Induction Machine

Objectives

The objectives are to learn:

• Speed control of three-phase IM using Slip energy recovery.
• Electrical breaking
• Methods of electrical breaking
• IM breaking techniques.
Example
Example
 Slip energy recovery
• If the slip power lost in the resistance could be returned to the ac source,
the overall efficiency of the drive system would be increased.
• The rotor power can be rectified by the diode bridge. The rectified current
is smoothed out by the smoothing choke. The output of the rectifier is then
connected to the dc terminals of the inverter, which inverts this dc power to
ac power and feeds it back to the ac source.

Where so is the no-load slip ( similar to that of the DC motor no-load speed
Flow chart for slip energy recovery
 Breaking of induction machine
• Breaking is a generic term used to describe a set of operating
conditions for electric drives. It includes:
– rapid stopping
– holding the rotor shaft at specific position
– maintaining a motor speed at a desired value
– preventing the motor from over-speeding
• All these aspects of breaking are done electrically without
mechanical break.
• During breaking, the mechanical load is considered as the source of
energy.
• The accurate and fast breaking method is preferred.
• Example: robot in a line must be able to stop, hold its position, and
reverse its motion with a high degree of accuracy.
• There are three different types of breaking i.e.:
– Regenerative breaking
– Dynamic breaking
– Counter-current breaking
 Regenerative breaking
 An electric motor is in regenerative breaking when the load torque reverses its
direction. (Active or reversible load torque) and causes the machine to run at a
speed higher than no load speed without changing the rotation direction.
(higher than synchronous speed for IM)
 For instance, a trolley bus in the uphill direction is working in the motoring
mode to drive the bus with a torque in the same direction of the speed motion.
(Motoring mode)
 When the trolley is moving in the downhill direction, the torque direction is
reversed and the power is transferred from load (mechanical load) to supply.
(Regenerative mode)
Motor vs. regenerative breaking
 Regenerative mode for IM
Torque is reversed and speed is not. Therefore, power flow is
reversed.
Two different operations for second quadrant i.e. transient
regenerative breaking or steady-state generation operation.
 IM in wind generation (steady-state operation)
{Self-Excited type}
• When IM operate as a generator, a significant amount of reactive power is
required because the machine does not have its own field.
• The reactive power can be absorbed from electrical utility.
Self-excited IG
 Doubly-Fed IG

• Excitation and power control is created from the rotor circuit

• Lower cost converter compared to self excited IG type.
Example:
 Dynamic Breaking
• When a motor rotates, a kinetic energy is stored in the rotating mass (inertia).
• If the motor supply is disconnected, the stored kinetic energy in the motor mass is
dissipated in the rotation of the motor till discharging its energy and then the motor
stops.
• The fastest the discharging method, the fastest the motor stopping.

• In dynamic breaking, the energy stored in the

motor can be converted to electrical form to
supply a resistance as shown in the figure
beside.
• The value of the added resistance can be
adjusted to control the stopping period.
• The smaller the breaking resistor, the shorter
the breaking period.
• The current direction is reversed 
Generating mode
 Dynamic breaking of IM
• The breaking resistance method is
possible. However, adding stationary field
leads to fast stopping.
• By generating a dc supply on the terminals
of the three-phase IM, a fixed flux will
cause a fast stopping for the machine
provided that the dc current should not
increase over three times of the motor
rated current to avoid damaging the motor
windings.
• A dc supply can be applied to the motor
terminals using the six step inverter
(voltage source inverter)
• If the rotor is wound type, a resistance in
the rotor circuit will help to dissipate the
stored kinetic energy in the rotor circuit
faster.
 Example:

Solution

For a VSI derived by FWM, the relation between the DC link voltage and the
generated output voltage is:

So,
 Counter current breaking
• When two phases are reversed, the machine phase sequence will be
reversed and hence the machine will rotate in the opposite direction.
• By reversing the phase sequence, the electromechanical torque will be
reversed and the motor speed will be changed as well.
• By sensing the motor speed, the supply can be disconnected when the
motor speed became zero and before of reverse motion occurs.
• Firstly, the motor was working at point 1
in motoring mode for ABC sequence C/C.
• Since the phase sequence is changed,
machine C/C will be changed to the ACB
one. The transient transformation is
always made at the same speed. So, the
machine will be at point 2.
• To catch the load torque, the machine
needs to move to point 4. therefore, the
speed will be reduced moving from point
2 to point 4. However, we can disconnect
the machine at point 3 at which the motor
speed equals zero.
 Summary
In this lecture, you have learnt:
• Speed control using slip-energy recovery
• Meaning of electrical breaking
• Types of electrical drive breaking methods
• Breaking methods of induction motor drive