Forest Trends Report Series

opfawmqdkif&m ukefoG,fa&;ESifhb@ma&; Edk0ifbmv? 2013

jrefrmEdik fiH½Sd
opfukefoG,fa&;pD;qif;rIrsm;ESifh vkyfuidk faqmif½Gufaeolrsm; -
jrefrmEdkifio
H pfukeo
f G,frI\ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;

The Political Economy of Myanmar’s Timber Trade

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2
jrefrmEdik fiH&dS opfukefoG,fa&;pD;qif;rIrsm;ESifh vkyfudkifaqmif½u
G faeolrsm;
jrefrmEdik fiHopfukefoG,frI\ Edik fiHa&;qdik f&m pD;yGm;a&;

Kevin Woods

Ed0k ifbmv 2013

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todtrSwfjyKrIrsm;
pma&;ol Kevin Woods onf jrefrmEdik fiH\ o,HZmwxkwfvkyfrIESiyfh wfoufonfh EdkifiHa&;qdik f&m pD;yGm;a&;
tay: ¤if;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmjyKvkyfxm;onfh &vm'fjzpfaom þavhvmrItm; Forest Trends u wifjycGifah y;
onft h wGuf aus;Zl;wifaMumif; ajymvdyk gonf/ ,cktpD&ifcHpmonf Forest Trends rS Kerstin Canby ESifh
Eve Richer wdkY &ufa&mpGmay;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;aMumifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmNyD;? pdwful;oabmxm;rsm;
udk Forest Trends rS Anne Thiel ESifh Eszter Szocs wdk\Y tqufrjywfpdwf½SnfpGmjzifh graphics rsm;jzifh
yHkazmfay;&mwGif rsm;pGmtusdK;jzpfapcJo
h nf/ aemufq;Hk taeESifh aemufcHtrsdK;pHrk Svmaom jrefrmvlrsdK;vkyf
azmfuidk fbufrsm;onf þEdik fiHwGif opfukefoG,fa&; trSefwu,f rnfuo Jh dkY jyKvkyfaqmif½Gufaeonfudk
ydkrdkem;vnfvmap&ef ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmumvtwGif; ¤if;wdkY\tcsdefrsm;udk &ufa&mpGmay;cJhMuygonf/ ,ck
tpD&ifcHpm\ avhvmoH;k oyfrIrsm;xJwGif r&nf½G,fonft h rSm;rsm;&Scd JhvQif pma&;olonf tjynft h 0
wm0ef,lygrnf/

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tusOf;csKyf ................................................ ..............................8

opfwifyYdrk Irsm; ................................................ ........................ 11
w&m;0ifopfukefo,
G frI ................................................ ......... 11
wifyYdrk Itcsuftvufrsm;ESifh wifydrkY Irsm;\w&m;0ifrI ............................. 13
a&½SnfwnfwHhcidk fNrJrI? a'ocHrsm;\ ajroH;k ydkicf Girfh sm;ESifh
usif0h wf ESift
h nDZmpfjrpf ½SmazGjcif; ................... .......................... 14
opft&if;tjrpf½SmazGjcif; ...................................................... ........ 17
pufrIpu
dk fysdK;vdkufavsmrIrsm;ESifh opf½SmazGjcif;wdkY\ tcsdwftquf ....................... 22
jrefrmEdkifiH\ opfukefoG,frI\ t"duvkyfuidk faqmif½Gufaeolrsm; ...................... 23
&efukefrSwqifhwifydkYaeaom Edkiif Hwumopfukefonfrsm;................. ........24
e,fpyfjzwfausmf opfukefonfrsm;....................................... ........25
jynfwGif;wGif rsm;pGmvTrf;rdk;vQuf&Sdaom vkyfief;tzGUJ rsm; (“c½dkeDukrÜPDrsm;”).......27
jrefrmEdkiif Hopfvkyfief;½Sifrsm;toif; .............................................28
ed*;Hk - FLEGT ESifh EUTR wdYktay: tusdK;oufa&mufrIrsm; .............................. 29
ud;k um;usrf;rsm; ....................................................................... 31

6 i
twdak umufpm&if;

AAC Annual Allowable Cut (ESpfpOfxkwfvkyfrI vsmxm;csuf)

CoC Chain of Custody (tqifq
h ifhxdef;odrf;apmifha½SmufrI)
CFI Community Forest Instructions (a'ocHjynfoltpktzGUJ ydi
k f opfawma&;&m
ñTefMum;csufrsm;)
EC European Commission (Oa&myaumfr½Sif)

EFI European Forestry Institute (Oa&myopfawma&;&mtzGUJ tpnf;)

EUTR European Union Timber Regulation (Oa&myor*¾opfxkwfvkyfa&;Oya')

FLEGT Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (opfawmOya'Muyfrwfjcif;?

tkyfcsKyrf IESiu
fh kefoG,frI)
ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization (tjynfjynfqi
dk f&m tylyidk f;opfawm
umuG,fa&;tzGUJ )
MOAI Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (v,f,mpdu
k fysdK;a&;ESiq
fh nfajrmif;0efBuD;Xme)
MOECAF Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;ESifh
opfawma&;&m0efBuD;Xme )
MSS Myanmar Selection System (jrefrmha½G;cs,frIpepf)

MTE Myanmar Timber Enterprise (jrefrmhopfvkyfief;)

MTMA Myanmar Timber Merchants’ Association (jrefrmEdi

k fiHopfvkyfief;½Sifrsm;toif;)
UMFCCI Union of Myanmar Federation of Chamber of Commerce and Industry (jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdik fiH ukefonfrsm;ESifh pufrIvkyfief;½Sifrsm;toif;)
VLO Verification of Legal Origin (w&m;0ifrlvZmpfjrpf twnfjyKjcif;)
VPA Voluntary Partnership Agreement (oabmtavsmuf vkyfazmfuidk fbuf
oabmwlnDcsufrsm;)

7
tusOf;csKyf
jrefrmEdik fiH\opfudk a,bk,stm;jzifh Zmpfjrpf (5) rsKd ;xHrSvmonf[k trsdK;tpm;cGjJ cm;owfrSwfEdkifNyD; ¤if;
wdw
kY pfckcsif;twGuf udk,fydkifyx0Dtaetxm;ESifh vkyfuidk faqmif½Gufaeolrsm; (actors) &Sdonf/ w&m;0ifrI?
a&½Snf wnfwcHh dkifNrJrIESifh a'ocHwYdk\ajroH;k ydkifcGiw
fh dEkY Siyfh wfoufNyD; ¤if;trsdK;tpm; (5) cktm; wpfck
csif;taotcsm tm½Hkpdkufoifo h nf/ ,cktcsdeftxd jrefrmhopfZmpfjrpf ½SmazGjcif;ESiyfh wfoufNyD;
aqG;aEG;rItrsm;pk? txl;ojzifh urÇmausmf jrefrmhuRe;f opfESifh ywfoufvQif vrf;aMumif;rsm;xJrS
wpfckudkom tm½Hkpdkufavh&SdNy;D ¤if;rSm tv,fydik f;ajrjyefYa'orsm;wGif&Sdaom tpd;k &upDrHtkyfcsKyo f nfh
uRef;opfawmrsm;yif jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdik fiH\ vwfwavm topf zGUJ pnf;wnfaxmifxm;onfh ywf0ef;
usifxdef;odrf;a&;ESifh opfawma&;&m 0efBuD;Xme (MOECAF) ESifh jrefrmhopfvkyfief;½Sifrsm;toif; (MTMA)
wdo
kY nf taemufwidk f;tpkd;&rsm;ESifh opfwifoGif;onfh ukrÜPDrsm;xHoYdkcsOf;uyfNyD; opfonf vuf&Sd
tajctaewGif odrkY [kwf jyKjyifrItenf;i,f jyKvkyfNyD;vQif w&m;0ifopftjzpf owfrSwfNyD; aemufcH wGif
auseyfavmufonfph epfrsm; &Sdonfqw dk mudk wifjy vQuf&So d nf/
,cktpD&ifcHpmu azmfjyonfrSm ,ckvwfwavm qGaJ c:aeonfh wdusrIr&Sad om yHk&dyftm;,SOfí jrefrm
EdkifiH\opfukefoG,frIonf rsm;pGmydrk dk½IyfaxG;onfqw dk myifjzpfonf/ opfZmpfjrpf (5) rsKd ;pvH;k ESifh ¤if;wdkYudk
vkyfuidk faqmif½Gufaeolrsm;\ a½GUvsm;vIyf½Sm;yHkwd\ kY w&m;0ifrI? a&½SnfwnfwcHh dkifNrJrIESifh usifh0wfwdt kY m;
ydkrdkem;vnf&efvt dk yfNyD; taMumif;rSm opftm; yHrk Seftm;jzifh jzpfEdik fonfZh mpfjrpfrsdK;pHrk S a&maxG;íwifydYkae
jcif;aMumifjh zpfonf/ wifydYkrIpnf;urf;rsm;ESifu
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zGHUNzdK;a&;at*sifpDrsm;ESifh EdkifiHwum0,f,lolrsm;ESifh rl0g'rsm;tm; 0,f,laeonfh a&mif;csolrsm;onf ¤if;
½IyfaxG;rIrsm;tm; ydkredk m;vnf&ef vdt k yfonf/
,cktpD&ifcHpmonf opf\yx0Dqidk f&m Zmpfjrpfuadk zmfjyNyD; EdkifiHtwGif; opf\ydkaY qmifvIyf½Sm;rIESifh e,f
pyfjzwfausmfrI? opfxkwfvkyfjcif;wGif ywfoufonfh vkyfuidk faqmif½Gufaeolrsm;? vkyfief;pOfESifu h kefoG,frI
ESifh jrefrmhopf w&m;0ifrItm; tqH;k tjzwfay;onfh EdkifiHa&; tcsuftcsmrsm;? a&½SnfwnfwcHh dkifNrJrIESifh
usif0h wfESitfh nDZmpfjrpf&SmazGjcif;rsm;tm; azmfjyonf/ jrefrmEdik fiHtwGif; opfukefoG,frI\ EdkifiHa&;qdik f&m
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1/ opfxkwfvkyfjcif;\ rlvZmpfjrpf – EdkifiHwGif tvm;tvm&Sdonfh opfZmpfjrpf (5) rsdK;&SNd yD; wpfckcsif;
wGif w&m;0ifrI? a&½SnfwnfwcHh kdifNrJrI? ajroH;k ydkifcGipfh epfrsm;ESifh usif0h wffESifhtnD ½SmazGjcif; wdEkY Sifh
ywfoufonfh ud, k fyidk ftqifhrsm;&So
d nf/
(u) EdkifiHawmfu pDrHtkyfcsKyo f nfh (jrefrmhopfvkyfief; odrkY [kwf MTE) opfawmrsm;? trsm;pk
rSm uRef;opfrsm;jzpfonf/
(c) obm0opfawmrsm;twGif; opfckwfvjSJ cif;vdu k favsmay;rItrsm;pkrSm wdkif;&if;om;y#dyu©
e,fajrrsm;wGif jzpfonf/
(*) obm0opfawmrsm;wGif toGifajymif;oHk;pGJonfah jrrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;onf rsm;aomtm;jzihf
pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf vdu k favsmjcif;rsm;rS jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfNyD;? trsm;pkrSm
(odYak omf tNrJr[kwf) wdkif;&if;om;e,fajrrsm;wGifjzpfNyD; ¤if;tm; toGifajymif; oHk;pGJonfh
opf (conversion timber ) [kvnf; ac:a0: onf/
(C) EdkifiHa&;ESipfh D;yGm;a&; tcsufrsdK;pHak Mumifh tvGefuefo Y wfxm;onfh opfyifpdu k fysdK;jcif;/
(i) pD;yGm;jzpfopfxkwfvkyfjcif;tm; vkyfydik fcGifrh &Sdonfh a'ocHjynfoltpktzGUJ ydkifopfawmrsm;/

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2/ obm0opfawm{&d,mrsm; – Edik fiHawmfu pDrHtkyfcsKyo f nfo h pfawmrsm;ESifh tenf;tusO;f tm;jzifh
opfyifpdu k fcif;rsm;xHrSom opfrsm;½SmazGxkwfvkyfonf[k tpd;k &u w&m;0ifajymMum;aomfvnf;
jrefrmEdik fiH\ opfwifydYkrI\ &mckid fEIef;trsm;tjym;rSm toGifajymif; oHk;pGJonfah jr (land
conversion) ESifh opfckwfvSJjcif;vdkufavsmay;rIrsm;rS wqifo h bm0opfawmrsm;rS ,lEidk fajc
tvGefrsm;jym;onf/ obm0opfawme,fy,ftopfrsm; avsmhyg;vmonfESift h rQ tdE´, d Edik fiH
ta½SUajrmufbufESifh ucsijf ynfe,fMum;&Sd ppfudkif;wdkif;a'oBuD;\ ajrmufydik f;ESifh ucsifjynfe,f
awmifydik f;a'otcsdKUonf tpd;k &xdef;csKyfxm;onfh e,fajrrsm;twGif; taemufq;Hk opfckwfvSJ
onfh e,fy,ftopfrsm; jzpfvmonf/ obm0opfawmtrsm;pkrSm vuf½Spd pfNyD;umv y#dyu©
e,fajrrsm;twGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;xdpyfe,fajrrsm;wGifjzpfNyD;? txl;ojzifh xdkif;e,fpyf (u&ifjynf
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rsm;wGifvIyf½Sm;aeonfh EdkifiHwGif;&Sd jynfe,frJh vuf eufuidk ftkyfpkrsm;onf vuf½St d pd;k &ESifh
typftcwf&yfpJa&;oabmwlnDcsuftopfrsm; vufrSwfa&;xdk;NyD;onfESiht f rQ y#dyu©rsm;\
trsdK;tpm;ESifh twdik f;twmwdo kY nfvnf; tajymif;tvJ&ESd dkifonf/ odYak omf xdktypftcwf
&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsufrsm;onf ,m,DoabmomaqmifNyD; ,ck tcsdeftxd Edik fiHa&;aqG;aEG;rI
tenf;i,frQom&Sad o;Ny;D ppfNyD;umvtcsKd Uae&mrsm;wGif ajry#dyu© vIid f;vH;k topfrsm;ESifh jrefrm
ppfwyf\yg0ifrI jrifhrm;vmjcif;wdYo k nf a'ocHrsm;twGuf ylaqG;rIrsm; xyfrHjzpfay:aponf/
3/ opfrsm;a&maESmjcif; – &efukefrSwifydYkrnfh opfpkpnf;rItwGif;odkY ZmpfjrpfrsdK;pHrk Sopfrsm;onf a&m
aESmNyD; 0ifvQuf&Sdonf/ tpdk;&onf wifydYk&ef&nf½G,fxm;onfh pD;yGm;jzpfopfrsm;\jcm;em;onfh
Zmpfjrpfrsm;tm; cGjJ cm;owfrSwfjcif;r&Syd g (obm0? pdu
k fcif;? pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIatmuf½Sd opfawmrsm;)/
¤if;onf Oa&myESifah wmiftar&du½Sd w&m;0ifopfaps;uGufrsm;twGif;odkY jrefrmEdkifiHrSopfrsm;
wifydYkEdik f&eftwGuf t"duusonfh twm;tqD;wpfcktaeESifh &Sad eNy;D udkifwG,faqmif½Guf&ef
vdktyfonf/
4/ vkyfuidk faqmif½Gufaeolrsm; - opfukefoG,fa&;pD;qif;rI wpfckcsif;pDwGif oD;jcm;vkyfuidk faqmif
½Gufaeolrsm;&SNd yD; ¤if;wkw
dY pfOD;csif;pDwGif udk,fydik fEidk fiHa&;tcsdwftqufrsm;ESifh aiGaMu;axmufyHrh I
rsm; &So
d nf/
(u) jrefrmEdik fiHopfvkyfief;½Sifrsm;toif; (MTMA)? EdkifiHawmftpd;k &u ausmaxmufaemufcHjyK
onfh yk*¾vdupD;yGm;a&;tzGUJ tpnf;/
(c) BuD;rm;NyD;vTrf;rdk;rI&o
Sd nfh jynfwGif;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tkyfpk (Oyrm – “c½dkeDukrÜPDrsm;”)/
(*) &efukefrSwqifw h ifyYdak eaom EdkifiHwumopfukefonfrsm;? txl;ojzifh tm½SaiGaMu;vnf
ywfrItay: tajccHolrsm;/
(C) jrefrm? w½kwfEidk fiHESifh xdkif;EdkifiHrS e,fpyfjzwfausmfopfukefonfrsm;/
(i) &efukefwGiftajcpdu k fonfh jynfwGif;opfukefonfrsm;? vkyfief;vnfywfapolrsm;/
5/ w&m;0ifrIESifw h ifydYkonfah e&m – ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;ESio fh pfawma&;&m0efBuD;Xme (MOECAF)
atmuf&Sd jrefrmhopfvkyfief; (MTE) \ wHqdyfygvQif opftm;vH;k onf w&m;0iftjzpfowfrSwfNyD;
&efukefqdyfurf;rsm;rSwqifh wifyYdo k nf/ vwfwavmESpfrsm;wGif jrefrmtpdk;&onf opfrsm;tm;
&efukefqdyfurf;rsm;rSom wifyYdjk cif;udk tmrcHEdik f&ef odomonfBh udK;yrf;rIrsm; jyKvkyfvQuf&SNd y;D ¤if;
onf opfrS&&So d nf0h ifaiGrsm;? EdkifiHESifhroufqidk fonfh xdpyfe,fajrrsm;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vufeuf
udkiftkyfpkrsm;xHrS vrf;vTJ&ef&nf½G,fonfrh l0g'jzifh jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ þenf;vrf;jzifh opfrS&&Sd

9
 onf0h ifaiGrsm; tpd;k &xHa&muf&v Sd maomfvnf; opfrsm;onf w½kwfEdkifiHESifhxdkif;EdkifiHe,fpyfrsm;rS
wqifh qufvufc;dk xkwfvQuf&NSd yD;? txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om;a'orsm;&Sd obm0opfawmrsm;t
wGif;rS opfckwfvjSJ cif;vdkufavsmrIrsm;rSjzpfum ¤if;onf jrefrmEdik fiH\Oya'wGifomrubJ e,fpyf
jzwfausmfNyD;wifoGif;aeonfh EdkifiHrsm;jzpfaom xdkif;EdkifiH1ESiwhf ½kwfEidk fiH2wdkY\ Oya'rsm;wGifvnf;
w&m;0ifrIr&Su d m xdEk dkifiHrsm;onf jrefrmESifu h kef;vrf;rS opfukefoG,frIESiyfh wfoufNyD; aMujimcsuf
rsm; xkwfjyefcJoh nf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\xdpyfe,fajrrsm;&Sd tpd;k &r[kwfonfh vufeufuidk ftzGUJ tpnf;
tcsdKUonfvnf; ¤if;wkMdY oZmtmPm&So d nfeh ,fajrrsm;wGif opfxkwfvkyfjcif;tm; wm;jrpfxm;aomf
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aeonf/
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rI tvm;tvmtjrifhq;Hk &Sdonfh a'ocHjynfoltpktzGUJ ydkifopfawmrsm;onf opfrsm;tm;w&m;0if
wifydYkEdik fcGifrh &Sdao;um opfyifpdu
k fcif;rsm;rS tvGefenf;yg;onfo
h pfyrmPom aps;uGuftwGif;odYk
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av;eufonfh pdk;&drfrIrsm;ay:aygufaponf/
7/ ajroH;k ydkifcGifhrsm; – ,cktpD&ifcHpmwGif avhvmoH;k oyfxm;aom opfawmtrsKd ;tpm; (5) rsdK;xJrS
(4) rsKd ; (opfyifpdu k fcif;rsm;? EdkifiHawmfupDrHtkyfcsKyfonfh opfawmrsm;? opfckwfvSJjcif;vdkufavsm
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ckwfvcSJ Gifh vdkufavsmxm;onfh ajrtrsm;pkrSm e*dktpOftvmt& ydik fqidk fxm;onfah jrrsm;ESifh a'o
cH tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;atmuf&Sad jrrsm;wGif owfrSwfavh&o Sd nf/ jrefrmEdik fiH\ toGiful;ajymif;aeonfh
tpd;k & vwfwavm&ifqkdifae&onfh t"dutcsufrsm;xJwGif ajry#dyu©onf wpfckjzpfNyD; ¤if;
taMumif;t&monf a½SUvmrnfh Forest Trends tpD&ifcHpmrsm;xJwGif taMumif;t&mwpfcktae
ESifh yg0ifrnfjzpfonf/
EdkifiH\aysmufuG,fvQuf&aSd eonfh opfawmrsm;wGif opfckwfvSJcGifh vdu k favsmrIrsm;tm; ppfwyfESifhtpd;k &u
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toGiful;ajymif;umvtwGif;wGif EdkifiHawmfupDrHtkyfcsKyfonfh jrefrmhopfvkyfief; (MTE) ydkif uRef;opf
awmrsm;xH tm½Ht k rsm;pkrSm r[mAsL[majrmufpGmjzifah &muf&aSd eNyD; taMumif;rSm jrefrmhopfwifydYkrIonf
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1
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2
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10
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yHk 1/ EdkifiHtvdkuf jrefrmhopfawmxGufypönf;rsm; wifydYkrI? 2000-2012 (tar&duefa':vm bDvD,Haygif;)

Zmpfjrpf – Oa&myopfawma&;&mtzGJUtpnf;? James Hewitt \pkaqmif;rI? 2013/3

3
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11
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4
Woods, K ESifh K. Canby ? 2011/
5
Woods, K. ESifh K. Canby? 2011/

12
jzpfonf/ pwifNyD;opfv;Hk wifyYdrk Itm; {NyDv 2014 ckESp6f wGif pwifNyD;wm;jrpfawmhrnfESift
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Zmpfjrpf – Oa&myopfawma&;&mtzGJUtpnf;? James Hewitt \pkaqmif;rI? 2013 (Footnote 3 tm;Munf&h ef)/

wifyYdrk Itcsuftvufrsm;ESifh wifydYkrIrsm;\w&m;0ifrI

1990 ckESpfrsm;wGif xdkif;EdkifiH\ “ppfajrjyifrsm;tm; aps;uGufae&mrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJjcif;” Ny;D aemuf
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7
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8
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6
Eleven News? 2012/ opfawmt&m½Sr
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kd m 2012 ESifh Zlvidk f 2013/
7
Global Witness? 2005/ Woods?2011/
8
Milieu Defensie? 2009/

13
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ajroH;k pGJydkifcGipfh epfrsm;jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rwlnDonfhopft&if;tjrpfrsm;wGif rwlnDonfha&½Snfwnf
wHhcdkifNrJrI twdik f;twmrsm;&Sdonf/ a'ocHjynfoltpktzGUJ ydik fopfawmESifh opfyifpdu k fcif;rsm;wGif tvm;t
vmtvGefaumif;onfh a&½SnfwnfwcHh dkifNrJrI tvm;tvmrsm;&So d nf/ EdkifiHawmfupDrHtkyfcsKyfonfo h pf
awmrsm;onfvnf; todtrSwfjyKcx H m;&onfh jrefrmha½G;cs,frIpepf (MSS) ESitfh nD rSefuefpGmjyKvkyfvQif
vnf; tvm;tvmrsm;Edkifonf/ odYak omf obm0opfawmrsm;wGifjyKvkyfonfh opfckwfvJScGifv h dkufavsmrI

9
Global Witness? 2005/
10
“jrefrmESifh,leefjynfe,ftMum; opfrsm;ESifhwGif;xGufypönf;rsm; pDrHtkyfcsKyf&efjyKvkyfonfh Mum;jzwfaqmif½GufrIrsm;”/ ,leefjynfe,f\ jynfot
lY pd;k &u arv 11?
2006 ckESpfwGif xkwfjyefonf/ rl0g'ud;k um;csufeHygwf – rl0g'½H;k ? ,leef «2006» 91/ Xinhua 2006 wGifvnf; MunfEh idk fonf/

14
rsm;onf nHhzsif;onft h avhtxrsm;ESifh pDrHtkyfcsKyrf IpHEIef;rsm;aMumifh a&½SnfwnfwHhcdkifNrJrI enf;yg;Edkifajc&Sd
onf/ opfawmtoGifajymif;oHk;pGJrIrsm;onf opfawma*[epf0efaqmifrIrsm;ESifh xkwfukefrsm;twGuf a&
½SnfwnfwcHh kdifNrJrIenf;yg;EdkifNyD; taMumif;rSm ajrtm; opfawmESifrh ywfoufonfh toH;k csrItoGifodakY jymif;
oHk;jcif;aMumifjh zpfonf/ xdkrwlnDonfh a&½SnfwnfwcHh dkifNrJrItwdik f;twmtrsKd ;rsdK; - tjrihfq;Hk rSv;Hk 0r&Sd
onftxd – wdYt k m; MTE ygrpfrsm;tay:rlwnfí w&m;0if odrkY [kwf w&m;r0iftjzpf owfrSwfEdkifonf/
Oyrm – a&½SnfwnfwcHh dkifNrJrItvm;tvm trsm;qHk;&Sdonfh a'ocHjynfoltpktzGUJ ydkifopfawmrsm;rS opf
rsm;tm; w&m;0ifwifydYkcGifhr&Sdí opfpdu k fcif;rsm;rSopfrsm;vnf; aps;uGufxJwGif tenf;i,fom&Sdao;onf/
¤if;aMumifh w&m;0ifrIwpfckwnf;udk toH;k jyKí aumif;aomopfawmtkyfcsKyfrIESifh opfpnf;rsOf;Oya' a&;
qGJjcif;wdtkY ay: av;eufonfhpdk;&drfrIrsm; ay:aygufaponf/
a'ocHjynfolvlxkonf opfawmajrrsm;wGif ajroH;k pGJydkifcGifh tenf;i,fom&So d nf/ a'ocHjynfoltpktzGUJ
ydkifopfawmrsm;wGifom a'ocHjynfolvlxktm; ajroH;k pGJydkifcGifah y;xm;NyD; a'ocHopfawmXmeESifhtwl wGJ
vkyfoGm;&rnfjzpfonf/ ,cko;Hk oyfxm;onfh opfawmtrsdK;tpm;tm;vH;k jzpfonfh opfpdu k fcif;rsm;? Edik fiH
awmfu pDrHtkyfcsKyfonfhopfawmrsm;? opfckwfvSJcGifv h dkufavsmrIrsm;ESifh pdkufysdK;a&;-opfawmtoGif;ajymif;
oHkpGJrItm;vH;k wdw kY Gif a'ocHjynfolvlxkonf jrefrmEdik fiH\ Oya'rsm;ESirfh l0g'rsm;t& rnfonfhajrESift h &if;
tjrpfrS oH;k pGJydkifcGifhr&Syd g/
opfawme,fajrrsm;? txl;ojzifh opfckwfvcSJ Giv fh dkufavsmrIrsm;onf tpOftvmt& a'ocHjynfol
tpktzGUJ rsm;uxdef;csKyfNyD; MoZmtmPm&Sad omajrrsm;ay:wGif jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ ,cifESif, h ck vuf&Sjd zpf
yGm;aeaom ajry#dyu©rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH\jyKjyifajymif;vJaeonfhtpd;k & vuf&Sd&ifqdkifae&aom t"du
tcsufrsm;xJrS wpfcsufjzpfonf/11 a'ocHajr&ydik fcGifph epfrsm;\ aumif;aomtkyfcsKyfrItm; jr§ifw h if&mwGif
ta&;ygrItm;ydrk dk½Sif;jyEdik f&ef aemifwGifxkwfrnfh rl0g'½Sif;vif;csufrsm;wGif opfawmajrtrsKd ;tpm;cGrJ sm;
twGuf a'ocHajr&ydik fcGifph epfrsm;ESifyh wfoufNyD; Forest Trends u avhvmoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
OD;wnfcsufonf aumif;aomopfawmtkyfcsKyrf IESifh vkyfx;Hk rsm;&&Sd&efjzpfygu a&½SnfwnfwcHh dkifNrJrItñTef;
rsm;ESifh a'ocHajroH;k ydkifcGipfh epfrsm;tm; rSDcdktm;ud;k jcif;onf w&m;0ifrIenf;vrf;wpfckwnf;udk tvGeft
uRH tm;ud;k aejcif;jyóemudk azmfjyonf/ Edik fiHwumopfawmxdef;odrf;a&; tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;ESifh oabmwl
nDcsufrsm;onf jrefrmEdik fiH\tcsKyftjcmtmPmtm; ½dkao&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh opfw&m;0ifrIwidk f;wm
&mwGif jrefrmEdik fiH\trsdK;om; opfawmOya'rsm;ESifh rl0g'rsm;tm; vdkufem&rnfjzpfonf/ odakY omf ¤if;t
csufonf ,ckwidk f;jynfwGif&Sdonfh vuf&SOd ya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;\ tajctaeESifh ckdifrmonfOh ya'pd;k rdk;rI r&Sd
jcif; ponft h csufrsm; ay:xGufvmaponf/

11
OyrmtaeESifhMunf&h ef – TNI? 2013? xdawGUcGifhrjyK – jrefrmEdik fiH&Sd ajrydik fqidk frIrsm;ESifhwidk f;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk y#dyu©/ rl0g'½Sif;vif;csuf eHygwf 11? arv/

15
 ajryHk 1/ jrefrmEdik fiH&Sd opfckwfvo
SJ nfah e&mrsm;ESifh opfpD;qif;rI

þajryHo
k nf wdik f;&if;om;y#dyu©jzpfyGm;aeaomxdpyfe,fajrrsm;&Sd obm0opfawmrsm;ESifh jrefrmEdik fit H v,fykid f;&Sd trsm;
tm;jzifh Edik fiaH wmfupDrt
H kycf sKyfaom uRef;opfawmrsm;tm;EdiI f;,SOfí opfcw k fvJrS rI sm;jyKvkyaf eonfah e&mrsm;tm; jyoonfh
tjyif uke;f vrf;jzifhw&m;r0ifopfukeo f G,rf IEiS fh &efukerf Swqifh w&m;0ifopfwifyjkYd cif;wdYt
k m;vnf; ,SOí f jyxm;onf/

16
opft&if;tjrpf½SmazGjcif;
obm0opfawm{&d,mrsm;rS&&Sdaom toGifajymif;oHk;pGJonfo h pfrsm;onf jrefrmEdik fiHwGif tBuD;qHk;wpfck
wnf;aom opft&if;tjrpfjzpfEdik fajc&So d nf/ jrefrmEdkifiHtm;emrnfBuD;aponfh tqifjh rifu h Ref;opfv;Hk t
rsm;pkrSm tpd;k &upDrHuGyfuJonfo h pfawmrsm;wGif ckwfvo SJ nfjzpfaomfvnf; xkwfvkyfonfhta&twGuf?
t½G,ftpm;ESift h &nftaoG;wdo kY nf ,ckESpfrsm;twGif;wGif tvGeftuRHckwfvjSJ cif;aMumifh usqif;vQuf&Sd
onf/ tpd;k &rS&&Sad omtcsuftvufrsm; rvHak vmufrIESifh rqDavsmfrIwdakY Mumifh opfZmpfjrpfwpfckcsif;\ t
a&;BuD;rIonf r½Sif;vif;bJjzpfaeonf/ tpd;k &onf wifyYd&k ef&nf½G,fxm;onfh pD;yGm;jzpfopfrsm;\Zmpfjrpf
rsKd ;pHktm; cGJjcm;jcif;r&Syd g (obm0? pdkufcif;? pDrHtkyfcsKyfxm;onfo h pfawmrsm;)/ ¤if;tcsufonf jrefrmopf
rsm; Oa&myESifhajrmuftar&du w&m;0ifopfaps;uGufrsm;xHoYd0k if&ef twm;tqD;wpfckjzpfaeum udik f
wG,f&efvt dk yfonfjzpfonf/12
jrefrmhopf\Zmpfjrpftm; atmufazmfjyygukefpD;qif;onfh vrf;aMumif; (5) rsdK;xHrS ½SmazGEdkifonf –
1/ EdkifiHawmfupDrHtkyfcsKyfonfh (jrefrmhopfvkyfief;) opfawmrsm; - pepfwusopfxkwfvkyf&eft
wGuf ypfrSwfxm;onfh jrefrmhopfvkyfief; (MTE) atmuf&Sd tpd;k &upDrHtkyfcsKyo f nfh opfawmrsm;
13
\trsm;pkrSm Armtrsm;pkBuD;pdk;onfh ajrjyefYa'orsm;wGif wnf&So d nf/ A[kt d pd;k & (ESifh ,cif
udkvedk Dtpd;k &) wdo kY nf xdkae&mrsm;tm; umvMumjrifhpGmxdef;csKycf Jhonf/ xdkopfawmrsm;onf rl
tm;jzifh trsm;u,HMk unfpdwfcsonfh jrefrmha½G;cs,frIpepf (MSS) ESifh ¤if;\wGufcsufxm;aom ESpf
pOfxkwfvkyfrI vsmxm;csuf (AAC) jzifh pDrHtkyfcsKyo f nfqadk omfvnf; tpd;k &u0efcHonfrSm EdkifiHa&;
ESibfh @ma&;zdtm;rsm;aMumifh MSS tm; vufawGUwGif vdkufemjcif;r&So d nfrSm q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;
pGmyif &SdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ EUTR odrkY [kwf US Lacey Act wdt kY m; vdkufemEdik faMumif;jyoEdik fonfh EdkifiHw
um odYrk [kwf Edik fiHtwGif; todtrSwfjyKcH&aompHEIef;atmufwGif jrefrmopftm; twnfjyK
axmufcHjcif;udk &vdo k lrsm;\tm½Hpk dkufjcif;udk ¤if;EdkifiHawmfupDrHtkyfcsKyo f nfoh pfawmrsm;u &&Sd
rnf jzpfonf/
xdkpDrHtkyfcsKyfaeonfo h pfawmrsm;xJwGif yg0ifonfrSm &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;ajrmufbufrS ajrmuf
bufydik f;&Sd A[kad jcmufaoGUonfhZkefrsm;txda&muf&NSd yD; &cdik fjynfe,f\wpfpdwfwpfyidk f;tcsdKU? tpd;k &
xdef;csKyrf IatmufwGif&Sdonfh u&ifjynfe,fESifh ppfuidk f;wdkif;a'oBuD;wGif t"duyg0ifonfh A[kd
ajcmufaoGUZkef\ajrmufyidk f;wdkY yg0ifonf/
2/ obm0opfawmrsm; - opfxkwfvkyfjcif;vdkufavsmrIrsm; (t"dutm;jzifw h dkif;&if;om;y#dyu©a'o
rsm;wGif) – jrefrmtpd;k & (MTE) onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh opfckwfvScJ Gifv h dkufavsmrIrsm;tm; Edik fiH
awmfxdef;csKyrf Iatmufr&So d nfha'orsm; (Oyrm – wdkif;&if;om;xdpyfe,fajrrsm;) &Sd obm0opf
awmrsm;wGif pDrHcsKyrf I jyKvkyfavhr&SdaomaMumifh xdkae&mrsm;rSopfxkwfvkyfrIrsm;onf MTE \
cGijfh yKcsufjzifh jyKvkyfxm;jcif;r[kwfyg (qdv k dkonfrSm “w&m;r0if”)/ xdkA[kt d pd;k &xdef;csKyfrI
atmufwGifr&So d nfh ae&mrsm;onf Edik fiHawmfESirfh ywfoufonf?h opfawmajrrsm;tm; opfxkwf
vkyfrIrS&&So d nfh 0ifaiG rsm;twGufESifh wcgw&H xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smufjcif;twGuftoH;k csonfh

12
Woods, K. ESifh K. Canby?2011/
13
Armqdok nfrSm Edik fiHwGifta&twGuftrsm;qH;k vlrsdK;pkjzpfNyD; tpd;k &ESipfh pfwyfae&mtrsm;pkudk BuD;pk;d xm;olrsm;jzpfonf/ Edik fiH \wdik f;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;rSm – ucsif?
½Srf;? u&if? u&ifeD (u,m;)? rGef? &cdik f? csif;ESifhtjcm; jrefrmEdik fiHtwGif;aexdik fonfv
h lrsdK;pkuGJ wpf&mausmfwYdyk g0ifonf/

17
 vufeufuidk ftkyfpkrsm; vTrf;rdk;rIatmuf&Sad e&mrsm;wGif usa&mufonf/ 14 tpd;k &ESifh tpd;k & xdef;
csKyfrI atmufr&So d nfh wdkif;&if;om;a'orsm;wGifjyKvkyfonfh opfxkwfvkyfjcif;vdu k favsmay;rI
trsm;pktm; a'owGif;tcGifhxl;cH&&Sdolrsm;xH ay;tyfNyD; ¤if;wdx kY JwGif a'owGif;&Sd jrefrmppfwyf
ESifh tpd;k &t&m&Srd sm;tygt0if wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; (rsm;aomtm;jzifh EdkifiHawmfESifh
rywfoufonfh vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm;ESifh cdkifrmonfh qufpyfrI&o Sd lrsm;) wdykY g0ifonf/ xdrk Swqifh
¤if;opftrsm;pkrSm w&m;r0ife,fpyfjzwf ausmfíwifydYkNyD; þudpöwGif w½kwfEdkifiHESifx h dkif;EdkifiH
wkxdY Hjzpfonf/
jrefrmA[dktpd;k & ESi^fh odYrk [kwf ppfwyfonf wdkif;&if;om;e,fajrrsm;&Sd obm0opfawmrsm;t
wGif; opfckwfvjSJ cif;vdkufavsmrIrsm;udk ¤if;wdEkY Spfoufonfh “c½dkeD”ukrÜPDrsm;? txl;ojzifh xdka'o
rsm;wGifaqmif½Gufaeonfh tajccHtaqmufttHk zGHUNzdK;rIpDrHudef;rsm; (Oyrm – a&umwmrsm;? vrf;
rsm; tp&Sod nf)h ESiyfh wfoufolwYdt k m; ydkrdkw;dk ícsay;vmonf (atmufwGifMunfyh g)/ ¤if;opfrsm;
tm; e,fpyfrSjzwfausmfíwifyYdEk dik fNyD; (txuft&m½Srd sm;xHrS cGijfh yKcsuf&vQif w&m;0ifjyKvkyfEdik f
ajc&Sdonf) odYrk [kwf &efukefrSwqifah &aMumif;jzifh w&m;0ifwifydYkEdik fonf/
Z,m; 1/ jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd obm0opfawmrsm;twGif; opfxkwfvkyfrIrsm; - opfckwfvSJjcif; vdkufavsmrIESifh
ajrtoGifajymif;toH;k csrIwYdk\ uGmjcm;csufrsm;
opfckwfvSJjcif;vdu
k favsmrIrsm; ajrtoGifajymif;toH;k csrI
(“opftoGifajymif;toH;k csrI”)
yx0Dwnfae&m  trsm;pkonf wdik f;&if;om;  trsm;pkonf wdkif;&if;om;
y#dyu©e,fajrrsm;wGif&Sd y#dyu©e,fajrrsm;wGif&Sd?
okadY omf wdkif;&if;om; r[kwf
onfh wdkif;rsm; (Oyrm –
ppfudkif;wkdif; a'oBuD;ESifh
weoFm&D wdik f;a'oBuD;)/
ygrpf –  trsdK;om;ESifha'owGif; jrefrm  trsdK;om;ESifha'owGif;
(xkwfay;ol? tcGefaumufol ) ppfwyf jrefrmppfwyf
 MTE  v,f,mpdu k fysdK;a&;ESifh
 jynfoplY pfrsm; qnfajrmif;0efBuD;Xme
 EdkifiHawmfESirfh ywfoufonfh  MTE
vufeufuidk ftkyfpkrsm;  trsdK;om;Armppfwyf
 jynfoplY pfrsm;
 EdkifiHawmfESirfh ywfoufonfh
vufeufuidk f tkyfpkrsm;
xkwfvkyfjcif; + ukefoG,fjcif;  “c½dkeD”ukrÜPDrsm;  “c½dkeD”ukrÜPDrsm;
 jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;qdik f&m  jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;qdik f&m
pD;yGm;a&; txl;tcGift h a&;cH pD;yGm;a&; txl;tcGift h a&;cH
tkyfpkrsm; tkyfpkrsm;
 jynfoplY pfrsm;  jynfoplY pfrsm;
 EdkifiHawmfESirfh ywfoufonfh  EdkifiHawmfESirfh ywfoufonfh
vufeufuidk ftkyfpkrsm; vufeufuidk f tkyfpkrsm;

14
OyrmtaeESifh KESAN 2008 tm;Munf&h ef/

18

w&m;0ifrI
a&½SnfwnfwcHh idk fNrJrI
a'ocHrsm;\ajroH;k ydik fcGifrh sm;
 e,fpyfjzwfausmfukrÜPDrsm;
(wdik f;&if;om;xdpyfe,fajrrsm;&Sd)
 w&m;0if-MTE ygrpfrsm;&Sd
 opfrsm;e,fpyfjzwfausmfí
o,f,l jcif;onf w&m;r0ifyg
(txl;tcGift h a&;ay;xm;onfh
tcgrSví GJ )
 wefzd;k &Sdonfo h pfrmrsm;twGuf
tjywf odrkY [kwf a½G;cs,fíopf
xkwfvkyfjcif;
 pDrHtkyfcsKyfrItpDtpOfr&Sd
odrkY [kwf jyefvnfpdu k fysdK;jcif;r&Sd
 tpOftvmt& ajroH;k pGJydkif
cGirfh sm;tm; todtrSwfrjyK
 EdkifiHawmfucGijfh yKxm;onfh
a'ocH jynfoltpktzGUJ wdk\ Y tm; todtrSwfrjyK
opfawmoH;k ydkifcGirfh sm;tm;
rMumcPtodtrSwfrjyK
 w&m;0if-MTE ygrpfrsm;&Sd
opfrsm;e,fpyfjzwfausmfí
o,f,ljcif;onf w&m;r0ifyg
(txl;tcGifth a&;ay;
xm;onft h cgrSví GJ )
 tjywfESifh^odYrk [kwf rD;½dIU
 tpOftvmt& ajroH;k pGJydkif
cGirfh sm;ESifh wcgw&H Oya'jyK
xm;onfh ajroH;k ydkifcGirfh sm;
 EdkifiHawmfucGijfh yKxm;onfh
a'ocH jynfoltpktzGUJ wdkY\
opfawmoH;k ydkifcGirfh sm;tm;
rMumcP todtrSwfrjyK

3/ obm0opfawmrsm; - ajrtoGifajymif;oH;k pGrJ Irsm; - pdkufysdK;a&;pdkufcif;rsm;? a&tm;vQyfppf? owåK

wGif;rsm;ESifh vrf;pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf ajrvdu k favsmay;rIrsm; raqmif½GufrDjyKvkyfonfh opfawm½Sif;
vif;jcif;rsm;onf wdik f;jynfwGiftvGefta&;ygonfh opft&if;tjrpfwpfckjzpfaomfvnf; w&m;0if
todtrSwfjyKjcif; odrkY [kwf tpd;k &\ pm&if;tif;udef;*Pef;rsm;xJwGif azmfjyjcif;rsm; ododomom
vpf[if;aeonf/ 15 opfawmajrrsm;toGifajymif;oHk;pGJjcif;onf o,HZmwayg<u,f0onfh wdkif;
&if;om;y#dyu©e,fajrrsm;wGif trsm;qH;k jyKvkyfum ,cktcsdefwGif xdak e&mrsm;onf EdkifiH\ aemuf
qHk;usef&Sod nfh rxdawGU&ao;aomopfawme,fajrrsm;jzpfum xdktcsufonf tpd;k &\ xdke,f
ajrrsm;tay:ydkrdkxdef;csKyv f dkjcif;ESifh o,HZmwrsm;tm;&,lvdkjcif;\ tydik f;wpfyidk f;jzpfonf/ xdkopf
awmajr toGifajymif;oHk;pGJonfph DrHudef;trsm;pktm; a'ocHwidk f;&if;om;tpktzGUJ rsm;ESifh a½G;cs,fcH
xm;&onfht&m½Sdrsm;tm; jrSlqG,fNyD;ajym&mwGif ¤if;wdYo k nf Nird f;csrf;a&;ESipfh D;yGm;a&;BuD;xGm;rI ay:
xGufvm&ef&nf½G,fonfh zGHUNzdK;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;[kqdkonf/ odakY omf ¤if;zGHUNzdK;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;onf
A[ktd pd;k &ESiafh 'ocHjynfe,frsm;\ zGUH NzKd ;rIOD;wnfcsufrsm;xuf tquftoG,faumif;onfh jrefrm
yk*¾vduukrÜPDrsm; opfESifhajrrsm;&&SEd dkif&ef ydkítav;omaeonf/ Oyrm – tpd;k &\ trsdK;om;
qDtkef;zGHUNzdK;rItpDtpOfonf q,f*Pef;ESicfh sDonfh vTrf;rdk;rI&aSd omjrefrmukrÜPDrsm; jrefrmEdik fiH
awmifydik f;&Sd weoFm&Dwidk f;a'oBuD;wGif BuD;rm;onfq h Dtkef;vdkufavsmrIrsm; &&Sad pcJo h nf/ xdak e
&monf xdik f;Edik fiH\e,fpyfwavQmufwGifjzpfNyD; rJacgifa'o\aemufq;Hk ajrjyefY Dipterocarp rdk;opf
awm&So d nfh ae&mvnf;jzpfonf/ ,cktcsdeftxd&vm'frSm trSefwu,f qDtkef;pdkufjcif;xuf opf
ckwfvjSJ cif;u ykrd dkrsm;jym;aeonf/16

15
Woods, K, Forthcoming/
16
Woods, K, Forthcoming/

19
Z,m; 2/ ZmpfjrpfrsdK;pHrSopfrsm;\ toGiftjyifvu©Pmrsm;

obm0opfawm{&d,mrsm;
a'ocHjynfol opfpdu
k fcif; EdkifiHawmf opfvu dk favsm ajrtoGifajymif;
tpktzGUJ ydkif pDrHtkyfcsKyo
f nfh rIrsm; oHk;pGrJ I
opfawmrsm; opfawmrsm; (“opftoGifajymif;
oHk;pGrJ I”)
qufpyfonfh tusdK; enf; tv,ftvwf rsm;jym; rsm;jym;
ckwfvjSJ cif; roufa&muf
yrmPrsm;
yx0D jrefrmEdik fiHt Armtrsm;pk jrefrmEdik fiH wdkif;&if;om; wdkif;&if;om;
taetxm; 0Srf;? ajrodrf; &Sdonfh tay:ydkif;ESifh y#dyu©e,fajr y#dyu©e,fajrrsm;
qnf;rItm; tv,fyidk f; atmufydik f;wdYk rsm;wGif wGif trsm;pk&Sd
qefu Y sif&eft ajrjyefrY sm; txd Arm trsm;pk&Sd aomfvnf;
wGuf twdkif; trsm;pk&o Sd nfh wdkif;&if;om; r
twmrsdK;pHjk zifh tv,fyidk f; [kwfonfhwidk f;rsm;
toH;k csjcif; ajrjyefrY sm; wGifvnf;&Sd (Oy
rm-ppfuidk f;ESifh
weoFm&Dwidk f;
a'oBuD;rsm; )
ygrpfrsm; opfawmXme opfawmXme MTE - tpd;k &ESifh - tpd;k &ESifh
a'ocHjrefrm a'ocHjrefrm
ppfwyf ppfwyf
- MTE - v,f,mpdu k fysdK;
- jynfop lY pfrsm; a&;ESiq fh nfajrmif;
- tpd;k &r[kwf 0efBuD;Xme
onfh vufeuf - MTE
udkiftkyfpkrsm; - Armtpd;k &ppfwyf
- jynfoplY pfrsm;
- tpd;k &r[kwf
onfh vufeuf
udkiftkyfpkrsm;
ckwfvjSJ cif;ESifh a'ocHjynfol jynfwGif; - MTE -jynfoplY pfrsm; - jynfoplY pfrsm;
ukefoG,frI tpktzGUJ ukrÜPD - “c½de
k D” - tpd;k &r[kwf - tpd;k &r[kwf
odrkY [kwf ukrÜPDrsm; onfh vufeuf onfh vufeuf
EdkifiHawmf udkiftkyfpkrsm; udkiftkyfpkrsm;
- “c½dkeD” - “c½dkeD”
ukrÜPDrsm; ukrÜPDrsm;
- e,fpyfjzwf - jynfwGif;
ausmfukrÜPDrsm; EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m
(wdik f;&if;om; pD;yGm;a&;tcGifh
xdpyfe,fajr xl;cHrsm;
rsm;twGif;)
- jynfwGif;
EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m
20
 pD;yGm;a&;tcGifh
xl;cHrsm;
aps;uGuf 0rf;a&;zlvHk jynfwGif; trsm;pkrSm trsm;pkrSm wefzd;k &Sdonfo
h pf
rItwGufom trsm;pk &efukefrSwqifh &efukefrSwqifh rsm;tm; wifyYd?k
wifydYk wifydYkESifh wefzd;k enf;onfh
e,fpyfjzwfausmf opfrsm;tm;
jynfwGif;wGifo;Hk
w&m;0ifrI tusdK; tm;aumif; tm;aumif; tv,ftvwf- tv,ftvwf
roufa&muf enf;
a&½Snf jrifrh m; jrifrh m; tv,ftvwf- edrfh r&Sd
wnfwcHh dkifNrJrI edrfh
a'ocHajr tv,ft r&Sd r&Sd r&Sd r&Sd
oHk;pGyJ dkifcGirfh sm; vwf-jrifh

ajrtm;½Sif;vif;&ef MTE xHrS&&Syd gu (trsm;pkrSm us,fjyefo Y nfph dkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;)? xkadY emuf

opfonfh &efukefrSwifydYkvQif w&m;0ifjzpfonf/ tcsdKUtajctaersm;wGif vdkufavsmay;rIonf
EdkifiH\e,fpyfwGif&SdaeaomaMumifh opfrsm;tm; e,fpyfjzwfausmfí wdkuf½dkufwifydYkvQif wifydYkrnf
jzpfum xdok pfrsm;tm; txl;uif;vGwfcGifhrsm;r&&Sx
d m;ygu w&m;r0ifopfrsm;[k owfrSwfrnfjzpf
onf/ vdkufavsmrIrsm; rsm;aomtm;jzifv h kyfavh&aSd om umuG,fxm;onfo h pfawmrsm; odrkY [kwf
17
vdkufavsmrIrsm;twGif;rSmyif a'ocHrsm;onf ajroH;k pGJydkifcGirfh &Syd g/
4/ opfpdu k fcif;rsm; - opfpu dk fcif;rsm;xHrS&&So d nfoh pfrsm;onf EdkifiHawmfESifh yk*¾vduopfpdu k fcif;rsm;
tMum; vuf&S&d ifqidk fae&onfh jyóemrsm;aMumifh t"duusaomopfZmpfjrpf r[kwfao;yg/ opf
pdkufcif;rsm;wGif yk*¾vdu&if;ESD;jr§KyfESrH ItwGuf csrw S fxm;onfh A[kt d pd;k &\rl0g'onf a½SUaemuf
rnDí rwnfNidrfao;um t"dutvm;tvm&So d nfh yk*¾vdu&if;ESD;jr§KyfESoH lrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ &if;
ESD;jr§KyfESrH Irsm;\vHkNcHKrItwGuf pdwfrcsEkid fMuao;yg/ ,cktcsdefwGif opfpdu k fcif;u@twGuf &if;ESD;
jrK§ yfES&H ef yk*¾vdutydik f;udt k m;ay;aeaomfvnf; EdkifiHawmfu rnfonfah iGa&;aMu;a&;qGJaqmifrI
rsKd ;rS jyKvkyfay;jcif;r&Sad o;onft h jyif uRef;onf EdkifiHawmfydkifrsdK;pdwfjzpfaeoa½GUvnf; uRef;rsm;
pdkufjcif;rS&&Srd nfh tusdK;tjrwfonfvnf; ar;cGef;xkwfp&mjzpfaeonft h jyif t&nftaoG;aumif;
onfh rsdK;pdwfrsm;onfvnf; Zmpfjrpf&Sm&efcufcJvQuf&So d nf/ xdYt k jyif ajrydkifqikd fjcif;rcdkifvHkrIonf
vnf; tvm;tvm&So d nfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfErSH Irsm;twGuf tusdK;taMumif;qDavsmfonfh pdk;&drfrIjzpfum
ajrvdu k favsmrI&&Sxd m;onfh ae&mrsmwGifvnf; v,form;rsm;\ ajrodrf;qnf;jcif;udkqefu Y sifae
rIrsm;onfvnf; ¤if;wdkYtm; pdwfroufomrI jzpfaponf/ vsifjrefpGmavsmhyg;vmonfh obm0
opfawmrsm;tm; tpm;xd;k &ef opfawmXmeonf opfpdu k fcif;pDrHudef;rsm;tm; jyefvnf½Sifoefvm
&ef OD;wnfcsufrsm;csrSwfxm;onf/
5/ a'ocHjynfoltpktzGUJ ydkifopfawmrsm; - 1992 ckESpfopfawmOya'ESifh 1995 ckESpfopfawmrl0g'
wdo
kY nf aus;vufa'ocHjynfolrsm;tm; tueft Y owfwpfckjzifh w&m;0ifaxmufcHrIay;onfh
1995 ckESpf a'ocHjynfoltpktzGUJ ydkif opfawma&;&mñTefMum;csufrsm; (CFI) tm; opfawmrsm;

17
Oberndorf, R.? 2012/

21
 udk opfawmXmeESift h wl rltm;jzifh yl;wGpJ DrHtkyfcsKyaf ponf/ tpd;k &\a'ocHjynfoltpktzGUJ ydkif
opfawmrsm;twGuf ESpf 30 trsKd ;om;pDrHudef;onf uefo Y wfrIrsdK;pHak Mumifh ¤if;\&nfrSef;csuf
18
a&muf&Sd&ef rsm;pGmvdkaeao;onf/ 1995 ckESpfpDrHudef;onf a'ocHvt lY zGUJ tpnf;rsm;tm; ¤if;
wdk\
Y a'ocHjynfoltpktzGUJ ydkifopfawmrsm;wGif xkwfvkyfcGifrh &Su d m aemufvmrnfh trsdK;om;opf
awmOya'topfwGif xnfhoGif;rnfh jyifqifxm;onfo h pfawmrl0g'wGifvnf; xdkenf;wljzpf
rnf/ ,cktcsdeftxd rnfonfah 'ocHjynfoltpktzGUJ ydik fopfawmrS opfrmrsdK;pdwfrsm; (uRef;opf
ESifyh sOf;uwd;k ) tm; aus;½Gm 3 ½GmtwGuf pwifckwfvjSJ cif;r&Sad o;yg/ rnfonft h pdk;&tpDtpOfxJ
wGifrS a'ocHjynfoltpktzGJUydkifopfawmrsm;tm; wdik f;jynf\opfu@twGuf opfrsm;yHyh dk;&ef
xnfo h Gif;xm;jcif;r&Syd g/ xdYktjyif a'ocHjynfoltpktzGUJ ydik fopfawmrsm;tm;&nfñTef;í rnfonfh
trsdK;om;axmufcHcsuftpDtpOfrS r&Sad o;yg/

pufrIpdkufysdK;vdu
k favsmrIrsm;ESifh opf½SmazGjcif;wdYk\ tcsdwftquf
ajrvduk favsmrIrsm;? txl;ojzifh pufrIpdu k fysdK;Zkefrsm;onf vsifjrefpGmjzifh “toGifajymif;oHk;pGJjcif;opf” \
ta&;ygaomZmpfjrpftopfrsm; jzpfvmonf/ wpfEdik fiHv;Hk t0Srf;&Sd pdkufysdK;a&;vdkufavsmrIrsm;rS 5.2 rDvD,H
{ucefjY zpfNyD; Zlvidk fv 2013 ckESpfta&mufwGifxkwfay;cJhNyD; trsm;pkrSmjrefrmukrÜPDrsm;xHoYdjk zpfNyD; ¤if;
onf ,cifESpf\ 3.5 rDvD,H{urSwufvmonfjzpfNyD; xdEk Spfrwdik frDESpfwGif 2 rDvD,H{u A[kEd Siafh 'o
qdkif&m tpd;k &rSwfwrf;rsm;uqdok nf (yHk 2)/
yHk 2/ pdkufysdK;a&;vdkufavsmrIrsm;atmuf&Sd ajr{&d,m (2011-2013)

¤if;vdkufavsmrIrsm;\ &mckid fEIef;tenf;i,frSm zufpyfvkyfief;rsm; odrkY [kwf tjynft h 0Edik fiHjcm;ydkifukrÜPD

rsm;jzpfaomfvnf; tcsdKUrSm Edik fiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESo
H lrsm;u aiGaMu;ausmaxmufaemufcHjyKxm;onfh jrefrm
ukrÜPDrsm;jzpfonf/
pkdufysdK;a&;vdkufavsmrIrsm;\ 60 &mcdik fEIef;txuf (t"dutm;jzifh ZD0avmifpmESifh &mbm) wdYo k nf a'o
ESpfckwGifomwnf&SNd yD; ¤if;wdo kY nfwidk f;jynf\ opfawma'otrsm;qH;k &Sdonfh weoFm&Dwidk f;a'oBuD;ESifh
19
ucsifjynfe,fwYdjk zpfonf/ tcsuftvufrsm;t& opfawma'orsm;wGif&o Sd nfh pdkufysdK;a&;vdkufavsmrIrsm;
xHrS&&Sdaomopfrsm;\trsm;pkrSm pdkufysdK;a&;ESio fh pfawm0efBuD;Xme 2 ckpvH;k wdx
kY HrS tpd;k &\w&m;0ifcGifjh yK
csuf&&SNd yD; &efukefrSwqifh wifydYkygonf/ vkdufavsmrIrsm;onf EdkifiH\xdpyfe,fajrrsm;wGif wnf&ySd gu t
oGifajymif;oHk;pGJonfo h pfrsm;onf e,fpyfrS w&m;r0ifausmfjzwfrIrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/
18
ausmf wif?h Springate-Baginski? ESifh Mehm udu
k Bdk uD;? 2011/
19
Woods. K.? 2013/

22
Z,m; 3/ jynfe,f^wdik f;a'oBu;D t& jrefrmEdkiif HtwGif; pdu
k fysKd ;pD;yGm;vdkuaf vsmrIrsm;? 2010^11-2012^13

jynfe,f^ csrSwfay;onfh ({uaygif;) pdkufysdK;onfh ({uaygif;)

wdkif; 2010^11 2011^12 2012^13 vdkufavsmay; Zlvdik f 2013 pdkufysdK;
a'oBuD; onfh % txd onfh %
Ä
weoFm&D 671,594 993,887 1,896,970 36.4% 395,455 19%
ucsif 596,180 1,396,575 1,381,165 26.5% 172,348 12.5%
ppfuidk f; 100,057 259,273 533,406 10.2% 19,543 3.7%
{&m0wD 193,353 285,844 335,331 6.4% 212,969 63.5%
½Srf; 117,096 160,626 323,833 6.2% 120,403 37.2%
rauG; 202,492 211,292 219,578 4.2% 95,949 43.7%
yJcl; 19,772 52,238 200,150 3.8% 91,074 45.5%
&cdik f - 7,826 131,667 2.5% 13,176 10.0%
&efukef 30,978 30,980 80,208 1.5% 76,243 95.1%
rEÅav; 10,300 6,262 56,046 1.1% 14,497 25.9%
u&if 2,161 4,011 34,946 0.7% 15,867 45.4%
aejynfawmf - 7,408 17,554 0.3% 5,217 29.7%
csif; - 1,542 1,743 0.0% 118 6.8%
u,m; - - - - - -
rGef - - - - - -
pkpkaygif; 1,943,983 3,417,762 5,212,597 1,196,859 23%
Zmpfjrpf – pdu
k fysKd ;a&;pDruH de;f Xme (DAP)? MOAI? aejynfawmf/
Ä – weoFm&Dwidk f;a'oBu;D twGuf tcsut f vufrsm;onf (2012^13) a'oqdik f&m½Hk;rS &&Sdonf/

jrefrmEdik fiH\ opfukefoG,frI\ t"duvkyfudkifaqmif½Gufaeolrsm;

a,bk,stm;jzifh jrefrmhopfukefoG,frItm; t"duvkyfuidk faqmif½Gufaeol (5) rsdK;u xdef;csKyx f m;NyD; ¤if;
wpfckcsif;pDwGif opfawmajrrsm;ESifo h pfrsm;&&SdyH?k yx0Dtaetxm;? pwif wifydYkonfhae&mrsm;? w&m;0if
rItwdik f;twm? a&½SnfwnfwcHh dkifNrJrI? usi0fh wfqidk f&mZmpfjrpf½SmazGjcif; tp&So
d nfwYdEk Siyfh wfoufNyD; ud,k f
ydkifypHk Hrsm;&SdMuonf/ opfwifydYkrItm; vufawGUwGif atmufazmfjyyg t"duopfvkyfudkifaqmif½Gufolrsm;ESifh
opfpD;qif;rIrsm;taeESifh cGJjcm;owfrSwfEdkifonf –
1/ jrefrmEdkifiHopfvkyfief;½Sifrs;toif; (MTMA) – MTMA onf EdkifiHawmfuausmaxmufaemufcHjyK
onfh yk*¾vduopfvkyfief;tzGUJ tpnf;jzpfNyD; ¤if;onf MTE xHrSopfrsm;&,lum tzGJU0ifrsm;odYk t"d
utm;jzifw h ifyYd&k ef cGJa0ay;onf/ MTMA onf tpd;k &ud, k fpm; EdkifiHjcm;rSopf0,folrsm;tm; qGJ
aqmifívnf;aumif;? rMumcPqdo k vdk EdkifiHjcm;opfukefonfrsm; jrefrmopfrsm;0,f,l&ef Mum;cH
ay;onf/ tao;pm;ESifh tv,ftvwfopfukrÜPDrsm;onf MTMA xHrS opfrsm;r&&Sdum t
aMumif;rSm ¤if;wdo kY nf MTMA \tzGUJ 0ifrsm; r[kwfMuyg/
2/ BuD;rm;NyD;vTrf;rdk;rI&So
d nfh jynfwGif;vkyfief;tkyfpkrsm; (qdv
k dkonfrSm- “c½dek D” ukrÜPDrsm;) – tBuD;pm;
vlodrsm;Ny;D &efukefwGiftajcpdkufum xdyfwef;ppfwyft&m½SdBuD;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;onfjh refrmukrÜPDrsm;
(“c½dkeD” ukrÜPDrsm;) onf MTE ucGifjh yKonfh opfckwfvSJcGiv fh dkufavsmrIrsm; (wdik f;&if;om;y#dyu©

23
 e,fajrrsm;wGif ydí
k rsm;jym;vm) ESifh obm0opfawmrsm;wGif ajrtoGifajymif;oHk;pGJrIpDrHudef;rsm;
&&SdMuonf/ opfckwfvSJcGifvh dkufavsmrIrsm;ESifh ajrtoGifajymif;oHk;pGJrI zGHUNzdK;rIpDrHudef; (pdu
k fysdK;a&;?
a&tm;vQyfppf? owåKwGif;? vrf;cif;jcif; tp&So d nf)h wdkYrS&&So
d nfo
h pfrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh
&efukefrSwqifh w&m;0ifwifydYkaomfvnf; tcsdKUonf Edik fiH\xdpyfe,fajrrsm;wGif&Sdaomtcg w&m;
r0if (tcsdKUtcgwGif w&m;0ifygrpfrsm;yif&&Sdonf) e,fpyfjzwfausmfíukefoG,frIjyKvkyfonf/ ¤if;
onf toGifajymif;oHk;pGJonfo h pfrsm;\ t"duvkyfuidk faqmif½Gufaeoljzpfonf/
3/ &efukefrSwqifhwifydYkaeaom EdkifiHwumopfukefonfrsm; – Edik fiHwumvkyfief;vkyfuidk faeolrsm;?
t"dutm;jzifh tm½SaiGaMu;vnfywfrI0if½d;k rsm;jzpfoonfh puFmyl? befaumuf? rGefbdkif;ESifh
a[mifaumifwYdok nf t"dutm;jzifh wdkif;jynfpDrHtkyfcsKyfrIatmuf&Sd opfawmrsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;
t"due,fajrrsm;twGif;&Sd obm0opfawmrsm; 2 ckpvH;k rS MTE cGijfh yKxm;aomopfrsm;tm; rSm,l
í &efukefqdyfurf;rSwqifh w&m;0ifwifydYkonf/
4/ e,fpyfjzwfausmf opfukefonfrsm; – ¤if;xJwGif e,fpyf 2 bufpvH;k rS ukefonfrsm;yg0ifNyD;? ,ck
udpöwGif tao;pm;ESiht f v,ftvwf wdkif;&if;om;ukrÜPDrsm;? ukefonfrsm;? jrefrmbufjcrf;rS
wdkif;&if;om;Edik fiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh wifoGif;rnfEh dkifiHrsm; a'owGif;opfukefonfrsm; (Oyrm-
w½kwfEdkifiHESifhxidk f;Edik fiHrS) yg0ifonf/ ¤if;wko
dY nf q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm jzpfcJah omppfaemufydik f;
wGif tpd;k &topfESifhjyKvkyfonfh typftcwf&yfpJa&;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;aMumifh pwifyGifv h m
aomopfa[mif;rsm;&Sdonfh e,fpyftem;&Sd wdik f;&if;om;y#dyu©Zkefrsm;xHrS t&if;tjrpf½SmMuonf/
xdkopfrsm;onf MTE cGijfh yKcsufr&&Su d m e,fpyfrsm;rSjzwfausmfí w&m;r0ifwifyYdjk cif;jzpfonf/
5/ &efukeftajcpdkufonfh jynfwGif;opfukefonfrsm;^xkwfvkyfolrsm; – &efukeftajcpdkufonfh t
vwfpm;t½G,f jrefrmukrÜPDrsm; avvHwifonft h cgrsm;wGif pDrHtkyfcsKyfxm;onfhESifh obm0opf
awmrsm;xHrS MTE cGijfh yKxm;onfo h pfrsm;tm; avQmuf,lEdkifonf/ odYak omf trsm;pkrSma0pk&&ef Edik f
iHa&;tquftoG,frsm; &SMd uonf/ jynfwGif;oHk;aps;uGuftwGufrSmrl trsm;pkrSm arSmifcdak ps; (aps;
EIef;BuD;jrifph Gmjzifh 0,f,l&) wGif 0,fMuonf/ xkdukrÜPDrsm;onf opfawmrSt&if;tjrpfrsm; wdu k f
½dkuf&&S&d ef opfckwfvcSJ Giv fh dkufavsmrIrsm;r&BubJ ppftpd;k &ESiyfh dkrdktquftoG,faumif;onfh ukrÜ
PDrsm;ESifh MTE xHrS opfrsm;wkduf½u dk f&&Sdonfh EdkifiHyidk fopfxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; cufcJrIBuD;
pGmjzifh ,SOfNydKifMuonf/

&efukefrSwqifw
h ifydYkaeaom Edik fiHwumopfukefonfrsm;
&efukefrSwqifw h ifyYdak eaom Edik fiHwumopfukefonfrsm;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESrH I rsm;rsm;pm;pm;
&Sdonfh tv,ftvwfrStBuD;pm;ukrÜPDrsm;yg0ifNy;D tm½S\b@ma&;tcsuftcsmusaom ae&mrsm;wGif
tajcjyKxm;um jrefrmEdik fiH\ tylydik f;opfrsm;tm; a'owGif;ESiu fh rÇmhaps;uGufxH wifydYkvQuf&So d nf/
EdkifiHwum tm½SukrÜPDrsm;onf puFmylEidk fiH&Sb d Pfpm&if;ay;acsrIrsm;jzifh MTE xHrS avvHrsm;ud, k lonf/
xdkopftrsm;pkrSm ta&taoG;tvGefjrifo h nfh uRef;opfv;Hk rsm;jzpfNyD; tpd;k &xdef;csKyfNyD;pDrHuGyfuJonfh
uRef;opfawmrsm;rS trsm;qHk;,lonf/ toGifajymif;oHk;pGJrIrS&&Sad om opfrsm;uJo h dakY om tjcm;ZmpfjrpfrS
vmaomopfrsm;onfvnf; 0ifNy;D a&maESmaeEdik fonf/ MTE rScGifhjyKaomopfrsm;onf &efukefqdyfurf;rS
wqifh tdE, ´d Edik fiH? rav;½Sm;EdkifiH? w½kwfEdik fiH? puFmylEidk fiHESifh xkid f;Edik fiHwYdu
k oJh kadY om tm½Sqdyfurf;
NrKd Ursm;xHoYdk wifydYkonf/ wifoGif;onfu h krÜPD odrkY [kwf wqif0h ,folu wefz;dk jznfjh r§ifrh IjyKvkyfNyD;vQif
jrefrmEdik fiHrS jzwfom; (Sawn Wood) ESifh opfawmxGufypönf;rsm;tm; tacsmxnfjyKvkyfonfhEdkifiHrS xGuf
onf[krSwfom;NyD; urÇmtESHo Y dw kY ifyYdjk cif; odYrk [kwf jynfwGif;aps;uGufwGif a&mif;csjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfavh
24
&Sdonf/ þvrf;aMumif;onf urÇm&Sdtylydik f; opfaps;uGufrsm;twGuf t"duBuD;pdk;aeonfh jrefrmh
opfrsm;wifydYkyjHk zpfonf/

e,fpyfjzwfausmf opfukefonfrsm;
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21 22
onfh aMujimcsufrsm;jyKvkyfcJah om xdik f;Edik fiH \A[kt d pd;k &ESifhw½kwfEdkifiH wdo kY nf jrefrmEdik fiH\ e,fpyf
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23
odykY if vdkufemrIenf;yg;onf/

20
&JvGif? 2006? Xinhua ? 2006? KNG? 2007/ ukef;vrf;opfukefoG,frIonf w&m;r0ifaMumif;aMujimxm;onfh pm½Gufpmwrf;rSmenf;yg;NyD; (þ footnote wGif&Sd
onfh ud;k um;csufrsm;tm;Munf&h ef)? opfawmXmeonf yHrk Seftm;jzifh ukef;vrf;rSjzwfausmfonfh opfwifydrkY Itm;w&m;r0if[kqdkonf/
21
opfwifoGif;rIESifh jynfwGif;o,f,lydkYaqmifrIwYdEk Sifhywfoufonfh vuf&Sdxidk f;EdkifiH\pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;t& jrefrmEdik fiHrSopfrSm xdik f;EdkifiHtwGif;odYk w&m;0ifwif
oGif;&ef ppfrSefonfh jrefrmtpdk;&\cGifhjyKcsufrsm;jzifh &efukefrSwqifah &aMumif;rS wifyd&kY rnfjzpfonf/ xdik f;tpd;k &onf jrefrmhopfv;Hk rsm;tm; ESpfEdkifiHMum;
e,fpyfrSjzwf ausmfwifyd&kY ef txl;>cif;csufrsm;ay;Edik faomfvnf; vGefcJhaom 10 ESpfumvwGif þuJo h Ydjk yKvkyfjcif; tvGefenf;yg;onf / opftacsmxnfrsm;? txl;o
jzifh uRef;y&dabm*rsm;tm; jrefrmEdik fiHwGif;rS&&SNd yD; tacsmxnfjyKvkyfxm;aMumif;twnfjyKonfh ppfrSefaompm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzifh xdik f;EdkifiHe,fp yftm;jzwfausmfNyD;
wifydEkY idk fonf/ odYak omf ydek nf;onfyh rmP&So
d nfh tacsmxnfrjyKvkyf&ao;aomopfv;Hk rsm;onf xdik f;tpd;k &\cGifhjyKcsufrygbJ e,fpyftm;ukef;vrf;rSjzwfausmfvQuf
&So
d nf (Woods, K. ESifh K. Canby ? 2011)/
22
“jrefrmESifh,leefjynfe,ftMum; opfrsm;ESifhwGif;xGufypönf;rsm; pDrHtkyfcsKyf&efjyKvkyfonfh Mum;jzwfaqmif½GufrIrsm;”/ ,leefjynfe,f\ jynfot lY pd;k &u arv 11?
2006 ckESpfwGif xkwfjyefonf/ rl0g'ud;k um;csufeHygwf – rl0g'½H;k ? ,leef «2006» 91/ Xinhua 2006 wGifvnf; MunfEh idk fonf/
23
Oyrmtm;jzifh ucsifjynfe,fESifh½Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;? ,leefe,fpyfwavQmufwGif vIyf½Sm;aeonfh ucsifvGwfvyfa&;tzGUJ ESifh wyfrawmf (KIO/A) onf ¤if;wkYd\ydik f
euftwGif; opfckwfvjSJ cif;onf w&m;r0if[k ¤if;wkYd\ 2002 ckESpfwiG fjyKvkyfcJhonfh aMujimcsuf (xdk KIO aMujimcsufonf pma&;q&m file oGif;xm;onf) ESifh
xyfrHí 2011 ckESpfwiG fjyKvkyfonfah Mujimcsufrsm;wGif yg0ifonf (KNG? 2011)/

25
Box 1/ w½kwf-jrefrme,fpyfjzwfausmf opfukefoG,frI
trsm;odMuaom e,fpyfjzwfausmfw&m;r0ifukefoG,frI OyrmwpfckrSm jrefrm-w½kwfukefoG,fa&;vrf;
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2000 ckESpfrsm;tapmydik f;wGif w½kwfEdkifiHuwifoGif;onfh jrefrmopftrsm;pkrSm jrefrmEdik fiHajrmufydik f;
&Sd ,leefxdpyfe,fajrrSjzpfonf/24 owif;ydkcY sufrsm;t& ¤if;ukefoG,frIonf w&m;r0ifopfckwfvrSJ Irsm;? ajr
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&ef avmifpmjyKvkyfay;ouJo h djkY zpfaomfvnf; a'ocHvlxkrsm;twGuf tusdK;tjrwftenf;i,fom jzpfap
25
onf/ jrefrmEdik fiHajrmufyidk f;&Sd opfawmrsm;wGifjzpfyGm;aeonfh opfckwfvSJrIrsm;ESifyh wfoufNyD; w½kwfEidk fiH
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fh ifvQuf&So

,aeYwGif ykdíenf;yg;vmaomfvnf; rsm;jym;ao;onfo h pfyrmPonf ,leefe,fpyfrS opftrsm;pktm; w

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Y nf (xdrk Swqifh w½kwfEdkifiH\ta½SUbuf yifv,furf;½dk;wef;
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rmopfrsm;wifydYk&mwGif tBuD;qHk;yef;wdkifjzpfonf/ 28 2006 ckESpftv,fydik f;wGif tjyeftvSefjyKvkyfcJhaom
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onf taMumif;rsdK;pkaH Mumifjh zpfNyD; ¤if;wkx
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jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHe,fpyftm;jzwfausmfí jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ {NyDv 2013 ckESpfwGif vmrnft h pd;k &\ opf
vHk;wifyYdrk Iydwfyifjcif;tm;a½S;½IíESifh ,ckESpftapmydkif;jyefvnfjzpfay:vmonfh ucsiyf #dyu©tay: tpd;k &
\tarQmftjrifr&SdzdYkvadk Mumif; opfv;Hk yrmPrsm;pGmonf w½kwfe,fpyfNrdKUjzpfaom eefa'gif;&Sd w½kwft
aumufcGefppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;rSwqifh ,leefjynfe,ftwGif;odkY ukef;vrf;rSjzwfausmfNyD;0ifoGm;onfudk awGU
&Sd&onf/ opfrsm;tm; ½Srf;jynftaemufajrmufbufESifh ucsifjynfe,fta½SUawmifbuf&Sd tpd;k &xdef;csKyfrI
atmuf&Sd a'orsm;wGifckwfvNSJ y;D jrefrmtpdk;&ESifhtpd;k &r[kwfonfh vufeufuidk ftkyfpk 2 ckpvH;k xdef;csKyf
xm;onfh e,fajrrsm;tm;jzwfausmfí ,leefjynfe,ftwGif;od0kY ifum vrf;aMumif;wavQmufwGifvnf; t
pdk;&r[kwfonfh vufeufuidk ftkyfpkrsm;u tcGefaumufvQuf&So d nf/29 ¤ifjzpfpOfrsm;tm; ydrk dkem;vnf&efESifh
vTrf;rdk;rIjyKvkyfEdkif&ef okawoeESiafh xmufcHtm;ay;rI ydrk dkjyKvkyf&efvt dk yfonfjzpfonf/

24
Global Witness? 2005? Woods? 2011/
25
Kahrl? Weyerhaeuser ESifh Yufang?2004? Woods? 2011/
26
“jrefrmESifh,leefjynfe,ftMum; opfrsm;ESifhwGif;xGufypönf;rsm; pDrHtkyfcsKyf&efjyKvkyfonfh Mum;jzwfaqmif½GufrIrsm;”/ ,leefjynfe,f\ jynfot lY pd;k &u arv 11?
2006 ckESpfwGif xkwfjyefonf/ rl0g'ud;k um;csufeHygwf – rl0g'½H;k ? ,leef «2006» 91/ Xinhua 2006 wGifvnf; MunfEh idk fonf/
27
Edik fiH&Sd xdyfwef;tpd;k &ESifhppfwyft&m&SBd uD;rsm;onf Oya'pd;k rd;k rItxufwGif qufvufí rsm;pGmaqmif&GufaeNyD; wdik f;jynf \Oya'opfrsm;twGif;wGif pnf;rsOf;
pmyd'k ftopfrsm;jznfph GufNyD; 0efBuD;rsm;ESifh¤if;wdYk\txufwGif&Sdonfh tmPmydik frsm;tm; ydrk t
dk mPmvTaJ y;aeonfh vuf&SdjyKjyifajymif;vJrIumvtwGif;wGif qufvuf
jzpfyGm;vQuf&o Sd nf/
28
aemufvmrnfh Forest Trends
29
Forest Trends okawoD? {NyD 2013/

26
 yHk 3/ w½kwfEdkifiH\ a'otvdkuf jrefrmEdkifiHrSopfawmxGufypönf;rsm; wifydYkrI

Zmpfjrpf – w½kwt
f aumufceG fpm&if;udef;*Pef;rsm;? Forest Trends \ pkpnf;rI/

jynfwGif;wGif rsm;pGmvTrf;rd;k vQuf&aSd om vkyfief;tzGUJ rsm; (“c½dkeDukrÜPDrsm;”)

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jzpfonf/
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aqmifrIwdt kY wGuf ygrpfrsm;ESiu fh efx½du k frsm;ESifx
h dkrSwqifh MTE \ w&m;0ifopfwifyYdrk Iygrpfrsm; &&Sjd cif;wdYk
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tajctaeonf ,ckvwfwavmjyKjyifajymif;vJrI umvrwdik frDwGif usdef;ao&SdcJhNyD; trsdK;om;Edik fiHa&;qdkif
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30
¤if;wdYx
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Y sifaom
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27
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Sd nfuh krÜPDtcsdKUxJwGif yg0ifonfrSm Htoo Trading? Max Myanmar? Yuzana? Dagon ESifh Asia
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31
Woods, K, Forthcoming/
32
Su Phyo Win? 2013/

28
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yGiv fh if;pGm aqG;aEG;Mu&ef jzpfonf/ jrefrmhopfawmu@ESifh ywfoufonfh tem*wfaqG;aEG;yJGrsm;wGif
wdkif;&if;om; y#dyu© e,fajrrsm;wGifobm0opfawmrsm;\ tcef;u@tm; vpfvsL½IvdkU r&yg/

29
yHk 4/ opfpD;qif;rIESifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;&Sd opfukefoG,frIvkyfuidk faqmif½Gufaeolrsm;

30
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