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Capítulo 4 SPAN 202
Capítulo 4 SPAN 202
Capítulo 4 SPAN 202
Intermediate
Spanish
II
Capítulo 4
Campo o ciudad
In this Chapter you will meet the following cultural elements,
functional activities and language components:
Culture
_Explore the mega-cities in Latin America
-Contrast some options between living in the country or in the city
Communication
_Perfect your present wishes and desires
_Express uncertainties and wishes in the past
Grammar
_Our perfect present subjunctive
_Our imperfect subjunctive (yes, there’s one!)
Writing
_Write about Latin Americans migrating within Latin America and
how cities have been transformed
2 Intermediate Spanish 2- Capítulo 4
Semana 7
Video
El presente perfecto
Canción En tus manos
de subjuntivo
Hay un
supermercado
Lectura I y PPP: en el semáforo
Los espacios Estructuras
urbanos gramaticales: 19
17
Dichos
9
9
3
Semana 8
El imperfecto
de subjuntivo
Video
Tejiendo luz
Lectura II: 10
características Estructuras
del campo y la gramaticales:
ciudad 30
Dichos
25
24
21
3 Intermediate Spanish 2- Capítulo 4
Semana 7
Lectura 1 y PPP u
This chapter focuses on the interesting phenomena Through the Lectura you will have a chance to practice
of migrations that occur within Latin American, be it your listening, reading and writing skills. The Lectura
between countries or from the countryside to the city. will also help you familiarise yourself with the chapter’s
Log on to the course’s website to listen to a recording main topic.
of the Lectura below. You might want to just listen to
the narration first to see how much you can understand Below you will find before and after reading exercises
and then you can listen to and read the text at the for you to check your comprehension. Please note that
same time. the Lectura and these exercises will also be discussed
in the weekly online tutorials.
Texto
Texto
Texto
Texto
A. Preguntas.
Answer the following questions based on the reading.
A. Preguntas
1. ¿Según el informe de las Naciones Unidas, cuáles son las cuatro ciudades más
aglomeradas de Latinoamérica?
2. ¿A qué se debe el crecimiento urbano sin control?
3. Según Jorge Hardoy, ¿cuáles son las ciudades paralelas?
4. Mencione algunos nombres de ciudades ilegales
5. ¿Qué pasa si las autoridades no intervienen en estos asentamientos?
6. ¿Qué provoca el aumento de la economía o sector informal en las ciudades
latinoamericanas?
7. ¿Qué ha pasado con los antiguos centros históricos?
8. ¿Cómo se ha revertido el proceso de deterioro en algunas ciudades?
9. ¿Qué han hecho algunas familias con respecto a los altos niveles de delincuencia?
10. ¿Por qué se han creado megaciudades policéntricas?
11. ¿Qué fenómeno se ha dado a finales del siglo XX en la mayoría de las ciudades
latinoamericanas?
12. ¿Qué han producido los malls?
13. En suma, ¿qué han hecho los centros comerciales?
B. Frases originales.
Use the following expressions in sentences.
Expressions
Dichos:
After finding ways to use last week’s dichos them during the week in the Forum or the
(sayings), here are the ones for this week. tutorials. Find a way to weave them into any
Don’t forget that your challenge is to use message you send or any exercise!
Donde hay hambre no hay pan duro – Donde manda capitán no manda marinero –
Beggars can’t be choosers. What the boss says goes.
Literally: Where there’s hunger there’s no Literally: Where captain commands, sailor
hard/stale bread. doesn’t.
Estructuras Gramaticales
This week we are carrying on with the and do the exercises to make sure you
subjunctive but this time we will focus have understood the principles behind the
on the uses of the present perfect structures and forms.
subjunctive. Read over the explanations
As you might remember from previous Like the Present Perfect Indicative
studies, all “perfect” tenses are compound (He vivido; Has comprado), the Present
tenses, meaning that they require the use Perfect Subjunctive is used to talk about
of an auxiliary verb (Haber in the case of completed actions that somehow still have a
Spanish; Have, in English) and a main verb, connection with the present and might happen
which is conjugated in the participle: estado, again. For instance, if I say:
comido, bebido, etc.
that is a completed action that has an impact in the present and might occur again.
10 Intermediate Spanish 2- Capítulo 4
(yo) he haya
(tú) has hayas
(ud/él/ella)
ha haya
(nosotros) hemos hayamos
(vosotros) habéis hayáis
(ellos/uds) han hayan
In order to know when to use the Presente Perfecto Subjuntivo instead of the
Indicativo, we need to remember the different uses of the subjunctive we have
discussed in previous chapters. It’ll be very useful having a look at what we covered in
Capítulos 2 and 3. With that in mind, the Present Perfect Subjunctive is used:
Note that the action expressed in the family as soon as they have found a job,
Present Perfect Subjunctive takes so first they’ll have to find a job to be able
place before the action expressed in the to send money.
future: I’ll call you when I have arrived.
Therefore, I’ll have to arrive first to be The reason we use the subjunctive is
able to call you. The same time sequence because we are anticipating an action
takes place in the other two examples: that might or might not take place. Or, in
they will be happy after they have crossed some cases, we don’t know when that
the border, so crossing the border occurs action will occur. For instance:
first; and they will send money to their
Avísame cuando hayas terminado – Let me know when you’ve (are) finished.
Te diré lo que pienso en cuanto haya leído tu mensaje
I’ll let you know what I think as soon as I have read your message.
11 Intermediate Spanish 2- Capítulo 4
Well, you can also use the Present Subjunctive in both cases:
But the important thing is for you to note the difference between the present and
the present perfect. It might sound ironic but by using the present perfect you are
introducing the past into the future: I’ll call you [future] as soon as I have read [past]
your message –isn’t that mysterious, like something out of Dr Who?
To refresh your memory, the expressions of time that require the use of the subjunctive are:
Por ejemplo:
In English, the use of the preterite is preferred: It’s important that you came, but in
Spanish the same meaning is conveyed by using the present perfect subjunctive.
The same applies to the following:
Take a look at how the meaning and the timeframe of a sentence change when we use
the present subjunctive instead of the present perfect:
Es mejor que
Es importante que compren un buen regalo de bodas.
Vale más que
Es mejor que
Es importante que hayan comprado un buen regalo de bodas.
Vale más que
In the first case, we hope the action of buying a good wedding present takes place in
the future: they better/it’s important they buy [in the future] that present, otherwise, the
mother-in-law will go nuts!!!
In the second case, the action is projected towards the past because we don’t know if
they have bought a good present, but they better have, otherwise, the mother-in-law etc!
¿Está clarísimo como el agua del Amazonas? Espero que lo hayan entendido.
13 Intermediate Spanish 2- Capítulo 4
3. With expressions of emotion, doubt or denial (as seen in Semana 5, Capítulo 3).
Again, the list of expressions that would require the use of the subjunctive is this:
Es lindo/fantástico/increíble/extraordinario/triste/lamentable que
Por ejemplo:
In all of the above you are happy that English the preterite might be used:
someone has come (maybe you were I am happy you came.
afraid no one will come to your party –
that’s how unpopular some people are!). Emotions, as we all know, are not always
positive (most of the time aren’t, lo siento!).
As you can see, the action of someone For instance,
coming to your party makes you happy. In
A él le molesta que
Le enoja que sus amigos no hayan llegado a tiempo.
Le sorprende que
Le extraña que
14 Intermediate Spanish 2- Capítulo 4
So he is not happy (that) they have not arrived on time. He could also say:
Temo que
Es una lástima que nadie haya traído comida a la fiesta.
Es triste que
Es lamentable que
Dudo que
Es dudoso que
No creo que
No me parece que hayas ganado el premio gordo!
No pienso que
No es verdad que
No es posible que
Es imposible/improbable que
I am not surprised they don’t believe (that) you have won Lotto (the jackpot: el premio
gordo, the fat prize!), although it may happen: Es posible que lo hayas ganado!
4. With a few expressions of will, hope and desire, not with all expressions we saw in
Semana 6, Capítulo 3 because most of them are projected towards the future.
However, these two express a hope and desire that something has happened in the past:
In the first case, you hope we (nosotros) have done the right thing, and in the second,
you wish (desire) they have understood what you said. In both cases, you are
expressing a wish about something that has happened, perhaps in the immediate
past. Let’s imagine you have just given a speech at a friend’s wedding (!) and therefore
you hope they have understood what you’ve just said, right? (or maybe you have just
insulted everyone by revealing some secretos íntimos, ¡qué terrible!)
Another scenario: you are expecting an important letter but have been away from home
all day, so all day at work or wherever you are you keep saying to yourself:
Espero que la carta haya llegado – I hope the letter has arrived.
15 Intermediate Spanish 2- Capítulo 4
You need the subjunctive for two reasons: a) you are expressing an emotion, and b) you don’t
know if the expected action has taken place i. e. if the letter has arrived. I do hope you get that
letter, my friend, because it says that you have just won the “premio gordo” in Nigeria!
5. To talk about people, places and things that are unknown to us or that we are looking for
or need, as we discussed in Semana 6, Capítulo 3. Again, those expressions are
Se busca busco
Se necesita or necesito una persona que haya vivido en Latinoamérica.
Se requiere requiero
Or
As you can see, some of these sentences sound a bit awkward in English
because the preterite tends to replace the present perfect. However, in Spanish
they do sound perfect! Sorry, I have nothing else to add after all this typing –
Espero que ustedes no se hayan aburrido con tantas explicaciones!
Ejercicios:
a) ¡Cuando te hayas ido! Un(a) amigo(a) va a emigrar a otro país. Utiliza las
expresiones temporales para escribir 5 oraciones sobre lo que esperas que él o
ella haga cuando llegue. Tienes que usar el presente perfecto de subjuntivo con el
imperativo, el futuro simple o la construcción “ir a + infinitivo” (voy a ir…).
1. en cuanto
2. tan pronto como
3. cuando
4. apenas
5. después de que
Ejercicios:
c) La situación de los inmigrantes. Lee el texto sobre los inmigrantes otra vez y
expresa tus reacciones sobre la situación de los inmigrantes. Escribe otras 5 oraciones.
d) Tus deseos… Piensas (you’re planning) pasar el fin de semana en algún lugar divertido
o tranquilo con tu familia. Escribe algunas oraciones con las expresiones de la lista.
1. Esperar que
2. Desear que
3. Se necesita
4. Aunque
5. A menos que
6. Siempre y cuando
Canción
Canción
Coro: en el semáforo.
19 Intermediate Spanish 2- Capítulo 4
Canción
2. Análisis
3. Más allá. Haz una búsqueda en internet sobre música panameña y prepara
unos comentarios para compartirlos con tus compañeros.
Video
¿Qué piensas del final del video? ¿Te sorprendió? Prepara varias frases con el
Presente Perfecto de Subjuntivo para expresar tu reacción.
20 Intermediate Spanish 2- Capítulo 4
Semana 8
LECTURA II
Vocabulario
Albergar harbor
Pegado glued
Escasez shortage
Expresiones Útiles
A menudo
A continuación
En este sentido
Por otro lado
22 Intermediate Spanish 2- Capítulo 4
Texto
Características diferenciales
del campo y la ciudad:
1. Densidad y distribución
poblacional
A menudo se utilizan las palabras “campo”
y “ciudad” como conceptos en oposición,
aunque en la realidad funcionan como El campo o medio rural se
elementos complementarios e caracteriza por albergar a un menor
interdependientes, ya que una ciudad no número de habitantes, que viven en
podría subsistir por mucho tiempo si no forma más bien dispersa. En las
existieran lugares donde se producen los grandes ciudades, por el contrario,
alimentos que sus habitantes requerirán, y las casas y edificios se construyen
el campo no encontraría sostén unos pegados a los otros, ya que la
económico si no hubiera una alta tierra es el bien más escaso y por
demanda de productos agropecuarios, ende más caro.
representada mayoritariamente por las
personas que habitan en los grandes
conglomerados urbanos y periurbanos.
2. Actividades
preponderantes
Fuente: https://www.caracteristicas.co/
campo-ciudad/
23 Intermediate Spanish 2- Capítulo 4
Texto
3. Infraestructura
En las áreas rurales suele haber menos
equipamiento y servicios que en las ciudades. Así,
por ejemplo, para efectuar trámites, para cursar
6. Uso del suelo
estudios superiores o para obtener asistencia
médica más especializada, la población rural se ve En el campo el suelo se usa casi en su
obligada a trasladarse a algún centro urbano. totalidad para la actividad primaria, esto
es, para los cultivos o para criar
ganado. En las ciudades los terrenos se
4. Transporte necesitan para construcción de
viviendas y servicios, como hospitales,
En este sentido es muy importante considerar las escuelas, oficinas públicas, etc. Esto
distancias. Por ejemplo en la Argentina las impacta en la calidad de vida de la
distancias son largas y eso encarece la gente, que en las grandes ciudades casi
construcción de rutas o el tendido de vías de no tiene áreas de esparcimiento.
ferrocarril, lo que limita enormemente la movilidad
de la gente del campo, ya que casi no dispone de
transporte público.
Comprensión
FRASES ORIGINALES
expressions
1. La contaminación
2. Los espacios verdes
3. La vida en el campo
4. La biodiversidad
Dichos:
After finding ways to use last week’s dichos them during the week in the Forum or the
(sayings), here are the ones for this week. tutorials. Find a way to weave them into any
Don’t forget that your challenge is to use message you send or any exercise!
Estructuras Gramaticales
This week we are going to review the us the opportunity to review the logic behind
formation and some uses of the Imperfect the subjunctive as we draw comparison
Subjunctive. To contextualize this new between its uses in the present and the past.
form of the subjunctive, we are going to
compare it to the different forms of the Read over the explanations for each
Present Subjunctive we have seen up to this grammar concept and do the exercises
point. To do so, this week we are going to to make sure you have understood the
use the Imperfect Subjunctive with time and principles behind the structures and forms.
impersonal expressions. This will also gives
This is the form used when a subjunctive tense. In particular, it takes the stem of
tense is required, but when the main verb the 3rd person forms of the pretérito
of the sentence is in a past tense. For indefinido. However, it is easier to start from
example, if the verb of the main clause is the 3rd person plural form of the pretérito
“quería” or “quise” instead of “quiero”, indefinido, cut off the –ron endings, and add
in other words, expressed something that the endings for the imperfect subjunctive,
wished for some time ago, then the verb even though strictly speaking this approach
in the following “que” clause would have does not correspond exactly to the stem-
to be put in the imperfect subjunctive ending division of the verb.
form. Therefore, note that the imperfect
subjunctive (almost) always follows a main Just to make matters more complicated,
verb that is itself in a past tense (except Spanish has two separate sets of endings for
presente perfecto!!). the imperfect subjunctive, the so-called “-r-”
endings and the “-s-” endings, which are
Let’s concentrate on the formation first of completely interchangeable, though certain
all. The imperfect subjunctive is formed Spanish speaking regions seem to prefer
from the stem of the pretérito indefinido one over the other.
Taking this rule enables us to form the Imperfect subjunctive(s) of all Spanish verbs without exception.
Let’s take some examples to illustrate this.
Infinitive 3rd plural Pretérito Imperfect Subjunctive (-r-) Imperfect Subjunctive (-s-)
vivir vivie-ron Yo viviera Viviese
Tú vivieras Vivieses
Él-ella-usted viviera Viviese
Nosotros-as viviéramos Viviésemos
Vosotros-as vivierais Vivieseis
Ellos-ellas-Ustedes vivieran Viviesen
Now, let’s see how the Imperfect Subjunctive would work with the impersonal expressions
we covered in Semana 4 and last week. This will help us compare it with both the present
subjunctive and the present perfect subjunctive.
note that the first verb goes in the present tense indicative. Therefore, the sequence is:
However, if we expressed the same thing in the past, instead of the present indicative,
we will need either the preterite or the imperfect: fue or era. Since we are manifesting an
advice, we still need the subjunctive, but in this case, we use the imperfect subjunctive
because the feeling or command is expressed in the past. In other words, when the first
verb changes to the past, the imperfect subjunctive is required.
Es mejor que lleves suficiente ropa. – It’s better that you bring enough clothes.
Fue mejor que llevaras suficiente ropa –It was better that you took/packed enough clothes
Vale más que los inmigrantes crucen la frontera temprano. –that they cross…
Valió más que los inmigrantes cruzaran la frontera – thay they crossed…
Se ve bien que tus amigos te presten dinero. –that they lend you money.
Se vio bien que tus amigos te prestaran dinero. –It looked good that they loaned you…
Se ve muy mal que no termines a tiempo. –that you don’t finish on time.
Se vio muy mal que no terminaras a tiempo. –It didn’t look good that you didn’t finish…
In some cases, we could use the imperfect indicative instead of the preterite, but that would
depend on the meaning or the timeframe. For instance, if it was a habitual action in the past,
we could say:
Note that the rule for the imperfect indicative applies in this case because that
action was repetitive or occurred more than once. The same goes for:
Ejercicios:
a) Tu ciudad en el pasado.
Escribe algunas oraciones impersonales con el imperfecto de subjuntivo para explicar qué era
importante en el pasado de tu ciudad.
Modelo: Era importante que la gente del campo tuviera familiares en la ciudad.
Video
Log on to the course’s website to watch three segments of this wonderful movie:
“Tejiendo luz”
Natali Rojas (Colombia)
Después de ver ese fascinante cortometraje (short film), contesta estas preguntas y
prepárate a compartir tus respuestas con los compañeros:
A. Preguntas
1. Menciona algunas cosas que el protagonista de la historia dice al principio del
video que puede hacer.
2. ¿Cómo se gana la vida él?
3. ¿Qué piensa él de los ciegos (blind) que no pueden salir solos a la calle?
4. ¿Qué pensó él cuando perdió la vista?
5. ¿Qué es más importante para él que el sexto sentido?
6. ¿El papá de él decía: “Al pobre sin plata, la cama lo mata”.
¿Qué crees que quiere decir esa frase?
7. ¿Qué lección(es) aprendió él de su papá?
8. ¿Cuál es su actitud frente a la vida?
9. Prepara un resumen (summary) de la historia.
Fuente: https://www.jornada.com.mx/2013/02/08/espectaculos/a10n1esp#
3Intermediate Spanish 2- Capítulo 4