Name Andree Oswald C.

Candelario Date 05-12-2021

Schedule & Section T TH- CAB6 Tick Complete
Facilitator Rouel de Asis Incomplete

Module 11
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

I. Introduction

This module presents the digestive system. This includes the digestive tract and its accessory organs,
which process food into molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the cells of the body. Food is
broken down until the molecules are small enough to be absorbed and the waste products are eliminated.
The digestive tract, also called the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract, consists of a long
continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus.
You are expected to go over the adapted resource material to be able to answer the given tasks. This is
also to prepare you for the summative assessment.

Adapted Resource Material

Tortora, G.J. & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of anatomy and physiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

II. Learning Outcomes

Having successfully completed this module you will be able to:

1. recall the parts and functions of the digestive system. Specifically, you will be able to:

a. identify and describe the parts of the digestive system;

b. describe the movements and secretions of the digestive system;
c. relate the movements and secretions of the digestive system to metabolism; and
d. submit on time a well-written assignment on the different enzymes of the digestive system and
their functions

2. engage in interpreting knowledge from the topics, clarifying knowledge, self- insight, and exploring
learning.
3. practice precautionary measures to avoid digestive system related diseases.
4. apply the theories learned to objective, authentic, performance-based assessments
5. apply the theories learned to specific field of specialization and daily living especially exercise needs.

REMINDER:
It is easy to just copy and paste or just tick what is required. But
remember, you are fooling YOURSELF for you will never achieve the
goal of education. Moreover, you are the one who is going to take the

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board examination. Therefore, it is so important that you do what is right, not what is easy. Be proud of
your hard-earned profession.

The day you plant the seed is not the day you eat the fruit. So,
… be patient, … be humble, and
… don’t give up.

***Do not get irritated when you will encounter repeated question because REPETITION is the key to
MASTERY.

III. General instruction: Type your answers within the box and adjustment will be observed depending on
the content.

Engage

The task accesses your prior knowledge and helps you become engaged in this new concept to promote
curiosity and elicit prior knowledge. The activity should make connections between your past and present
learning experiences, expose prior conceptions, and organize your thinking toward the learning outcomes
of these current activities.

1. What is food?
Is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism

2. What is Gastroenterology?
Is a branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorder. Disease affecting the
gastrointestrinal tract, which include the organs from the mouth into anus, along the alimentary canal,
ate the focus of this speciality

3. What is proctology?
Is the medical specialty that focuses on disease of the colon, rectum and anus. Common conditions
that may be treated by a proctologist

4. What is dentistry?
Dentistry alson known as dental medicine and oral medicine, is a branch of medicine that consists of
the study, diagnosis, prevention,, and treatment of diseases, disorder , and conditions of the oral

5. What is endodontics?
That branch of dentistry concerned with diseases and injuries of the soft tissues inside a tooth

6. What is orthodontics?
The treatment of irregularities in the teeth and jaws, including the use of braces

7. What is periodontics?
Is a dentist who specializes in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of periodontal diseases and in

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 the placement of dental implants. And also experts in the treatment of oral inflammation

Explore

Exploration experiences provide you with a common base of activities within which current concepts (i.e.,
misconceptions), processes, and skills are identified and conceptual change is facilitated. When you
answer the questions herewith it will help you use your prior knowledge to generate new ideas, explore
questions and possibilities, and design and conduct a preliminary search. Moreover, when you will finish
answering this portion you are also able to read the whole topic. However, if you are just simply copying
and pasting without internalizing, then you are defeating the purpose of exploration.

1. Name and describe the 6 basic processes of digestion.

Process Description
Ingestion Is a common route taken by pathogenic organisms and poisons entering the
body
Propulsion Is a machine that produces thrust to push an object forward
Mechanical of Are the two methods your body uses to break down foods. Mechanical
Physical Digestion digestion involves physical movement to make foods smaller.
Chemical Digestion Uses enzymes to break down food
Absorption Refers to the movement of nutrients, water and electrolytes from the lumen
of the small intestine into the cells, then into the blood
Defecation Is the term given for the act of expelling feces from the digestive tract via the
anus

2. Differentiate the 2 types of digestion.

Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion
Involves physical movement to make foods Uses enzymes to break down the foods
smaller

3. Differentiate the types of enteric nervous system.

Submucosal plexus Myenteric plexus
Is involved with local conditions and controls Increase the tone of gut and the velocity and
local secretions, absorption, and muscle intensity of contractions
movements

4. Differentiate the function of the Autonomic

Nervo us System in the digestive system.
Parasympathetic Sympathetic
Saliva secretion is inhibited Saliva secretion increase, digestion increase

5. Describe the gastrointestinal reflex pathways.

The gastrocolic reflex is the physiological reflex that controls the motility, or peristalsis, of the
gastrointestinal tract. It involves an increase in motility of the colon in response to stretch in the

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 stomach and the byproduct of digestion in the small intestine

6. Describe the saliva.

Is the watery and usually somewhat frothy substance produced in the mouths of some animals,
including humans. Produced in salivary glands , saliva is 98% water, but it contains many important
substances, including electrolytes, mucus, antibacterial compounds and various enzymes

7. Complete the table on the summary of digestive activities in the mouth

Structure Activity Result
Cheeks and lips Keep food between teeth Foods uniformly chewed during
mastication
Salivary glands Secrete saliva Lining of mouth and pharynx
moistened and lubricated. Saliva
softens, moistens, and dissolves
food and cleanses mouth and
teeth. Salivary amylapse splits
starch into smaller fragments
Tongue extrinsic tongue Move tongue from side to side Food maneuvered for
muscles in and out mastication, shaped into bolus,
and maneuvered for swallowing
Tongue intrinsic tongue Alter shape of tongue Swallowing and speech
muscles
Tongue taste buds Serve as receptors for gustation Secretion of saliva stimulated
(taste) and presence food in by nerve impulses from taste
mouth buds to salivatory nuclei in brain
stem to salivary glands
Teeth To cut, tear and grind food Solid foods reduced to smaller
particles for swallowing
Lingual glands Secrete lingual lipase Triglycerides broken down into
fatty acids and diglycerides
Salivary amylase Splits starch into fragments Carbohydrates broken down
into smaller molecules

8. Describe the types of esophageal sphincters.

Upper Lower
Is a bundle of muscle at the top of the esophagus Is a bundle of muscle at the low end of the
esophagus, where it meets the stomach

9. Complete the table on the summary of the digestion related activities of the pharynx and esophagus.
Structure Activity Result
Pharynx Pharyngeal stage of deglutition Moves bolus from oropharynx
to laryngopharynx and into
esophagus; closes air
passageways
Esophagus Relaxation of upper esophageal Permits entry of bolus from

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 sphincter laryngopharynx into esophagus

10. Describe a Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Occurs when stomach acid frequently flows back into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach.
This backwash (acid reflux) can irritate the lining of your esophagus

11. Name the phases of deglutition.

Process Description
Oropharyngeal Consists of the tongue from the circumvallate papillae, posteriorly to the
epiglottis, the tonsils, the associated pharyngeal walls, and the soft palate
Esophageal Is a muscular tube ten inches (25cm) long, extending from the hypopharynx
top the stomach
Gastroesophageal Is when whats in your stomach backs up into your esophagus

12. Give the digestion taking place in the GIT.

Part Mechanical
Mouth As the food is chewed
Stomach The muscles in the stomach
walls churn the bolus
Small intestine Segmentation moves the chyme
back and forth, increasing
mixing and opportunities
Large intestine Begins when chyme moves
from the ileum into the cecum,
an activity regulated by the
ileocecal sphincter
Chemical
Begins in the mouth when food
mixes with saliva
Allowing it to to mix with
digestive enzymes and gastric
acids
Jejenum and ileum absorb food
molecules by way of the vili
directly to the bloodstream
Absorbs water and electrolytes
and elimination of feces.

13. Complete the tables on the Summary of Digestive Activities in the Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder, and
Small Intestine.
Structure Activity
Pancreas Delivers pancreatic juice into duodenum via pancreatic duct to
assist absorption
Liver Produces bile necessary for emulsification and absorption of lipids
Gallbladder Stores, concentrates and delivers bile into duodenum via common
bile duct
Small intestine Major site of digestion and absorption of nutrients and water in
gastrointestinal tract
Intestinal glands Secrete intestinal juice to assists absorption
Absorptive cells Digest and absorb nutrients
Goblets cells Secrete mucus
Enteroendocrine cells Secrete secretin, cholecystokinin, and glocuse-dependent
insulinotropic peptide
Paneth cells Secrete lysozyme and phagocytosis
Duodenal glands Secrete alkaline fluid to buffer stomach acids, and mucus for

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 protection and lubrication
Circular folds Folds of mucosa and submucosa that increase surface area for
digestion and absorption
Villi Finger like projections of mucosa that are sites of absorption of
digested food and increase surface area for digestion and absorption
Microvilli Microscopic, membrane covered projections of absorptive
epithelial cells that contain brush-border enzymes and that increase
surface area for digestion and absorption
Segmentation Type of peristalsis; alternating contractions of circular smooth
muscle fibers that produce segmentation and resegmentation of
sections of small intestine; mixes chyme with digestive juice and
brings food into contact with mucosa for absorption
Migrating motility complex Type of peristalsis; waves of contraction and relaxation of circular
and longitudinal smooth muscle fibers passing the length of the
small intestine; move chyme toward ileocecal sphincter

`
14. Complete the table on the Summary of Digestive Enzymes
Enzyme Source Substrate Products
Salivary amylase Salivary glands Straches Maltose and adextrins
Lingual lipase Lingual glands in Trigloycerides and Fatty acids and
tongue other lipids diglycerides
Pepsin Stomach chief cells Proteins Peptides
Gastric lipase Stomach chief cells Triglycerides and other Fatty acids and
lipids monoglycerides
Pancreatic amylase Pancreatic acinar cells Starches Maltose, maltotriose
and a-dextrins
Trypsin Pancreatic acinar cells Proteins Peptides
Carboxypeptidase Pancreatic acinar cells Amino acid at Amino acids and
carboxyl end of peptides
peptides
Pancreatic lipase Pancreatic acinar cells Triglycerides that have Fatt acids and
been emulsified by bile monoglycerides
salts
Ribonuclease Pancreatic acinar cells Ribonucleic acids Nucleotides
Deoxyridonulcrease Pancreatic acinar cells Deoxyribonucleic acid Nucleotides
a-Dextrinase Small intestine a-Dextrins Glucose
Maltase Small intestine Maltose Glucose
Sucrase Small intestine Sucrose Frutose
Lactase Small intestine Lactose Glucose and Frutose
Enterokinase Small intestine Trysinogen Trypsin
Aminopeptidase Small intestine Amino acids at amino Amino acids and
end of peptides peptides
Dipeptidase Small intestine Dipeptides Amino acids
Nucleosidases and Small intestine Nucleotides Nitrogenous bases,
phosphatases pentoses, and

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 phosphates
Chymotrypsin Pancreatic acinar cells Proteins Peptides
Elastase Pancreatic acinar cells Proteins Peptides

15. Describe the defecation reflex.

Occurs when the internal anal sphincter relaxes and the external anal sphincter contracts. The recto
anal inhibitory reflex (RAIR) is an involuntary internal anal sphincter relaxation in response to rectal
distention. After the defecation reflex is triggered, you can either delay or defecate

16. Describe the phases of digestion.

Phase Description
Cephalic phase Of gastric secretion occurs before food enters the stomach, specially while it
being eaten. It results from the sight, smell, though, or taste of food and the
greater the appetite the more intense is the stimulation
Gastric phase Is a period in which swallowed food and semi-digested protein activate
gastric activity. About two-third of gastric secretion occurs during this phase
Intestinal phase Occurs in the duodenum as a response to arriving chyme and it moderates
gastric activity via hormones and nervous reflexes

Explain

Listen…

The digestive system is from pages 898 to 952. The purpose of this explanation phase is to focus your
attention on the digestive system. In this aspect, your engagement and exploration experiences will
provide opportunities to demonstrate your conceptual understanding, process skills, or behaviors.

This phase also provides opportunities for me to directly introduce a concept, process, or skill. You are
also expected to explain your understanding of the concept to your classmates or peers. My explanation or
the curriculum may guide you toward a deeper understanding, which is a critical part of this phase.

Elaborate

After your exploration and my explanation phase. I am giving you the challenge to extend your
conceptual understanding and skills. Through new experiences, you must develop deeper and broader
understanding, more information, and adequate skills. You must apply your understanding of the concept
by conducting additional activities such as watching Youtube as your tutor or consulting other educational
resources like answering quizzes or activities online.

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Answer the following:
A. Based from the figures
Reminder: There is no shortcut in learning. Literal copy and paste will not help you at all.

Refer to figure 24.1

Describe the organs of the digestive system
Parts Tick Description/ Function
gastrointestinal tract
Mouth Also called oral cavity or buccal cavity in human anatomy,
orifice through which food and air enter the body
Esophagus A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
Stomach Large muscular organ that continues the mechanical and
chemical digestion of food
Small intestine Organ that completes the chemical digestion of food and
absorbs the nutrients
Large intestine Organ of digestion that absorbs water and forms feces
accessory structures
Teeth Are made up of different layers, enamel, dentin, pulp, and
cementum
Tongue Muscular organ in the mouth of typical vertebrate. It
manipulates food for mastication and swallowing as part of
the digestive process
Salivary glands Are produce saliva, which keeps the mouth and other parts of
the digestive system moist
Liver Organ that makes bile to break down fats also filters poisons
and drugs out of the blood
Gallbladder An organ that stores bile and release it as needed into the
small intestine
Pancreas Gland that secrete pancreatic juice into the duodenum where
it mixes with bile to digest food

Refer to figure 24.3

Name the layers in the gastrointestinal tract from the inside outward
Parts Tick Description
Mucosa Membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various
cavities in the body and covers the surface of internal organs
Submucosa Is the layer of dense, irregular connective tissue or loose
connective tissue that supports the mucosa
Muscularis externa Consists of an inner circular layer and a longitudinal outer
muscular layer
Serosa The tissue of a serous membrane

Refer to figure 24.5

Name the parts of the peritoneum
Parts Tick Description

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 Parietal peritoneum Is that portion that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Visceral peritoneum Covers the external surface of most abdominal organs,
including the intestinal tract
Peritoneal cavity Those cavities are also known as the peritoneal cavity

Give the 5 major peritoneal folds

Parts Tick Description
Greater omentum Is a large apron-like fold of visceral peritoneum that hangs
down from the stomach
Falciform ligament Is a ligament that attaches the liver to the front body wall,
and separates the liver into the left medial lobe and right
lateral lobe
Lesser omentum Is a double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to
the lesser curvature of the stomach and the first part of the
duodenum

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 Mesentery Is an organ that attaches the intestine to the posterior
abdominal wall in humans and is formed by the double fold
of peritoneum
Mesocolon Or mesentery of the sigmoid colon provides a major avenue
for spread of disease between the abdominal cavity and
pelvis

Refer to figure 24.6

Describe the parts that form the mouth
Parts Tick Description
Cheeks Constitute the area of the face below the eyes and between
the nose and the left or right ear
Hard palate Is a thin horizontal bony plate made up to two bones of the
facial
Soft palate Is movable consisting of muscle fibers sheathed in mucuos
membrane
Lips Soft pliable anatomical structure that form the mouth
Tongue Is a muscular organ in the mouth
Vestibule Is a small space or cavity at the beginning of a canal
Oral cavity Is defined as the space extending from the lips anteriorly to
faucial pillars posteriorly and is bounded laterally by the
cheeks, superiorly by the palate

Refer to figure 24.7

Name the 3 pairs of the salivary glands
Parts Tick Description
Parotid glands It produces serous saliva a watery solution rich in enzymes
Submandibular glands That lie in the submandibular triangle. The glands have a
superficial deep lobe separated by the mylohyoid muscle
Sublingual glands Are almond shaped and lie on the floor of the oral cavity.
The glands form a shallow groove on the medial surface of
the mandible known as the sublingual glands

Refer to figure 24.8

Describe the parts of a tooth
Parts Tick Description
Crown Is all of the tooth that is covered with the enamel
Root Is the portion of the tooth that is covered with cementum
Neck Is a part of the body on many vertebrates that connects the
head with the torso and provides the mobility and movement
of the head
Dentin Is a layer of material that lies immediately underneath the
enamel of tooth
Enamel Is the most mineralized tissue of the body forming a very
hard, thin, translucent layer of calcified tissue that covers the
entire anatomic crown of the tooth
Cementum Is a specialized calcified substance covering the root of a
tooth
 Pulp cavity Is the upper section of the cavity contained within the crown
of the tooth

Refer to figure 24.9

Describe the 2 types of dentitions
Parts Tick Description
Deciduous Erupts during the infant years, including four incisor teeth,
two canines teeth
Permanent Dentition The permanent dentition is comprised of 32 teeth. The
permanent central incisors, lateral incisors, canines and first
and second premolars replace the primary dentition

Name the 4 different types of teeth based on shape.

Parts Tick Description
Incisors The four teeth in both the upper and lower jaws are called
incisors
Canines There are four canines in the oral cavity
Premolars These teeth are located behind and adjacent to the canines
and are designed to crush food
Molars The most posterior teeth in the mouth are the molars

Refer to figure 24.12

Name the 4 major parts of the stomach
Parts Tic Description
k
Cardia Is the point where the esophagus connects to the stomach
and though which food passes into the stomach

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Fundus Plays an important role, because it stores both undigested

food and gases that are released during the process of
chemical digestion
Body Space between the thorax and pelvis the diaphragm forms
the upper surface of the abdomen
Pylorus Is a valve that opens and closes during digestion

Refer to figure 24.16

Name the 3 major parts of the pancreas
Parts Tick Description
Head Is on the right side of abdomen behind where the stomach
meets the duodenum
Body Is an elongated, tapered organ located across the back of the
belly behind the stomach
Tail Lies near the hilum of the spleen

Describe
 Parts Tick Description
right lobe Is six time the size of the left lobe
left lobe Is smaller and more flattened than the right
caudate lobe Is situated upon the posterior surface of the right lobe of the
liver, opposite the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrate
quadrate lobe Is situated on the under surface of the right lobe, bounded in
front by the anterior margin of the liver behind by the porta
on the right by the fossa for the gall bladder and on the left by
the fossa for the umbilical vein

Refer to figure 24.18

Describe
Parts Tick Description
hepatic artery Is a short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the
liver, pylorus of the stomach, duodenum, pancreas and glad
bladder
hepatic portal vein Is a vessel that moves blood from the spleen and
gastrointestinal tract to the liver
hepatocytes Are the chief functional cells of the liver and perform an
astonishing number of metabolic, endocrine and secretory
functions

Refer to figure 24.19

Describe the parts of the Small Intestine
Parts Tick Description
Duodenum Is the first part of the small intestine
Jejunum Is the second part of the small intestine in human and most
higher vertebrates
Ileum Is the final section of the small intestine in most higher
vertebrates
Circular folds Are large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the
small intestine

Refer to figure 24.24

Describe the parts of the Large Intestine
Parts Tick Description
Cecum It connects the small intestine to the colon which is part of
the large intestine
Colon Connects to the cecum in the lower right abdomen
Rectum Is a straight, 8 inch chamber that connects the colon to the
anus
Anal canal Is the final segment of gastrointestinal tract
Appendix Is a narrow, finger shaped pouch that projects out from the
colon
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Evaluate

The evaluation phase encourages you to assess your own understanding and abilities. This will also
provide opportunities for me to evaluate your progress toward achieving the learning outcomes.
Therefore, scheduled summative assessments for both lecture and laboratory will be given.

Try Self- Assessment!

This assessment will allow you to assess your own performance. It can be extremely valuable in helping
you develop self-reflection, critique and judgment and ultimately, you learn how to be responsible for
your own learning. This also helps you to be more aware of your weakness and strength.

Try Peer Assessment!

This assessment will allow you to assess each other's performance. It can be extremely valuable in
helping you to learn from each other by listening, analyzing and problem solving. It gives you the
opportunity to encounter diversity in different ways, critique and judge and ultimately, you learn how to
be responsible for your own learning.

JBBonifacio 04/26/2021
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