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Answers To Saqs: Cambridge International A Level Chemistry
Answers To Saqs: Cambridge International A Level Chemistry
Answers to SAQs
Chapter 21 the same as the concentration of sodium
hydroxide – 5.00 × 10–3 mol dm–3
1 a pH 3.5 (using pH = –log[H+]) Using Kw = [H+] [OH–] = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6
K 1.00 × 10
–14
b pH 2.0 [H+] = [OHw–] = –3
5.00 × 10
c pH 7.4 [H+] = 2.00 × 10–12 mol dm–3
d pH 11.3 pH = 11.7
e pH 9.1 +
[H (aq)] [C6H5COO (aq)]
–
4 a i Ka =
[C6H5COOH(aq)]
2 a 1.26 × 10–3 mol dm–3 (using [H+] = 10–pH) + 2–
[H (aq)] [CO3 (aq)]
ii Ka = –
b 2.00 × 10–4 mol dm–3 [HCO3 (aq)]
+
[H (aq)] [NH3(aq)]
c 6.31 × 10–12 mol dm–3 iii
Ka = +
[NH4 (aq)]
d 3.98 × 10–6 mol dm–3 b i acid = [Fe(H2O)6]3+ base = [Fe(H2O)5OH]2+
e 1.26 × 10–13 mol dm–3 ii acid = HNO2 base = NO2–
3 a pH = 0 (the acid is completely ionised so iii acid = CO2 + H2O base = HCO3–
[HNO3] = [H+]) iv acid = HSiO3– base = SiO32–
b pH = 0.32 (the acid is completely ionised) (a hydrogen ion has been removed to form
c The aqueous solution contains 3.00 g of the base, which is conjugate to the acid)
hydrogen chloride per dm3. To find the pH 5 a
In each case we first find the hydrogen
we need the hydrogen ion concentration in ion concentration, then use the general
mol dm–3. The relative formula mass of HCl is equilibrium expression
36.5 (1.0 + 35.5). +
[H ] [A ]
–
+ 2
[H ] part of the pH curve is in the region of 10.5
6 a
Ka = [benzoic acid]
to 3.5. So any indicator that has its colour
so [H+]2 = Ka × [benzoic acid] change range within this region would be
= (6.3 × 10–5) × (0.020) suitable, e.g. methyl red, bromothymol
so [H+] = (6.3 × 10–5) × (0.020) blue, phenolphthalein.
= 1.22 × 10–3 mol dm–3 iii Butanoic acid is a weak acid and
potassium hydroxide is a strong base.
pH = –log10 (1.22 × 10–3) = 2.95
+ 2
The steepest part of the pH curve is in
[H ]
b Ka = 3+
the region of 11 to 7.5. So any indicator
[Al(H2O)6 (aq)]
that has its colour change range within
so [H+]2 = Ka × [Al(H2O)63+(aq)] this region would be suitable, e.g.
= (1.0 × 10–5) × (0.010) phenolphthalein.
so [H+] = (1.0 × 10–5) × (0.010) b The titration of a strong acid with a weak base
= 3.16 × 10–4 mol dm–3 has a steep pH change only in acidic regions
pH = –log10 (3.16 × 10–4) = 3.5 and not alkaline regions, for example, between
[H ]
+ 2 pH 3 and pH 9. Phenolphthalein has a mid-
c Ka = [methanoic acid] point in its colour range above pH 9. This is a
pH value that does not correspond with the
so [H+]2 = Ka × [methanoic acid]
steepest part of the pH–volume curve.
= (1.6 × 10–4) × (0.10)
so [H+] = (1.6 × 10–4) × (0.10) 9 a The equilibrium mixture is:
= 4.0 × 10–3 mol dm–3 NH3(aq) + H2O ∏ NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq)
pH = –log10 (4.0 × 10–3) = 2.4 i When hydrochloric acid is added, the
additional H+ ions combine with the OH–
7 a The slope of the graph is steep between ions in the equilibrium mixture (forming
pH 3.5 and 10.5. Any indicator with a colour water). The position of equilibrium shifts to
change range between these values is the right. Because there are relatively high
suitable: bromocresyl green, methyl red, concentrations of ammonia (base) and
bromothymol blue or phenylphthalein. ammonium ions (conjugate acid) present
Methyl yellow, methyl orange and compared with the concentration of added
bromophenol blue would not be first choice H+ ions, the pH does not change very
indicators. Although the mid-point of their much.
colour range is just within the range of the ii When sodium hydroxide is added, the
steep slope, their full range is outside the additional OH– ions shift the position of
lower limit of 3.5. equilibrium to the left. More ammonia
b Methyl violet, methyl yellow and alizarin and water are formed. Because there are
yellow have mid-points in their colour ranges relatively high concentrations of ammonia
at pH values that do not correspond with the and ammonium ions present compared
steepest point of the pH/volume curve. with the concentration of added OH– ions,
the pH does not change very much.
8 a i Nitric acid is a strong acid and aqueous b Ammonia is a weak base. The equilibrium
ammonia is a weak base. The steepest part lies well over to the left. So there are not
of the pH curve is in the region of 7.5 to 3.5. enough NH4+ ions in the equilibrium mixture
So any indicator that has its colour change to remove added OH– ions.
range within this region would be suitable,
e.g. methyl red or bromothymol blue. 10
a i The equilibrium expression for this weak
ii Sulfuric acid is a strong acid and sodium acid in the presence of its conjugate base is:
+ –
hydroxide is a strong base. The steepest [H ] [HCOO ]
Ka = [HCOOH]
14
a This can be explained by the common ion
effect. The equilibrium equation and the
expression for the solubility product are:
TlCl(s) ∏ Tl+ + Cl–
Ksp = [Tl+] [Cl–]
When we add hydrochloric acid the chloride
ion is common to both hydrochloric acid and
thallium chloride; the added chloride ions
shift the position of equilibrium to the left so
thallium chloride is precipitated because the
solubility product [Tl+] × [Cl–] is exceeded.
b i Equal volumes of each solution are
combined. So each solution has diluted the
other by 2.
So the concentration of each solution is
0.0010
2
= 5.0 × 10–4 mol dm–3
So [Ca2+] = [SO42–] = 5 × 10–4 mol dm–3
ii
A precipitate will form if the solubility
product of calcium sulfate is exceeded. The
equilibrium expression for the solubility
product of calcium sulfate is:
Ksp = [Ca2+] [SO42–]
= 2.0 × 10–5 mol2 dm–6
Substituting the values:
[Ca2+][SO42–] = (5.0 × 10–4) × (5.0 × 10–4)
= 2.5 × 10–7 mol2 dm–6
This value is below the value of the
solubility product for calcium sulfate. So
no precipitate will form.
15
a [BDA(H2O)] = 0.032 × 1000
50 = 0.64
b [BDA(ether)] = (0.034 – 0.032) × 1000
20 = 0.1
[BDA(H O)]
2
c Kpc = [BDA(ether)] = 0.64
0.1 = 6.4