Objectives of the Activity:

1. To revisit the past and historical events during the19 th

century in different aspects of the society.

2. To show the context where Jose Rizal had lived and
died.
3. To provide information through interactive, collaborative
and holistic means of presentation.
 The Filipinos in this time were unfortunate victims
of the evils of an unjust, biased and deteriorating power
These are:
❑ Instability of colonial administration
❑ Corrupt Colonial Officials
❑ No Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes
❑ Human Rights Denied to Filipinos
❑ No Equality before the Law
❑ Maladministration of Justice
❑ Racial Administration
❑ Frailocracy
❑ Forced Labor
❑ Haciendas Owned by the Friars
❑ The Guardia Civil
• The instability of Spanish politics since the turbulent reign
of King Ferdinand VII (1808-1833) marked the beginning of
political chaos in Spain
• This political instability in Spain adversely affected
Philippine affairs because it brought about frequent
periodic shifts in colonial policies and periodic rigodon of
colonial officials

• 1835 to 1897.
50 Governor-Generals each serving an average term
of only one year and three months.
Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo Admiral Jose Malcampo General Fernando Primo de Rivera
(1871-1873) (1874-77) (1880-83 and 1897)
General Valeriano Weyler General Camilo de Polavieja
(1888-91) (1896-97)
• Boastful and ruthless
governor general who
ordered the execution of
Father Mariano Gomez,
Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora. Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo
(1871-1873)
• A good Moro fighter but
was an inept and weak
administrator

Admiral Jose Malcampo

(1874-77)
• Governor General for two
terms enriched himself by
accepting bribes from
gambling casinos in Manila
which he scandalously
permitted to operate.
General Fernando Primo de Rivera
(1880-83 and 1897)
• Cruel and corrupt governor
general of Hispanic-German
ancestry. Arrived in Manila a
poor man and returned to
Spain millionaire.

General Valeriano Weyler

(1888-91)
• An able militarist but heartless
governor general.
• Widely detested by filipino
people for executing Dr. Rizal

General Camilo de Polavieja

(1896-97)
• To win the support of her overseas
colonies during the Napoleonic invasion,
Spain granted them representation in
the Cortes (Spanish parliament)
• Accordingly, the Philippines experienced
her first period of representation in the
Cortes from 1810 to 1813.
• The first Philippine
delegate who took active
part in the framing of
the Constitution 1812.

Ventura de los Reyes

• Since the adoption of the Spanish
Constitution of 1812 and other constitutions
in succeeding years, the people of Spain
enjoyed freedom of speech, freedom of the
press, freedom of association, and other
human rights (except freedom of religion).

• The Spanish authorities who cherished these

human rights in Spain denied them to the
Filipinos in Asia.
• Spaniards arrogantly regarded the
brown skinned Filipinos as inferior
beings.
• Spanish Penal Code, which was
enforced in the Philippines,
particularly imposed heavier
penalties on Native Filipinos or
mestizos and lighter penalties on
white-complexioned Spaniards.
• The courts of justice in the Philippines
during Rizal’s time were notoriously
corrupt.
• Justice was costly, partial and slow
• Wealth, social, and color of were
preponderant factors in winning a case in
court
• The judicial procedure was so slow and
clumsy that it wad easy to have justice
delayed.
• Filipinos as inferior beings who were
infinitely undeserving of the rights and
privileges that the white Spaniards
enjoyed.

• Spaniards called the brown-skinned and

flat-nosed Filipinos “Indios”, in
retaliation, on the Filipinos dubbed their
pale-complexioned detractors with the
disparaging term “bangus” (milkfish)
• The friars (Augustinians, Dominicans, and
Franciscans) controlled the religious and
educational life of the Philippines, and later
in the 19th century they came to acquire
tremendous political power, influence and
riches.
• Almost every town in the archipelago,
except in Islamic Mindanao and Sulu and in
Pagao hinterlands was ruled by a friar
curate.
• Known as polo.

• Compulsory labor imposed by the Spanish

colonial authorities on adult Filipino males
in the construction of churches, schools,
hospitals, building and repair of roads and
bridges, building of ships and other public
works.
• During Rizal’s time the
Spanish friars belonging to
different religious were the
richest landlords, for they
owned the best haciendas
(agricultural lands) in the
Philippines.
• Had render meritorious service in
suppressing the bandits in the provinces,
they later became infamous for their
rampant abuses such as maltreating
innocent people, looting their carabaos,
chickens and available belongings and raping
women.
• Rizal himself witnessed the discrimination of
how the guardia civil (either Filipino or
insulares) treated the Filipinos.