Cell Cycle
Cell Types based on Function
• Somatic cell
- from the body of organisms
- maintain life processes (respiration,
motility)
- lining of the skin, small intestine
- also known as body cells
• Reproductive cell
- production of offspring
- also known as gamete cell or germ
cell
• animals: gametes
o Egg Cell (Female)
- Largest is the mature egg cell: ovum
o Sperm Cell (Male)
- Smallest cell in the body
 Cell division: chromosomes inside the
nucleus is conserved by means of
condensation; chromatin will coil
around the histones
Cell Types based on Chromosome Number
 Haploid (N)
- Gamete cells, Reproductive cells
 Diploid (2N)
- Zygote, Somatic cells
Cell cycle
- division of parent cells: 2 daughter
cells
- Cyclic interaction between mitosis
and interphase; if mitosis ends,
interphase will also begin, never
ending, continuous
 Interphase
- 90% of the total cell cycle; longest
- Preparation stage for cell division;
synthesizing raw materials for cell
division
o Gap 1 (G1)
- RNA synthesis; nucleolus is
reestablished
- 2 daughter cells formed are smaller
in volume: cell volume is restored to
normal
- Centrioles begin to duplicate
- G1>G2 (longer)
Histology
- Triggering factors: mechanical
force, injury to the tissue (need to be
replaced by new ones), cell death
o S (synthesis) phase
- DNA synthesis
- Genome is duplicated
- Histones are important and
incorporated nto the DNA molecule;
the need to conserve all the naked
DNA: condensation to increase
surface are
o Gap 2 (G2)
- End of DNA synthesis and
beginning of mitosis
- RNA and proteins are synthesized
- Tubulin is synthesized
- Errors are analyzed and corrected
(errors in base pairing)
 Cyclins- help the cell advance and thru
the cell cycle
- Will react to certain enzymes: CDKs
(Cyclin dependent kinases)
- Check points
o Cyclin D: G1-S
o Cyclin A: S- G2
o Cyclin b: G2-M
o Gap 0 (G0)
- Cell will leave the cell cycle and
quit dividing
- May be temporary resting period
(mechanical injury/ normal
apoptosis) or more permanent
(neuronal cells)
- Leave and re-enter in Gap 1
 Mitotic phase
 Centrioles- 9 triplets of microtubules;
paired: centrosome
 Centrosome- towards the opposite pole
of the cell; where mitotic spindle arises,
assist in the alignment
 Nuclear Membrane- houses the
chromosome; boundary that will enclose
the nucleus: genetic material is
conserved
  Nucleolus- non-membrane bound
structure; RNA synthesis
 Chromosome- DNA
- Double or singled stranded
- With locus where genes are found;
locus are specific segments where
DNA are found along the
chromomere
- made up of two chromatids united
by a centromere- primary
constriction
 Centromere- spikes: kinetochore- where
spindle fibers attach during alignment
 Mitosis- division of the nucleus; cell
growth stops
- End: 2 daughter cells that have
similar chromosome number
- Asexual
- Shorter than interphase
o Prophase
- Chromatin thickens into
chromosomes
- Centrioles pairs move toward the
opposite end of cell
- Spindle fibers begin to form
o Nuclear membrane and nucleoli
disintegration (late prophase);
no nuclear membrane:
chromosomes are now free
o Metaphase
- Free chromosomes (with the help of
spindle fibers): align at the
equatorial plate/metaphase plate
- Chromosomes are attached to
spindle fibers via kinetochore
o Anaphase
- Separation, segregation, and
migration phase
- Paired chromosomes separate, move
to opposite sides
- Separation of centromeres
- Daughter chromosomes- separated
chromosomes are called
o Telophase
- Chromatids arrive at opposite poles
of cell
- Spindle fibers disintegrate
- Nuclear membrane reforms
- Nucleoli reappear
Histology
- Cleavage furrow; actin filaments
(contracting proteins) will
concentrate causing force: causing
splitting cytoplasm in to 2 new
daughter cells (identical to parent
cell: chromosome number and type)
- Plant cell: cell plate (cleavage
furrow)
- Net gain: 1 cell
 Cytokinesis
- division of cytoplasm
- produces two daughter cells with
one nucleus
 Cancer cells
- uncontrolled cell division
- cells that are not normal, grow and
spread very fast
- divide out of control and don't die
- usually group or clump together to
form tumors that can destroy the
normal cells
 Meiosis
- Special form cell division in germ
cells
- Occurs in developing germ cells in
preparation for sexual reproduction
cells (oogonia and spermatozoa)
- Chromosome number is reduced
from diploid (2N) to haploid (N)
- N+N=2N (zygote); egg cell and
sperm cell are both haploid
- Diploid parent cells: 4 haploid
daughter cells
- DNA content in doubled (4N) in the
S phase preparatory to meiosis
- Recombination of genes (none in
mitosis)
- Two successive divisions: 4 haploid
cell
o 1st meiotic division- reduction
division (2N-N)
o 2nd meiotic division- equatorial;
haploid parent cell to haploid
daughter cells (N-N)
 Meiosis 1
o Prophase 1
 - chief difference between mitosis and
meiosis- in meiosis: 5 substages
o Leptotene
- “chromosome condensation”
- Chromosomes appear long, thin
threads.
- DNA of the nucleus is doubled
- Each chromosome has two
chromatids
o Zygotene
- Synapsis
- Homologous chromosomes
undergo pairing, synapsis along
the entire length, forming
bivalent units.
- Homologous: identical in structure,
different in origin (1 maternal ,1
paternal)
o Pachytene
- Chiasma formation
- paired chromosomes contract;
becomes shorter and thicker
- Homologous chromosomes of each
bivalent twist around each other
- Chiasma- point of contact
o Diplotene
- Crossing over
- Intertwine to exchange genetic
material; recombination of genes
- Necessary for stabilization
- Homologous chromosomes become
visibly double or paired
- Each bivalent shows four
chromatids: Tetrads
- Exchange of chromatid segments
forms chiasma between each
homologous chromosomes
o Diakinesis
- Homologous chromosomes separate
longitudinally although chiasmata
between chromatids remain.
- Nucleolus and nuclear membrane
dissolves
o Metaphase 1
- pairs align on the equatorial plate in
random arrangement
- Spindle fibers attach to the
kinetochore
Histology
o Anaphase 1
- Chromosomes migrate to opposite
poles (2 chromatids)
o Telophase 1
- Nucleoli and nuclear membrane will
reappear
- Formation of cleavage furrow;
concentration, split
 Meiosis 2
Meiosis in relation to Gametogenesis and
Spermatogenesis
 When testis is cut cross-sectionally:
small compartments- seminiferous
tubules; sperm cells of different stages
are seen
o immature- peripheral
o mature- center waiting for
release
 Cross section of ovary
o Cortex- peripheral wall
o Medulla- middle portion
o Oogonium- most immature egg
cell
o Mature: will go towards the
medulla
 Oogenesis
o Oogonium will advance to
maturation seed: primary oocyte
o Primary oocyte- meiosis one:
secondary oocyte and polar
body (will disintegrate and will
be eaten by macrophages)
o Meiosis 2: formation of ovum
and polar body
 Antrum-fluid filled cavity; explodes
when egg cell is released (help in the
conduction of the ovary to the fallopian
tubes)
 Spermatogenesis
o Spermatogonia will divide by
mitosis: more spermatogonia
o Primary spermatocyte- meiosis
1: 2 secondary spermatocytes
o 2 secondary spermatocyte-
meiosis 2: spermatids
 o Spermatids will undergo
spermiogenesis: flagellum is
formed (spermatozoa)
 Spermatids- banana/thread like; pairs
starts to form
 Spermiogenesis- morphological
transition; spermatids from flagellum to
become spermatozoa

• gametogensis
• spermatogenesis
• oogenesis
• ejaculation
• ovary
• ovala
• medullafh

• ooogensis
• polar body- disintegrate, eaten by
macrophages
• amture egg cell- released during
menstruation
• antrum- fluid filled cavity; explodes
when egg cells is release; helps conduction fro
the ivary to the fsllopian tube

• spermatogenesis
• spermatogonium- most immature
• more cells: no polar bodies

Histology