CE 307 – STEEL DESIGN

Practice Problem 1:
The super imposed structure of a bridge consist of ribbed metal deck with 50mm
complete slab on top. The deck is supported by wide flange steel beams
strengthened by cover plate 16mm x 250mm one at the top and one at the bottom.
It is simply supported on span of 25m. Each of the cover – plated steel beams is
subjected to the following data.

DL = 14kN/m LL = 19kN/m front wheel and 71.2kN rear wheel

Distance between wheel loads = 4.5m
15
Impact on live load is , with a maximum of 30%
‫ܮ‬+37

Properties of W 830 x 175

A = 22387 mm2 d = 835mm bf = 290mm 𝑡𝑓 = 19mm
Ix = 2500 x 106 𝑚𝑚4 Iy = 78 x 106 𝑚𝑚4 𝑡𝑤 = 14mm

1. What is the max flexural stress in the cover – plated beam due to dead load?
2. What is the max flexural stress in the cover – plated beam due to dead load plus impact?
3. What is the max shear stress in the beam?
Correction:
Live load not
Dead load
SOLUTION:

1. max flexural stress in the cover – plated beam due to dead load?
• What we know:
𝑀𝐶
 Formula for flexural/bending stress, 𝑓𝑏 = .
𝐼
𝑑 835
 We have the value for C = + 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = + 16 = 433.5𝑚𝑚,
2 2
 We don’t have the value for “M” and “I”,
 To solve “M”, we need to use the formula for moment of a uniform load ‘cause our
DL is a uniform load, unit is kN/m.
 To solve for “I”, we’ll use transfer formula for plate plus the moment of inertia of
W830 x 175kg/m
 The problem state “due to dead load”, therefore we need to solve the question
using dead load only.
Total DL = slab + beam + S.I. DL > (DL given in the problem)
 unit weight of consider 1m strip
 Solving DL: concrete
NOTE:
175 is the weight
175 9.81 per m of W section,
Slab = 0.050 m(24 kN/𝑚3 )(1 m) W section = 1kg = 9.81N, and
1000
convert N/m to
= 1.2 kN/m = 1.72kN/m kN/m

Total DL = 1.2 + 1.72 + 14 = 16.92 kN/m

 We now have the total uniform load DL, next, solve form
“M”
𝑤𝐿2 16.92(25)2
𝑀= = = 1321.88𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8 8

2 steel plate, top and bottom

 Solve for “I” moment of inertia of plate

3 2
250 16 835 16
𝐼= + 250 16 + 2 + 2500 𝑥 106
12 2 2
moment of inertia
𝐼 = 3948.57 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4 of W section
 𝑀𝐶 1321.88(433.5) multiply by 106
flexural/bending stress, 𝑓𝑏 = = = 145.12 𝑥 10−6
(106
) to convert to
𝐼 3948.57 𝑥 106
MPa
= 𝟏𝟒𝟓. 𝟏𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂

2. max flexural stress in the cover – plated beam due to live load plus impact
• What we know:
 Formula for the live load impact is given
 Wheel loads are given, therefore we’ll use the principles of moving loads to solve for
moment
𝑀𝐶
 Formula for flexural/bending stress, 𝑓𝑏 = .
𝐼

90.2 kN
• From the figure of wheel loads, we’ll find the location
19kN 71.2kN of the resultant from the bigger load which is 71.2kN
Resultant = 19 + 71.2 = 90.2

90.2 x = 19(4.5) + 71.2(0)

4.5 m
x = 0.95m
0.95 m
• In moving loads, to solve for moment, we’re going to align the center between the
resultant and the maximum load to the center of the beam. Next, solve for the
reaction near the maximum load. Then, cut the beam at the location of the
maximum load. Lastly, solve for the summation of moment at the cut section.

center of the beam

90.2 kN 90.2 kN
19kN 71.2kN
19kN 71.2kN

12.025m x/2 x/2 12.025m

4.5 m R1 12.5m 12.5m R2

0.95 m

Σ𝑀𝑅1 = 0 Moment at the cut section:

25 R2= 90.2(12.025) = R2 (12.025) = 43.48 (12.025)

R2 = 43.48 kN = 522.85 kN.m

 15
Impact factor =
‫ܮ‬+37 Total LL moment = 522.85 + 0.24(522.85)
15
= Total LL moment = 648.33 kN.m
25+37
Impact factor = 0.24 < 0.30 Ok! to covert
or 30% kN.m to N.mm

𝑀𝐶 648.33(106 )(433.5)
flexural/bending stress, 𝑓𝑏 = = = 𝟕𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐼 3948.57 𝑥 106

3. max shear stress in the beam

• What we know:
 We’ll use the principles of moving loads to solve for max shear of the beam
𝑉
 Formula for shear stress, 𝑓𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡 .
𝑤
• In moving loads, to solve for max shear, we’ll put the max load on top of the
nearest support. Then compute for the reaction of that support. The answer we’ll
get is the max shear.

NOTE:
We can use the resultant or
the loads in solving for the 90.2 kN
reaction.
19kN 71.2kN

0.95 m
R1 R2

Σ𝑀𝑅1 = 0 𝑉 86770 𝑁
shear stress, 𝑓𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑤 835(14)
25 R2= 90.2(24.05)
Live load shear/
R2 = 86.77 kN moving loads 𝒇𝒗 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂
reaction
Practice Problem 2:
A W250 x 33 beam carries a uniform gravity load of span 8kN/m including its own weight
on a simple span of 4.6m. The beam is placed on a slope of 4:12 as shown. Use A 36 steel
and assume that the load passes through the centroid of the section. Fy = 250MPa.

Properties of W 250 x 33
d = 258mm tw = 6.6mm bf = 146mm tf = 9.1mm
Sx = 379 x 103 𝑚𝑚3 Sy = 64.7 x 103 𝑚𝑚3

4. What is the bending stress of the section

with respect to the respect to x – axis? W = 4kN/m

5. What is the total bending stress of the

section?
6. What is the ratio of the actual to the
allowable bending stress using interaction
value?
Solution:

4. bending stress of the section with respect to the respect to x – axis

• What we know:
 We know the slope of the W section is given, 4:12
𝑀
 The formula for flexural/bending stress given 𝑆𝑥 , 𝑓𝑏𝑥 = 𝑆 .
𝑥

 To solve “M”, we need to use the formula for moment of a uniform load,
𝑤𝐿2
𝑀= 8

• Solve for the slope to find 𝑤𝑥 ,

𝑤𝐿2 7.59(4.6)2
𝑀𝑥 = = = 20.07 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
4 8 8
tan θ =
12
Multiplied by
θ = 18.43° 10 to convert
6
𝑀 20.07 (10)6 kN.m to N.mm
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = =
𝑤𝑥 = 8 𝐶𝑜𝑠18.43° 𝑆𝑥 379 𝑥 106

𝑤𝑥 = 7.59 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝒇𝒃𝒙 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟗𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂

5. total bending stress of the section
• What we know
 Total bending stress, 𝑓𝑏 = 𝑓𝑏𝑥 + 𝑓𝑏𝑦
𝑀𝑦
 To find the total bending stress, we need to find 𝑓𝑏𝑦 = 𝑆𝑦

𝑤𝑦 𝐿2
 𝑀𝑦 = , therefore we need to solve first for the value of 𝑤𝑦 .
8

𝑀𝑦
𝑤𝑦 = 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛18.43° 𝑓𝑏𝑦 = 𝑓𝑏 = 𝑓𝑏𝑥 + 𝑓𝑏𝑦
𝑆𝑦
𝑤𝑦 = 2.53 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
6.69(10)6 𝑓𝑏 = 52.97 + 103.43
𝑓𝑏𝑦 =
64.7 𝑥 106
2.53(4.6)2 𝑓𝑏 = 156.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑓𝑏𝑦 = 103.43 𝑀𝑃𝑎
8
𝑀𝑦 = 6.69 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
6. ratio of the actual to the allowable bending stress using interaction value
• What we know:
𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
 Interaction expression or value = + ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦
𝑓 𝑓𝑏𝑦
 For compact laterally supported shapes, Interaction expression or value = 0.66𝐹
𝑏𝑥
+ 0.75𝐹 ≤ 1.0
𝑦 𝑦

Check if compact or not: Interaction expression or value:

𝑏𝑓 170 𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
< + ≤ 1.0
2𝑡𝑓 𝐹𝑦 0.66𝐹𝑦 0.75𝐹𝑦
146 170 52.97 103.43
< + ≤ 1.0
2(9.1) 250 0.66(250) 0.75(250)

8.02 < 10.75 0.87 ≤ 1.0

therefore, ratio of the actual to the allowable

compact section bending stress using interaction value is 0.87
Practice Problem 3:
A W600 x 110 beam is supported by a bearing plate 350mm x 225mm x 30mm on a wall
with a thickness of 360mm.
Properties of W 250 x 33
d = 600mm tw = 12mm
bf = 225mm tf = 18mm
fc’ = 24MPa fy = 248MPa
K = 36mm
The allowable bearing stress is 0.35fc’, allowable bending stress is 0.75Fy and allowable
web yielding stress is 0.66Fy

7. Determine the maximum reaction at the beam

considering the bearing of concrete wall.

8. Determine the maximum reaction at the beam due

to allowable web yielding stress at a distance (N + 2.5K).

9. Determine the maximum reaction at the beam

considering bending of plates at a distance K.
 7. maximum reaction at the beam considering the bearing of concrete wall
• What we know:

 allowable bearing stress given in the problem is 0.35fc’,

b
Force = Stress x Area
Top
View R = 0.35fc’ x [a(b)]

R = 0.35(24)[350(225)]

R = 661,500N
a R = 661.5 kN
8. maximum reaction at the beam due to allowable web yielding stress at a distance
(N + 2.5K)
• What we know:
 allowable web yielding stress given in the problem is 0.66Fy

Side View

Considering 1mm strip

Cross Section View

 𝑅
• web yielding stress at a distance (N + 2.5K): = 0.66𝐹𝑦
𝑡𝑤 𝑁 + 2.5𝑘
𝑅
0.66 248 = R = 618.71 kN
12 225 + 2.5(36)

9. maximum reaction at the beam considering bending of plates at a distance K.

Perspective
and Cross
Section
View

𝐵
=𝑘+𝑛
2
175 = 36 + n
n = 139 mm
• From the thickness of bearing plate • After finding 𝑓𝑝 , we can now
formula, we can find the value of 𝑓𝑝 . solve for R using,

𝑓𝑝 𝑅
𝑡 = 2𝑛 𝑓𝑝 =
𝐹𝑦 𝑎𝑏

𝑅
2.89 =
𝑓𝑝 350(225)
30 = 2(139)
248
𝑅 = 227587.5 𝑁
𝑓𝑝 = 2.89𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑹 = 𝟐𝟐𝟕. 𝟓𝟗 𝒌𝑵
“ There is no substitute for HARDWORK.” Prepared by:
- Thomas Edison - ENGR. MARCHIE A. RAFALES