Copyrighted material licensed to SGS Société Générale de Surveillance SA^SGS Group.

No further reproduction or distribution permitted.

Printed / viewed by: [supriatna.upi@sgs.com] @ 2021-08-13

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

IMPORTANT - READ CAREFULLY BEFORE DOWNLOADING OR COPYING TO YOUR COMPUTER ANY

FILE OR FILES CONTAINED HEREWITH.

THE STANDARD(S) AND OTHER INFORMATION PROVIDED HEREWITH ARE COPYRIGHTED. BY

DOWNLOADING ANY FILE PROVIDED HEREWITH TO YOUR COMPUTER, YOU ARE ACCEPTING AND
AGREEING TO THE TERMS OF THIS LICENSE AGREEMENT. IF YOU ARE NOT WILLING TO BE BOUND BY
THE TERMS OF THIS LICENSE AGREEMENT, PRIOR TO DOWNLOADING OR COPYING TO YOUR
COMPUTER ANY FILES(S), YOU MUST DECLINE ACCESS TO SUCH MATERIALS.

1. GRANT OF LICENSE: Subject to the provisions contained herein and to the payment of all
applicable fees, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) grants you a non-exclusive, non-
transferable license to the materials contained herewith (the "Product"). Your licensed rights to the
Product are limited to the following:

a. This License Agreement does not convey to you an interest in or to the Product, but only a limited
right of use revocable in accordance with the terms of this License Agreement.

b. You may install one copy of the Product on, and permit access to it by, a single computer owned,
leased or otherwise controlled by you. In the event that computer becomes dysfunctional, such that
you are unable to access the Product, you may transfer the Product to another computer, provided
that the Product is removed from the computer from which it is transferred and the use of the
Product on the replacement computer otherwise complies with the terms of this Agreement.
Neither concurrent use on two or more computers nor use in a local area network or other network
is permitted. You shall not merge, adapt, translate, modify, rent, lease, sell, sublicense, assign or
otherwise transfer any of the Product, or remove any proprietary notice or label appearing on any of
the Product. You may copy the Product only for backup purposes.

c. You acknowledge and agree that the Product is proprietary to the Copyright holder (the "Owner")
identified on the front page of the Product and is protected under U.S. copyright law and
international copyright treaties. You further acknowledge and agree that all right, title and interest
in and to the Product, including all intellectual property rights, are and shall remain with the Owner.

d. You shall provide ANSI or any designee of ANSI with all information necessary to assure
compliance with the terms of this Agreement. In the event you are not in compliance with the terms
of this Agreement through the actions of unrelated third parties, you shall use your best efforts to
cooperate with ANSI and any of its designees to assure compliance.

2. LIMITED WARRANTY:

a. ANSI warrants for your benefit alone that, unless disclosed in the Product to the contrary, ANSI
and the Owner can license the Product and all copyright and trademarks related thereto or therein.

b. THE EXPRESS WARRANTIES SET FORTH IN THIS SECTION 2 CONSTITUTE THE ONLY WARRANTIES
WITH RESPECT TO THE PRODUCT AND ANSI AND THE OWNER MAKE NO OTHER REPRESENTATION
OR WARRANTY OR CONDITION OF ANY KIND, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED (EITHER IN FACT OR BY
OPERATION OF LAW) WITH RESPECT TO ANY OF THE PRODUCT, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION,
WITH RESPECT TO THE SUFFICIENCY, ACCURACY OR UTILIZATION OF, OR ANY INFORMATION OR
OPINION CONTAINED OR REFLECTED IN, ANY OF THE PRODUCT. ANSI AND THE OWNER EXPRESSLY
 Copyrighted material licensed to SGS Société Générale de Surveillance SA^SGS Group.
No further reproduction or distribution permitted.
Printed / viewed by: [supriatna.upi@sgs.com] @ 2021-08-13

DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR

PURPOSE. NO OFFICER, DIRECTOR, EMPLOYEE, MEMBER, AGENT, REPRESENTATIVE OR PUBLISHER
OF THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER IS AUTHORIZED TO MAKE ANY MODIFICATION, EXTENSION, OR
ADDITION TO THIS LIMITED WARRANTY.

c. INDEMNIFICATION: The Owner, ANSI, any agent, representative, publisher or distributor of the
Product, or any of their respective directors, officers, employees, agents, representatives or
members (the “ANSI and Owner Indemnified Parties”) shall have no liability for, and you shall
defend, indemnify and hold each of the ANSI and Owner Indemnified Parties harmless from and
against, any claim, loss, demand, liability, obligation and expenses (including reasonable attorneys'
fees) based upon or arising out of any injury or damage, or any product liability claim, including but
not limited to, any personal or bodily injury or property damage, arising out of, pertaining to, or
resulting in any way from, the use or possession of any of the Product by you and/or any of your
directors, officers, employees, representatives, agents or contractors.

3. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY

a. You acknowledge that each of ANSI and Owner's obligations and liabilities with respect to the
Product are exhaustively defined in this Agreement. You are responsible for the consequences of any
use of any of the Product (whether or not such use was consistent with the license granted
hereunder) created therefrom. Whether or not ANSI or Owner has been advised of their possibility,
neither ANSI nor Owner nor any of its representatives or agents, directors, officers, employees,
agents, representatives or members, shall be liable, whether under contract, tort (including
negligence) or otherwise, for any indirect, special, punitive, incidental or consequential loss,
damage, cost or expense of any kind whatsoever and howsoever caused, that may be suffered by
you or any of your directors, officers, employees, agents, representatives or contractors or any third
party.

b. If at any time an allegation of infringement of any rights of any third party is made, or in ANSI or
Owner's opinion is likely to be made, with respect to any of the Product, ANSI may, at its option and
at its own expense (i) obtain for you the right to continue using the Product, (ii) modify or replace
the Product or any portion thereof so as to avoid any such claim of infringements, or (iii) refund to
you the License Fee. ANSI shall have no liability to you if any claim of infringement would have been
avoided except for your refusal to use any modified or replacement Product supplied or offered to
be supplied pursuant to this Section 4(b) or to otherwise cease using the Product. Notwithstanding
anything contained in this Agreement, and except as set forth in Section 4(b) hereof, ANSI and/or
Owner's liability to you for damages pursuant to this Section 4(b), if any, shall not exceed the
amounts of the License Fee paid by you for the Product subject to any such claim. c)

c. Section 4(b) state the entire liability of ANSI and Owner with respect to the infringement or
alleged infringement of any third-party rights of any kind whatsoever by any of the Product.

4. TERMINATION: This Agreement may be terminated immediately by Owner or ANSI upon breach of
any provision of this Agreement by you. Upon any termination of this Agreement, you shall
immediately discontinue the use of the Product and shall within ten (10) days either return files(s)
on diskette(s), if any, to ANSI or certify in writing to ANSI that the Product has been deleted from
your computer and is eliminated from your premises.
 Copyrighted material licensed to SGS Société Générale de Surveillance SA^SGS Group.
No further reproduction or distribution permitted.
Printed / viewed by: [supriatna.upi@sgs.com] @ 2021-08-13

5. GOVERNING LAW; ATTORNEY’S FEES: This Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State
of New York without reference to its conflict of laws provisions and you further consent to
jurisdiction by the state and federal courts sitting in the State of New York. 6.

6. MISCELLANEOUS: This Agreement constitutes the complete and exclusive agreement between
ANSI and you with respect to the subject matter hereof, and supersedes all prior oral or written
understandings, communications or agreements not specifically incorporated herein. This
Agreement may not be modified except in writing duly signed by an authorized representative of
ANSI and you. If any provision of this Agreement is held to be unenforceable for any reason, such
provision shall be reformed only to the extent necessary to make it enforceable, and such decision
shall not affect the enforceability (i) of such provision under other circumstances, or (ii) of the
remaining provisions hereof under all circumstances. Headings shall not be considered in
interpreting the Agreement.

7. EXPORT: You may not load or export or re-export any of the Product or any underlying
information or technology except in full compliance with all United States and other applicable laws
and regulations.

BY ACCESSING THE PRODUCT, YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOU HAVE READ THE TERMS OF THIS
LICENSE AGREEMENT AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY ITS TERMS.

In USA and Canada Contact

SAI GLOBAL, 20 Carlson Court, Etobicoke, ON

M9W 7K6, Canada

+1 416 401 8730. Email: i2iSupport-US@saiglobal.com

In Europe Contact
SAI GLOBAL, Heron House, Davy Avenue, Knowlhill, Milton Keynes, MK5 8HJ, UK

+44 203 327 3140. Email: i2iSupport-EMEA@saiglobal.com

In Asia/Pacific Contact
SAI Global Ltd, Level 37, 680 George Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia

+61 131 242. Email: i2iSupport-APAC@saiglobal.com

Web: www.saiglobal.com
Copyrighted material licensed to SGS Société Générale de Surveillance SA^SGS Group.
No further reproduction or distribution permitted.
Printed / viewed by: [supriatna.upi@sgs.com] @ 2021-08-13

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8467
Second edition
1993-06-15

Water quality - Determination of

permanganate index

Qualit6 de I’eau - Dhermina tion de I’indice de permangana te

Reference number
ISO 8467:1993(E)
 Copyrighted material licensed to SGS Société Générale de Surveillance SA^SGS Group.
No further reproduction or distribution permitted.
Printed / viewed by: [supriatna.upi@sgs.com] @ 2021-08-13

Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide

federation of national Standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work
of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Esch member body interested in a subject for
which a technical committee has been established has the right to be
represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are

circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.

International Standard ISO 8467 was prepared by Technical Committee

ISOnC 147, Water quality, Sub-Committee SC 2, Physical, Chemical,
biochemical methods.

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition

(ISO 8467:1986), of which it constitutes a technical revision.

0 ISO 1993
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utiiized in any form or
by any means, electronie or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without per-
mission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case Postale 56 l CH-l 211 Geneve 20 l Switzerland
Printed in Switzerland

ii
Copyrighted material licensed to SGS Société Générale de Surveillance SA^SGS Group.
No further reproduction or distribution permitted.
Printed / viewed by: [supriatna.upi@sgs.com] @ 2021-08-13 ISO 8467:1993(E)

Introduction
The permanganate index is a conventional measure of the contamination
by organic and oxidizable inorganic matter in a water Sample. lt is primarily
intended for judging the quality of potable water and raw waters, such as
weil and surface waters. More heavily contaminated waters may be ana-
lysed, provided an appropriate pre-dilution step is adopted. The per-
manganate index tan be determined for waters containing less than
500 mg/1 of chloride ion. Reducing compounds such as iron(ll) salts, ni-
trites or hydrogen sulfide may contribute to the permanganate index but
are not classified as impurities.
The permanganate index cannot be considered as a measure of the the-
oretical Oxygen demand or the total content of organic matter. Many or-
ganic compounds are only partially oxidized in this test, as Oxidation is
generally incomplete. Volatile matter that evaporates before the addition
of permanganate is not included.
The method is not recommended for determining organic load in waste
waters; for this purpose the Chemical Oxygen demand should be deter-
mined as described in ISO 6060:1989, Water quality - Determination of
the Chemical Oxygen demand.
The method is simple and convenient for suweying the quality of a large
number of water samples.
Copyrighted material licensed to SGS Société Générale de Surveillance SA^SGS Group.
No further reproduction or distribution permitted.
Printed / viewed by: [supriatna.upi@sgs.com] @ 2021-08-13

This page intentionally left blank

 Copyrighted material licensed to SGS Société Générale de Surveillance SA^SGS Group.
No further reproduction or distribution permitted.
Printed / viewed by: [supriatna.upi@sgs.com] @ 2021-08-13
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8467:1993(E)

Water quality - Determination of permanganate

index

1 Scope duction of part of the permanganate by oxidizable

material in the Sample and determination of the con-
This International Standard specifies a method for the sumed permanganate by addition of an excess of
determination of the permanganate index of water. lt oxalate Solution, followed by titration with permanga-
is primarily intended for water for human consumption nate.
and domestic use, drinking water, natura1 mineral
NOTE 1 The suggested maximum permanganate index
water, well and table water, as well as water from
of 10 mg/1 is equivalent to a consumption of approximately
swimming pools. lt is used for the determination of 60 % of the added permanganate by the non-diluted sam-
the Parameter “oxidizability”. lt is applicable to waters ple.
having a chloride ion concentration of less than
300 mg/l. Samples having a permanganate index over
10 mg/1 should be diluted before analysis. The lower 5 Reagents
limit of the Optimum range of the test is 0,5 mg/l.
During the analysis, use only reagents of recognized
analytical grade and only distilled water, water from a
2 Normative reference reverse osmosis or water of equivalent purity. DO not
use deionized water from an organic ion exchanger.
The following Standard contains provisions which,
through reference in this text, constitute provisions NOTE 2 Non-reducing water tan be prepared as follows.
of this International Standard. At the time of publi- Add 10 ml of sulfuric acid (5.3) and a small excess of the
cation, the edition indicated was valid. All Standards potassium permanganate stock Solution (5.6) to 1 litre of
distilled water. Distil in an all-glass apparatus and discard the
are subject to revision, and Parties to agreements
first 100 ml of distillate. Store in a glass bottle with a glass
based on this International Standard are encouraged stopper.
to investigate the possibility of applying the most re-
cent edition of the Standard indicated below. Mem-
The volume of the consumed potassium permanga-
bers of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently
nate Standard Solution V. (see 8.4) shall not exceed
valid International Standards.
0,l ml, otherwise the procedure shall be repeated or
a water of lower organic content shall be used.
ISO 385-1: 1984, Laborstory glassware - Burettes -
Part 1: General requirements.
5.1 Sulfuric acid, p(H,SO,) = 1,84 g/ml, 18 mol/l.

3 Definition 5.2 Sulfuric acid, c(H,SO,) = 7,5 mol/l.

3.1 permanganate index (of water): The mass Add slowly, while stirring continuously, 420 ml of
concentration of Oxygen equivalent to the amount of sulfuric acid (5.1) to 500 ml of water. Allow to cool
permanganate ion consumed when a water Sample is and dilute to 1 litre.
treated with that oxidant under defined conditions.
5.3 Sulfuric acid, c(H2S04) = 2 mol/l.
4 Principle Add slowly, while stirring continuously, 110 ml of
sulfuric acid (5.1) to about 500 ml of water. Slowly
Heating of a Sample in a boiling water-bath with a add potassium permanganate Solution (5.7) until a
known amount of potassium permanganate and faint pink colour persists. Allow to cool, dilute with
sulfuric acid for a fixed period of time (10 min). Re- water to 1 litre and mix.
 Copyrighted material licensed to SGS Société Générale de Surveillance SA^SGS Group.
No further reproduction or distribution permitted.
ISO 8467:1993(E) Printed / viewed by: [supriatna.upi@sgs.com] @ 2021-08-13

54 Sodium oxalate, stock Solution, c(Na&OJ = forming blank determinations until the values are ad-
0’I05 mol/l. equately low and constant.

Dry sodium oxalate at 120 “C for 2 h. Dissolve A blank value V. shall typically not exceed 0,l ml.
6,700 g of the dried solid in water in a 1 000 ml one-
mark volumetric flask. Make up to the mark with wa- 6.3 Burette, of capacity 10 ml, preferably of the
ter and mix. Piston type, graduated in divisions of 0,02 ml, and
conforming to the requirements of ISO 385-1.
This Solution is stable for 6 months if stored in a dark
place.
6.4 Measuring flasks, of capacity 100 ml and
1 000 ml.
5.5 Sodium oxalate, Standard volumetric Solution,
dNa,C,QJ = 5 mmol/l.
6.5 Volumetric pipettes, of capacity 5 ml, 10 ml,
Pipette 100 ml * 0,25 ml of the sodium oxalate stock 25 ml, 50 ml, and 100 ml.
Solution (5.4) into a 1 000 ml one-mark volumetric
flask, make up to the mark with water and mix.

This Standard volumetric Solution is stable for

2 weeks.
NOTE 3 Commercially available ready-made
may be used.
5.6 Potassium permanganate, stock
c(KMn0,) z 20 mmol/l.
Dissolve about 3,2 g of potassium permanganate in
water and make up to 1 000 ml. Heat the Solution to
90 “C to 95 “C for 2 h, cool and store for not less than
2 days. Decant the clear Solution and store in a dark
bottle.
5.7 Potassium permanganate, volumetric
c(KMn0,) N 2 mmol/l.
Pipette 100 ml of the potassium permanganate stock
Solution (5.6) into a 1 000 ml, one-mark volumetric
flask. Make up to the mark with water and mix.
This volumetric Solution is relatively stable for several
months if it is stored in the dark. The procedure de-
scribed in 8.5 automatically allows for its exact con-
centration to be included in the calculation in 9.1.
6 Apparatus
Usual laboratory apparatus, and the following
be used
6.1 Water-bath, with a rack for test tubes, of suffi-
cient capacity and power to ensure that the solutions
in all the test tubes quickly resch and are maintained
at a temperature between 96 “C and 98 “C, during
both the initial heating and the reaction stages.
6.2 Test tubes, of length 150 mm to 200 mm, di-
ameter 25 mm to 35 mm and wall thickness 0,5 mm
to 1 mm. Keep the test tubes exclusively for the de-
termination of the permanganate index.
Clean all new test tubes by heating with acidified
permanganate Solution. This shall be checked by per-
7 Sampling and samples
solutions
Immediately after receiving the Sample in the labora-
toty, add 5 ml of sulfuric acid (5.2) per litre of Sample,
if this was not done during sampling in the field, re-
Solution,
gardless of whether the Sample is to be stored before
analysis.
Analyse the samples as soon as possible and not later
than 2 days after sampling. Keep them in the dark at
0 “C to 5 “C if the storage time exceeds 6 h.
Shake the storage bottles and make Sure that their
contents are well homogenized when withdrawing a
Solution, test Portion for analysis.
8 Procedure
8.1 Check that all flasks and test tubes (6.2) used
during the procedure are perfectly clean (see 6.2).
8.2 Dilute samples having a high permanganate
index, so that the results for the diluted samples fall
within the range 0,5 mg/1 to 10 mg/l.
should
8.3 Pipette 25,0 ml & 0,25 ml of the test Sample (or
the diluted test Sample) into a test tube. Add
5 ml + 0,5 ml of sulfuric acid (5.3) and mix by swirling
gently.
Place the test tube in the boiling water-bath (6.1) for
10 min * 2 min.
Add 5 ml & 0,05 ml of potassium permanganate
volumetric Solution (5.7) and commence timing.
After 10 min + 15 s, add 5 ml ~fr 0,05 ml of the
sodium oxalate Standard volumetric Solution (5.5) and
wait until the Solution is colourless. Titrate, whilst hot,
with potassium permanganate volumetric Solution
(5.7) to a faint pink colour which persists for about

2
 Copyrighted material licensed to SGS Société Générale de Surveillance SA^SGS Group.
No further reproduction or distribution permitted.
Printed / viewed by: [supriatna.upi@sgs.com] @ 2021-08-13
ISO 8467:1993(E)

30 s. Note the volume V, of permanganate Solution where

consumed.
is the volume, in millilitres, of
the sodium oxalate Standard
volumetric Solution (5.5) used
8.4 Carry out a blank test in parallel with the deter- for the determination according
mination, using the same procedure, but replacing the to 8.5 (here: 5);
test Portion with 25 ml of water. Note the volume V.
of permanganate Solution consumed. c(Na,C,o,) is the amount-of-
substance concentration, in
Retain the titrated Solution for standardization of the millimoles per litre, of the
potassium permanganate volumetric Solution (5.7), as sodium oxalate Standard
described in 8.5. volumetric Solution (5.5) (here:
5) I.
1 000 (numerator) is the factor for re-
8.5 To the titrated Solution retained from the blank calculation of c(Na,C,O,), from
test (8.4), add 5,OO ml &- 0,05 ml of the sodium oxa- mmol/l to mmol/ml, in millilitres
late Standard volumetric Solution (5.5). Reheat the per litre;
solution, if necessary, to about 80 “C and titrate with
potassium permanganate volumetric Solution (5.7) MO is the molar mass, in milligrams
until the appearance of a pink colour which persists of Oxygen per millimole, for the
for about 30 s. Note the volume V2 of permanganate recalculation to Oxygen (here:
.
Solution consumed. 16) I

V5 is the Sample volume used, in

NOTE 4 It is good practice to leave the titrated solutions
in the test tubes until they are required for the next deter- millilitres (here: 25);
mination of permanganate index.
1 000 (denominator) is the factor for
recalculation of the measured
value to 1 litre of Sample vol-
Urne, in millilitres per litre.
9 Expression of results
9.2 Precision

9.2.1 Within-laboratory Standard deviation

9.1 Calculation

Calculate the permanganate index, IM”, expressed in Table 1

milligrams of Oxygen per litre, using the expression
Permanganate Standard
index found deviation Number of
=-. Vl - vo . . . (1)
IM” f Sample 1 degrees of
V2 freedom
ml/l w/l
where
is the volume, in millilitres, of permanga- 0,06 to
VO Tap waterl) 1,28 to 1,94 10
0,21
nate Solution consumed in the blank
titration (8.4); Resorcinol*) 0,06 to
1,63 to 2,04 10
(1 ,o wm 0,20

Vl is the volume, in millilitres, of permanga- Resorcinol*)

9,32 to 10,28
0,07 to
10
nate Solution consumed in the titration of 60 mm 0,27
the test portion (8.3); Various raw and 0,05 to Various up
0,23 to 8,17
pota ble waterss) 0,60 to 10
is the volume, in millilitres, of permanga-
nate Solution consumed in the standardi- 1) Range of results obtained for a distributed tap water ana-
zation titration (8.5); lysed in six laboratories. N.B. The range of values found should
not be taken to indicate the presence of interlaboratory bias,
is the factor, in milligrams per litre, for re- because of possible Sample instability.
f
calculation to Oxygen and allowing for the 2) Range of results obtained by seven laboratories for a
Sample volume used; f is calculated as resorcinol Solution made up by the individual laboratories from
a distributed resorcinol Sample.
follows:
3) Range of Standard deviations for a variety of raw and
V4~C(Na2C20@40~1 000 potable waters; data obtained from five laboratories.
f = 1 ooo=v,
 Copyrighted material licensed to SGS Société Générale de Surveillance SA^SGS Group.
No further reproduction or distribution permitted.
ISO 8467:1993(E) Printed / viewed by: [supriatna.upi@sgs.com] @ 2021-08-13

9.2.2 Total Standard deviation 10 Test report

The test report shall include the following information:
Table 2
Permanganate Standard a) reference to this International Standard;
index found deviation Number of
Sample degrees of b) precise identification of the Sample;
freedom
mg/1 mg/1 d anY pretreatment, such as filtration or
Sedimentation, which may have influenced the re-
Resorcinoll)
1,83 0,lO 20 sults;
(110 m>
Resorcinoll)
9,95 0,12 23 d) the results, to two significant figures and ex-
60 w/b pressed in milligrams per litre;
1) Total Standard deviations obtained by a Single laboratory for e) any departure from the procedure specified, any
several batches.
operations regarded as optional, or any other cir-
cumstances that may have affected the results.
Copyrighted material licensed to SGS Société Générale de Surveillance SA^SGS Group.
No further reproduction or distribution permitted.
Printed / viewed by: [supriatna.upi@sgs.com] @ 2021-08-13

This page intentionally left blank

 Copyrighted material licensed to SGS Société Générale de Surveillance SA^SGS Group.
No further reproduction or distribution permitted.
ISO 8467:1993(E)
Printed / viewed by: [supriatna.upi@sgs.com] @ 2021-08-13

UDC 614.777:556.114:543.3
Descriptors: water, quality, water tests, Chemical analysis, determination, permanganate number.

Price based on 4 pages