solar UV-B radiation is likely to
have high impact on human health with potential risks of eye diseases, skin cancer and infectious
diseases.
• Effects on Terrestrial Plants: In forests and grasslands, increased radiation is likely to change
species composition thus altering the bio-diversity in different ecosystems. It could also affect the
plant community indirectly resulting in changes in plant form, secondary metabolism, etc.
• Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems: High levels of radiation exposure in tropics and subtropics may
affect the distribution of phytoplanktons, which form the foundation of aquatic food webs. It can
also cause damage to early development stages of fish, shrimp, crab, amphibians and other animals,
the most severe effects being decreased reproductive capacity and impaired larval development.
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• Effects on Bio-geo-chemical Cycles: Increased solar UV radiation could affect terrestrial and
aquatic bio-geo-chemical cycles thus altering both sources and sinks of greenhouse and important
trace gases, e.g. carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbonyl sulfide (COS), etc. These
changes would contribute to biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks responsible for the atmosphere
build-up of these greenhouse gases.
• Effects on Air Quality: Reduction of stratospheric ozone and increased penetration of UV-B
radiation result in higher photo dissociation rates of key trace gases that control the chemical
reactivity of the troposphere. This can increase both production and destruction of ozone and
related oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, which are known to have adverse effects on human
health, terrestrial plants and outdoor materials.
• The ozone layer, therefore, is highly beneficial to plant and animal life on earth filtering out the
dangerous part of sun's radiation and allowing only the beneficial part to reach earth. Any
disturbance or depletion of this layer would result in an increase of harmful radiation reaching the
earth's surface leading to dangerous consequences.
Ozone Depletion Counter Measures
• International cooperation, agreement (Montreal Protocol) to phase out ozone depleting chemicals
since 1974
• Tax imposed for ozone depleting substances
• Ozone friendly substitutes- HCFC (less ozone depleting potential and shorter life)
• Recycle of CFCs and Halons
Global Warming
• Before the Industrial Revolution, human activities released very few gases into the atmosphere and
all climate changes happened naturally.
• After the Industrial Revolution, through fossil fuel combustion, changing agricultural practices and
deforestation, the natural composition of gases in the atmosphere is getting affected and climate
and environment began to alter significantly.
• Over the last 100 years, it was found out that the earth is getting warmer and warmer, unlike
previous 8000 years when temperatures have been relatively constant.
• The present temperature is 0.3 - 0.6 °C warmer than it was 100 years ago.
• The key greenhouse gases (GHG) causing global warming is carbon dioxide. CFC's, even though
they exist in very small quantities, are significant contributors to global warming.
• Carbon dioxide, one of the most prevalent greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, has two major
anthropogenic (human-caused) sources: the combustion of fossil fuels and changes in land use.
• Net releases of carbon dioxide from these two sources are believed to be contributing to the rapid
rise in atmospheric concentrations since Industrial Revolution.
• Because estimates indicate that approximately 80 percent of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide
emissions currently come from fossil fuel combustion, world energy use has emerged at the center
of the climate change debate.
• Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human
activities.
• Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
and ozone
• Certain human activities, however, add to the levels of most of these naturally occuring gases
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• Carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere when solid waste, fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and
coal), and wood and wood products are burned
Global Warming Potentials
• Although there are a number of ways of measuring the strength of different greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere, the Global Warming Potential (GWP) is perhaps the most useful.
• GWPs measure the influence greenhouse gases have on the natural greenhouse effect, including
the ability of greenhouse gas molecules to absorb or trap heat and the length of time, greenhouse
gas molecules remain in the atmosphere before being removed or broken down.
• In this way, the contribution that each greenhouse gas has towards global warming can be assessed.
• Each greenhouse gas differs in its ability to absorb heat in the atmosphere. HFCs and PFCs are the
most heat-absorbent.
• Methane traps over 21 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide
absorbs 270 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide.
• Conventionally, the GWP of carbon dioxide, measured across all time horizons, is 1.
• The GWPs of other greenhouse gases are then measured relative to the GWP of carbon dioxide.
• Thus GWP of methane is 21 while GWP of nitrous oxide is 270.
• Other greenhouse gases have much higher GWPs than carbon dioxide, but because their
concentration in the atmosphere is much lower, carbon dioxide is still the most important
greenhouse gas, contributing about 60% to the enhancement of the greenhouse effect.
Global Warming (Climate Change) Implications
• Rise in global temperature :Observations show that global temperatures have risen by about 0.6
°C over the 20th century. There is strong evidence now that most of the observed warming over
the last 50 years is caused by human activities. Climate models predict that the global temperature
will rise by about 6 °C by the year 2100.
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• Rise in sea level: In general, the faster the climate change, the greater will be the risk of damage.
The mean sea level is expected to rise 9 - 88 cm by the year 2100, causing flooding of low lying
areas and other damages.
• Food shortages and hunger : Water resources will be affected as precipitation and evaporation
patterns change around the world. This will affect agricultural output. Food security is likely to be
threatened and some regions are likely to experience food shortages and hunger.
• India could be more at risks than many other countries: Models predict an average increase in
temperature in India of 2.3 to 4.8°C for the benchmark doubling of Carbon-dioxide scenario.
Temperature would rise more in Northern India than in Southern India. It is estimated that 7 million
people would be displaced, 5700 km2 of land and 4200 km of road would be lost, and wheat yields
could decrease significantly.
Loss of Biodiversity
• Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on earth, and its biological diversity.
• The number of species of plants, animals, micro organisms, the enormous diversity of genes in
these species, the different ecosystems on the planet, such as deserts, rainforests and coral reefs
are all a part of a biologically diverse earth.
• Biodiversity actually boosts ecosystem productivity where each species, no matter how small, all
have an important role to play and that it is in this combination that enables the ecosystem to
possess the ability to prevent and recover from a variety of disasters.
• It is now believed that human activity is changing biodiversity and causing massive extinctions.
• The World Resource Institute reports that there is a link between biodiversity and climate change.
Rapid global warming can affect ecosystems chances to adapt naturally.
• Over the past 150 years, deforestation has contributed an estimated 30 percent of the atmospheric
build-up ofCO2.
• It is also a significant driving force behind the loss of genes, species, and critical ecosystem services.
Link between Biodiversity and Climate change
• Climate change is affecting species already threatened by multiple threats across the globe.
• Habitat fragmentation due to colonization, logging, agriculture and mining etc. are all contributing
to further destruction of terrestrial habitats.
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• Individual species may not be able to adapt. Species most threatened by climate change have small
ranges, low population densities, restricted habitat requirements and patchy distribution
• Ecosystems will generally shift northward or upward in altitude, but in some cases they will run out
of space - as 1°C change in temperature correspond to a 100 Km change in latitude, hence, average
shift in habitat conditions by the year 2100 will be on the order of 140 to 580 Km
• Coral reef mortality may increase and erosion may be accelerated. Increase level of carbon dioxide
adversely impact the coral building process (calcification).
• Sea level may rise, engulfing low-lying areas causing disappearance of many islands, and
extinctions of endemic island species.
• Invasive species may be aided by climate change. Exotic species can out-compete native wildlife
for space, food, water and other resources, and may also prey on native wildlife.
• Droughts and wildfires may increase. An increased risk of wildfires due to warming and drying out
of vegetation is likely.
• Sustained climate change may change the competitive balance among species and might lead to
forests destruction
Acid Rain
• Acid rain, or acid deposition, is a broad term that includes any form of precipitation with acidic
components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere in wet or
dry forms.
• This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is acidic.
• Acid rain results when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) are emitted into the
atmosphere and transported by wind and air currents.
• The SO2 and NOX react with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids.
• These then mix with water and other materials before falling to the ground.
• While a small portion of the SO2 and NOX that cause acid rain is from natural sources such as
volcanoes, most of it comes from the burning of fossil fuels. T
• The major sources of SO2 and NOX in the atmosphere are:
✓ Burning of fossil fuels to generate electricity. Two thirds of SO2 and one fourth of NOX in
the atmosphere come from electric power generators.
✓ Vehicles and heavy equipment.
✓ Manufacturing, oil refineries and other industries.
• Winds can blow SO2 and NOX over long distances and across borders making acid rain a problem
for everyone and not just those who live close to these sources.
Forms of Acid Deposition
1. Wet Deposition : Wet deposition is what we most commonly think of as acid rain. The sulfuric and
nitric acids formed in the atmosphere fall to the ground mixed with rain, snow, fog, or hail.
2. Dry Deposition
• Acidic particles and gases can also deposit from the atmosphere in the absence of moisture as dry
deposition.
• The acidic particles and gases may deposit to surfaces (water bodies, vegetation, buildings) quickly
or may react during atmospheric transport to form larger particles that can be harmful to human
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health. When the accumulated acids are washed off a surface by the next rain, this acidic water
flows over and through the ground, and can harm plants and wildlife, such as insects and fish.
• The amount of acidity in the atmosphere that deposits to earth through dry deposition depends
on the amount of rainfall an area receives.
• For example, in desert areas the ratio of dry to wet deposition is higher than an area that receives
several inches of rain each year.
Measuring Acid Rain
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• A diagram showing where various substances fall on the pH scale.Acidity and alkalinity are
measured using a pH scale for which 7.0 is neutral. The lower a substance's pH (less than 7), the
more acidic it is; the higher a substance's pH (greater than 7), the more alkaline it is.
• Normal rain has a pH of about 5.6; it is slightly acidic because carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves into
it forming weak carbonic acid. Acid rain usually has a pH between 4.2 and 4.4.
• Policymakers, research scientists, ecologists, and modelers rely on the National Atmospheric
Deposition Program’s (NADP) National Trends Network (NTN) for measurements of wet deposition.
• The NADP/NTN collects acid rain at more than 250 monitoring sites throughout the US, Canada,
Alaska, Hawaii and the US Virgin Islands. Unlike wet deposition, dry deposition is difficult and
expensive to measure.
• Dry deposition estimates for nitrogen and sulfur pollutants are provided by the Clean Air Status
and Trends Network (CASTNET).
• Air concentrations are measured by CASTNET at more than 90 locations.
• When acid deposition is washed into lakes and streams, it can cause some to turn acidic.
• The Long-Term Monitoring (LTM) Network measures and monitors surface water chemistry at over
280 sites to provide valuable information on aquatic ecosystem health and how water bodies
respond to changes in acid-causing emissions and acid deposition.
Hazardous Waste
• A solid waste is a hazardous waste if it is specifically listed as a known hazardous waste or meets
the characteristics of a hazardous waste.
• Listed wastes are wastes from common manufacturing and industrial processes, specific industries
and can be generated from discarded commercial products.
• Characteristic wastes are wastes that exhibit any one or more of the following characteristic
properties: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity or toxicity.
• A waste that has a hazardous component and a radioactive component is called a mixed waste and
is regulated under both the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Atomic Energy
Act.
• Hazardous wastes are classified on the basis of their biological, chemical, and physical properties.
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• These properties generate materials that are either toxic, reactive, ignitable, corrosive, infectious,
or radioactive.
• Toxic wastes are poisons, even in very small or trace amounts.
• They may have acute effects, causing death or violent illness, or they may have chronic effects,
slowly causing irreparable harm.
• Some are carcinogenic, causing cancer after many years of exposure.
• Others are mutagenic, causing major biological changes in the offspring of exposed humans and
wildlife.
• Reactive wastes are chemically unstable and react violently with air or water.
• They cause explosions or form toxic vapours.
• Ignitable wastes burn at relatively low temperatures and may cause an immediate fire hazard.
• Corrosive wastes include strong acidic or alkaline substances.
• They destroy solid material and living tissue upon contact, by chemical reaction.
Endangered life-species
• An endangered species is an animal or plant that's considered at risk of extinction.

• A species can be listed as endangered at the state, federal, and international level.
• On the federal level, the endangered species list is managed under the Endangered Species Act.
• The Endangered Species Act (ESA) was enacted by Congress in 1973.
• Under the ESA, the federal government has the responsibility to protect endangered species
(species that are likely to become extinct throughout all or a large portion of their range),
threatened species (species that are likely to become endangered in the near future), and critical
habitat (areas vital to the survival of endangered or threatened species).
• The Endangered Species Act has lists of protected plant and animal species both nationally and
worldwide. When a species is given ESA protection, it is said to be a "listed" species.
• Many additional species are evaluated for possible protection under the ESA, and they are called
“candidate” species
• The Endangered Species Act is very important because it saves our native fish, plants, and other
wildlife from going extinct.
• Once gone, they're gone forever, and there's no going back.
• Losing even a single species can have disastrous impacts on the rest of the ecosystem, because the
effects will be felt throughout the food chain.
• From providing cures to deadly diseases to maintaining natural ecosystems and improving overall
quality of life, the benefits of preserving threatened and endangered species are invaluable.
How a Species Gets Listed
When deciding whether a species should be added to the Endangered Species List, the following criteria
are evaluated:
✓ Has a large percentage of the species' vital habitat been degraded or destroyed?
✓ Has the species been over-consumed by commercial, recreational, scientific or educational uses?
✓ Is the species threatened by disease or predation?
✓ Do current regulations or legislation inadequately protect the species?
✓ Are there other man-made factors threatening the long-term survival of the species?
5 of the Most Famous Endangered Species
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1. Giant panda
2. Tiger
3. Whooping crane
4. Blue whale
5. Asian elephant
Industrial/Man-made disasters
• Disaster a sudden accident or a natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss of life.
• It’s what we call tsunamis, earthquakes, typhoons, eruptions and climate changes. However, those
are nothing more than a reaction to our actions.
• We blame the Earth for the death millions.
• We also think of ourselves as the alpha beings on this land, as governors and protectors.
• And yet, every now and then, our own incompetence and stupidity surfaces and shows us we’re
nothing more than a danger.
TOP 5 Industrial/Man made disasters
1. The Bhopal Gas Leak

In 1984, a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, resealed 30 metric tons of methyl
isocyanite into the atmosphere. The Union Carbide India Limited chemical plant was in extremely
poor condition and had broken dozens of safety regulations years before the accident. However,
the errors accumulated in time and on the night of December the third, safety release system
activated and emptied a storage tank in the air, in order to prevent a huge chemical explosion. The
release spread highly toxic chemicals over Bhopal and the neighbouring areas. Official death count
by the Indian government is 3,787 bodies, however, unofficial records state 8,000 deaths or more
tied to the disaster.
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2. The Jilin Chemical Explosion
In November the thirteenth, 2005, a petrochemical plant in Jilin, China was the site of series
of explosions. Poor handling of the operating systems led to blasts which shattered windows up to 200
metres away. Six people died, dozens were injured and thousands were forced to evacuate the region. The
event released 100 tons of pollutants, mainly benzene and nitrobenzene, into the environment. Surprisingly
enough, the accident went seemingly victimless as viewed in scale. However, Songhua River and Amur River
were covered in 80 km of toxic sludge. The benzene level rose to 108 times the safety levels. Exposure to it
lowers the amount of blood cells in the body and can cause leukaemia and other immune system
impairments. Later the Jilin and Heilongjian Province water supplies were shut off, due to the contamination.
Tens of millions of people were stranded without the vital supply. The initial death count might have been
small, but surely, a lot more people died in result of the explosions.
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3. The Tennesse Coal Ash Spill
The Kingston Fossil Fuel Power Plant like any other of it’s kind produced fly coal ash as a by
product of the coal combustion. The methods of storing required the ash to be mixed with water and the
mixture stored in dredge cells. However, due to poor management, the mixture was stored in dangerously
high amounts on the slope of a hill. After a powerful rain storm, in 2008, the slurry gave weight and stormed
down the hill in a massive landslide of mud and ash. In the southern states, people love to play in mud
slides, however, one would guess this one was a bit over the top. Three hundred acres of land were buried
under the filth and a lot of properties in Kingston were destroyed. An estimate of 675 million dollars of
damage was caused to the residents and national land with another 975 million needed to clean up the
slurry. Six months after, only three percent is removed.
4. The Sidoarjo mud volcano
Typically mud volcanoes are results from seismic activity. However, man couldn’t stand the fact
somebody else, be it mother nature, do something he could not. So, we caused one of our own. PT Lapindo
Brantas was an Indonesian drilling company. Although being warned multiple times, the company pushed
forward with an excavation site in a know unstable area not far away from the ring of fire. Apparently, the
drilling reactivated previously inactive faults. This was complimented by a 6.3 magnitude earthquake to the
south-west and several big aftershocks. A few days later, the drill hole erupted mud 200 metres above itself
in result. It continues to this day, with the expectancy to continue for the next 25 to 30 years. At it’s peak
the mud volcano spewed 180, 000 cubic metres of mud into the ocean. Despite mud is not directly toxic,
it’s not edible or drinkable either. The amounts released continue to contaminated the surrounding waters
and affects thousands of near by inhabitants and wildlife.
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5. Chernobyl Meltdown, Ukraine:
On April 26, 1986, Reactor No. 4 in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant exploded. Fallout
from the radiation was estimated to be higher than both atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Over
350,000 people were evacuated and resettled from Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. Meanwhile, it took 500,000
workers to end the meltdown, 31 whom died. This doesn't include the long-term health effects people
suffered from their exposure to the radiation. Nearly 4,000 deaths so far have thought to be attributed to
the radiation poisoning people living near Chernobyl acquired. To this day, no one is sure that what the
final death toll from the meltdown will be, but Chernobyl became the first poster-child on the risks of nuclear
power.
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Biological Hazards
• Biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, and parasites.

• Bacteria are one-celled organisms that cause infections or release toxic chemicals inside the body.
• These organisms include anthrax, plague, salmonella, shigella, and a host of other food- and water-
borne pathogens, as well as most of the common biological weapons.
• Bacteria can usually be treated with antibiotics during the early stages of infection; therefore,
understanding the types of common bacterial infections in the disaster zone can help a team
prepare to maintain their own health as well as aid in restoring the health of the population in the
affected area.
• Viruses are simple strands of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein sheath.
• They invade the body’s cells and use these cells as nutrients to reproduce.
• Viral hazards in disaster zones include arthropod-borne viruses, such as yellow fever, and viruses
transmitted from one person to another, such as smallpox, HIV, and hemorrhagic fever viruses.
• Viruses such as smallpox and Venezuelan equine encephalitis have been investigated as bio-logical
weapons.
• Some viruses can be prevented by vaccination, and many developing countries in tropical areas of
Latin America and Africa require yellow fever vaccinations for people entering the country.
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Concept Of Ecology MODULE 03
Concept of Ecology
Concept of ecology :
• Man has been taking keen interest in his surrounding and for that matter his environment in a
practical sense since his evolution.
• His matter of survival was dependent on his understanding of the natural forces, the flora and fauna
surrounding him.
• Civilization and settled agriculture further strengthened his relationship with environment as he
started modifying and controlling the forces of nature.
• However it is important to understand the concepts of environment ecology or eco systems which
are loosely used interchangeably or as substitutes of each other. Where as they differ in their scope
and mechanism
Meaning and definition of Ecology:
• The science of ecology has had a gradual development through history. The reference to this
concept is found in the writings of Aristotle and other philosophers of Greek period.
• The term ecology was first proposed by a German Biologist Ernest Hackel in 1866.
• The word is derived from two Greek words „Oikos‟ that means house, a place to live and logos i.e.
the study of.
• Therefore ecology is a study of organisms at home.
• Ecology is mainly concerned with the biological connections and processes of organisms, land,
water etc.
• It can be referred as the scientific study of the interactions that determine the distribution and
abundance of organism.
• According to Webster‟s dictionary “ecology is the totality or patterns of relations between
organisms and their environment”.
• For E. Hackel “It is the science of relation between organisms and their environment”.
• Taylor defined ecology as “the science of all the relations of all the organisms in relation to all the
environments”
• According to the United States Council on Environmental Quality, “ecology is the science of the
intricate web of relationships between living organisms and their non-living surroundings.
• Hence it is imperative to understand and differentiate the concept of ecology with reference to
environment or the components of ecosystem.
Scope of ecology:
• Ecology is a multidisciplinary science. Because of its focus on higher levels of the organization of
life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws
heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology, geography, meteorology,
climatology genetics, chemistry, physics, biology, maths and now even computer science.
• Ecologists aim to explain the distribution, life processes and adaptations amongst the organisms.
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• Further it tries to analyse the movement of energy flow and successive growth and development
of organisms.
• It tries to comprehend the nature of biodiversity and its complexity.
• Along with understanding the interrelation and interdependence of the organisms, ecologists are
also concerned about manner in which manipulation and misuse of non-living organisms by
human population is taking place, ruining the balance.
Principles of ecology:
• All living organisms and their environment are mutually reactive, affecting each other in various
ways.
• Animal population, flora and fauna (vegetation) are interdependent throughout the environment.
• Components in ecology are dynamic and works as a sieve (to perforate) selecting organism for
growth and others for decay.
• The species maintain uniformity in structure, function, reproduction, growth and development by
preservation of its genetic pool.
• Modification in the organisms of ecology takes place through growth, dispersal, reproduction,
death and decay.
• Under similar climatic conditions there may be simultaneous development of more than one
community and some of which may even reach their climax or critical stage
Ecosystem:
• Ecosystem is the whole unit of biological and physical entities of certain, defined area or a volume.
• The size of an ecosystem could vary from a bark of a dead tree up to a massive rain forest or the
ocean.
• A small fish tank is also an ecosystem, but it is an artificial ecosystem. An ecosystem could be either
natural or manmade.
• However, the natural ecosystems last forever, as there are self-sustaining mechanisms.
• Ecosystem is mainly composed of communities, which are combinations of populations.
• Usually, a typical ecosystem contains producers, primary consumers (herbivores), secondary and
tertiary consumers (mostly omnivores and carnivores), scavengers, and decomposers.
• Ecosystem is formed if these components are present, which encompasses the energy cycling, in a
particular place.
• Organisms will fit into the available niches by finding proper habitats and living in a preferred
environment.
• If that particular place could sustain the life without being diminished, the place can eventually
become an ecosystem.
• A collection of ecosystems make a biome, and all the biomes collectively form the biosphere of the
Earth.
Ecosystem and interdependence between living organisms
• An ecosystem is the interaction between a community of living organisms and their environment
• A community is two or more populations of organisms.
• An ecosystem is two or more populations of organisms (usually many more) in their environment.
• A population is all the organisms of the same or closely-related species in an area
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• All living things depend on their environment to supply them with what they need, including food,
water, and shelter.
• Their environment consists of physical factors—such as soil, air, and temperature—and also of other
organisms.
• An organism is an individual living thing. Many living things interact with other organisms in their
environment.
• In fact, they may need other organisms in order to survive.
• This is known as interdependence.
• For example, living things that cannot make their own food must eat other organisms for food.
• Other interactions between living things include symbiotic relationships and competition for
resources.
Organisms within an ecosystem are organised into trophic levels.
❖ Producer:- Plants and algae, which photosynthesise

❖ Primary consumer :- Herbivores, which eat producers
❖ Secondary consumer :- Carnivores, which eat primary consumers
❖ Tertiary consumer:- Carnivores that eat secondary consumers
Levels of organisation within an ecosystem
Ecosystem
Community describing
Individual Population of
of communities
organism individuals
populations in their
environment
Habitat in Ecosystem
• Habitat, by definition, is the environmental or the ecological area being inhabited by any organism.
In other words, habitat is the natural environment in which an animal, a plant, or any other organism
occupies.
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• Habitat surrounds a population of one species, and it determines the distribution of a particular
species.
• An organism or a population naturally prefers to live in a particular environment, which is full of
resources for them, and that environment becomes their habitat eventually.
• It could be a water body, a certain area of the water column, bark of a tree, inside the leaf litter of
a rain forest, a cave, or the interior of an animal.
• That means a habitat could be any place with an energy or nutrient source for the organism or the
entire population depending on their requirements.
• The main limiting factors of habitats are the abundance of food/energy and threats (e.g. predators,
competitors).
• Therefore, these factors limit the distribution and occupancy of a particular species or population.
• However, the habitat is the place where an animal or plant simply lives in nature.
• Depending on the number of species in an ecosystem, the number of habitats changes accordingly.
Limiting factor in ecology
• In ecology, common limiting factor resources are environmental features that limit the growth,
abundance, or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms in an ecosystem.
• The concept of limiting factors is based on Liebig's Law of the Minimum, which states that growth
is controlled not by the total amount of resources available, but by the scarcest resource.
• In other words, a factor is limiting if a change in the factor produces increased growth, abundance,
or distribution of an organism, when other factors necessary to the organisms life do not. Limiting
factors may be physical or biological.
• Limiting factors are not limited to the condition of the species. Some factors may be increased or
reduced based on circumstances.
• An example of a limiting factor is sunlight in the rain forest, where growth is limited to all plants on
the forest floor unless more light becomes available.
• This decreases a number of potential factors that could influence a biological process, but only one
is in effect at any one place and time.
• This recognition that there is always a single limiting factor is vital in ecology; and the concept has
parallels in numerous other processes.
• The limiting factor also causes competition between individuals of a species population. For
example, space is a limiting factor.
• Many predators and prey need a certain amount of space for survival: food, water, and other
biological needs.
• If the population of a species is too high, they start competing for those needs.
• Thus the limiting factors hold down population in an area by causing some individuals to seek
better prospects elsewhere and others to stay and starve.
• Some other limiting factors in biology include temperature and other weather related factors.
• Species can also be limited by the availability of macro- and micronutrients. There has even been
evidence of co-limitation in prairie ecosystems.
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Food Chain in Ecosystem
• For an ecosystem to work there has to be a flow of energy within it.

• The organisms of the ecosystem need energy in the form of food.
• The ultimate source of this energy is the sun.
• Producers like green plants trap solar energy and convert it into the chemical energy of food.
• When a primary consumer eats the producer, a part of this energy is passed on to it.
• The primary consumer is then eaten by a secondary consumer.
• And the secondary consumer may be eaten by a tertiary consumer, and so on.
• In this way energy gets transferred from one consumer to the next higher level of consumer.
• A series of organisms through which food energy flows in an ecosystem is called a food chain.
• It may also be defined as follows.
• A food chain in an ecosystem is a series of organisms in which each organism feeds on the one
below it in the series.
• In a forest ecosystem, grass is eaten by a deer, which in turn is eaten by a tiger.
• The grass, deer and tiger form a food chain (Figure 8.2).
• In this food chain, energy flows from the grass (producer) to the deer (primary consumer) to the
tiger (secondary consumer).
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• A food chain in a grassland ecosystem may consist of grasses and other plants, grasshoppers, frogs,
snakes and hawks (Figure 8.3).
• In a freshwater aquatic ecosystem like a pond, the organisms in the food chain include algae, small
animals, insects and their larvae, small fish, big fish and a fish-eating bird or animal (Figure 8.4).
Carrying Capacity:
• The population that can be supported indefinitely by its supporting systems.

• In ecological terms, the carrying capacity of an ecosystem is the size of the population that can be
supported indefinitely upon the available resources and services of that ecosystem.
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• Living within the limits of an ecosystem depends on three factors:

✓ The amount of resources available in the ecosystem,
✓ The size of the population, and
✓ The amount of resources each individual is consuming.
• A simple example of carrying capacity is the number of people who could survive in a lifeboat after
a shipwreck.
• Their survival depends on how much food and water they have, how much each person eats and
drinks each day, and how many days they are afloat.
• If the lifeboat made it to an island, how long the people survived would depend upon the food
and water supply on the island and how wisely they used it.
• A small desert island will support far fewer people than a large continent with abundant water and
good soil for growing crops.
• In this example, food and water are the natural capital of the island. Living within the carrying
capacity means using those supplies no faster than they are replenished by the island's
environment: using the 'interest' income of the natural capital.
• A community that is living off the interest of its community capital is living within the carrying
capacity. A community that is degrading or destroying the ecosystem on which it depends is using
up its community capital and is living unsustainably.
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Scope of Environmental Management MODULE 04
Scope of Environmental Management
Scope of Environmental Management:
• The awareness regarding environmental problems and their proper management began in 1970s
through various people movements around many countries of the world.
• The green peace movement, the Chipko movement etc. are some of them.
• The advancement in the field of science and technology helped to provide various tools and
instrument supported by statistical data to properly solve environmental problems and help in its
management.
• The revolution in the field of computer technologies has now provided us enough means to utilize
this in the area of environmental management.
• There are now very advanced instruments to measure air and water qualities at different places.
• The soil testing procedure adopted now can give very accurate result about the quality and nutrient
quantities of soil at different areas.
• The rapid growth in population along with rapid industrialisation has put much stress on
environmental factors like air, water and soil.
• Many forest areas have given way to establish factories. Large amount of industrial waste polluting
the air water and soil in the surrounding areas.
• This pollution is not limited to one place.
• It is spreading too many areas of population. This pollution of environment has become a global
issue. It requires help from all sections of people in the society.
• People around the world are now very conscious about the health of the environment.
• Due to development in all branches of science and technology, there is enough scope for
environmental management in the present time.
The scopes in the following areas need environment management:
1. Population increase and health services.

2. Treatment of pollutants (air, water and solid) generated from various sources.
3. Pollution level in air, water and soil.
4. Development of non-polluting renewable energy sources like wind, solar, biomass etc.
5. Solid waste utilisation through recycling.
6. Biodiversity Conservation.
7. Environmental awareness in society
The components of environmental management are based on five fundamental aspects.
1. Environmental perception and public awareness: The environmental perception and public
awareness considers the following points:
✓ Sources of environmental perception and public awareness.
✓ Level of environmental perception.
✓ Role of environmental perception in environmental planning and management.
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2. Environmental education and training: Environmental education and training should be given at
school, college and University levels by professionals.
3. Resource management: The resource management considers the following points:
✓ Classification of natural resources
✓ Survey and evaluation of ecological resources
✓ Preservation of resources
✓ Conservation of resources
4. Control of Environmental degradation and pollution: The environmental degradation and pollution
can be checked by considering the following points:
✓ Control of environmental degradation and pollution.
✓ Adopting suitable preventive mechanisms to reduce natural hazards and disaster.
✓ Regeneration of degraded environment.
5. Environmental impact assessment: The environmental impact assessment involves:
✓ Appraisal of existing environmental conditions
✓ Appraisal of existing and proposed production methods
✓ Methologies and procedures
✓ Probable impacts of existing and proposed project.
✓ Review of technology and required improvement.
Environmental Quality Management
• Environmental Quality Management, Inc. (EQM) is a leading environmental consulting, remediation,

and construction company providing expertise in engineering and environmental compliance,
environmental remediation, and construction services to the industrial, public, and government
sectors.
• The environmental consultants in our Engineering & Compliance Group provide our clients with a
robust approach to guide them in all aspects of air quality permitting, compliance outsourcing,
water quality management, waste management, chemical reporting, industrial hygiene, stack
testing, and other EHS services.
• Our Remediation & Construction and Emergency Response Group executes environmental
remediation and construction projects for federal and commercial clients including projects with
complex scopes of work and challenging contaminated waste streams.
• EQ was established in 1990, to provide nationwide environmental consulting, engineering, and
remediation/restoration services from its offices throughout the country.
• In addition to its Cincinnati headquarters, EQM has offices in Chicago, Illinois; Denver, Colorado;
Durham, North Carolina; Las Vegas, Nevada; New Orleans, Louisiana; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
Portland, Oregon; Roanoke, Virginia; Sacramento, California; San Antonio, Texas; and Seattle,
Washington. According to the July 7 issue of Engineering News Record’s (ENR) listing of The Top
200 Environmental Firms, EQ is currently ranked as the 43rd largest environmental firm in the US;
the 17th largest in hazardous waste projects, the 16th largest overall governmental environmental
contractor, and the 9th largest “All Environmental” firm in the US.
• The company provides services in the following areas:
✓ Air Quality Services
✓ Emergency Response
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✓ Environmental Management
✓ Industrial Hygiene
✓ Steel
✓ Cement
Corporate Environmental Responsibility
• Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) refers to a company's duties to abstain from

damaging natural environments. The term derives from corporate social responsibility (CSR).
• The environmental aspect of CSR has been debated over the past few decades, as stakeholders
increasingly require organizations to become more environmentally aware and socially responsible.
• In the traditional business model, environmental protection was considered only in relation to the
"public interest".
• Hitherto, governments had maintained principal responsibility for ensuring environmental
management and conservation.
• The public sector has been focused on the development of regulations and the imposition of
sanctions as a means to facilitating environmental protection.
• Recently, the private sector has adopted the approach of co-responsibility towards the prevention
and alleviation of environmental damage.
• The sectors and their roles have been changing, with the private sector becoming more active in
the protection of the environment. Many governments, corporations, and big companies are now
providing strategies for environmental protection and economic growth
• The World Commission on Environment published the Brundtland Report in 1987 to address
sustainable development.
• Since then, managers, scholars, and business owners have tried to determine why and how big
corporations should incorporate environmental aspects into their own policies.
• In recent years, an increasing number of companies have pledged to protect natural environments.
Main elements
✓ Eliminate waste and emissions

✓ Maximize the efficient use of resources and productivity
✓ Minimize activities that might impair the enjoyment of resources by future generations.
Benefits of Corporate Environmental Responsibility
✓ Brand image: standing out as a green corporate can improve your reputation.
✓ Customer loyalty: people prefer brands who have environmental concerns and they are more
inclined to buy from them in the future.
✓ Differentiation: face to increasingly demanding customers and aware of environmental issues,
gaining a green reputation can help you differentiate.
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TOTAL QUALITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MODULE 05
TOTAL QUALITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Introduction : In 1992, GEMI introduced the business world to a management concept known as Total
Quality Environmental Management (TQEM). TQEM merges the principles of Total Quality Management,
espoused by management guru Dr. W. Edwards Deming, and the goals of environmental management.
GEMI is committed to TQEM because it emphasizes the continuous improvement of a company’s
environmental activities. As part of this commitment, GEMI provides guidance on, and serves as a forum
for, TQEM ideas. Total Quality Environmental Management refers to business management practices that
reduce or prevent environmental pollution achieved through Total Quality Management techniques.(Albero
A, 1999). Most literature on this topic abates with the increasing adoption of ISO 14001 in around 1995.
Basic elements of TQEM :
1. Identify your customers : Total quality is based on the premise that the customer is always right.
In fact quality is defined by what the customer wants. Customers can be external (i.e. environmental
group ) or internal ( i.e. such as other department which the company higher management level )
2. Countinuous improvement : The systematic on going effort to improve business process
continuous improvement changes the entire corporate perspective. The staff is motivated to seek
innovative alternative to outdated process and polices. With continuous improvement there is no
endpoint only progress along a continuum.
3. Do the job right the first time: In TQEM it is essential to recognized and eliminate environmental
problems before they occur. The best cure for a pound of environmental crises is an ounce of
prevention. Focusing employee attention on the causes of environmental problems instead of the
symptoms can reduce the cost of waste disposal government reporting and crisis control. By
investing in prevention a company can save on the long term cost of compliance , resource, and
unplanned liabilities.
4. Take a system approach to work: TQEM teaches us to look at each part of environmental
management as a system. The system include all the equipment and people who must work
together to achieve the desired objective. Total quality cause us to work across organization
boundaries forming team that represent all the function involved in making a system work as
intended. Interaction of people and decision making procedure can be flow charted and analyzed
as a system.
Socio-Industrial Facets of Total Quality Environmental Management:
• Abatement of environmental pollution cannot succeed with the dedicated efforts of an individual;
it takes a village to raise environmental standards.
• Consequently, businesses can collectively attain environmental improvements through industry
teamwork and in collaboration with regulators, thereby creating an alternative to stringent
regulatory control.
• Total Quality Environmental Management has been proposed as an Alliance Framework (Odea &
Pratt, 1995) With respect to implementation, most businesses find it impossible to superimpose
another company’s quality organization on their own firm similarly to the way that pouring beer
into a soda pop can will not change the beer's taste into cola.
35
• (Woods, 1993) Thus, Total Quality Environmental Management implementations must address the
unique aspects of each operating facility.
• In 1992, performance indicators for Total Quality Environmental Management were "in the early
stages of development" (Johansson, 1992) though little work in the area occurred since.
Total Quality Environmental Management Measures
• An initial conceptual framework based on Juran’s COQ approach to identifying the costs of
environmental projects has been introduced.
• However, an empirical examination of the proposed framework remains untested. (Curkovic et al,
2005).
• Total Quality Management frameworks and frameworks for capturing environmental costs do not
yet cover the use of Total Quality Environmental Management.
• Del Brío et al. (2000) presented and test two TQEM measures with good χ², but the measurements
hold limited practical usefulness.
• Del Brio et al. found some correspondence between the attitude of the Spanish industrial
companies' managers towards the environment based on their perception of the advantages and
difficulties of environmental actions.
• Del Brio et al. also found a correspondence between the importance that managers attach to the
adoption of a series of tools and the formal consideration they give to the environmental area; the
managers were more concerned about the environmental advantages, difficulties and tools working
in companies that attach more formal importance to the environmental area.
• They also found some correspondence between obtaining an environmental management
certificate and the formal consideration given to the environmental area by managers.
• Those companies with an environmental management certificate attach more formal importance
to the environmental area.
• Green supply chain practices were defined in terms of four factors based on literature: internal
environment management, external GSCM practices, inventory recovery, and eco-design. QM was
defined as two main activities: TQM and ISO9000 certification. (Zhu & Sarkis, 2004)
Recent Total Quality Environmental Management Assessment
Jayathirtha (2001) provided a recent examination of Total Quality Environmental Management after
the successful introduction of ISO 14001. Both ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 series standards make some
common requirements:
✓ Doing business as usual is “unacceptable.”

✓ Doing business without a systematic management approach is economic doom.
✓ Providing quality is key.
✓ Protecting and nurturing the environment is the key.
✓ Doing it right the first time is crucial.
✓ Getting your act together is essential.
✓ Listening to customers and other stakeholders is absolutely necessary.
✓ Respecting society is mandatory.
The objectives of Total Quality Environmental Management are to:
✓ Reduce waste and improve continuously
36
✓ Reduce resource depletion,

✓ Reduce or eliminate environmental pollution,
✓ Design products for minimal environmental impact in production, use and disposal,
✓ Control environmental impact of raw material sourcing,
✓ Control environmental impact of new developments,
✓ Promote environmental awareness among employees and
✓ Promote environmental awareness within the community.
ISO - 14000
INTRODUCTION : The international environmental standards are intended to provide organizations with
the elements of an effective environmental management system, which can be integrated with other
management requirements to assist organizations to achieve environmental and financial goals. These
standards specify the core elements of an environmental management system to support environmental
protection in balance with socio-economic needs. The current international standards on environmental
management system cover the following major areas:
✓ Environmental management system;

✓ Environmental auditing;
✓ Environmental labeling;
✓ Environmental performance evaluation
✓ Life cycle assessment, and terms and definitions.
ISO 14000 builds a single global management system that allows effective management of environmental
responsibilities, liabilities, costs, document commitment to government, and promotes concern for the
society. Lack of an effective environmental management system (EMS) and proper guidelines cost the
company in the following areas:
• Missed opportunities to reduce energy consumption and material waste. In disabled administrative
staff, to address the literally thousands of environmental regulations in India and the countries in
which business transactions take place.
• Fines and penalties through government audits because your environmental aspects are out of
compliance.
• Loss of confidence by stockholders and financial institutions who are unsure of environmental risk
factor.
• Poor public image and loss of opportunities to describe the products to those who prefer to buy
environment friendly products.
• The task of management is to control internal costs and maximize market opportunities by
enhancing the product, and company's image of giving thrust to areas of environmental
importance, such as quality, health, and safety
ISO 14000 is a group of standards encompassing the following areas:
✓ Environmental Management Systems (14001, 14002, 14004);

✓ Environmental Auditing (14010, 14011, 14012);
37
✓ Evaluation of Environmental Performance (14031);

✓ Environmental Labeling (14020, 14021, 14022, 14023, 14024, 14025);
✓ Life Cycle Assessment (14040, 14041, 14042, 14043).
ISO 14001 is the only standard intended for registration by third parties. All the others are for guidance. ISO
14001 is a management standard, it is not a performance or product standard. The underlying purpose of
ISO 14001 is that companies will improve their performance or the level of improvement will be raised. It is
the process for managing companies' activities that have impact on the environment. Some unique
characteristics of ISO 14001 are:
✓ It is comprehensive: All members of the organization participate in environmental protection; the

EMS considers all stakeholders and there are processes to identify all environmental impacts
✓ It is proactive: It focuses on forward thinking and action instead of reacting to command and
control policies.
✓ It is a systems approach: The stresses are on improving environmental protection by using a single
environmental management system across all functions of the organization.
ISO 14000 SERIES COVER:
STANDARD TITLE/ DESCRIPTION

14000 Guide to Environmental Management Principles, Systems and Supporting
Techniques
14001 Environmental Management Systems-Specification with Guidance for use
14010 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing-General Principles of Environmental
Auditing
14011 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing-Audit Procedures Part 1 Auditing of
Environmental Auditing Systems
14012 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing-Qualification Criteria for Environmental
Auditors
140131/15 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing-Audit Programmes, Reviews and
Assessments
14020/23 Environmental Labeling
14024 Environmental Labeling-Practitioner Programmes-Guiding Principles, Practices
and Certification. Procedures to multiple criteria programmes
14031/32 14040/43 Guidelines on Environmental Performance Evaluation
14050 Life Cycle Assessment, General Principles and Practices Glossary
14060 Guide for the Inclusion of Environmental Aspects in Product Standards
BENEFITS OF ISO 14001
1. Intangible Benefits
✓ Continuity of operations
✓ Clear objectives and targets
✓ Clear job procedures, responsibilities and accountability
✓ Increased communications
✓ Environmental reviews of suppliers
✓ Ability to attract and maintain a high quality workforce through employee price
38
✓ Improved community goodwill.

2. Tangible Benefits
✓ Potential cost savings
✓ Reduced raw material usage . Reduced waste disposal costs . Recoverable resources
✓ Reduced penaltie
✓ Lower insurance premiums
✓ Lower capital repayment rates
STEPS IN ISO 14000 CERTIFICATION PROCESS
There are two phases in establishing an ISO 14000 EMS: creating the EMS and getting registered. The first
step is to create an EMS as described below.
Create an EMS
Creating an EMS involves the following sequential steps:
1. Establish a project committee responsible for learning about ISO 14000 and managing the creation
of EMS
2. The project committee prepares a briefing for top management describing ISO 14000, the EMS,
registration, costs and benefits.
3. Top management commits to the EMS process.
4. Perform a gap analysis to determine how well the organization meets the ISO 14000 requirements
and what will it take to meet them.
5. . Presents results of gap analysis to the management and receives approval for continuation of the
process.
6. Prepares a draft environmental policy with the top management participation.
7. Designs a procedure to identify the environmental aspects of the operation.
8. Identifies the environmental aspects and impacts.
9. Designs a procedure to identify the legal and other requirements of the organization.
10. .Identifies the legal and other requirements.
11. Creates environmental objectives and targets for each relevant function and level in the
organization.
12. Establishes a programme for achieving targets and objectives.
13. Presents the EMS to the top management for approval.
14. . Top management accepts the EMS.
15. Policy and EMS are implemented and an audit function is established.
16. Final gap analysis is performed to determine if the organization is ready for registration audit.
17. Organization applies for certification by the outside auditors.
Organizations are registered by outside auditors or "registrars" for meeting the ISO 14000 standard. The
registration can be for the specific company site, for several sites, or for the entire company. Very specific'
attributes of an EMS are specified in the 14001 standard. The steps in the registration period are:
1. Establish the scope of the registration. This can be done internally or with the help of outside
auditors;
2. Apply for registration. This is a written application to the registration body;
3. Outside auditors perform full assessment;
39
4. The certification body based on the auditors' findings grants registration. An organization will
receive one of the three designations: Approval-Conditional or Provisional Disapproval. When a
company is registered, it receives a certificate listed in the certification register;
5. Ongoing activities are then required to maintain the registration. These include:
✓ Monitoring and measuring the EMS;
✓ Investing and handling non-conformances;
✓ Implementing corrective action and preventive action;
✓ Maintaining environmental records;
✓ Establishing and maintaining an ISO 14000 standard and programme.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is ISO 14000?

2. Explain in brief the history of ISO 14000.
3. What is ISO 14001?
4. What are other ISO 14000 series standard?
5. Explain Environmental Management System (EMS) and ISO 14000 standards.
40
General overview of major legislations MODULE 06
General overview of major legislations
The Environment Protection Act of 1986
• In the wake of the Bhopal gas tragedy, the Government of India enacted the Environment
(Protection) Act of 1986 under Article 253 of the Constitution.
• The purpose of the Act is to implement the decisions of the United Nations Conference on the
Human Environment of 1972, in so far as they relate to the protection and improvement of the
human environment and the prevention of hazards to human beings, other living creatures, plants
and property.
• The Act is an "umbrella" legislation designed to provide a framework for Central Government
coordination of the activities of various Central and state authorities established under previous
laws, such as the Water Act and the Air Act.
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981
• To implement the decisions taken at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
held in Stockholm in June 1972, Parliament enacted the nation-wide Air Act under Article 253 of
the Constitution.
• The Act's statement of objects and reasons contains the government explanation of the contents
and the scope of the law, and its concern for the detrimental effect (of air pollution) on the health
of the people as also on animal life, vegetation or property.
• The Air Act's framework is similar to the one created by its predecessor, the Water Act of 1974.
• To enable an integrated approach to environmental problems, the Air Act expanded the authority
of the Central and state boards established under the Water Act, to include air pollution control.
• States not having water pollution boards were required to set up air pollution boards.
• Under the Air Act, all industries operating within designated air pollution control areas must obtain
a ”consent" (permit) from the state boards.
• The states are required to prescribe emission standards for industry and automobiles after
consulting the Central Board and noting its ambient air quality standards. Prior to its amendment
in 1987, the Air Act was enforced through mild court administered penalties on violators
• The 1987 amendment strengthened the enforcement machinery
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974
• The Water Act of 1974 was the culmination of over a decade of discussion and deliberation between
the Centre and the states.
• The history and the preamble of the Water Act suggest that only state governments can enact water
pollution legislation.
• The Act, therefore, was assessed by Parliament pursuant to enabling resolution by twelve states,
under Article 252(1) of the Constitution. Article 252 empowers Parliament to enact laws on state
subjects for two or more states, where the state legislatures have consented to such legislation
• The Act vests regulatory authority in state boards and empowers these boards to establish and
enforce effluent standards for factories discharging pollutants into bodies of water.
41
• A Central Board performs the same functions for union territories and coordinates activities among
the states.
• The boards control sewage and industrial effluent discharges by approving, rejecting or
conditioning applications for consent to discharge.
• The state boards also minimize water pollution by advising state governments on appropriate sites
for new industry.
• Prior to its amendment in 1988, enforcement under the Water Act was achieved through criminal
prosecutions initiated by the boards and through applications to magistrates for injunctions to
restrain polluters.
• The 1988 Amendment strengthened implementation provisions of the Act.
• Now, a board may close a defaulting industrial plant or withdraw its supply of power or water by
an administrative order; the penalties are more stringent, and citizens' suit provision bolsters the
enforcement machinery.
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act of 1977
• The Water Cess Act was passed to help meet the expenses of the Central aJ1d state water boards.
• The Act creates economic incentives for pollution control and requires local authorities and certain
designated industries to pay a cess (tax) for water consumption.
• These revenues are used to implement the Water Act.
• The Central Government, after deducting the expenses of collection, pays the Central Board and
the states such sums as it deems necessary to enforce the provisions of the Water Act.
• To encourage capital investment in pollution control, the Act gives a polluter a 70 per cent rebate
of the applicable cess upon installing effulge treatment equipment.
The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972
• In 1972, Parliament enacted the Wildlife Act pursuant to the enabling resolutions of 11 states under
Article 252(1) of the Constitution.
• The Wildlife Act provides for state wildlife advisory boards, regulations for hunting wild animals and
birds, establishment of sanctuaries and national parks, regulations for trade in wild animals, animal
products and trophies, and judicially imposed penalties for violating the Act.
• Harming endangered species listed in Schedule I of the Act is prohibited throughout India.
• Hunting other species, such as those requiring special protection (Schedule II), big game (Schedule
III) and small game (Schedule IV) is regulated through licensing.
• A few species classified as vermin (Schedule V) may be hunted without restrictions.
• Wildlife wardens and their staff administer the Act.
• An amendment to the Act in 1982, introduced provisions permitting the capture and transportation
of wild animals for the scientific management of animal populations.
The Factories Act of 1948
• Passed shortly after the Bhopal gas tragedy and the Supreme Court's judgment in the Shriram Gas
Leak Case (AIR 1987 SC 965), the 1987 Amendment to the Factories Act introduced special
provisions on hazardous industrial activities.
• The 1987 Amendment empowers the states to appoint Site Appraisal Committees to advice on the
initial location of factories using hazardous processes.
42
• The factory inspector and the local authority have to keep a close watch on all particulars regarding
health hazards at the factory, and the preventive measure taken.
• These preventive measures must be published among the workers and nearby residents. Every
occupier must also draw up an emergency disaster control plan, which must be approved by the
Chief Inspector.
• The occupier is required to maintain workers' medical records and must employ operations and
maintenance personnel who are experienced in handling hazardous substances.
• The permissible limits of exposure to toxic substances are prescribed in the Second Schedule to the
Act.
• Safety committees consisting of workers and managers are required to review periodically the
factory's safety measures.
• The Factories Act after its 1987 Amendment defines "occupier" as a very senior level manager.
• Such person is held responsible for compliance with The Insecticides Rules of 1971 prescribe the
procedures for licensing, packaging, labeling and transporting insecticides.
• They also provide for workers' safety during the manufacture and handling of insecticides through
protective clothing, respiratory devices, and medical facilities.
The Indian Forest Act of 1927
• Although it embodies the colonial policies of the pre-independence era, the Forest Act of 1927
remains in force.
• This Act consolidates, with minor changes, the provisions of the Indian Forest Act of 1878 and its
amending Acts.
• The 1927 Act deals with four categories of forests, namely, reserved forests, village forests,
protected forests, and non-government (private) forests.
• A state may declare forestlands or waste lands as reserved forests and may sell the produce from
these forests.
• Any unauthorized felling of trees, quarrying, grazing and hunting in reserved forests is punishable
with a fine or imprisonment, or both. Reserved forests assigned to a village community are called
village forests.
• The state governments are empowered to designate protected forests and may prohibit the felling
of trees, quarrying and the removal of forest produce from these forests.
• The preservation of protected forests is enforced through rules, licenses and criminal prosecutions.
• The Forest Act is administered by forest officers who are authorized to compel the attendance of
witnesses and the production of documents, to issue search warrants and to take evidence in an
inquiry into forest offences. Such evidence is admissible in a magistrate's court.
The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980
• Alarmed at India's rapid deforestation and the resulting environmental degradation, the Central
Government enacted the Forest (Conservation) Act in 1980.
• As amended in 1988, the Act requires the approval of the Central Government before a state
"deserves" a reserved forest, uses forest land for non-forest purposes, assigns forest land to a
private person or corporation, or clears forest land for the purpose of reforestation.
• An Advisory Committee constituted under the Act advises the Centre on this approval.
43
REFRENCE
➢ Environmental Management: Principles and Practice, C J Barrow,
Routledge Publishers London,1999
➢ A Handbook of Environmental Management Edited by Jon C. Lovett
and David G. Ockwell, Edward Elgar Publishing
➢ Environmental Management,T V Ramachandra and Vijay Kulkarni, TERI
Press
➢ Indian Standard Environmental Management Systems —
Requirements With Guidance For Use, Bureau Of Indian Standards,
February 2005
➢ Environmental Management: An Indian Perspective, S N Chary and
Vinod Vyasulu, Maclillan India, 2000
➢ Introduction to Environmental Management, Mary K Theodore and
Louise Theodore, CRC Press Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain,
3rd Ed. Access Publishing.2015
“GOOD JUDGEMENT COMES FROM EXPERIENCE, AND A LOT OF
THAT COMES FROM BAD JUDGEMENT “
Book by Amit Mahto,
A Student of THEEM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

currently aspiring BE from Mechanical Engineering, has put all his effort
and hardwork and indulged it precisely in the following book, his main
motive is to provide a book with easy language and create ease in
understanding to the students, he inculcated, for his all the knowledge
about the subject and created this wonderful masterpiece..
mahtoamitg@gmail.com Price – 100/-
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

( As per Choice Based Credit and Grading System )

Outcomes: Learner will be able to...

1. Understand the concept of environmental management

Module Detailed Contents Hrs

Internal Assessment for 20 marks:

Consisting Two Compulsory Class Tests

40% but excluding contents covered in Test I)

End Semester Examination:

1 Introduction and Definition of Environment 1

2 Global Environmental concerns 11

4 Scope of Environment Management 32

5 Total Quality Environmental Management 37

6 General overview of major legislations 41

Introduction and Definition of Environment

Introduction to Environmental Management:

Scope of Environmental Management:

The scopes in the following areas need environment management:

1. Population increase and health services.

WHY UNDERTAKE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT?

• There are a number of business advantages to undertaking environmental management.

Types of Environmental Management

There are three broad categories of environmental management in the lifecycle:

1. The construction environmental management plan

Construction Phase Environmental Management Plan

• It is intended to enable the management and mitigation of construction activities so that

Operational Phase Environmental Management Plan

The Decommissioning Phase Environmental Management Plan

Importance of Environmental Management

• Environmental management is vital to conform socio-economic development project to

5 Environmental Issues The Indian Govt Needs To Address

4. Wildlife And Biodiversity

Indian Energy Scenario

❖ Natural Gas Supply

❖ Electrical Energy Supply

❖ Nuclear Power Supply

❖ Hydro Power Supply

❖ Final Energy Consumption

Sector Wise Energy Consumption in India

Global Environmental concerns

Global Environmental Issues

Ozone Layer Depletion

Ozone Depletion Process

Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion

Ozone Depletion Counter Measures

Global Warming Potentials

Global Warming (Climate Change) Implications

Link between Biodiversity and Climate change

Forms of Acid Deposition

Measuring Acid Rain

• An endangered species is an animal or plant that's considered at risk of extinction.

How a Species Gets Listed

5 of the Most Famous Endangered Species

TOP 5 Industrial/Man made disasters

1. The Bhopal Gas Leak

2. The Jilin Chemical Explosion

3. The Tennesse Coal Ash Spill

4. The Sidoarjo mud volcano