Hindawi

International Journal of Photoenergy

Volume 2020, Article ID 8896412, 21 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8896412

Research Article
Power Management Controller for Microgrid Integration of
Hybrid PV/Fuel Cell System Based on Artificial Deep
Neural Network

Abdulbaset Abdulhamed Mohamed Nureddin , Javad Rahebi , and Adel Ab-BelKhair

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Altinbas University, Turkey

Correspondence should be addressed to Javad Rahebi; cevat.rahebi@altinbas.edu.tr

Received 16 April 2020; Revised 27 August 2020; Accepted 24 November 2020; Published 8 December 2020

Academic Editor: Huiqing Wen

Copyright © 2020 Abdulbaset Abdulhamed Mohamed Nureddin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.

Nowadays, the power demand is increasing day by day due to the growth of the population and industries. The conventional power
plant alone is incompetent to meet the consumer demand due to environmental concerns. In this present situation, the essential
thing is to be find an alternate way to meet the consumer demand. In present days most of the developed countries concentrate
to develop alternative resources and invest huge money for its research and development activities. Most renewable energy
sources are naturally friendly sources such as wind, solar, fuel cell, and hydro/water sources. The results of power generation
using renewable energy sources only depend on the availability of the resources. The availability of renewable energy sources
throughout the day is variable due to fluctuations in the natural resources. This research work discusses two major renewable
energy power generating sources: photovoltaic (PV) cell and fuel cell. Both of them provide foundations for power generation,
so they are very popular because of their impressive performance mechanisms. The mentioned renewable energy-based power
generating systems are static devices, so the power losses are generally ignorable as compared to line losses in the main grid. The
PV and fuel cell (FC) power systems need a controller for maximum power generation during fluctuations in the input
resources. Based on the investigation report, an algorithm is proposed for an advanced maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
controller. This paper proposes a deep neural network- (DNN-) based MPPT algorithm, which has been simulated using
MATLAB both for PV and for FC. The main purpose behind this paper has been to develop the latest DNN controller for
improving the output power quality that is generated using a hybrid PV and fuel cell system. After developing and simulating
the proposed system, we performed the analysis in different possible operating conditions. Finally, we evaluated the simulation
outcomes based on IEEE 1547 and 519 standards to prove the system’s effectiveness.

1. Introduction cells is a promising renewable energy (RE) source [1–5]. The

Right now, power generation and transmission require sub-
stantially large quantities of fossil fuels. The fossil fuel-based
power generation systems cannot meet the consumer
demand in future due to limited availability of fuel. Further,
environmental considerations will limit their usage as they
emit more greenhouse gases. This leads to warning levels
and climate change, and the availability of fossil fuels is
now limited. Nowadays, many counties are concentrating
on alternate sources, replacing fossil fuels with greener and
ecofriendly fuels. Presently, the combination of solar and fuel
power, which is extracted out of a PV module, is substantially
vulnerable to environmental factors, natural fluctuations,
and differences in operating conditions [6–8]. It is a fact that
when the requirement for power is critical, solar energy fails
to generate sustainable power. To fulfill the power demand,
many processes and devices have been introduced. For
instance, for understanding the energy demand in the peak
periods, such as at night, a hybrid system consisting of a fuel
cell and a PV was developed without power storage. It has a
few drawbacks such as the issue of integrating a microgrid,
and besides, such a system is difficult to operate under
2 International Journal of Photoenergy

g
VL D +
L
Three- A
+ +
Vin
S
Vout phase B
inverter –
C

Duty cycle PWM

Voltage Vabc
converter
MPPT- DNN fontroller
Vpv & Ipv Grid
source
DNN Iabc

PWM
g
VL D +
L
Three- A
+ +
Vin S Vout phase B
inverter –
C

Fuel
cell MPPT - DNN
current

Figure 1: Block diagram of the proposed microgrid system and its controller.

L
D
MOSFET
Irradiance
C C R
Gate
Temperature

PV

Duty cycle - PWM

VPV , IPV DNN MPPT

controller

Figure 2: Proposed DNN-based MPPT algorithm.

unstable conditions or has irregular, unmanageable, stochas-
tic, and highly variable sources. To be precise, researchers
focused on the following area such as high penetration level
to the microgrid or when there are issues such as poor load
following, load discrepancy, frequency deviation, voltage var-
iability, reliability problems, and poor power quality.
Based on the literature reports, various algorithms such
as the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Water Cycle
Algorithm (WCA), Moth-Flame Optimizer (MFO), and
Hybrid Particle Swarm-Gravitational Search Algorithm
(PSOGSA) have been both developed and applied for design-
ing the optimized microgrid and analyzing power quality
International Journal of Photoenergy 3

PVP
Input NNET Output D P
1
PV Voltage PV Power
PVMPPT
Function fitting neural network

× PVP
×
Irradiance
PV_Power MPPT_Power

PVMPPT

+
+ –i

+
+ v
–

D
+

+
m

g
Ir
Irr + 1

S
T –
+ Ve

2
– Ve

Temp

Figure 3: Simulation model of DNN-based MPPT algorithm for PV systems.

Hidden Output
Input Output
W W
+ +
b b
2 1
1500 1

Figure 4: DNN model for PV MPPT system.

102 Best validation performance is 4.7867e-11 at epoch 61

100

10–2
Mean squared error (mse)

10–4

10–6

10–3

10–10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

61 Epochs
Train Test
Validation Best

Figure 5: DNN-PV MPPT controller showing best validation performance.

4 International Journal of Photoenergy

Error histogram with 20 bins

3000

2500

2000
Instances

1500

1000

500

0
–1.7e-05

–1.5e-05

–1.3e-05

–1.1e-05

–5.5e-07

1.17e-05

1.37e-05

1.57e-05

1.78e-05

1.98e-05

2.18e-05
–8.7e-06
–6.6e-06

–4.6e-06

–2.6e-06

1.49e-06

3.52e-06

5.56e-06
7.59e-06

9.63e-06
Errors = Targets - Outputs
Training Test
Validation Zero error

Figure 6: DNN-PV MPPT controller error histogram.

Gradient = 9.8252e-08, at epoch 61

100
Gradient

10–5

Mu = 1e-09, at epoch 61

10–5
Mu

10–10
Validation Checks = 0, at epoch 61
1

0.5
Val fail

–0.5

–1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

61 Epochs

Figure 7: DNN-PV MPPT controller with training data.

International Journal of Photoenergy 5

Training: R = 1 Validation: R = 1

Output~= 1⁎target + –1 .1e–07

Output~= 1⁎target + –3.7e–09
0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Target Target
Data Data
Fit Fit
Y=T Y=T
Test: R = 1 All: R = 1
1 1

Output~= 1⁎target + –1 .2e–08

Output~= 1⁎target + 4.7e–08

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Target Target
Data Data
Fit Fit
Y=T Y=T

Figure 8: DNN-PV MPPT controller showing best regression.

issues [9]. Another important factor of the hybrid renewable

Table 1
energy system is optimization of net present cost (NPC), fuel
cost, operation cost, and cost of energy (COE) of the hybrid.
(a) DNN data of MPPT controller for PV systems
The optimization of the key performance indicators of the
hybrid power system is done by using the hybrid optimiza- DNN-FC MPPT Values
tion model for electric renewables (HOMER) [10]. The
Best validation 4.7867e-11
energy flow is from the energy source to the electrical system
for a residential application in conjunction with an intelligent Mu 1e-09
demand management control strategy [11]. The real and Gradient 9.8252e-08
reactive power controller is challenging role in hybrid renew- Training 1
able energy systems. An adaptive Lyapunov-based rapid ter- Validation 1
minal sliding mode control is superior over the traditional PI Test 1
control because of its faster error tracking capability and Overall regression 1
robustness. A Q-V-based inverter control is employed to
interface the single phase grid and the hybrid system [12].
The optimal power flow (OPF) formulation includes the (b) Comparative analyses of MPPT controller for PV systems
forecasted active power generation of WT and PV as depen- Controller Fuzzy DNN
dent variables, whereas the voltage magnitude at WT and PV
PV 17820 W 18080 W
buses is considered as control (decision) variables [13].
The hybrids of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) deal
with optimal performance in cost consideration, emission,
6 International Journal of Photoenergy

PV Power

2
1.5

Watts
1
0.5
0
Irradiance
28
26
W/M2

24
22
20
Temp

1000
800
600
C

400
200
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Time

MPPT_Power
Temp
I

(a)
DNN - MPPT
Trace selection
3 MPPT_Power

Signal statistics
2.5 Value Time
Max 1.808e+04 0.995
Min 4.267e–20 0.000e+00
2
Peak to peak 1.808e–20
Mean 1.634e+04
1.5
W

Median 1.780e+04
RMS 1.677e+04

0.5

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Time

PV_Power
MPPT_Power

Fuzzy MPPT Trace selection

3 MPPT_Power

Signal Statistics
2.5
Value Time
Max 1.782e+04 0.998
2 Min 4.267e–20 0.000e+00
Peak to peak 1.782e+04
Mean 1.464e+04
1.5
‣‣ Median 1.729e+04
W

‣ RMS 1.544e+04
‣‣
1

0.5

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Time
PV_Power
MPPT_Power

(b)

Figure 9: (a) Simulation results of DNN-PV MPPT power with respect to irradiance and temperature. (b) Comparison of fuzzy- and DNN-
based MPPT controller.
International Journal of Photoenergy 7

PV boost converter voltage and current

500

400
Voltage
Volt and amp

300

200

Current
C
100

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Time

Voltage measurement
Current measurement

Figure 10: Simulation results of DNN-PV MPPT boost converter voltage and current with respect to irradiance and temperature.

L
D
MOSFET

C R

Fuel cell
Duty cycle-PWM
Fuel cell MPPT
current controller

Figure 11: Proposed DNN-based optimum fuel flow algorithm for the fuel cell power system.

DNN Based MPPT controller for 6 kW fuel cell stack

<Utilization (%) [O2 (Yellow); H2 (Magenta)]>

<Stack consumption (lpm) [Air(Yellow); Fuel(Magenta)]>

1
<Stack efficiency (%)>

×
<Voltage>
+ Fuel cell power Scope
m <Current>
y_O2

1
FuelFr H2 Air +
+ Ve

+ FC + + –i
–
DC bus current
–
+ v
– FC – – +

DC bus voltage
100Vdc Boost
DC/DC Converter
(average value)
Fuel flow rate (lpm)
Output NNET Input 2
– Ve

Function fitting neural network

Figure 12: Simulation model of the DNN controller-based optimum fuel flow algorithm for a fuel cell power system.
8 International Journal of Photoenergy

Hidden layer Output layer

Input Output
W W
+ +
b b
1 1
1000 1

Figure 13: DNN model for fuel cell MPPT system.

Best validation performance is 1.4367e–80 at epoch 5

102

100
Mean squared error (mse)

10–2

10–4

10–6

10–8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
5 Epochs
Train Test
Validation Best

Figure 14: DNN-based fuel flow controller showing best validation performance.

Error histogram with 20 bins

1500

1000
Instances

500

0
–0.00044
–0.0004

–0.00031
–0.00027
–0.00023
–0.00018
–0.00014
–9.5e–05
–5.2e–05
–8.1e–06
3.54e–05

7.9e–05

0.000123

0.000166

0.00021

0.000253

0.000297

0.000341

0.000384
–0.00036

Error=Tragets–Outputs
Training Test
Validation Zero error

Figure 15: Error histogram of the DNN-based fuel flow controller.

International Journal of Photoenergy 9

Gradient = 2.9948e–08, at epoch 5

100
Gradient

10–5

10–10
Mu = 1e–08, at epoch 5
10–2

10–4
Mu

10–6

10–8
Validation checks = 0, at epoch 5
1

0.5
Val fail

–0.5

–1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

5 Epochs

Figure 16: Training data of the DNN-based fuel flow controller.

space management and adequate reliability in power genera-
tion, and power quality and optimum power utilization [14].
Hence, novel and innovative technologies based on
feasible ideas are needed to deal with the mentioned issues
so as to increase the RE sources’ penetration in the power
grid.
This paper has proposed a novel and deep neural net-
work algorithm to solve the power system issues with inte-
grated PV and FC generators. This system is represented in
Figure 1. The main contributions of this work include the
following:
(1) Design and model the MPPT controller for PV and
fuel cells using DNN and analyze its performance
under various weather conditions
(2) Design and develop a hybrid PV-fuel cell energy sys-
tem and model a smart inverter for microgrid inte-
gration of a hybrid system
(3) Design a DNN-based voltage source controller that is
synchronous with the microgrid and hybrid PV and
fuel cell energy system
(4) The proposed DNN-based smart inverter helps to
reduce harmonics and improves the power quality
and its stability
The organization of this paper is as follows: the DNN-
based MPPT algorithm for a PV system is given in Section
2. This section also analyzes the proposed algorithm’s per-
formance under various weather conditions. The DNN-
based MPPT algorithm for fuel cell energy system and per-
formance analysis under various fuel pressures and its
results are explained in Section 3. The proposed DNN-
based microgrid-integrated hybrid PV and fuel cell power
system are explained in Section 4. In Section 5, the DNN-
based smart inverter controller is modelled, and its perfor-
mance is explained. The results for simulation are given in
Section 6 while Section 7 includes the final conclusions.
2. Deep Neural Network-Based MPPT for PV
In the present situation, renewable energy sources are
required to make the maximum power point tracking algo-
rithm generate maximum power under various weather con-
ditions [15]. The researchers have been focused to create
different MPPT algorithms, including the incremental con-
ductance, P&O, feedback voltage and current, fuzzy, ANN,
PSO ANFIS, and other controllers [16–18]. This paper
throws light on a new advanced MPPT algorithm called a
Deep Neural Network (DNN) controller for photovoltaic
systems. The proposed DNN-based MPPT algorithms were
10 International Journal of Photoenergy

Training: R=1
Validation: R=1
1 1

0.9 0.9

Output ~=1 target + -5.3e-08

Output ~=1 target + -6.5e-07

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7
⁎

⁎
0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Target Target

Data Data
Fit Fit
Y=T Y=T

Test: R=1 All: R=1

1 1

0.9 0.9
Output ~=1 target + -9 .3e-08

Output ~=1 target + -6.5e-07

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7
⁎
⁎

0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Target Target

Data Data
Fit Fit
Y=T Y=T

Figure 17: Training and validation of the DNN-based fuel flow controller.

developed using 75,000 data entries, such as PV voltage, cur- Table 2

rent, and its corresponding duty cycle, as Figure 2 shows. The
MPPT algorithm of a PV system simulation model has been (a) DNN data of the MPPT controller for the FC system
developed and modelled with MATLAB, illustrated in
Figure 3. The proposed simulation was performed using a DNN-fuel cell MPPT Values
50 kW model PV array, which is connected with a boost con- Best validation 1.4367e-8
verter, and it is controlled by the proposed MPPT algorithm. Mu 1.00e-8
The developed DNN algorithm has 2 inputs, including a PV Gradient 2.9948e-8
current and voltage, and besides, 1500 hidden layer neurons Training 1
are used between the input and output layers, as Figure 4
Validation 1
indicates. The proposed MPPT algorithm’s output generates
Test 1
a duty cycle for a PV-connected boost converter. This DNN
layer has been used for training the MPPT network using Overall regression 1
the data, such as input (PV voltage, PV current) and output
in the form of a duty cycle of a converter. (b) Fuel cell efficiency comparison: fuzzy and DNN
The best validation performance of the proposed DNN
controller is presented in Figure 5. The following details are Controller Fuzzy DNN
observed while training the DNN for the MPPT controller Efficiency 57.01% 57.09%
such as the error (targeted output) histogram data of the pro-
posed DNN controller being very small, which is obvious in
Figure 6. The gradient and validation checks of the proposed
DNN trained network are presented in Figure 7. Finally, the
International Journal of Photoenergy 11

Fuel cell output power

6000
5000
4000

Watt
3000
2000
1000
0

Fuel flow rate (Ipm)

49
48.8
48.6
Ipm

48.4
48.2
48

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time

Figure 18: Simulation results for the DNN-fuel cell power with respect to optimum fuel flow.

<Voltage>,<current>,DC bus voltage, DC bus current

160

140

120

100
Volt & amp

80

60

40

20

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time
<Voltage> DC bus voltage
<Current> DC bus current

Figure 19: Simulation results for DNN-fuel cell converter voltage and current as well as DC bus voltage and current.

Fuel cell voltage

140
120
100
80
Volt

60
40
20
0
Fuel cell current
60
50
40
Amp

30
20
10
0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time

Figure 20: Fuel cell voltage and current waveform.

12 International Journal of Photoenergy

Power distribution grid

Three-phase transformer

Three-phase sourcee

Figure 21: The proposed simulation model of a DNN-based controller with a microgrid integrated with a hybrid PV and a FC energy system.

Wt

Vabc & Iabc Vd & Vq

PLL & measurement

Vd & Vq conv
Id & Iq PWM
Current regulator PWM generator

Vdc Measure Id
VDC Regulator

Vdc ref

Figure 22: DNN controller-based voltage source controller for smart inverters.

proposed DNN-based MPPT algorithm has been developed
and is presented with its best regression for training data, test
data, validation data, and overall performance data in
Figure 8. The overall DNN data are presented in Table 1.
The proposed 50 kW PV system has been simulated in
MATLAB, and the proposed DNN-based MPPT algorithm
was applied. The proposed simulation model has been simu-
lated under various weather conditions, and its performance
was analyzed in various operating conditions. The 50 kW PV
system’s simulation results are illustrated in Figure 9(a),
which also shows various solar irradiance values with respect
to the corresponding PV output power and MPPT
controller-based PV output power. The comparative analyses
of the PV MPPT with fuzzy and DNN is presented in
Figure 9(b) and Table 1(b); the boost converter’s current
waveform and output voltage are illustrated in Figure 10.
International Journal of Photoenergy 13

2 Input NNET Output

IdIq_mes
1
VdVq_conv
3 Function fitting neural network

IdIq_ref

1
Rtot_pu1
VdVq_mes

PI_Ireg1
0.002
Feed forward

Current regulator
(with feedforward)
0.06

Ltot = Lxfo + Lchoke

Ltot_pu1 Rtot = Rxfo + Rchoke

Harmonic filter neglected

For Ltot >> Rtot :
Rtot_pu5

0.002 (Vd_prim - Vd_conv) ~ = +Iq⁎Ltot

(Vq_prim - Vq_conv) ~ = –Id⁎Ltot

0.06
Vd_mes + Id⁎R - Iq⁎L + deriv(Id)⁎L = Vd_conv
Vq_mes + Id⁎L + Iq⁎R + deriv(Iq)⁎L = Vq_conv
Ltot_pu2

Sign convention: current going out of the converter = positive current

Id positive --> the converter generates active power ("invertermode") = active power P positive
Iq positive --> the converter absorbs reactive power ("inductive mode") = reactive power Q negative

Figure 23: DNN-based current regulator for smart inverter.

Hidden Output
Input Output
W W
+ +
b b
2 2
2500 2

Figure 24: DNN model for the current regulator of a smart inverter.

3. Deep Neural Network-Based MPPT for Power
System Using a Fuel Cell
The DNN controller develops rules and limits to assure
optimum fuel flow for a fuel cell system, as shown in
Figure 11. For the DNN learning rule, 44,000 entries of data
were used to develop the optimum fuel flow rule. The sim-
ulation model of the projected algorithm-based fuel cell
system has been simulated using MATLAB, as Figure 12
illustrates. A 6 kW fuel cell power system was simulated,
and a boost convertor was employed for stepping up
voltage-supported optimized fuel flows [19]. The control
of fuel flow will lead to the fuel cell’s current limitation as
well reduce hemic losses in the fuel cell, which helps to
increase fuel cell operating efficiency. In Figure 13, the
DNN layer has been illustrated. This layer has a single
input, which is the fuel cell current, and there are a thou-
sand hidden layers between the input and the output. It
only has a single output, which is the fuel flow pressure.
The best validation performance of the proposed DNN
controller is presented in Figure 14. The following infor-
mation is observed and noted such as the error
(target − output) histogram data of the proposed DNN
controller being very small, as shown in Figure 15. The
gradient and validation checks of the proposed DNN-
trained network are presented in Figure 16. Finally, the
14 International Journal of Photoenergy

Best validation performance is 7.7813e–10 at epoch 11

102

100

Mean squared error (mse)

10–2

10–4

10–6

10–8

10–10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
11 Epochs
Train Test
Validation Best

Figure 25: DNN-current regulator showing best validation performance.

Error histogram with 20 Bins

2.5

2
Instances

1.5

0.5

0
–1.44e–05
–0.00011
–0.00013
–0.00015
–0.00022

–0.00019

–9.5e–05

–7.6e–05

–5.8e–05

–2.2e–05

–3.8e–06

0.000105
3.26e–05

5.07e–05

6.89e–05

8.71e–05
–0.00017
–0.00024

–0.0002

–4e–05

Errors = Targets – Outputs

Training Test
Validation Zero error

Figure 26: Error histogram of a DNN-based current regulator.

International Journal of Photoenergy 15

Gradient = 7.8828e–05, at epoch 11

100
Gradient

10–5
Mu = 1e–11, at epoch 11

10–5
Mu

10–10

Validation checks = 0, at epoch 11

1

0.5
Val fail

–0.5

–1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

11 Epochs

Figure 27: Training data of a DNN-based current regulator.

proposed DNN-based fuel flow control algorithm has been
developed that showed best regression for training data,
test data, validation data, and the overall performance
data, as seen in Figure 17. The overall design and DNN
data are presented in Table 2.
We applied the proposed DNN-based MPPT algorithm
to a 6 kW fuel cell power system and simulated it in
MATLAB environment. The proposed fuel flow controller
system has been analyzed under various fuel pressures.
Figure 18 illustrates a power system that uses a fuel cell to
generate power at various fuel flow pressures. The current
waveform and output voltage of a boost converter are shown
in Figure 19, and for the fuel cell, they are presented in
Figure 20. Table 2(b) shows the comparative analyses of fuel
cell efficiency with fuzzy and DNN controller.
4. Integration of Microgrid with Hybrid PV and
Fuel Cell Power Systems
In this section, we will discuss how a microgrid is integrated
with a hybrid power system, its components like fuel cells or
PVs, and how it is controlled by a DNN-based MPPT algo-
rithm. The detailed simulation model is presented in
Figure 21. In this simulation model, a 74 kW hybrid PV
(50 kW) and a fuel cell (6 × 4 = 24 kW) energy system are
integrated into a power microgrid with the support of a smart
inverter, which is controlled by a DNN-based voltage source
controller [15, 20, 21] as shown in Figure 22. In this control-
ler, there are three major subcontrollers, which are designed
including a voltage regulator, a phase lock loop, and a current
regulator. Finally, the PWM signals will be generated through
the current regulator for the smart inverter through a syn-
chronous connection between the hybrid 74 kW PV/fuel cell
and the microgrid system.
5. Deep Neural Network Controller-Based Grid-
Integrated Smart Inverter
A Deep Neural Network (DNN) controller can regulate the
current in a grid-connected hybrid PV and FC energy sys-
tem with the help of an exploitation sensing inverter. During
this DNN learning, the algorithmic rule is used with 75,000
data items for providing training to develop roles to run a
current regulator algorithm. The simulation model of the
projected current regulator-based grid-connected smart
inverter has been simulated using MATLAB, as Figure 23
indicates.
The projected simulation model, the 74 kW hybrid PV
(50 kW), and the fuel cell (6 × 4 = 24 kW) energy system have
been used for microgrid integration. The DNN layer that
consists of a pair of input neurons, 2500 hidden-layer neu-
rons, and two output neurons is shown in Figure 24. This
DNN layer has been used for guiding the current regulator
network used in the subsequent data like input (direct axis
and quadrant axis current) while the output is a PWM signal
for a grid-integrated smart inverter.
16 International Journal of Photoenergy

Training: R = 1 Validation: R = 1
2 2

Output ~=1⁎target + –5.6e–05

Output ~=1⁎target + –5.1e–05

1.9 1.9

1.8 1.8

1.7 1.7

1.6 1.6

1.5 1.5

1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2

Target Target
Data Data
Fit Fit
Y=T Y=T
Test: R = 1 All: R = 1
2 2
Output ~=1⁎target + –6.3e–05

Output ~=1⁎target + –5.6e–05

1.9 1.9

1.8 1.8

1.7 1.7

1.6 1.6

1.5 1.5

1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2

Target Target
Data Data
Fit Fit
Y=T Y=T

Figure 28: DNN-based current regulator—training, test, and validation.

The DNN controller has been trained using the above Table 3: DNN data of a controller for the grid system.
system, and its best validation performance has been pre-
DNN grid Values
sented in Figure 25. The proposed DNN controller error
(target − output) histogram data is presented in Figure 26. Best validation 7.7813e-10
The proposed DNN-trained network gradient and validation Mu 1e-11
check is presented in Figure 27. Finally, the proposed DNN- Gradient 7.8828e-5
based current regulator algorithm has been developed and is Training 1
presented with its best regression for training data, test data, Validation 1
validation data, and overall performance data in Figure 28.
Test 1
The regression predicts an output variable (PWM) as a func-
tion of the inputs (observed direct and quadrant axis cur- Overall regression 1
rent). The overall DNN data are given in Table 3.

6. Results and Discussion tive power is consumed by the consumer’s load from the
microgrid, which is approximately 170 kVR, as shown in
The proposed system has been developed and simulated Figure 30. Figure 31 depicts that the full power (74 kilo-
under varying operational conditions using the MATLAB watts) was generated by combining a PV and a fuel cell
atmosphere. The simulation model, the simulation results, in a hybrid power generation system. The most important
and the subsequent information were determined. Figure 29 objective of this analysis is to maintain the microgrid grid
shows the load of real power consumed by the consumers voltage and current with no or negligible oscillations.
from the microgrid network, which was 110 kW. The reac- Figure 32 shows the microgrid voltage and current
International Journal of Photoenergy 17

×104 Load – active power

15

10
Watt

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Time

Figure 29: Real power consumed by load.

×105 Load - reactive power

2

1.5
VAR

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Time

Figure 30: Reactive power consumed by the load.

×104 PV
5
4
3
Watt

2
1
0

×104 FC
2.5
2
1.5
Watt

1
0.5
0

×104 Hybrid PV + FC

6
Watt

4
2
0

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Time

Figure 31: Total power generated by hybrid PV and FC energy system.

18 International Journal of Photoenergy

Power system distribution voltage

400
300
Voltage (volt)

200
100
0
–100
–200
–300
–400
Load current
600
400
Current (amp)

200
0
–200
–400
–600
0 0.05 0.1 0.15
Time

Figure 32: Waveform of the microgrid voltage and current.

Grid power supplied to load

12

10

6
Watts

–2

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Time

Figure 33: Grid-supplied power to the load.

Fundamental (50 Hz) = 362, THD = 3.55%

3.5

3
Mag (% of fundamental)

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000

Frequency (Hz)

Figure 34: THD values for PV system voltage.

International Journal of Photoenergy 19

Fundamental (50 Hz) = 8.345, THD = 0.90%

0.8

Mag (% of fundamental)
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency (Hz)

Figure 35: THD values for PV system current.

Fundamental (50 Hz) = 362, THD = 3.55%

3.5

3
Mag (% of fundamental)

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency (Hz)

Figure 36: THD values for FC voltage.

Fundamental (50 Hz) = 8.388, THD = 4.60%

12

10
Mag (% of fundamental)

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency (Hz)

Figure 37: THD values for FC current.

20 International Journal of Photoenergy

Fundamental (50 Hz) = 491.4, THD = 0.40%

0.4

0.35

Mag (% of fundamental)
0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency (Hz)

Figure 38: THD values for microgrid current load.

Fundamental (50 Hz) = 362, THD = 3.55%

3.5

3
Mag (% of fundamental)

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency (Hz)

Figure 39: THD values for microgrid voltage load.

Table 4: THD comparative values for grid, fuel cell, and PV.
waveform in the grid-integrated nonlinear supply of power
through a hybrid power generation system that is equipped Profile Voltage-THD Current-THD
with a PV and a fuel cell. Power management is one of the
Grid 3.55% 0.4%
main tasks of a power generating station because it must
meet the clients’ demand. In the projected model, the FC 3.55% 4.46%
hybrid PV/FC generated around 74 kilowatts of power. PV 3.55% 0.9%
The microgrid alone provided the power to the buyer’s
load, which is given in Figure 33. During this analysis, the
other major task is to boost the power quality and to cut 7. Conclusion
back on the THD value at the point of common coupling.
This simulation deeply analyzes the THD value of all the This paper has been written after detailed investigation and
generating sources and the microgrid. The PV system’s development of an advanced DNN controller-based MPPT
THD values for the voltage and the current are given in controller algorithm for PV, which has been analyzed in var-
Figures 34 and 35, respectively. The next two Figures 36 ious atmospheric conditions. The PEM cell system has been
and 37 present the FC energy system’s THD values for cur- developed to manage the fuel flow pressure by DNN, which
rent and voltage, respectively. Finally, the microgrid load, is primarily based on the algorithm to enhance the fuel cell
voltage, and current THD values are analyzed and given efficiency. Furthermore, the simulation results were evalu-
in Figures 38 and 39, respectively. The THD values are pre- ated and analyzed in different weather changes and fuel flow
sented in tabulated form in Table 4. fluctuations to make sure that the proposed controller
International Journal of Photoenergy
algorithm is effective. The proposed MPPT results are com-
pared with a fuzzy logic controller and prove the proposed
controller effectiveness. The projected grid integration of
the hybrid PV and fuel cell energy system has been developed
and simulated in the MATLAB atmosphere. The target of
this analysis is implementing a simulation model of a smart
inverter-based microgrid, which was integrated with a hybrid
PV and the fuel cell energy system using the DNN algorithm
in MATLAB atmosphere. The projected system has been
simulated in various operational conditions, and the results
are reported in this paper. The improvements in the power
quality are the second most significant purpose of this
research. This objective was achieved through finding the
THD values of the PV, fuel cell, distributed grid voltage,
and current profile. The proposed system THD values
are less than 5% according to the IEEE 1547 and 519 stan-
dards. The projected system and DNN controller effec-
tively improved the power quality and the environmental
surroundings.
Data Availability
All time available.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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