29th December 2020, Tuesday.

Class 9th Physics

Chapter # 7
(Total 15 Pages)
Properties of Matter

Matter
In Physics, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up
space by having volume.
All everyday objects that can be touched are ultimately
composed of atoms. Matter includes atoms and anything made
up of them, and any particles (or combination of particles) that
act as if they have both mass and volume.
In simple words, matter is the stuff that makes up the universe
and everything that takes up space and has mass is matter.

Properties of Matter
The properties of matter include any traits that can be
measured, such as an object's density, color, mass, volume,
length, malleability, melting point, hardness, odor,
temperature, and more.

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States of Matter
Matter typically exists in one of three states: solid , liquid , or
gas. The state a given substance exhibits is also a physical
property. Some substances exist as gases at room temperature,
while others, like water exist as liquids.

Solid
Solids are defined by the following characteristics:
 definite shape.
 definite volume.
 particles vibrate around fixed axes.
Liquid
Liquids have the following characteristics:
 no definite shape
 has definite volume
 particles are free to move over each other, but are still
attracted to each other
Gas
Gases have the following characteristics:
 no definite shape
 no definite volume
 particles move in random motion with little or no
attraction to each other
 highly compressible

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Summary

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Density
The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume.
The symbol most often used for density is ρ (the lower case
Greek letter rho), although the Latin letter D can also be used.

Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume:

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Pressure
Pressure is defined as the force divided by the area
perpendicular to the force over which the force is applied.
Mathematically, pressure is defined as force divided by area:

Unit of Pressure
Pressure is defined as the force (N) divided by the area (m2).

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Atmospheric Pressure
The air around you has weight, and it presses against
everything it touches. That pressure is called atmospheric
pressure.
It is the force exerted on a surface by the air above it as gravity
pulls it to Earth. Atmospheric pressure is commonly measured
with a barometer. In a barometer, a column of mercury in a
glass tube rises or falls as the weight of the atmosphere
changes. Meteorologists describe the atmospheric pressure by
how high the mercury rises.

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Unit of Atmospheric Pressure

An atmosphere (atm) is a unit of measurement equal to the
average air pressure at sea level at a temperature of 15° C.
One atmosphere is 1,013 mbs, or 760 millimeters (29.92 inches)
of mercury.

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Pressure in Liquids
Pressure in Liquids (like in Solids) is measurement of the force
per unit area. Liquid pressure can be caused by gravity,
acceleration, or forces in a closed container. Since a liquid has
no definite shape, its pressure applies in all directions. Liquid
pressure can also be amplified through hydraulic mechanisms
and changes with the velocity of the liquid.
In liquids, as the depth increases, the pressure increases as
well. Pressure (P) increases because as you go deeper, liquid at
a lower depth has to support fluid above it as well. Therefore to
define liquid pressure, we can say that it is the pressure at a
point within a liquid arising due to the weight of the liquid.

Formula for Pressure in Liquids

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Pascal’s Law
Pascal’s law states that, a pressure change in one part of a fluid
is transmitted without loss to every portion of that fluid and to
the walls of the container.
The principle was first enunciated by the French scientist Blaise
Pascal in 1653.

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Application of Pascal’s Law

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Archimede’s Principle
Archimedes’ principle is a law discovered by the ancient Greek
mathematician and inventor Archimedes.
It states that anybody completely or partially submerged in a
liquid, is acted upon by an upward force (known as buoyant
force), the magnitude of which is equal to the weight of the
liquid displaced by the body.
Note that, the volume of displaced fluid is equivalent to the
volume of an object fully immersed in a fluid or to that fraction
of the volume below the surface for an object partially
submerged in a liquid.

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Principle Of Floatation
When any boat displaces a weight of water equal to its own
weight, it floats. This is often called as principle of flotation.
A floating object displaces a weight of fluid equal to its own
weight. Archimede’s principle, as stated above, equates the
buoyant force to the weight of the fluid displaced.

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Elasticity
In physics, elasticity is the ability of a body to resist a distorting
influence and to return to its original size and shape when that
influence or force is removed.
Solid objects will deform when adequate loads are applied to
them, if the material is elastic. The object will return to its initial
shape and size after removal.
The inverse of elasticity is plasticity, in which the object fails to
do so and instead remain in its deformed state.

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Hooke’s Law
Hooke's law is a law of physics that states that the force (F)
needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x)
scales linearly with respect to that distance.
Mathematically, F = kx, where k is a constant factor
characteristic of the spring.

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Young’s Modulus
Young's modulus is a mechanical property that measures the
tensile stiffness of a solid material.
It quantifies the relationship between tensile stress and axial
strain in the linear elastic region of a material and is
determined using the formula:

The End

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