HSSRPTR - Plus One Physics Focus Point Part 2 Chapter 9-15

GVHSS PAYYOLI PLUS ONE PHYSICS FOCUS POINT- PART2
CHAPTER 9: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
9.3 STRESS AND STRAIN
Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS PAYYOLI
(A)
(B)
(C)
9.4 HOOKS LAW
Stress is proportional to strain

Stress ∝ strain
Stress = k x strain
Where k is called modulus of elasticity
9.5 STRESS – STRAIN CURVE
OA- stress is proportional to strain ie the substance obeys ohms

law till the point A. The body returns to original state when force
is removed
AB- strain is large for small stress. The stress corresponding to
point B is called Yield strength(𝝈𝒚 )
BD- strain is very large for small stress .From point C onwards
the body does not return to its original state or deformation
occurs. The stress corresponding to D is called ultimate stress
DE- the deformation is large and the body brakes at fracture
point E. If De is very close the chance to brake is large and body
is called brittle and if region DE is large the body can be elongated
and is called ductile.
CHAPTER 10: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
10.2.1 PASCALS LAW
10.2.4 APPLICATIONS: HYDRAULIC MACHINES

HYDRAULIC LIFT

Thus by applying a small force on small piston a heavy object on
the large piston can be lifted
PROBLEM 2
ANSWER
PROBLEM 3
ANSWER
The air pressure that will produce this force
𝑭𝟏
P=
𝑨𝟏
= 1.5 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑵/ 3.14 x (5x10-2)2 m2
P = 1.9x 105 Pa
10.4 BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
PROOF
Consider a fluid flowing through a pipe of varying cross sectional

area. Let v1 is the speed at B and v2 is the speed at E.The fluid at
B moves to a distance v1∆𝒕 to C and fluid at D moves to a distance
v2∆𝒕 to E .
Then work done on the fluid at left end BC
W1= P1A1(v1∆𝒕 ) = P1∆𝑽
Then work done by the fluid at the other end DE
W2= P2A2(v2∆𝒕 ) = P2∆𝑽
or work done on the fluid is = -P2∆𝑽
Total work done on the fluid is , Dowloaded from HSS Reporter
W1- W2= (P1- P2) ∆𝑽……….(1)
If the density of the fluid is 𝝆 and
∆𝒎= 𝝆A1v1∆𝒕 = 𝝆∆𝑽
This is Bernoulli’s equation , ie in a streamline flow, total energy

( sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy per unit volume,
potential energy per unit volume) of a fluid remains constant
NOTE:
(10.4.1 TO 10.4.4 NOT NECESSARY)

10.4.1 - (1) SPPED OF EFFLUX: TORRICELLI’S LAW

From equation of continuity
v1A1= v2A2
𝑨𝟏
v2= v1
𝑨𝟐
if A2≫ A1
v2 = 0
ie the fluid at the top is approximately at rest
When P≫ Pa then 2gh may be ignored , then speed of efflux is

determined by the container pressure
If tank is open to atmosphere ,
v1 = √𝟐𝒈𝒉
(This is also the speed of a freely falling body)
This equation represents TORRICELLI’S LAW
10.4.2 - (2) VENTURI METER

𝜌𝑚
Using Bernoulli’s equation for h1= h2
(3)
(4)

5.
PROBLEM 1:
Ans:
Figure (a) is incorrect. The reason is that at the kink, the velocity
of flow of liquid is large and hence using the Bernoulli’s theorem
the pressure is less. As a result, the water should not rise higher in
the tube where there is a kink (i.e., where the area of cross-section
is small).
PROBLEM 2
SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS

Dowloaded PAYYOLI
from HSS Reporter
PROBLEM 3:
PROBLEM 4
In a test experiment on a model aeroplane in a wind tunnel, the
flow speeds on the upper and lower surfaces of the wing are 70 m
s–1 and 63 m s-1 respectively. What is the lift on the wing if its area
is 2.5 m2 ? Take the density of air to be 1.3 kg m–3
Answer:

CHAPTER 11: THETMALPROPERTIES OF MATTER
11.5 THERMAL EXPANSION
The increase in dimension of a body due to the increase in its
temperature is called thermal expansion. There are three types of
thermal expansions(1) linear expansion(2) area expansion(3)
volume expansion
1.Linear Expansion:The expansion in length is called linear
expansion
∆𝒍
∝ ∆𝑻
𝒍
∆𝒍
= 𝜶𝒍 ∆𝑻
𝒍
𝜶𝒍 is called coefficient of linear expansion
∆𝒍
𝜶𝒍 = Dowloaded from HSS Reporter
𝒍∆𝑻
Unit of 𝜶𝒍 is k-1
2.Area Expansion:The expansion in area is called area expansion
If ∆𝑨 is the increase in area for a small change in temperature ∆𝑻,
∆𝑨
then fractional change in area is directly proportional to ∆𝑻
𝑨
∆𝑨
∝ ∆𝑻
𝑨
∆𝑨
= 𝜶𝑨 ∆𝑻
𝑨
𝜶𝑨 is called coefficient of area expansion
∆𝑨
𝜶𝑨 =
𝑨∆𝑻
Unit of 𝜶𝑨 is k-1
3.Volume Expansion:The expansion in volume is called volume
expansion
If ∆𝑽 is the increase in volume for a small change in temperature
∆𝑽
∆𝑻, then fractional change in volume is directly proportional to
𝑽
∆𝑻
∆𝑽
∝ ∆𝑻
𝑽
∆𝑽
= 𝜶𝑽 ∆𝑻
𝑽
𝜶𝑽 is called coefficient of volume expansion
∆𝑽
𝜶𝑽 =
𝑽∆𝑻
Unit of 𝜶𝑽 is k-1
Note 1: Coefficient of volume expansion depends on temperature.
From graph it is clear that 𝜶𝑽 become constant only at high

temperature.
Note 2: Invar is used for making pendulum because coefficient of
volume expansion is low

Anomalous Behaviour of water
(a)
(b)
Anomalous expansion of water has both advantages and

disadvantages
Disadvantages:
1. in cold countries ,crops are damaged in large scales due to
anomalous expansion of water present in the plant bodies
2. In cold countries water pipelines are damaged due to
anomalous expansion
Advantage: Aquatic life is preserved due to anomalous expansion
of water.
Expansion in the case of gases: Gases at ordinary temperature

expand more than solids and liquids.
SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS
Dowloaded GVHSS PAYYOLI
from HSS Reporter
For liquids 𝜶𝑽 is relatively independent of temperature.in gases
𝜶𝑽 depends on temperature.
For an ideal gas we have
PV = 𝝁𝑹𝑻
At constant pressure, P∆𝑽 = 𝝁𝑹∆𝑻
∆𝑽 ∆𝑻
=
𝑽 𝑻
∆𝑽 𝟏
𝜶𝑽 = =
𝑽∆𝑻 𝑻
Thus coefficient of volume expansion depends on temperature.ie
𝜶𝑽 decreases with temperature
Relation between 𝜶𝒍 and 𝜶𝑽
The
∆𝒍
Since = 𝜶𝒍 ∆𝑻
𝒍
Thermal stress
PROBLEM 1
A steel rail of length 5m and area of cross section 40 cm2 is
prevented from expanding while the temperature rises by 100C .
𝜶𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = 1.2 x 10-5 K-1 and 𝒀𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = 2x1011Pa Calculate the thermal
stress and the external force
SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICSDowloaded

GVHSS from
PAYYOLI
HSS Reporter
ANSWER:
ASSIGNMENT
ANSWER

Dowloaded PAYYOLI
from HSS Reporter
11.8 CHANGE OF STATE
MELTING & FUSION
1.Depends on the substance (2) depends on pressure

Graph showing the change of state of ice to Water vapour:-
OA- ice at 00C melts and water at 00C is formed at point A (

melting)
AB- Water at 00C is converted into water at 1000C at point B
BC- Change of state from water at 1000C to steam at 1000C (
Vaporisation)
Thus during change of state the temperature remains same. Heat
absorbed is used to produce change of sate
VAPORISATION
The change of state from liquid to vapour ( or gas ) is called
vaporisation
The temperature at which the liquid and the vapour states of
substance coexist is called its boiling point

Dowloaded from PAYYOLI
HSS Reporter
Boiling point decreases with decrease in pressure
Principle of pressure cooker: boiling point is increased inside the

pressure cooker by increasing pressure .
The boiling point of a substance at standard atmospheric
pressure is called its normal boiling point.
Latent heat are of two types : (1) Latent heat of fusion( Lf) (2)
Latent heat of vaporisation ( Lv)
LATENT HEAT OF FUSION ( Lf)
The latent heat for a solid – liquid state change is called the latent
heat of fusion ( Lf)
It is the quantity of heat energy required for one kilogram of a
substance to change from its solid state to liquid state at constant
temperature.
LATENT HEAT OF VAPORISATION( LV)
The latent heat for a liquid - gas state change is called the latent
heat of vaporisation ( Lv)

Dowloaded PAYYOLI
from HSS Reporter
Q= mL Unit of L : Jkg-1
Temperature versus heat for water at 1 atm pressure
From graph it is clear that phase change occurs at constant

temperature and heat energy is used to produce change of state
Note: Burns produced by steam is usually serious than those from
boiling water. Why?
PROBLEM 1
ANSWER

Dowloaded PAYYOLI
from HSS Reporter
CHAPTER 12: THERMODYNAMICS
12.5 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
in
system
oundings

Note 1:
From first law of thermodynamics we have
Case 1
Case 2
In both these cases initial state is P1V1 and final state is P2V2.

Note 2
Note 3

12.8 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS
NON QUASI STATIC PROCESS
Quasi

DIFFERENT TYPES OF THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS: Temperature remains a constant .
eg:
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS OF AN IDEAL GAS

ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSION
ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION
Absorbs Heat

Equation for isothermal process
Indicator diagram for isothermal expansion

From diagram
Indicator diagram for isothermal compression

Work Done in An isothermal process

For a small volume change dV the work done
Total work done,
Case 1
Case 2

To find the area under the graph , divide the total area into small
strips of width dV
Area of shaded strip = PdV
ISOCHORIC PROCESS
Process in which volume remains constant ie ∆𝑽 = 𝟎
Work done in an isochoric Process
SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSSfrom

Dowloaded PAYYOLI
HSS Reporter
Thus heat energy given to the system is completely utilised for
increasing internal energy
The indicator diagram for an isochoric process will be a straight

line parallel to pressure axes
Substituting we get
𝑷𝟏
W= 2.303 𝝁RT log
𝑷𝟐
ISOBARIC PROCESS
Thermodynamic process in which pressure remains constant.

I
process
decreases
Here Therefor first law for isobaric process is
ADIABATIC PROCESS

ADIABATIC COMPRESSION
Consider a system of gas in an insulating vessel with an insulating

piston. When the system is compressed by doing external work on
the system, then pressure increases, volume decreases and the
work done is converted into heat. Thus temperature and internal
energy increases.
ADIABATIC EXPANSION
The system expands at the cost of its internal energy. Thus

pressure decreases volume increases. Thus internal energy
temperature decreases
Note: An adiabatic process can also be occur in a quick process
in which there is no exchange of heat between system and
surroundings ( non quasi static process)
We have first law

Here

Equation 1: EQUATION FOR ADIABATIC PROCSS
Equation 2:
Equation 3:
Equation 3:
Adiabatic curve is steeper than isothermal curve

Steepness of adiabatic curve also depends on value of . we have

CH4
H2
He
WORK DONE IN AN ADIABATIC PROCESS

Note :
ie total heat absorbed equals the work done by the system

INDICATOR DIAGRAM FOR CYCLIC PROCESS

Dowloaded PAYYOLI
from HSS Reporter
12.9 HEAT ENGINE
PARTS OF A HEAT ENGINE
Eg: mixture of fuel vapour and air in a gasoline or diesel

engine , steam in a steam engine
WORKING OF HEAT ENGINE
Working
Substance
ie , Q1 = W + Q2 Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

Q1 – Q2 = W
EFFICIENCY OF A HEAT ENGINE
𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
Efficiency, 𝜼 =
𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
Maximum efficiency:
1. when Q2 = 0 , 𝜼= 1 or 100%
But it never possible.For heat flow ,there should be
temperature difference. There should be heat transfer from
source to sink Thus Q2≠ 0 or 𝜼 ≠ 𝟏
2. when Q1 = ∞ , 𝜼= 1 or 100%
It is not possible to absorb infinite amount of heat energy
from source Thus Q1 ≠ ∞ , 𝜼 ≠1
CHAPTER 13: KINETIC THEORY

13.4 KINETIC THEORY OF AN IDEAL GAS

PRESSURE OF AN IDEAL GAS
A molecule with velocity
(1)
The distance travelled by the molecule with velocity vx in a time
∆𝒕 = vx∆𝒕
Thus all the molecules within the volume Avx∆𝒕 can hit the wall in
time ∆𝒕.But half of these molecules are moving towards the wall
and half is moving away from the wall.If n is the number of
molecules per unit volume, on an average the number of
𝟏
molecules hitting the wall in time ∆𝒕 = nAvx∆𝒕 ….. (2)
𝟐
From (1) and (2) total momentum change
𝟏
= (2mVx) ( nAvx∆𝒕 )
𝟐
2
= mVx nA∆𝒕
Where Vx2 is average velocity.
Since the gas is isotropic,
KINETIC INTERPRETATION OF TEMPERATURE
Multiplying by V
or N = nV
𝟏
But KE= 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐

Root Mean Square Velocity

CHAPTER 14 : OSCILLATIONS
14.3 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION(SHM)
An oscillation is said to be SHM if ,acceleration is proportional to
the displacement and is directed towards the mean position
The displacement of SHM can be represented by a harmonic

cosine or sine function ie
Where, x(t) displacement

A amplitude
(𝝎𝒕 + ∅) Phase
𝟐𝝅
𝝎 = 2𝝅𝝑 = angular frequency
𝑻
∅ Initial phase or phase constant
Example:1
Example 2:
T
T
Two simple harmonic motions with different amplitude same time
period, same angular frequency and same initial phase(∅ = 0)
Example 3: Dowloaded from HSS Reporter
Two simple harmonic motions with same amplitude same time
period, same angular frequency and different initial
𝝅
phase(𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 ∅ = )
𝟐
Example 4
T
T’
Two simple harmonic motions with same amplitude same initial

phase, different time period and different angular frequency .
PROBLEM 1
Which of the following relationship between the acceleration (a)
and displacement (x) of a particle involve SHM
Answer :
For SHM we have ,
a = - constant × x
so answer is
PROBLEM 2

ANSWER:
Velocity =0,acceleration + , force +
Velocity =0,acceleration negative , force negative
Velocity negative ,acceleration = 0 , force =0
Velocity negative ,acceleration negative , force negative
Velocity positive ,acceleration positive , force positive

Velocity negative ,acceleration negative , force negative
ASSIGNMENT
An object is undergoing SHM with a period 1.2 s and amplitude
0.6m. At t =0,the object is at x= 0.How far is the object from
equilibrium position when t= 0.48s ?
ANSWER:
14.8.2 OSCILLATIONS OF A SIMPLE PENDULUM

As simple pendulum is a point heavy mass suspended from a rigid
support using a light and inextensible string

Expression for time period:-
From fig it is clear that ( T- mg cos𝜽) provides necessary

centripetal force while the tangential component mg sin 𝜽
provides restoring torque
( since torque 𝝉 = 𝑰𝜶)
We assume that angle 𝜽 is small , thus sin 𝜽 ≈ 𝜽
Comparing with equation for SHM
We get 𝜶 ∝ - 𝜽 and the oscillation of simple pendulum is SHM
Also we get
Substituting for moment of inertia , I= mL2

Time period,
Note :1
Squaring the equation

2 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑳
T=
𝒈
𝑳
= constant
𝑻𝟐
Note :2
For sin 𝜽 ≈ 𝜽, the angle must be in radians
Note : 3
For sin 𝜽 ≈ 𝜽 the angle must be between 200 to 500
PROBLEM
ANSWER:
ASSIGNMENT
ANSWER
Centre of mass of combination of liquid and hollow portion first
goes down (to L+ΔL) and when total water is drained out, centre of
mass regain its original position (to L),

∴′T′ first increases and then decreases to original value
T1 > T 2
CHAPTER 15: WAVES
15.3 DISPALCEMENT RELATION IN A PROGRESSIVE WAVE
Progressive wave or travelling wave is periodic in time and
position.
The displacement of a progressive wave travelling in positive x

direction is
y(x,t) = a sin ( kx- 𝝎𝒕 + ∅)
And the displacement of a progressive wave travelling in negative
x direction is
y(x,t) = a sin ( kx+𝝎𝒕 + ∅)
𝟐𝝅
where k= is called propagation constant or angular wave
𝝀
number
PROBLEM 1

ASSIGNMENT
A transverse harmonic wave on a wire is expressed as:
y( x, t ) =3 sin ( 36t +0.018x +π/4 )
( i ) Is it a stationary wave or a travelling one?
( ii ) Find its frequency and amplitude.
( iii ) Give the initial phase at the origin.
( iv ) Calculate the smallest distance between two adjacent crests
in the wave.
[X and y are in cm and t in seconds. Assume the left to right
direction as the positive direction of x]
ANSWER
𝝅
y(x,t) = 3.0 sin ( 36t+𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝒙 + )
𝟒
the displacement of a progressive wave travelling in negative x
direction is
y(x,t) = a sin ( kx+𝝎𝒕 + ∅) Dowloaded from HSS Reporter
comparing we get,
𝝅
a= 3cm, 𝝎= 36 rad/s,k= 0.018 cm, ∅ =
𝟒
(i) It represents a progressive wave travelling from right to left
𝝎
(ii) a= 3cm and frequency 𝝊 =
𝟐𝝅
𝟑𝟔
𝝊= = 5.7 Hz
𝟐𝒙𝟑.𝟏𝟒
𝛑
(iii)initial phase, ∅ =
𝟒
(iv) the smallest distance between successive crests , wavelength
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝝀= = = 349cm
𝒌 .𝟎𝟏𝟖
15.4 SPEED OF A TRVELLING WAVE
The equation for displacement of a wave travelling along positive

direction of x axis is
y(x,t) = a sin ( kx- 𝝎𝒕 + ∅)
if initial phase ∅ = 𝟎
y(x,t) = a sin ( kx- 𝝎𝒕)
The argument of the above equation ( kx- 𝝎𝒕)
is a constant since displacement is constant at every x and t
The wave travels a distance ∆𝒙 in a time ∆𝒕.Since the
displacement of two points are same the argument is constant ie
[k(x+∆𝒙) - 𝝎(𝒕 + ∆𝒕)] = constant
Since phase remains constant,
( kx- 𝝎𝒕) = [ k(x+∆𝒙) - 𝝎(𝒕 + ∆𝒕)]
k∆𝒙 − 𝝎∆𝒕 = 0
∆𝒙 𝝎
=
∆𝒕 𝒌
Taking ∆𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∆𝒕 very small
𝒅𝒙 𝝎
=
𝒅𝒕 𝒌
𝝎
v=
𝒌
𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
velocity=
𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓
𝟐𝝅𝝂
v= 𝟐𝝅
𝝀
v= 𝝂𝝀

15.4.1 VELOCITY OF A TRANSVERSE WAVE ON
STRETCHED STRING
Velocity of an oscillating particle depends on restoring force and
inertia factor
Velocity ∝ 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
𝟏
Velocity ∝
𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
For a stretched string
 restoring force is tension on the string ( T)and
 inertia is provided by mass per unit length or linear density(
𝒎
𝝁= )
𝒍
Using dimensional analysis we get
𝑻
v= √
𝝁
PROBLEM 1:
VELOCITY OF LONGITUDINAL WAVE

Eg: Sound waves
 For longitudinal waves restoring force is bulk modulus,
∆𝑷
B=-
∆𝑽/𝑽
Velocity ∝ 𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒌 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔
 Inertia depends on mass per unit volume or density
𝟏
Velocity ∝
𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚
Using dimensional analysis
𝑩
v= √
𝝆
When wave travels through a solid Dowloaded from HSS Reporter
𝒀
v= √
𝝆
where Y is the young’s modulus
Note: since solids and liquids are difficult to compress than gases ,
their modulus of elasticity is large .There for velocity of sound is
large in solids and liquids than gases
Expression for Velocity in terms of pressure:
Newton’s Formula
For an isothermal change ,T= constant

P ∆𝑽 + V ∆𝑷 = 0
∆𝑷
Rearranging, - =P
∆𝑽/𝑽
∆𝑷
But B=-
∆𝑽/𝑽
Therefor B= P
𝑷
Then velocity v= √ Newton’s formula
𝝆
PROBLEM 2:
SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSSDowloaded

PAYYOLI from HSS Reporter
Note:This value is 15% smaller than the actual value 331 m/s.
Thus Newton’s formula is corrected by Laplace
Laplace Correction
For adiabatic process the ideal gas equation is

P𝑽𝜸 = constant
𝒄𝒑
Where 𝜸 is ratio of specific heats , 𝜸 =
𝒄𝒗
Rearranging we get
=-
𝑽𝜸 ∆𝑷
𝜸𝑷 = -
𝑽𝜸−𝟏 ∆𝑽
𝑽𝜸 ∆𝑷
𝜸𝑷 = -
𝑽𝜸 𝑽−𝟏 ∆𝑽
∆𝑷
𝜸𝑷 = - =B
∆𝑽/𝑽
𝜸𝑷
Therefor , v= √ Laplace correction
𝝆
𝟕
Note : For air 𝜸 = = 𝟏. 𝟒
𝟓
𝜸𝑷
v= √ = 331.3 m/s,
𝝆
which agrees with the measured value


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GVHSS PAYYOLI PLUS ONE PHYSICS FOCUS POINT- PART2

CHAPTER 9: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

9.3 STRESS AND STRAIN

Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

9.4 HOOKS LAW

Stress is proportional to strain

OA- stress is proportional to strain ie the substance obeys ohms

10.2.4 APPLICATIONS: HYDRAULIC MACHINES

Dowloaded from HSS Reporter

Consider a fluid flowing through a pipe of varying cross sectional

This is Bernoulli’s equation , ie in a streamline flow, total energy

(10.4.1 TO 10.4.4 NOT NECESSARY)

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When P≫ Pa then 2gh may be ignored , then speed of efflux is

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Using Bernoulli’s equation for h1= h2

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SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS

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From graph it is clear that 𝜶𝑽 become constant only at high

SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS PAYYOLI

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Anomalous expansion of water has both advantages and

Expansion in the case of gases: Gases at ordinary temperature

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SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS

MELTING & FUSION

1.Depends on the substance (2) depends on pressure

SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS PAYYOLI

OA- ice at 00C melts and water at 00C is formed at point A (

SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS

Principle of pressure cooker: boiling point is increased inside the

SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS

From graph it is clear that phase change occurs at constant

SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS

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SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS PAYYOLI

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SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS PAYYOLI

NON QUASI STATIC PROCESS

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ISOTHERMAL PROCESS OF AN IDEAL GAS

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Indicator diagram for isothermal expansion

Indicator diagram for isothermal compression

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Total work done,

SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS PAYYOLI

SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSSfrom

The indicator diagram for an isochoric process will be a straight

SREESHYJU K P & JIJESH M T ,HSST PHYSICS GVHSS PAYYOLI

Here Therefor first law for isobaric process is

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Consider a system of gas in an insulating vessel with an insulating

The system expands at the cost of its internal energy. Thus

We have first law