Philippine cities of the early twentieth century were
compound products of a series of colonial innovations, some
short-lived, others still reflected in basic urban patterns. Urban
cities and semi-urban nodes establish by colonial design.
The design initially called for a series of officially designated
ciudades (cities) and villas (towns) strategically scattered
about the effectively controlled part of the colony.
Cabeceras (now poblaciones) were given a physical plan
featuring a loose grid form, central plaza, and imposing
church. Other name: central church villages
Culturally unified indigenous upper strata (the ilustrados) had
evolved whose economic position generally was based on land
ownership and commercial agriculture.
Late pre-colonial Philippines. Fishing, farming, hunting.
Barangay- basic socio-political unit. 30-100 fam. Datu
Intra-island trade and external trade.
China-main trading partner
Whether primarily in response to this opportunity for trade or
combined with superior agricultural and aquatic resources,
most of the largest nucleated communities encountered by
the Spaniards in the sixteenth century had developed along
rivers near the coast or along the coast itself.
Largest pre-Hispanic Philippine settlements were not cities.
Manila (Maynilad) was apparently the point of importation
for the large Tagalog population living inland around Laguna
de Bay, and its traders were also known over a considerable
foreland.
PH- among the last to receive some of the major cultural
developments of the region.
Modest Islamization led to a partial acceptance of the
sultanate concept, and by the time the Spaniards arrived,
Muslim groups in Sulu and Mindanao were sufficiently
integrated to defend themselves effectively.
The Muslim south remained culturally exceptional
throughout subsequent colonial rule.
Reasons why they bring their (Spaniards) seat of operation
in Manila instead of Cebu:
-Manila was known for its established trade with vessels from
the mainland
-Initial reconnaissance found the village to be part of a
regional population cluster sufficiently large to provide
foodstuffs on a more adequate scale than Cebu.
Encomiendas -rights to collect an annual tribute from the
native inhabitants of specified area.
-set up to provide an income base for settlers and soldiers as
well as to control pacified peoples.
-A land-trust granted to Encomenderos. In exchange they are
to care for their pagan wards and make sure that they be
converted to Christianity.
Encomienda system- land-trust
Regalian doctrine- law the king of spain sa kaniya lahat ng
land sa ph so hindi mo pwedeng mapasakamay ‘yung mga
lupa pero ‘yung encomienda system pero dapat aalagaan mo
mga natives
Encomendero-macapagals; siya ‘yung nagbibigay ng lupa or
humahawak ng encomienda system
Haciendas-pinagkakaloob sa mga Espanyol na tumulong sa
pananakop
Pacified areas were divided into provinces (has alcalde mayor
to govern and to provide justice).
Spanish ciudades and villas ("towns"):
-Santisimo Nombre de Jesus (Cebu), Nueva Caceres (Naga),
Nueva Segovia (Lallo), all ciudades and the villas of Arevalo
(on Panay) and Fernandia (Vigan)  Garrison poimts of
Spanish soldiers.
A fundamental purpose of Hispanic settlement design
involved social arrangements.
Spaniards believed "the healthy society was one in which
peoples of different cultural backgrounds were kept apart and
not allowed to live together in helter-skelter fashion."
Reduccion- pangunahing pamamaraan ng mga Espanyol
upang maibigay sa mga Filipino ang kristiyanismo na
kabahagi ng kanilang pananakop. Paglalatag ng pagkakahati sa
pagitan ng estado at lipunan sa Filipinas.
Mula sa salitang reducere- “pabalikin”, “bawiin”,
“paghiwalayin”, “dalhin”, “samahan”, “magpahinga”.
-bayan ng mga indio na tumatanggap na sa tunay na relihiyon.
-paglilipat ng mga Filipinong nasa maliliit at kalat-kalat na
barangay sa isang lugar na madaling maabot ng mga prayle.
-to monitor us
Had to do w/ the formation of cities
To make sure that the fil that will enter the pueblo (based on
roman grid pattern) (town) will be christianize
Plaza complex-center of the pueblo and host the church)
-all institutions are already here
Principalia surrounds the plaza complex (Spaniard and
filipinos that are rich; this are the elites
The farther you are in the plaza, the lower your class
Outside the pueblo=uncivilized
Insider and outsider persp-started by spaniards
Bajo de la Campana- when can u hear the bells you are inside
of the pueblo
Civility=Christianity
Uwi=matapos na matagumpay na pangangayaw (u go home
after achieving something), kaginhawaan
1. to collect taxes to get money bcos they came here w/o
resources
2. christianize the Filipinos
How they get resources from us sa pueblo:
Vandala/bandala system- collection of foods to the Filipinos
Tributo
Polo y Servicios- Forced labor
Why the Spaniards came to the Ph- 3G (God (Christianism),
Gold (utang), Glory) kasi marami na silang utang
Economic system--- Mercantilism (acquire as much as wealth
as possible)
Reducir/ Reducere (sentralisasyon ng mga mamamayan o
pagbabalik ng bagay sa lugar na dating kinalalagyan nito; ovy
o uwi) at reduccion (pag-uwi)- pangunahing layon ng
kolonisasyong Espanyol bilang isang political at moral na atas
upang muling buuin ang mga katutubo bilang sakop ng mga
batas ng Diyos at ng hari.
Tatlong larangan (realms)
1. Church-convent complex
2. Principalia (officials of the pueblos)
=datus/maharlikas. Former datus
3. Ikatlo- taong ayaw sumailalim sa kaayusan ng pueblo
*kahit may bagong kaayusan, nagpatuloy pa rin ang sinaunang
lipunang Filipino w/ new dimension.
Principales-pinunong Pilipino na pumasok sa pueblo
Alipin  servidor/a, mayordomo/a, criado/a
Pag-aalsa= paghahanap ng kaginhawaang kaugnay ng pag-
uwi.
Infieles, remontados, vagamundos, indocumendados- not part
of the pueblos
Fiesta- free food para iinvite mga ^ punong abala: cabeza
(head) de barangay
Cabeza de barangay- tribute collection; datu reduced to
become a tax collector. Given the right to engage in trade
(indulto de commercio). Datus lose their former status but
stayed para sa mga privilege
Spain helped us to have more settlements that are private.
Change of a pueblo life also has change of time.
Post colonial settlements are classed by politics and religion
Basis of time- church
Manila- primate city
Provincial Centers-each has head prayle
Cabecera (capital of provincial centers)
Pre-colonial settlements- dendrite system (branch out)
They are connected thru trading. Settled near rivers, sea
Hinterlands and the traders outside to exchange resources
Humabon-magellan (casualty for inter-coastal fight) (died)-
lapu-lapu
Anihan--- basis of time
Changes
Time, datu, babaylan (pseudo-scientist (kung kailan
magtatanim, pangangayaw) babae (shows that women in pre-c
society has a high regards tapos ngayon natatawag na silang
witch became sisters that help priests kapag hindi tatawagin
kang witch, panday (blacksmith) bawal na ‘to
Conquista- Islam
Reconquista Spiritual (witch chuchuc)- they recoreved (spain)
their territory)
1942- Spain was Islamiced defeated by the marriage of
Ferdinand and Isabelle
Then nagulat sila meron din islam dito kaya pinangalan nila
mga forts (fort Santiago, san pedro) to eradicate the islam
Forts were built on previous Muslim settlements
Leading factor of change- Priests (only one found in the
pueblo) they are the representative of spain here in the PH
Bakit priest lang bcos spain encountered the new world
(Americas/ silver and mercury)  raised by Bartolome de las
Casas (protector of indians) (prohibited the slavery of natives)
but they need natives so africans kaya may black sa USA.
Domingo de Salazar- prohibited the exploitation of natives in
the ph
Many of our ancestors revolved arnd mandala (in order to
explain a certain settlement contracts and expands revolved
arnd its leader or focused on its leader)
Barangay 50 families ??
Sett contracts and expands based on their leaders kung weak
aalis magcocontracts and kapag strong expands
MINDANAO
Maguindanao-most powerful and best known; the Mindolang
of Chinese records
-Has centralized gov modeled on muslim states to the south.
-Sultan-chief; inherited his position by direct descent in a
royal bloodline
-sultanate/segmentary state
Orangkaya-rich ppl
Pandita-qise men knowledgeable in Islamic law and customs
Council of leaders ni sultan is called Bichara Atas
Sulu
Taosug (dominant ppl) “ppl of the current”
Jolo-the mecca of this archipelago
Two social classes (chiefs and slaves)
Mags and sul-moros bcos they profess Islam
Datu class din sila both pero ang tawag is Rajah (hindu) and
sultan (arabic)
Sakop-enfranchised members of the community who are not
datus; means follower or vassal in maranao and mags; sulu---
bangsa mataas (datu); tau way bangsa (sakop)-----high
birthright and ppl w/o birthright
Unfranchised persons can either be captive or chattel slaves
----
History we focus on nodal pts (crucial pts that highlights the
change; turning pts) 1565 (miguel lopez de legazpi used the
Urdaneta pass that was discovered by Fray andres de
Urdaneta) -1872 (Gomburza was killed)
Not 1521 bcos it failed magellan died
First Spanish port-fort san pedro
Civilization- civitas “cities”
City- permanent settlements
For fear that the exploitation of the natives will happen, the
religious order vehemently opposed the encomendero from
living along with the indios in the Philippines.
If you read the reading, it mentions how Spain was not only
contented with creating an economic entrepot in their colony.
They wanted to bring into their remit the entire administration
of the islands -- e.g., Christianization and establishment of
Pueblos. This is true, especially if you compare how the Dutch
only settled in Batavia and did not seek to shape or alter
Indonesian practices and religion (hence the largest Muslim
country in the world).
The correct answer is: Spain sought to control the entire
archipelago and not just settle in one economic entrepot
Both reduccion emphasizes the idea of returning to a point of
origin. For the Spaniards, this would men a reconcentration of
people within identified pueblos. Ironically, Spaniards
attempted to translate reduccion as uwi in Filipino. This
presents a disjoint between the Spanish practice of "uwi" from
the Filipino concept since for the Filipinos, uwi does not
simply mean to go back to one's origin. Beyond it's literal
meaning, uwi also connotes a return to comfort -- to the care
of the datu who is in charge of one's bayan; to return
successfully having reaped the fruit of one's labor. This,
unfortunately, did not occur in Spanish pueblos since rather
than experiencing comfort, the Filipinos were exploited (e.g.,
polo y servicios, vandalas) for the benefit of the Spanish
colonizer.
1872-95
Governor-General Weyler-implemented policy in his solution
to the agitation inspired by Jose Rizal in his family and friends
in the two of Calamba against Dominican hacienda.
Rizal saw the hacienda dispute as an opportunity to weaken
Spanish sovereignty in the PH.
Replaced filipino priests with Dominican friars even no
evidence that they will form the resistance.
Propaganda movement-movement which developed by Fil
national consciousness during 1880-1896 that lead to a
revolution. To win representation in the parliamentary
government of spain
-took its origins among the Fil students in spain. Nung Nawala
sila sa ph doon nila napagtanto na andami pa lang injustices na
nangyayari dito sa bansa.
Earliest stages- bringing liberal and progressive reforms by
means of newspapers and political influence in Madrid (tactics
of the prev generation)
1888-coming of Marcelo H. del Pilar- campaign was
organized around La solidaridad (newsp) and a complex org
of Spaniards and Fil trying to win favor for parliamentary
representation and assimilation.
Leader- Jose R. point out the distinctively Filipino character,
and to show how Spanish inf had corrupted it. He showed that
despite Spanish contri, ph at present under its stultifying and
degrading friar-dominated regime, was in many ways worse
off.
In the mind of Rizal-the task was not so much to seek for
reforms from the colonial regime as to build up the nation as a
unified, self-reliant ppl, ready to take its place among the
nations of the world in due time. Participated in the fil
agitation for reforms w/in Spanish system. Del pilar shared in
R’s nationalist aspirations and hopes for the rebuilding of the
fil ppl. They both looked to and eventual separation of the pf
from spain and for the elimination of friar influence from fil
life. Shared aspirations for liberty and the material progress of
the ph. BUT THEY HAVE DIFF MEANS TO ATTAIN THE
GOAL KAYA NAGHIWALAY DIN SILA EVENTUALLY.
Rizal in dapitan and his anxiety not to disunite the fil by open
opposition to del p, prevented the wides[read growth of
opposing factions among the fil. Death od del p in 1896, a
revolutionary movement had grown up in the ph-heavily
dependent for its ideology on the ideas of rizal and dep had
developed a dynamism of its own.
Kung walang 1872, walang Plaridel, jaena or sancianco nor
would the valiant and generous fil colonies in Europe exist
La solidaridad-parliamentary rep, abolition of admin
deportation, freedom of press, economic and admin reforms
Fil clergy participation in the propaganda was kept a secret
kasi malalagot sila government and maavoid ‘yung mga
disapproval or sumn ng mga nasa authority ng clergy nila.
They helped in the circulation
Priests that says to be active in the propaganda movement:
Fr. Bartolome Espiritu, Jose Maria Zamora, Garcia, Rafael
Canlapan, Juan Gatmaitan, Gregorio Crisostomo
Katataastaasang Katipunan-kikilalanin ang kapuluan na
humihiwalay sa espanya at walang kinikilala at kikilalaning
pamumuno at tatawaging ganito; maghahawak at
pagbubuhatan ng mga kautusan at kapangyarihan sa buong
kapuluan; magkakaroon ng isang punong dakila na kikilalanin,
igagalang at susundin ng lahar na maging kabig at taong
sasanib dito; may dalawang pangatlo sa kaniyang pamamahala
(tagasangguni)
Mga papasok dito ay dapat may tunay na loob at pusong
matigas sa pagtatanggol ng bayan natin. Layon ng Katipunan
ay ang kagalingan ng bayang Pilipinas.
1872- gomburza killed. Fil realized equal recog of rights will
not come under Spanish rule and will come only if they will be
overthrown.
Secularization- starting point (not necessarily the only time
we expressed it tho kasi marami na ring revolt in manila but
what diff this from that is secu affected a larger scope rather
than localized revolt) bcos it’s the pt where we express
discontent against spain.
-movement to transfer the hold of parishes of parishes of the
ph from regular order to secular clergy/orders
Regular- they do not report to bishops, they report to
procreator (the head of their religious inst); brothers/priests
Friars-regular clergy who is a member of reli inst that are
mendicant (vow the life of poverty) in nature.
Regular orders-go the areas that has not been Christianized
and they will train someone that will led their community or
the shepherds of these parishes; Composed of spaniards
5 orders in the ph (reg orders + sec orders) in the time of
spaniards
Jesuits/ apostolic-teach the gospel. S.J soldiers of jesus (title);
focus on proselytism (conversion) over religious life
shepherds of these parishes-the secular clergy/ diocesan.
They report to a diocese. Locals of the community
parish is a building block that will report to a larger reli
territory (diocese/bishop) ---- archbishop (Metropolitan
archdiocese)
Cavite-naging mainit ang secularization movement kasi
maraming mga parish ang binigay sa regular orders at may
nangyari na mutiny
La verdad- newspapers that has written criticisms against the
fil clergy.
Burgos’ manifesto-bring up racial differences
Restricted learning-friars obscurantism (they obscured
learning umikot lang sa religious views not the sciences.
Tenant/ dati inquililo-landlord who rules in behalf of the
absentee landlord (Rizals)
Fact of resell
Parishes are v much lucrative bcos friars want rich provinces
kasi may magdodonate ng mga lands para ‘yung mga
mamayaman na mamamatay makakapunta ng heaven.
Calamba case-made rizal to become a revolutionist.
Historical demography-push and pull factors on why the
people move from one place to another.
We can never know how Bonifacio died and executed
Wala naman daw sinulat ganun si Boni ((Naic agreement)
1897-peace treaty (Aguinaldo and spain) tapos ‘yung pera
pinambili ng mga armas
Tapos siya rin nagtatag ng unang republika.
Sakim and medyo naïve siya
Ph history not progressive it ebbs and flows
Aguinaldo-first dictator
Events that follow the revo (August 1896-1898) Independence
Day: June 12, 1898
1899-1913 (PH V American War)
Nung nagkaroon ng mock battle sa intra nabili (but more
likely to compensate the losses of spain) na talaga tayo ng mga
US dati for 20 million
Treaty of Paris-ended the Spanish and American war
American-interested na sa cuba
US talked to aguinaldo’s camp na tutulungan silang makalaya
sa spain ganon w/o any paperwork (George Dewey)
William Greyson- he was the one who first shoot a fire in sta.
mesa, laguna (feb 4, 1899) spark the ph americal war
Armed Conflict and Guerilla Conflict (Antonio Luna was
murdered)
Last armed conflict and signify the end of ph American war
(1913) in Mindanao
But later 1913 meron pa rin like lumalaban pa rin sina macario
sakay tapos kaya ‘yung mga americans need nila papangitin
‘yung image ng mga kumakalaban sa kanila kaya pinasa nila
‘yung Brigandage Act (1902) those who would take up arms
and cause chaos in the government are considered bandits and
common criminals/ destroy the legitimacy of their movements,
Sedition Law (1901) -that’s why sakay launched his own
revolt and it was abolished and he and other revolutionaries
gave birth to Partido Nacionalista (1901) Santiago alvarez,
ex katipuneros thet pused for immediate independence,
Reconcentration act (1903) in order to curve insurrection
bcos bandits rely on the peasants form info to the americans
pati food na rin ganun in order to survive kaya they closed off
towns hindi ka pwedeng umalis doon kung umalis ka sa
bounadary bandit ka na, the which is similar on the Japanese
colonization (zona), Philippine Constabulary (1901)
-forerunner of the PNP they were created in order to police the
PH, they were used to ano the revolts ganun and Anti-Flag
Law [used in Suppressing Nationalism] -----in order to
suppress the movements to push the independence of ph
American declared the war in 1901 bcos Aguinaldo was
captured
Nag-end nung nahuli si Aguinaldo but nagputol pa rin naman
hanggang 1913 ‘yung war and then class antagonism,
regionalism, and factionalism divided the Filipinos
How americans justify why they colonized PH
Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation
-Used this to own the other half of the revolutionaries (elites)
to join them
-to explain or justify their colonialism ganon kasi gusto raw
nila mauplift ang mga indios
-Pres. William McKinley- must educate civilize and uplift the
Filipino condition
-Ph not yet mature
One hand the ordinary masses lower and middle class-bandits,
curved thru the use of force and the elites you cant touch them
bcos they are rich ganon so Americans used this para mapunta
sa kanila sa mga elites.
-Dec 21, 1898
Ph resistance failed bcos the ph resistance were divided
amongst themselves. There’s a disjoint
Revolution was signified by the tearing of cedula which
signified the paying of taxes.
Social Darwinism-there’s stages of revolution to the fittest.
White man (most fit society/ indiv) not white are lacking
civilization or they are savage. That’s why they are
benevolently assimilating lang para maeducate mga Pilipino
pero colonizing naman talaga
Kaya naman, they needed tutelage kay they allowed the elites
to have limited participation in the government in admin
despite of how limited it may be mas higher pa rin ‘to kaysa sa
participation natin sa Spain.
That’s why Philippine Assembly (results to self-conscious
ruling class) was created- first time the elites meet kaya
ngayon mga elites lang nakikiinteract sa mga elites din. the
Filipinos now actually joined the American in making laws.
Elite lamang ang dapat sumali at dapat male ka, 23 yrs and
above, reside in the municipality for 6 mos. Three Classes
(Literate and can speak and write English/Spanish, real prop of
at least P500, have held local givt pisitions prior to 1899
**not more than 3% of the population could vote and be
elected under these terms.
Kaya nagkaroon din ng Partido federal ganon and Partido
nacionalista
Tutelage Training
-Partido Federal (Taft)- pushed for political autonomy,
political pragmatism (?)
Kalayaan- “layaw” estado ng kaginhawaan. Lumaki sa mga
magulang na-aalagaan ka naaaruga ka.
Sakay-arrested in 1908
Quiz Notes
Gomburza were not responsible for the Cavite Mutiny.
Governor-General Rafael de Izquierda, despite of the prodding
of the Archbishop of Manila, could not provide sufficient
evidence to justify the execution of the GomBurZa. In fact, the
GomBurZa were ordered to be arrested a day before the Cavite
Mutiny took place. Thus, how can they have led the mutiny if
they were ordered arrested even before it had happened?
The mutiny was thus used as a convenient excuse to end the
secularization movement, proving that the Filipinos cannot
expect equal rights with Spanish citizens, inspiring the
Propaganda Movement to advocate for reforms at Spain itself.
The three Filipino priests were falsely accused of spearheading
the mutiny at the military garrison in Cavite. This was in order
to silence the Secularization Movement to prevent the Filipino
priests from acquiring parishes in which they could extend
their influence over the native population, for fear that they
were not loyal to Spain.
1913-1935 Commonwealth
We commemorate the birth of Bonifacio bcos the death is
controversial.
Policies of independence and policies of colonialism
Whatever happens in the colonial metropole (manila,
Washington, spain) will affect the whole archipelago.
Kahit after nung mga deaths and sacrifices ng mga heroes
natin hindi pa rin tayo nakawala sa colonialism under the flag
of America.
February 4, 1899-start of ph-american war
Different American Policies on the Ph
-William Cameron Forbes (gov general) pushing for the
continued colonial rule in the ph
-But nung nanalo si Woodrow Wilson noong 1913 (replaced
William forbes was replaced by francis burton Harrison---
pushed for the pilipinization program (transition of most of
civil services in the ph being under the employees are largely
Filipinos/Filipino dominated tthis will culminate the Jones
Act 1916-first organic act; will give more power to the
Filipino officials with the creation of Senate of the
Philippines (ph commission) and House Representatives (Ph
assembly). Pushed the granting of continued rights and powers
to the Filipinos
Tapos nung nanalo ‘yung mga republicans again nareplaced na
naman governor general in the ph that will pushed na naman
sa limited rights ng mga Filipinos tapos siya si Leonard
Wood
During the early colonial admin of Americans, they created
the PH commission-powerful was tasked to create, implement
laws or weigh were the Filipinos are mature enough or worthy
to be independent Jacob Gold Sherman-first leader findings
not create a good light of the ph then William taft pushed for
the colonialism of the ph
Quezon and Quirino pushed for indp pero preferred PH as
American protectorate bcos of several policies that would be
beneficial to the Filipinos such as Simmons underwood act
which pushed for free trade (free trade bet us and ph; free
taxation; no taxation sa mga products us to php h to us) but not
beneficial as it would seem in the Philippines bcos we are
largely a export agricultural economy na mga raw materials
lang ineexport natin which is cheaper unlike finish products
which the industrialized US would sell to us kaya more
revenue nakukuha nila and would benefit only who r ready to
join this export-oriented market economy (sugar planters,
hacienda) elites na naman, teh!
Then nangyari ‘yung great depression sa US 1929-collapsed of
the stock market of the US. Stock market is important bcos it
yields money ganon. Dance marathons ganon para
makasurvive kasi may prize sa huli mahuhuli tapos nagkaroon
din ng mga informal settlers ang US that time sa central park.
Impact nito sa PH, the US started thinking if it is worth it kung
ikkeep pa ang PH tapos nakita nila raw materials na ineexport
nila sa US as competition sa natural grown industries nila
ganon tapos marami ng mga migrants na ph pumunta sa US na
nakaranas sila ng racism ganon and randomly shot din ganon.
So they decided to give the PH the independence with the help
of Hare-Hawes cutting bill (1933) or Osorox (Osmena and
roxas) independence mission tried to push for the immediate
indeoence of the oh by the passing of this bill in which quezon
is not a part of bcos ayaw niya mapass bill na ito bcos kung
mapass ito they will take the shine out of his position kaya
criniticize niya ito
Kaya he pushed for the Tydings-Mcduffie Act (Quezon and
Franklin Roosevelt) na meron din naming same loopholes e
same lang naman nila nung sa osorox. Under both laws gov
general will be replaced by an American commissioner that
will supposed to oversee the economic stability of the ph na
magrereport sa us pero no limitatins and not clear in the act. 3.
Bcos US still has control of the foreign affairs, and the ph still
cannot create a peso that is independent of the US dollar, ph
commonwealth money pa rin 1 US dollar=2 pesos and wala pa
rin tayong independent ambassador that will represent us to
different nations. Bill pushes for independence after 10 yrs
transition period. PH still economically tied to US market bcos
of free trade kasi sila lang walang tax bcos we cant adapt pa to
the needs of other markets.
4. started sa 2 acts/bills na ‘to and the military bases act ng US
ended only under cory bcos ayaw ng senate kahit gusto ni cory
and marcos then ginamit niya ‘yung military bases para
maging justified ‘yung pagtatakda niya ng martial law
Creation of Commonwealth
Manuel Quezon won tapos napasig
n niya rin ‘yung bill niya kaya siya ‘yung naging first
commonwealth president kalaban niya aguinaldo, gregorio
aglipay.
-Almost complete control (currency, foreign relations)
-Experimental stage preparatory to political independence
-Changes in education system now happened (Institute of
National Language/ Surian ng Wikang Pambansa)
Significant ang commonwealth kahit na transition lang ito
kasi dito natutunan na natin kung paano patakbuhin
bansa natin independently despite of limited control.
Mas maganda raw para sa kanila ‘yung peace time kasi mura
mga thingz, mare ganon pero nagbebenefit lang naman dito e
mga americans. At kung akala nila mayaman ph noon noooo,
luging-lugi tayo at kung farmer ka ganon 14 pesos a month
income mo ganon
74% ng economy was transacted by foreigners tapos tayo
halos hanggang sari-sari store levels lang.
Starvation wage-gutom ang kinikita nila kasi naddelay rin
madalas wage lalo na mga farmers.
Housing projects din sa panahon ng common. Project 6 ganon
pabahay para sa mga trabahador or laborers sa quezon city
(quezon as egotistical person ganon)
Commonwealth pushes for various policies and reforms for
the ph yet it is not as ideal as people would think it to be.
During peacetime, widespread poverty, education not doing
well behind kaya may civil unrest kaya may mga revolts
ganon kasi nga mga foreigners pa rin nagbebenefit. Most
famous revolt-sakdal uprising-to push for reforms in the
agricultural secotrs to increase farm wages and they are
instigating unrest sa central Luzon. Commonw gov respond
to it (civil unrest) by various social justice reforms in the
form of housing, 8th hour work, increasing compensation,
increasing the income of workers but not implemented
properly
Marami pa ring uprising kahit natapos na ph American war
kasi meron pa rin unequal dist of opportunities and resources
particularly sa lower and middle class in the ph
Creation of UP
Jose Rizal was used b americans to highlight the cruelty of
Spain to hide American barbarism din ganon and mas
papaboran
Miseducation of the Filipinos kaya mas pinapaboran ang mga
americans ganon.
American nakainfluenced din sa government natin ganon two
party system (federalista and nacionalista party) to multi-party
system.
In summary, the ph during 1913 to 1941 prior to the second
world war began to transition to independence under the
colonial rule of US. The American colonial gov vacillated its
policies from ind to American protectorate and on the fil
camp, many of our elites preferred to be AP bcos they will
benefit them (status and position) in the American
government. Kaya nung ‘yung great depression happened
ganon nagkaroon ng compromise but ‘yung coalition block
favored the independence of Philippines
Tapos habang nagttransition tayo ‘yung Japanese empire
nagsstart ng magcolonize ng mga Asian countries isa rin na
naging dahilan kaya tayo pinakawalan ng America kasi baka
magiging liability pa tayo.
JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1941-1944) The Japanese
Menace
Naiambag sa konsepto ng alipin-forced labor and comfort
woman.
*Maura law-teaching of Spanish to the schools in ph
*Other revolutionaries nakikita na talaga si Rizal as National
hero b4 the americans arrived.
Naapektuhan din Japan noong Great Depression (1929) kasi
trading partner nila US for steel and fuel to continue the war
and for their invasion bcos they r continually expanding kasi
wala sila gaanong maraming natural resources need din nila ng
raw materials tapos para rin matransfer nila ‘yung increasing
population nila. Japan relied on trading bcos they enter china
in 1937 which threaten western interests in asia they trading
partners (US) imposed of embargo (of oil and scrap iron) in
exchange they should pull out china and Indochina if not they
will not receive oil or iron steel for their expansion tapos they
chose a third option which is to start a war with US so they
bombed the pearl harbor (Background of war)
1937 ininvade nila China kasi hiwa-hiwalay sila that time by
different colonizers.
Invasion of china pwede ring sabihin na start of ww2 kaysa
doon sa bombing of pearl harbor dec 7, 1941
Attack of china kasi ‘yung tension ng japan sa mga western
countries naging mataas.
In order to keep the japanese under supervision quezon created
davao as a center of Japanese in the ph para mamonitor
Japanese movement.
BCos of the gradual intrusion of japan in asia they are now
being considered threat sa atin and is referred to us as a yellow
peril.
Was the ww2 a watershed moment or it did not actually create
any change?
Puppet republic jose laurel referred to as a puppet president.
Assign:
Ww2 cause a change to the community or not
Do the elites continue to rule the community?
Watershed for the urban characters in the community that
time, nangyari ba ‘to sa community n’yo ganon
We r not prepared we r complacent that japan would attack ph
bcos US has the pearl harbor and a few hours later tayo na
We r not prepared din kasi gov officials r preparing for real
election. 1941 election is abt to occur pero meron naman thru
the creation of civilian emergency administration-to prepare
civ in case a war broke out tapos nagbblackout drill sila
ganon lights out and evacuation drills pero ginagawa lang
natin as picnic time; prepared bunkers pupunta tayo sa
mountainous areas kahit may ganito nagpanic pa rin tayo
ganon
First act that was passed noong commonw-National Defense
Act-PH is to create a citizen’s army which is from Switzerland
wherein they would rely on every abled filipino adult (18-^)
tapos llead sila ng ROTC large reserved group (citizen’s army)
and small reserved group (ROTC) kasi wala tayo gaanong
budget ganon that time wala tayong equipment ganon. General
Douglas Mccarthur-military advisor and eventually field
marshal sa ph army
Initial onslaughts of war happened in baguio (first victim) dec
8, 1941, clark, davao----bombed. Civilian response-panic
Open city-no military installation, no soldiers, civilian lang
tsaka little police force lang titira ganon. Call for them to not
be attacked para maipakita that they have no value ganon na
surrendered na sila but inatake pa rin sila
2 strategies to depend ph
1. War plan orange-designed by us army all forces would
retreat and plan not to defend many of the landing areas of the
ph kasi mahirap lalo na archipelagic tayo mahirap mag-isip
kung saan sila maglaland kaya maghhole up lang sila in one
area particularly manila ganon. Hinge from a larger strategy
which is the rainbow plan-us will try to axis powers in
Europe (Invasion of Poland and Italy ganon) then rescue ph
then by 1942 bataan and corrigedor region sumuko na and the
end of official resistance happened; formal resistance ended
“Remember Erlinda!”- psychological warfare. One of the
battle cries that most allied forces natin sa bataan and c used to
encourage one another to continue the resistance and to
continue hoping for American reinforcement which eventually
never came. Erlinda was rape by Japanese soldiers ganon.
Then the Japanese was also starting to have its own
psychological warfare-they will drop pamphlets in bataan and
c to join them ganon like this one
After sumuko ng bataan and corrigedor it followed by the
infamous bataan death march on April 9, 1942 then the
eventual occupation of the japanese in the philippines tho we
resist din naman.
Unsurrendered-did not join the bataan death march and leave
bataan bago pa man sila sumuko ganon. nagpatuloy pa rin sila
sa resistance into guerilla units ex. Hukbalahap --- (central
Luzon movement that focused on trying to liberate the central
Luzon from Japanese administration and is largely successful
then pinalitan nila Japanese ganon but nareplaced din sila ng
mga elites tapos hindi man lang sila nacompensate kaya
nagkaroon ng kilusan noong 1946 against the return of the
elites sa mga probinsyang iyon tapos kaya tuloy sila naging
kalaban ng newly established ph republic doon sila naging
kilala as communist movement), USAFP/USAFIP---
northern---- and launch intermittent warfare against Japanese
troops. While this is happening japan continue to try to
transition the ph from a gov that was run by japanese military
admin (goals during these times: to restore and maintain
peace and order bcos kung hindi they will not be able to
procure strategic resources for the war; procurement of
strategic resources for war kasi want nila tayo ang maging
mapagkuhanan nila tayo ng resources such as cotton ganon
and mines and copper for bullets; self-sufficiency of Japanese
soldiers na hindi na sila magrrely sa resources na galing sa
japan kasi they r continuing to expand ganon but had limited
resources) into a civilian gov kaya gumawa sila ng Philippine
Executive Commission-serve as the civilian arm in trying to
administer the philippines
Since gusto nga lang nila tayong maging source of raw
materials for their continued warfare ayaw nila mangialam sa
political administration of the ph they saw this as cumbersome
kaya want nila mapunta sa civilian hands ‘yung administration
natin that’s why even if ph is not totally peaceful other wanted
to immediately grant us independence so by October 14, 1943
the ph was declared independent at least under the Japanese
admin why bcos they wanted to show the benevolence of
japan, to win the loyalty of some filipinos, to transfer the nitty-
gritty of administrative affairs to the likes of jose p. laurel
Bakit nagcollaborate sina jose p laurel, benigno ramos,
artemio ricarte? Kasi they saw that staying on the Japanese
hands would give them the best chance to protect the filipinos
from the excesses of the Japanese military. But regardless of
whatever reasons they had they r regarded as traitors kahit
may mga best interests naman nila is for ph
Emilio Aguinaldo and artemio ricarte-raised the flag
While jap trying to gain our sympathy they also try to frame
their conquest of the ph as a sort of liberation of the country
from western countries. Asian for Asian something but we
didn’t accept this. Tapos tayo pa may longest resistance
against the jap bcos we saw the americans that will give us
independence so kung mawawala common ganon mawawala
rin ‘yung independence natin so they saw the jap
independence as false independence.
Laurel agreed to become the president ph and tried to passed
policies to protect the filipinos.
1. National Labor Procurement Agency-in an effort to
prevent the arbitrary conscription of fil for labor kasi Japanese
would hire anyone ganon kahit bata
2. Central Housing Committee- kasi mga Japanese kukunin
na lang mga house ng kung kanino ganon para gawing base of
operations kaya want niya maprevent iyon. So meron lang
mga properties na pwede nila kunin ganon.
3. Amnesty period- he allowed guerilla to surrender and they
will not be executed by Japanese military
He also did not fold to the Japanese pressure to declare war to
US by saying that he is not a popular president ganon kaya
hindi siya papakinggan ganon. Laurel tried to protect the
filipinos from the Japanese, but this is not happened nor
implemented bcos he is not allowed to have an army to
prevent us from rebellion kaya wala siyang power ganon kaya
we have this idea na he is just a placehlder president while
quezon fled to Australia and us where he died an Osmena
would return as the next president to succeed quezon pero
nagtry talaga siya.
Economy under japan
Mickey mouse money-absence of serial number meron lang
PE ganon and wala ring signatures kaya parang toy money
lang siya ganon kaya ganiyan pangalan so wala ring value in
gold and in silver later on meron ng serial numbers but wala
pa ring signatures ganon kaya wala pa rin
So ‘yung mga guerilla produced guerilla notes which was
more valuable that had equivalent commonwealth value after
the war so sila rin naghelp to stabilize the economic policies of
japan bcos of this.
Japanese implemented other economic policies such as
rationing-during this time the ph economy was called as the
economy of substitute bcos many of the pre-war resources that
we enjoyed became scarce bcos of trade stop during wartime
kaya ‘yung mga naeenjoy nating mga products from US such
as ketchup kaya nainvent ‘yung banana ketchup ganon bcos of
rationing limited lang ganon kasi priority ang mga military—
need nila na ipriority ang military bcos when US left they
destroyed everything bcos of the scorched-earth policy-
which states that in wartime your former bases when they are
to fall in any hand they should destroy everything that they
could use to their advantage kaya may mga scarce resources. But when we looked at Japanese today they frame their
experience of the war in a way called victims history.

Tingi-tingi rin nauso rin tsaka black market-illegally buy trade

products
They’re highlighting how what change for them during the
war. The important historical period of the war for them is if
Mayayaman naging mahirap sila kasi hindi sila marunong
not for the bombing of Hiroshima was the surrender of the
magtanim then ‘yung mga street-smart at marunong magtanim
emperor. The way that the war was remembered was usually
sila ‘yung yumaman so may nangyaring economy of
with the ruling party. They recall this by remembering the
reversals/reversal of fortunes on top of substitution and
Japanese pride ganon kasi marami silang nasakop ganon.
rationing but this will not last.
Victim history is what they will frame their experience of the
war, they would not discuss the comfort woman ganon…….
Bcos when US defeated Europe they abt to rescue the ph tapos
pa-victim yuck
bombing sa manila ganon
After hindi naman tayo sinuportahan ng US sinupport
nila’yung japan kasi sila ‘yung nakikita nila ‘yung japan as an
ally ganon

Edsa didn’t bring up the change we desire

Bessang Pass-integral/significant sa liberation ng northern

luzon bcos if they could not cover this the Japanese would
retreat northeast

The ww2 is remembered in 3 ways (watershed, intuiting

paradigm, collaboration and a resistance paradigm

Nothing changed sa other communities, elites continue to rule

the provinces.