254 T. IWASAKI et al.

Fig. 9. Friction chart for straight unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes.

range of pipe diameters. Inoue4' 5) used the maximum observed value of rough-
ness to construct an extended friction chart for designing ductwork with spiral
ducts. Following the method of Inoue, we used a roughness value of 0.0056,
which was obtained with a pipe diameter of 56 mm. In addition, the friction factor
x was calculated by Colebrook's equation for transition zones13~ because pipes are
used within the transition zone of airflow in many workplaces. Figure 10 gives
the extended friction chart for unplasticized PVC pipes, assuming environmental
conditions of T = 20°C and RH = 60% (V = 1.20 Kg/m3). This extended friction
chart can be used when designing local exhaust systems with pipes of diameters6~
ranging from 40 mm to 900 mm. Figure 11 shows a comparison of friction loss
between PVC pipes and galvanized steel pipes'. The friction loss of the PVC pipe
was found to be equivalent to 2/3 of the friction loss of the galvanized steel pipe,
because the observed friction loss of the PVC pipe agreed with the straight line
corresponding to 213 of that of the galvanized steel pipe. Therefore, the ratio of
the friction loss of the PVC pipe to that of galvanized steel pipe was expressed
as OPPVC= 213 APga,va. Because the friction loss of galvanized steel pipes has been
well-known among local exhaust system engineers, the relationship we obtained