Coordinates: 12°00′38″N 75°16′13″E

Malabar District

Malabar District, also known as Malayalam District,[1][2]

was an administrative district on the southwestern Malabar Malabar District
Coast of Bombay Presidency (1792-1800)[3] and Madras District of British India
Presidency (1800-1947)[4] in British India, and independent
1792–1957
India's Madras State (1947-1956). It was the most populous
and the third-largest district in the erstwhile Madras State.[5]
The British district included the present-day districts of
Kannur, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Malappuram, Palakkad
(excluding Chittur town), Chavakad Taluk and parts of
Flag Coat of arms
Kodungallur Taluk of Thrissur district (former part of Ponnani
Taluk), and Fort Kochi area of Ernakulam district in the
northern and central parts of present Kerala state, the
Lakshadweep Islands, and a major portion of the Nilgiris
district in Tamil Nadu. The detached settlements of Tangasseri
and Anchuthengu, which were British colonies within the
kingdom of Travancore in southern Kerala, also formed part of
Malabar District until 1927.[6] Malayalam was administrative
as well as most spoken Lingua franca of Malabar District
during British Rule. Jeseri, a distinct dialect of Malayalam, was
spoken in the Laccadive Islands. Malabar District merged with
the erstwhile state of Travancore-Cochin (1950-1956) to form
Kerala according to the States Reorganisation Act, 1956.[7] On
the same day, the present Kasaragod district of South Canara
District was also attached to Malabar, and the
Laccadive&Minicoy Islands of Malabar were reorganised to
form a new Union Territory.[7] Malabar was trifurcated to form
the districts of Kannur,[8] Kozhikode,[9] and Palakkad,[10] on
1 January 1957.
Malabar District, Revenue Divisions
The city of Kozhikode was the capital of Malabar. It was
and Taluks
divided into North Malabar and South Malabar in 1793 for
administrative convenience, with their regional headquarters at Capital Kozhikode
Thalassery and Cherpulassery (Later changed to Ottapalam) Area
respectively. During the British rule, Malabar's chief • 1951 15,027[1] km2
importance laid in producing pepper, Coconut, and Tiles.[11] In (5,802 sq mi)
the old administrative records of the Madras Presidency, it is
recorded that the most remarkable plantation owned by Population
Government in the erstwhile Madras Presidency was the Teak • 1951 4,758,842[1]
plantation at Nilambur planted in 1844.[12] The District of Government
Malabar and the ports at Beypore and Fort Kochi had some District collector
sort of importance in the erstwhile Madras Presidency as it was
History
one of the two districts of the Presidency that lies on the
Western Malabar Coast, thus accessing the marine route • Territories ceded by 1792
through Arabian Sea. The first railway line of Kerala from Tipu Sultan
attached to
Tirur to Beypore in 1861 was laid for it. The work Malabar Bombay
Manual authored by William Logan as two volumes explain Presidency
the characteristics of Malabar. • Divided into North 1793
Malabar and South
The district lay between the Arabian Sea on the west, South Malabar
Canara District on the north, the Western Ghats (the princely • Attached to Madras 1800
states of Coorg and Mysore, and Nilgiris and Coimbatore Presidency
districts) to the east, and the princely state of Cochin to the • Reorganisation of 1860
Taluks
south. The district covered an area of 15,027 square kilometres
• Transferred 1877
(5,802 sq mi), and extended 233 km (145 mi) along the coast Gudalur and
and 40–120 kilometers (25–75 miles) inland. The name Mala- Pandalur to Nilgiris
bar means the "hillside slopes". The municipalities of • Became part of 1947
Kozhikode, Palakkad, Fort Kochi, Kannur, and Thalassery, Madras State
were formed on 1 November 1866 according to the Madras • Kasaragod was 1956
Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns added and
act 1850)[13][14][15][16] of the British Indian Empire, making became part of
all of them the oldest modern municipalities in the modern state Kerala
of Kerala. Even the Thiruvananthapuram municipality, which • Divided into the five 1957
currently serves as the capital of Kerala, was formed in 1920 districts of
Kozhikode,
(54 years later).[17] Among them Kozhikode and Palakkad
Thrissur, Palakkad,
were considered as cities, while the remaining were municipal Kannur, and
towns. There were some Non-municipal towns (Ponnani, Lakshadweep
Koyilandy (Panthalayani), Vadakara, Ottapalam, Shornur,
etc..) too. Preceded by Succeeded by
Dutch Kasaragod
All the major pre-independence political parties of Kerala such Malabar district
as Indian National Congress,[18] Communist Party of India,[19] Zamorin Kannur
and Muslim League started their functioning in Kerala at of district
Malabar District as a part of the freedom struggle. Kerala Calicut Wayanad
Pradesh Congress Committee was formed in 1921 at Arakkal district
Ottapalam, on the bank of river Bharathappuzha.[18] In July kingdom Kozhikode
1937, a clandestine meeting of Congress Socialist Party, which Kingdom district
was the political party formed by socialists of Congress, was of Nilagiri district
held at Calicut.[20] The Communist Party of India in Kerala Mysore Malappuram
was formed on 31 December 1939 with the Pinarayi district
Conference, held near Thalassery.[19] It was the erstwhile Palakkad
district
leaders of Congress Socialist Party, such as E. M. S.
Thrissur
Namboodiripad and A. K. Gopalan, who formed CPI in
district
Kerala.[19] The Muslim League was also formed in 1930's, on Ernakulam
a meeting held at Thalassery. district
Lakshadweep
Tangasseri
Contents Anchuthengu

Etymology
History
South Malabar
Ancient era
Early Middle Ages
Rise of Kozhikode
North Malabar
 Ancient era
Early Middle Ages
Late Middle Ages
Portuguese occupation
Under Mysore Sultans
Colonial period
Chirakkal Taluk
Kottayam Taluk
Wynad Taluk
A 1652 Map of India (Malabar is
Kurumbranad Taluk highlighted separately on the right
Kozhikode Taluk side)
Ernad Taluk
Walluvanad Taluk
Ponnani Taluk
Palghat Taluk
Exceptional Nadus (1887)
Political and social movements
Post-Independence
Geography
Administrative divisions
Thalassery Revenue Division An 1744 map of Malabar Coast
Taluks
Kozhikode Revenue Division
Taluks
Malappuram Revenue Division
Taluks
Palakkad Revenue Division
Taluks
Fort Cochin Revenue Division
Demography
Towns and Types
Abbreviations
1951 Census of India
Local bodies
Politics
Representatives from Malabar to Madras State
1951–52 Indian general election
1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election
Malabar Cuisine
Notable people from Malabar
Modern day Taluks and Islands in erstwhile
Malabar
Historical maps
See also
References
Further reading

Etymology
Until the arrival of British, the term Malabar was used in foreign trade circles as a general name for
Kerala.[21] Earlier, the term Malabar had also been used to denote Tulu Nadu and Kanyakumari which lie
contiguous to Kerala in the southwestern coast of India, in addition to the modern state of Kerala.[22][23]
The people of Malabar were known as Malabars. Still the term Malabar is often used to denote the entire
southwestern coast of India. From the time of Cosmas Indicopleustes (6th century CE) itself, the Arab
sailors used to call Kerala as Male. The first element of the name, however, is attested already in the
Topography written by Cosmas Indicopleustes. This mentions a pepper emporium called Male, which
clearly gave its name to Malabar ('the country of Male'). The name Male is thought to come from the
Malayalam word Mala ('hill').[24][25] Al-Biruni (AD 973 - 1048) must have been the first writer to call this
state Malabar.[21] Authors such as Ibn Khordadbeh and Al-Baladhuri mention Malabar ports in their
works.[26] The Arab writers had called this place Malibar, Manibar, Mulibar, and Munibar. Malabar is
reminiscent of the word Malanad which means the land of hills. According to William Logan, the word
Malabar comes from a combination of the Malayalam word Mala (hill) and the Persian/Arabic word Barr
(country/continent).[21]

History

South Malabar

Ancient era

The ancient maritime port

of Tyndis, which was then
a centre of trade with
Ancient Rome, is roughly
identified with Ponnani, Important towns in the erstwhile
Tanur, and Kadalundi- Malabar district
Vallikkunnu. Tyndis was a
major center of trade, next
An old map of Malabar District only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the Roman Empire.[28]
(1854). Note that the taluks The River Bharathappuzha (River Ponnani) had importance since
Pandalur, Gudalur, and Kundah in Sangam period (1st-4th century CE), due to the presence of
present-day Nilgiris district were Palakkad Gap which connected the Malabar coast with
parts of Wayanad Taluk in 1854. The Coromandel coast through inland.[29]
Taluks of Malabar were rearranged in
1860 and 1877.[27] Pliny the Elder (1st century CE) states that the port of Tyndis was
located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos (Chera
dynasty).[30] The North Malabar region, which lies north of the
port at Tyndis, was ruled by the kingdom of Ezhimala during Sangam period.[31] According to the Periplus
of the Erythraean Sea, a region known as Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis. However the Ptolemy
mentions only Tyndis as the Limyrike's starting point. The region probably ended at Kanyakumari; it thus
roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region
 was estimated at around
50,000,000 sesterces.[32]
Pliny the Elder mentioned
that Limyrike was prone
by pirates.[33] The
Cosmas Indicopleustes
mentioned that the
Limyrike was a source of
peppers.[34][35]
The path Vasco da Gama took to
reach Kozhikode (black line) in 1498,
Early Middle Ages which was also the discovery of a
sea route from Europe to India, and
Three inscriptions those eventually paved way for the
India in early 1320 CE. Note that
date back to 932 CE, European colonisation of Indian
most of the parts of present-day
those were found from subcontinent. At that time, the
state of Kerala was under the
influence of the Zamorin of
Triprangode (near Zamorin of Kozhikode was residing
Kozhikode. Tirunavaya), Kottakkal, at Ponnani
and Chaliyar, mention the
name of Goda Ravi of
Chera dynasty. [36] The Triprangode inscription states about the
agreement of Thavanur.[36] Several inscriptions written in Old
Malayalam those date back to 10th century CE, have found from
Sukapuram near Edappal, which was one of the 64 old Nambudiri
villages of Kerala. Descriptions about the rulers of Eranad and
Valluvanad regions can be seen in the Jewish copper plates of
Bhaskara Ravi Varman (around 1000 CE) and Viraraghava copper
plates of Veera Raghava Chakravarthy (around 1225 CE).[37]
Eranad was ruled by a Samanthan Nair clan known as Eradis, Uru, a type of ship built at Beypore,
similar to the Vellodis of neighbouring Valluvanad and Calicut
Nedungadis of Nedunganad. The rulers of Valluvanad were
known by the title Eralppad/Eradi. It was the ruler of Eranad who
later became the Zamorin of Calicut by annexing the port town of Calicut from Polanad, which was vassal
to Kolathunadu. The ruler of Kingdom of Cochin also traces back to Ponnani in South Malabar. South
Malabar was also the seat of the kingdoms of Parappanad, Vettathunadu, Valluvanadu, Nedungadis, and
Palakkad. Parappanad royal family is a cousin dynasty of the Travancore royal family. The Azhvanchery
Thamprakkal were the feudal lords of Athavanad. Tirunavaya, the seat of Mamankam festival, lies on the
bank of the river Bharathappuzha.

Rise of Kozhikode

In the 14th century, Kozhikode conquered larger parts of central Kerala after the seize of Tirunavaya region
from Valluvanad, which were under the control of the king of Perumbadappu Swaroopam (Cochin). The
ruler of Perumpadappu was forced to shift his capital (c. CE 1405) further south from Kodungallur to
Kochi. In the 15th century, the status of Cochin was reduced to a vassal state of Kozhikode, thus leading to
the emergence of Kozhikode as the most powerful kingdom in medieval Malabar Coast.[3]

Kozhikode was the largest city in the Indian state of Kerala under the rule of Zamorin of Calicut, an
independent kingdom based at Kozhikode. It remained so until 18th century CE. The port at Kozhikode
was the gateway to South Indian coast for the Arabs, the Portuguese, the Dutch, and finally the British.[38]
The Kunjali Marakkars, who were the naval chief of the Zamorin of Kozhikode, are credited with
organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast.[39] Under British Raj, Kozhikode became the
headquarters of Malabar District, one of the two districts in the western coast of erstwhile Madras
Presidency. The port at Kozhikode held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala
coast, while Kannur, Kollam, and Kochi, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders
from various parts of the world would gather.[40] The Portuguese arrived at Kappad Kozhikode in 1498
during the Age of Discovery, thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to South Asia.[41]

At the peak of their reign, the Zamorins of Kozhikode ruled over a region from Kollam (Quilon) in the
south to Panthalayini Kollam (Koyilandy) in the north.[42][43] They were the most powerful rulers on
Malabar Coast and Kozhikode was the largest city of Kerala until the Portuguese era. The Zamorin of
Calicut, who was originally the ruler of Eranad based at Nediyiruppu, developed the port at Kozhikode and
changed his headquarters to there for maritime trade. Ibn Battuta (1342–1347), who visited the city of
Kozhikode six times, gives the earliest glimpses of life in the city. He describes Kozhikode as "one of the
great ports of the district of Malabar" where "merchants of all parts of the world are found". The king of
this place, he says, "shaves his chin just as the Haidari Fakeers of Rome do... The greater part of the
Muslim merchants of this place are so wealthy that one of them can purchase the whole freightage of such
vessels put here and fit-out others like them".[44] Ma Huan (1403 AD), the Chinese sailor part of the
Imperial Chinese fleet under Cheng Ho (Zheng He)[45] states the city as a great emporium of trade
frequented by merchants from around the world. He makes note of the 20 or 30 mosques built to cater to
the religious needs of the Muslims, the unique system of calculation by the merchants using their fingers
and toes (followed to this day), and the matrilineal system of succession. Abdur Razzak (1442–43),
Niccolò de' Conti (1445), Afanasy Nikitin (1468–74), Ludovico di Varthema (1503–1508), and Duarte
Barbosa witnessed the city as one of the major trading centres in the Indian subcontinent where traders
from different parts of the world could be seen.[46][47]

The Kingdom of Cochin used to adopt members from Kingdom of Tanur in the medieval period.[3] Being
home to the prominent figures like Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, Poonthanam Nambudiri, Melpathur
Narayana Bhattathiri, Kunchan Nambiar, and Zainuddin Makhdoom II, South Malabar was the cultural
capital of medieval Kerala. The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics flourished between the 14th
and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a
number of important mathematics concepts, including series expansion for trigonometric functions.[48][49]
The Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics was based at Vettathunadu (Tirur region) of South
Malabar.[48]

Kozhikode, Tanur, and Ponnani were the three major port cities in South Malabar region, while the minor
trading ports included Beypore, Parappanangadi, and Chaliyam.[43] The coastal Kingdom of Tanur, the
Kingdom of Valluvanad in inland, and Palakkad in the hilly region formed other major kingdoms in South
Malabar region in the medieval period.[43] Marthanda Varma, the founder of Travancore, belongs to
Parappanad royal family. In 1664, the municipality of Fort Kochi was established by Dutch Malabar,
making it the first municipality in Indian subcontinent, which got dissolved when the Dutch authority got
weaker in 18th century.[50]

North Malabar

Ancient era

North Malabar was the seat of powerful kingdom based at Ezhimala in the Sangam period (1st-5th century
CE). The ancient port of Naura, which is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as a port
somewhere north of Muziris is identified with Kannur.[51] The kingdom of Ezhimala had jurisdiction over
two Nadus - The coastal Poozhinadu and the hilly eastern Karkanadu. According to the works of Sangam
literature, Poozhinadu consisted much of the coastal belt between Mangalore and Kozhikode.[52]

The Mappila Bay harbour at
Ayikkara. On one side, there is St.
Angelo Fort (built in 1505) and on the
other side is Arakkal palace.
Karkanadu consisted of
Wayanad-Gudalur hilly
region with parts of
Kodagu (Coorg).[53] It is
said that Nannan, the most
renowned ruler of
Ezhimala dynasty, took
refuge at Wayanad hills in
5th century CE when he St. Angelo Fort at Kannur
was lost to Cheras, just
before his execution in a
battle, according to the
Sangam works.[53]

Early Middle Ages

Ezhimala kingdom was succeeded by Mushika dynasty in the

early medival period, most possibly due to the migration of Tuluva
Brahmins from Tulu Nadu. The Indian anthropologist Ayinapalli
Aiyappan states that a powerful and warlike clan of the Bunt
community of Tulu Nadu was called Kola Bari and the Kolathiri
Raja of Kolathunadu was a descendant of this clan.[54] The
Kolathunadu (Kannur) Kingdom at the peak of its power, A portrait of Kannur drawn in 1572,
from Georg Braun and Frans
reportedly extended from Netravati River (Mangalore) in the north
Hogenberg's atlas Civitates orbis
to Korapuzha (Kozhikode) in the south with Arabian Sea on the
terrarum, Volume I
west and Kodagu hills on the eastern boundary, also including the
isolated islands of Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea.[55]

An Old Malayalam inscription (Ramanthali inscriptions), dated to

1075 CE, mentioning king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of Alupa
dynasty of Mangalore, can be found at Ezhimala (the former
headquarters of Mushika dynasty) near Cannanore, Kerala.[56]
The Arabic inscription on a copper slab within the Madayi
Mosque in Kannur records its foundation year as 1124 CE.[57] In
his book on travels (Il Milione), Marco Polo recounts his visit to
the area in mid 1290s. Other visitors included Faxian, the Buddhist
Kannur fort and Bay; a watercolor by
pilgrim and Ibn Batuta, writer and historian of Tangiers.
John Johnston (1795-1801)

Late Middle Ages

Until 16th century CE, the Kasargod town was known by the name Kanhirakode (may be by the meaning,
'The land of Kanhira Trees') in Malayalam.[58] The Kumbla dynasty, who swayed over the land of
southern Tulu Nadu wedged between Chandragiri River and Netravati River (including present-day Taluks
of Manjeshwar and Kasaragod) from Maipady Palace at Kumbla, had also been vassals to the
Kolathunadu, before the Carnatic conquests of Vijayanagara Empire.[59] The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed
lineage of Malayali Nairs and Tuluva Brahmins.[3] They also claimed their origin from Cheraman Perumals
of Kerala.[3] Francis Buchanan-Hamilton states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those
of the contemporary Malayali kings, though Kumbla was considered as the southernmost region of Tulu
Nadu.[3] Just like other contemporary kings of Kerala in the medieval period, The powerful Kolathu Raja
also came under the influence of Zamorin later. The Kolathunadu in the late medieval period emerged into
independent 10 principalities i.e., Kadathanadu (Vadakara), Randathara or Poyanad (Dharmadom),
 Kottayam (Thalassery), Nileshwaram, Iruvazhinadu (Panoor,
Kurumbranad etc., under separate royal chieftains due to the
outcome of internal dissensions.[2] The Nileshwaram dynasty on
the northernmost part of Kolathiri dominion, were relatives to both
Kolathunadu as well as the Zamorin of Calicut, in the early
medieval period.[60]

Kannur was an important trading centre in the 12th century, with

active business connections with Persia and Arabia. It served as
the British military headquarters on India's west coast until 1887.
Kannur Cantonment is the only cantonment board in Kerala.
Kannur was the capital city of Kolathunadu, one of the four
powerful kingdoms who ruled Kerala during the medieval period.
Arakkal Kingdom and Chirakkal kingdom were two vassal
kingdoms based in the city of Kannur. The port at Kozhikode held
the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala
An old map of India in 1804. Note coast, while Kannur, Kollam, and Kochi, were commercially
that only Thalassery, Kozhikode, and important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of
Kochi, are marked as cities within the world would gather.[40] St. Angelo Fort was built in 1505 by
the present-day state of Kerala Dom Francisco de Almeida, the first Portuguese Viceroy of India.
The Dutch captured the fort from the Portuguese in 1663. They
modernized the fort and built the bastions Hollandia, Zeelandia,
and Frieslandia that are the major features of the present structure. The original Portuguese fort was pulled
down later. A painting of this fort and the fishing ferry behind it can be seen in the Rijksmuseum
Amsterdam. The Dutch sold the fort to the king Ali Raja of Arakkal in 1772. The British conquered it in
1790 and used it as one of their major military stations on the Malabar Coast. During the 17th century,
Kannur was the capital city of the only Muslim Sultanate in the Malabar region - Arakkal.[61] The Ali
Rajas of Arakkal kingdom, near Kannur, who were the vassals of the Kolathiri, ruled over the
Lakshadweep islands.[62]

In 1761, the British captured Mahé, and the settlement was handed over to the ruler of Kadathanadu.[63]
The British restored Mahé to the French as a part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris.[63] In 1779, the Anglo-
French war broke out, resulting in the French loss of Mahé.[63] In 1783, the British agreed to restore to the
French their settlements in India, and Mahé was handed over to the French in 1785.[63]

In conjunction with her sister city, Thalassery, it was the third-largest city on the western coast of British
India in the 18th century after Bombay and Karachi. Vatakara and Koyilandy were two major coastal
towns in North Malabar region besides Kannur and Thalassery.

Portuguese occupation

The maritime spice trade monopoly in the Indian Ocean stayed with the Arabs during the High and Late
Middle Ages. However, the dominance of Middle East traders was challenged in the European Age of
Discovery. After Vasco Da Gama's arrival in Kappad Kozhikode in 1498, the Portuguese began to
dominate eastern shipping, and the spice-trade in particular.[64][65][66] The Zamorin of Kozhikode
permitted the new visitors to trade with his subjects such that Portuguese trade in Kozhikode prospered
with the establishment of a factory and a fort. However, Portuguese attacks on Arab properties in his
jurisdiction provoked the Zamorin and led to conflicts between them.
The ruler of the Kingdom of Tanur, who was a vassal to the Zamorin
of Calicut, sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at
Kozhikode.[3] As a result, the Kingdom of Tanur (Vettathunadu)
became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. The ruler of
Tanur also sided with Cochin.[3] Many of the members of the royal
family of Cochin in 16th and 17th members were selected from
Vettom.[3] However, the Tanur forces under the king fought for the
Zamorin of Calicut in the Battle of Cochin (1504).[2] However, the
allegiance of the Mappila merchants in Tanur region still stayed under
the Zamorin of Calicut.[58]

The Portuguese took advantage of the rivalry between the Zamorin

and the King of Kochi allied with Kochi. When Francisco de
Almeida was appointed as Viceroy of Portuguese India in 1505, his Kolattiri Raja's minister Kuruppu's
headquarters was established at Fort Kochi (Fort Emmanuel) rather Arabic letter to Vasco da Gama
than in Kozhikode. During his reign, the Portuguese managed to (1524)
dominate relations with Kochi and established a few fortresses on the
Malabar Coast.[67] Fort St Angelo or St. Angelo Fort was built at
Kannur in 1505 and Fort St Thomas was built at Kollam(Quilon) in 1518 by the Portuguese.[68] However,
the Portuguese suffered setbacks from attacks by Zamorin forces in Malabar region; especially from naval
attacks under the leadership of Kozhikode admirals known as Kunjali Marakkars, which compelled them to
seek a treaty. The Kunjali Marakkars are credited with organizing the first naval defense of the Indian
coast.[39] An insurrection at the Port of Quilon between the Arabs and the Portuguese led to the end of the
Portuguese era in Quilon. In 1571, the Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the battle at
Chaliyam Fort.[69] The Portuguese were ousted by the Dutch East India Company, who during the
conflicts between the Kozhikode and the Kochi, gained control of the trade.[70]

Under Mysore Sultans

In 1757, to check the

invasion of the Zamorin of
Calicut, the Palakkad Raja
sought the help of Hyder
Ali of Mysore. In 1766,
Haider Ali of Mysore
defeated the Samoothiri of
Palakkad Fort
Kozhikode – an East India
Malabar as a part of the erstwhile Company ally at the time
Kingdom of Mysore – and absorbed Kozhikode to his state.[43][71] After the Third
Mysore War (1790–1792), Malabar was placed under the control
of the company. Eventually, the status of the Samoothiri was
reduced to that of a pensioner of the company (1806).[43][72] When Wayanad was under Hyder Ali's rule,
the ghat road from Vythiri to Thamarassery was constructed.[73] Then the British rulers developed this
route to Carter road.[74] His son and successor, Tipu Sultan, launched campaigns against the expanding
British East India Company, resulting in two of the four Anglo-Mysore Wars.[75][76]

Colonial period
Tipu ultimately ceded the Malabar district and South Kanara to the company in the 1790s; both were
initially annexed to the Bombay Presidency of British India.[77][78][79] After the Anglo-Mysore wars, the
parts of Malabar Coast, those became British colonies, were organized into a district of British India. Later
the region was transferred into the Madras Presidency in 1800.[3] The administrative headquarters were at
Calicut (Kozhikode). Local affairs were managed by the District Board at Calicut along with Taluk Boards
located at Malappuram, Thalassery, Palakkad and Mananthavady.[80] Initially the British had to suffer local
resistance against their rule under the leadership of Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja, who had popular support
in Thalassery-Wayanad region.[3] During 19th century, British established their army stations at Kannur,
Malappuram, and Calicut. Malappuram which was one of the European military stations in Madras
presidency since 1852, also became the special police force headquarters of Malabar District, with the
establishment of the Malabar Special Police in 1885.[6] The oldest railway lines of Kerala lie in Malabar
District which was laid in the late 19th century for the transportation of good and services; the line laid from
Tirur to Beypore in 1861 being the first among them.

According to William Logan, the Taluks of Malabar could be

subdivided on the basis of the feudal lords who ruled them before
as given below:

Chirakkal Taluk

The Amsoms included in Chirakkal Taluk was classified into two

divisions of Kolathunadu and Randathara (also called Poyanadu).
There were 44 Amsoms in the Taluk.[2]

1. Kolathunadu A map of Malabar District

(Malayalam district) drawn by
Kolathunadu was the land where Kolattiri Rajas (Chirakkal Francis Buchanan-Hamilton in 1807.
family) were historically considered as the main authority. It was Kasaragod region of South Canara
ruled by Kolattiri Raja, Mannanars,[81] Arakkal Kingdom, and was also included in Malayalam
region (just above the blue shaded
Kingdom of Mysore in various periods.[2] It consisted of the
region)
following 36 Amsoms:

Payyannur Kunhimangalam
Vellur Madayi
Karivellur Matool
Korom Cherukunnu
Eramam Kannapuram
Kuttur (Payyanur) Irinave
Kuttiyeri Pappinisseri
Chuzhali Kalliasseri
Kanhileri Morazha
Kalliad Kayaralam
Malapattam Kuttiattoor
Koyyam Maniyoor
Kurumathur Munderi
Taliparamba Cheleri A map of the Madras Presidency in
Pattuvam Kannadiparamba 1909
Ezhome Chirakkal
Cheruthazham Azhikode
 Puzhathi Elayavoor[2]

2. Randathara

Randathara was also called Poyanadu due to the belief that it was the place from where the Cheraman
Perumal took his final departure on the journey to Mecca. It was originally a part of Kolathunadu, but was
treated as a different Nadu.[2] It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms:

Edakkad Makreri Muzhappilangad[2]

Chembilode Anjarakkandy
Iriveri Mavilayi

Kottayam Taluk

The Amsoms included in Kottayam Taluk was classified into four divisions- The English Settlement at
Tellicherry and Dharmapattanam Islands, Iruvazhinadu, Kurangott Nayar Nadu, and Kottayam. There
were 28 Amsoms in the Taluk.[2]

1. The English Settlement at Tellicherry and Dharmapattanam Islands

It was a part of the ancient Kolathunadu. Later it became a part of

the Arakkal kingdom and Kingdom of Mysore. The island of
Dharmapattanam was claimed by all of the Kolattu Rajas,
Kottayam Rajas, and Arakkal Bibi.[2] The English had settled here
and started a factory here. It consisted of the following 4 Amsoms:

Dharmadam Mailanjanmam
Thalassery Thiruvangad[2]

2. Iruvazhinadu

It was also under the Kolathunadu earlier. When the English

factory was established at Thalassery, Iruvazhinadu was held by Thalassery is also notable for
six families of Nambiars - Kunnummal, Chandroth, Kizhakkedath, Thalassery cuisine
Kampurath, Narangozhi, and Kariyad Nambiars. Kurangott
Nayar's possession also probably formed part of the original
territory of Iruvazhinadu.[2] It consisted of the following 6 Amsoms:

Panoor Thrippangottur Peringalam

Puthur Panniyannur Kariyad[2]

3. Kurangott Nayar Nadu

It laid between the English settlement at Thalassery and the French settlement at Mahe.[2] It consisted of the
following two Amsoms.

Olavilam Kallayi[2]

4. Kottayam
It was also earlier a part of Kolathunadu. The Kottayam Rajas (also known as Puranattu Rajas in the
meaning of foreign Kshatriya caste) received their territory from the Kolattu Rajas. Pazhassi Raja was a
Kottayam Raja.[2] It consisted of the following 16 Amsoms.

Koodali Manathana Pinarayi

Pattannur Kannavam Nettur
Chavassery Sivapuram Kadirur
Veliyambra Pazhassi Kottayam[2]
Muzhakkunnu Kandamkunnu
Gannavam Paduvilayi

Wynad Taluk

The Amsoms included in Wynad Taluk was classified into three

divisions- North Wynad, South Wynad, and Southeast Wynad.
There were 16 Amsoms in the Taluk.[82] Wynad was a separate
Revenue Division within Malabar District until 1924.[12]

Wynad was ruled by various kingdoms including Kutumbiyas,[83]

Kadambas, Western Chalukyas,[84] Hoysalas,[85] Vijayanagaras,
and the Kingdom of Mysore, in various periods. Wynad was home
Wayanad, a part of the greater
to many tribes. Wynad has relations with the Kingdom of
Deccan Plateau, is the only plateau
Kottayam and Kurumbranad. Some parts were ruled by the
region of Kerala
Kottayam dynasty.[82]

1. North Wynad

It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms:

Periya Porunnanore Kuppathod[82]

Edavaka Nalloornad
Thondernad Ellurnad

2. South Wynad

It consisted of the following 6 Amsoms:

Poothadi Vythiri Muppanad

Kurumbala Edanatassakur Sultan Bathery[82]

3. Southeast Wynad

It was the regions included in the Gudalur and Pandalur Taluks of present Nilgiris district. Southeast
Wynad was a part of Malabar District until 31 March 1877, when it was transferred to the neighbouring
Nilgiris district due to the heavy population of Malabar and the small area of Nilgiris.[82] It consisted of the
following 3 Amsoms.

Munnanad Nambalakode Cherankode[82]

Kurumbranad Taluk
The Amsoms included in Kurumbranad Taluk was classified into
five divisions- Kadathanad, Payyormala, Payanad,
Kurumbranad, and Thamarassery (Some Amsoms of
Kurumbranad and Thamarassery were included in the Kozhikode
Taluk). There were 57 Amsoms in the Taluk.[2]

1. Kadathanad

It was also part of the Kolathunadu earlier. It formed a major

portion of the Thekkalankur (Southern Regent), or the second Thamarassery Churam in
southeastern Kurumbranad was laid
headquarters of the Kolattiri Rajas. When the English company
in 18th century by Tipu Sultan, the
settled at Thalassery, Kadathanad was under the ancestors of the
ruler of Mysore.
Kadathanad Rajas, who was then called Bavnores of Badagara.[2]
It consisted of the following 31 Amsoms:

Azhiyur Valayam Kummangod

Muttungal Velliyode Ponmeri
Eramala Kunnummal Arakkilad
Karthikappalli Kavilumpara Vatakara
Purameri Kuttiadi Memunda
Edacheri Velom Palayad
Iringannur Cherapuram Puduppanam
Thuneri Kottappally Maniyur
Vellur Ayancheri Thiruvallur[2]
Parakkadavu Katameri
Chekkiad Kuttipuram

2. Payyormala

It was under the control of the Nairs of Payyormala (Paleri, Avinyat, and Kutali Nairs). They were
independent chieftains with some theoretical dependence on both the Kurumbranad and the Zamorin of
Calicut.[2] It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms:

Palery Meppayur Karayad

Cheruvannur Perambra Iringath[2]

3. Payanadu

It was dependent on the Zamorin of Calicut.[2] It consisted of the following 9 Amsoms:

Keezhariyur Meladi Melur

Moodadi Viyyur Chemancheri
Pallikkara Arikkulam Thiruvangoor[2]

4. Kurumbranad

It was subjected to the Kurumbranad family, which was connected with the Kingdom of Kottayam.[2] It
consisted of the following 9 Amsoms in Kurumbranad and Kozhikode Taluks:

Kottur Naduvannur Iyyad

Trikkuttisseri Kavumthara Panangad
 Nediyanad Kizhakkoth Madavoor[2]

5. Thamarassery

It was also subjected to the Kottayam Rajas.[2] It consisted of the following 9 Amsoms in Kurumbranad
and Kozhikode Taluks:

Ulliyeri Kunnathara Nanmanda

Kokkallur Annassery Nediyanad
Edakkara Naduvallur Koodathayi[2]

Kozhikode Taluk

The Amsoms included in Kozhikode Taluk was classified into three divisions- Polanad, Beypore (Northern
Parappanad), and Puzhavayi. There were 41 Amsoms in the Taluk.[2] (As stated earlier, a part of
Kurumbranad and Thamarasseri historical divisions of Kurumbranad Taluk was also included in the
Kozhikode Taluk.)

1. Polanad

Polanad was ruled by the Porlathiri Rajas before the conquest of Kozhikode by the Zamorin of Calicut.
After the conquest, the Zamorins shifted their headquarters from Nediyiruppu in Eranad to Kozhikode. It
became the capital of the Zamorins.[2] It consisted of the following 22 Amsoms:

Elathur Karannur Mayanad

Thalakkulathur Edakkad Kovoor
Makkada Kacheri Perumanna
Chathamangalam Nagaram Peruvayal
Kunnamangalam Kasaba Iringallur
Thamarassery Valayanad Olavanna[2]
Kuruvattur Kottooli
Padinyattumuri Chevayur

2. Beypore (Northern Parappanad)

Parappanad kingdom was a dependent of the Zamorin of Calicut headquartered at Parappanangadi. It was
divided into Northern Parappanad and Southern Parappanad. Northern Parappanad was headquartered at
Beypore.[2] It consisted of the following 3 Amsoms:

Beypore Panniyankara Cheruvannur[2]

3. Puzhavayi

It was ruled by its own Nairs who had a dependence on both of the Zamorin of Calicut and the
Kurumbranad.[2] It consisted of the following 9 Amsoms:

Kedavur Neeleswaram Chuloor

Thiruvambady Koduvally Manashery
Puthur Kanniparamba Pannikode[2]
Ernad Taluk

The Amsoms included in Ernad Taluk was classified into four

divisions- Parappur (Southern Parappanad), Ramanad,
Cheranad, and Eranad. There were 52 Amsoms in the Taluk.[2]
(A part of Cheranad division was under Ponnani Taluk).

1. Parappur (Southern Parappanad)

Southern Parappanad was a dependent of the Zamorin of Calicut.

Parappanangadi, the headquarters of Parappanad royal family, was Conolly's plot, the world's oldest teak
at Southern Parappanad.[2] It consisted of the following 7 plantation at Nilambur in Eastern
Amsoms: Eranad, was planted in 1840's by the
Collector H. V. Conolly.
Pazhanchannur Vallikunnu
Mannur Parappanangadi
Tenhipalam Nannambra[2]
Neduva

2. Ramanad

Ramanad was directly ruled by the Zamorin of Calicut.[2] It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms:

Nallur Karad Chelembra[2]

Azhinjilam Karumarakkad
Cherukavu Karippur

3. Cheranad

Cheranad was also directly ruled by the Zamorin of Calicut.[2] Cheranad was scattered in Eranad and
Ponnani Taluks. The headquarters of Cheranad was Tirurangadi. It consisted of the following 17 Amsoms:

Vadakkumpuram Parudur Oorakam-Melmuri

Valiyakunnu Olakara Puthur
Kattipparuthi Trikkulam Kottakkal
Athavanad Koduvayur Indiannur
Ummathoor Vengara Valakkulam[2]
Irimbiliyam Kannamangalam

4. Eranad

Eranad was the original headquarters of the Zamorin of Calicut. It was later changed to Kozhikode with
the conquest of Polanad. It also was under the direct rule of the Zamorin.[2] It consisted of the following 26
Amsoms:

Mappram Wandoor Chengara

Cheekkode Thiruvali Puliyakode
Urangattiri Trikkalangode Kuzhimanna
Mampad Karakunnu Kolathur
Nilambur Iruvetti Nediyiruppu
Porur Kavanoor Keezhmuri
 Melmuri Irumbuzhi Elankur
Arimbra Manjeri Ponmala[2]
Valluvambram Payyanad

Walluvanad Taluk

The Amsoms included in Walluvanad Taluk was classified into

four divisions- Vellatiri (Walluvanad proper), Walluvanad,
Nedunganad, and Kavalappara. There were 64 Amsoms in the
Taluk.[2]

1. Vellatiri (Walluvanad Proper)

Vellatiri (Walluvanad Proper) was the sole remaining territory of Attappadi valley in Walluvanad
the Walluvanad Raja (Valluvakonathiri), who had once ruled
majority of the South Malabar. A major part of Ernad Taluk was
under Walluvanad before the expansion of the Ernad in 13th-14th centuries. Some of the Amsoms in this
division was part of the Ernad Taluk.[2] It consisted of the following 26 Amsoms:

Kodur Kottoppadam Kolathur

Kuruva Arakurissi Kuruvambalam
Mankada-Pallipuram Tachampara Pulamantol
Mankada Arakkuparamba Elamkulam
Valambur Chethallur Anamangad
Karyavattam Angadipuram Paral
Nenmini Perinthalmanna Chembrassery
Melattur Puzhakkattiri Pandikkad[2]
Vettattur Pang

2. Walluvanad

The Amsoms in this division was comparatively later acquisition by the Zamorin in the territory of the
Walluvanad Raja.[2] It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms:

Tuvvur Kumaramputhur Aliparamba[2]

Thiruvizhamkunnu Karimpuzha
Thenkara Thachchanattukara

3. Nedunganad

Nedunganad had been under the Zamorin for some time. After the disintegration of Perumals of
Mahodayapuram, Nedunganad became independent. It was ruled by Nedungadis. Later it came under the
Zamorin's kingdom.[2] It consisted of the following 27 Amsoms:

Elambulassery Moothedath Madamba Chundambatta

Vellinezhi Thrikkadeeri Vilayur
Sreekrishnapuram Chalavara Pulasseri
Kadampazhipuram Cherpulassery Naduvattam
Kalladikode Naduvattam-Karalmanna Muthuthala
Vadakkumpuram Kulukkallur Perumudiyoor
 Nethirimangalam Vallapuzha Chunangad
Pallippuram Kothakurssi Mulanjur
Kalladipatta Eledath Madamba Perur[2]

4. Kavalappara

Kavalappara had its own Nairs, who owed a sort of nominal allegiance both to the Zamorin of Calicut and
the Kingdom of Cochin.[2] It consisted of the following 6 Amsoms:

Mundakkottukurissi Koonathara Kuzhappalli

Panamanna Karakkad Mundamuka[2]

Ponnani Taluk

The Amsoms included in Ponnani Taluk was classified into three

divisions- Vettathunad, Koottanad, Chavakkad, and the Island of
Chetvai . There were 73 Amsoms in the Taluk.[2]

1. Vettathunad

Vettathunad, also known

as the Kingdom of Tanur,
was a coastal city-state
kingdom in the Malabar
Coast. It was ruled by the
Vettathu Raja, who was
dependent on the Zamorin
of Calicut. The Kshatriya
family of the Vettathu
Rajas became extinct with Kingdom of Tanur (Vettathunad)
the death of the last Raja
Kodakkal Tile Factory was ran by the on 24 May 1793.[2]
Commonwealth Trust at Kodakkal, Vettathunad consisted of the following 21 Amsoms:
Tirunavaya. The Tile Factory at
Kodakkal, started in 1887, is the Pariyapuram Ananthavoor
second tile manufacturing industry in Rayirimangalam Kanmanam
India. First tile factory was at Ozhur Thalakkad
Feroke, which was a part of Eranad
Ponmundam Vettom
Taluk then
Tanalur Pachattiri
Niramaruthur Mangalam
Trikkandiyur Chennara
Iringavoor Triprangode
Klari Pallipuram
Kalpakanchery Purathur[2]
Melmuri

2. Koottanad

The second home of the Zamorin of Calicut was Thrikkavil Kovilakam at Ponnani in Koottanad. The
Zamorin had control over the Koottanad.[2] It consisted of the following 24 Amsoms:
 Thavanur
Kalady
Kodanad
Melattur
Chekkod
Anakkara
Keezhmuri
Pothanur
Eswaramangalam
Pallaprom
Ponnani harbour in mid-1930's Ponnani
Kanjiramukku
Edappal
Vattamkulam
Kumaranellur
Kothachira
Nagalassery
Thirumittacode
Othalur
Kappur
Alamkod
Pallikkara
Eramangalam
Vayilathur[2]

3. Chavakkad

Chavakkad had been under the suzerainity of the Zamorin.[2] It consisted of the following 14 Amsoms:

Veliyankode Palayoor Mullassery

Ayiroor Guruvayur Venkitangu
Kadikkad Iringaprom Chavakkad
Punnayur Annakara Orumanayur[2]
Edakkazhiyur Brahmakulam

4. The Island of Chetvai

The Island of Chetvai had been earlier under the suzerainity of the Zamorin, but it came under the
possession of the Dutch in 1717.[2] It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms:

Vadanappally Edathiruthy Panangad[2]

Nattika Kaipamangalam
Pallipuram Pappinivattom

Palghat Taluk
The Amsoms included in Palghat Taluk was classified into three divisions- Palghat, Temmalapuram, and
Naduvattam. There were 56 Amsoms in the Taluk.[2]

1. Palghat

Palghat was ruled by the Palghat Rajas. Sometime previously to 1757, the Zamorin of Calicut, the
Kingdom of Valluvanad, and the Kingdom of Cochin had tried to annex Palghat. Cochin had annexed
Chittur region. Walluvanad Raja had a nominal sovereignty over the Nairs of Kongad, Edathara, and
Mannur.[2] Palghat division consisted of the following 23 Amsoms:

Cheraya Pallatheri Thadukkassery

Kongad Puthur Mathur
Mundur Koppam Pallanchathanur
Kavilpad Yakkara Kannadi
Akathethara Vadakkanthara Kinassery
Puthussery Kodunthirapalli Thiruvalathur
Elappally Edathara Palathully[2]
Polpully Kizhakkumpuram

2. Temmalapuram

Temmalapuram consisted of the following 10 Amsoms:

Chulanur Tarur Vadakkencherry

Vadakkethara Kannanurpattola Chittilamchery[2]
Kattusseri Ayakkad
Kavasseri Mangalam

3. Naduvattam

Naduvattam was originally under the Palghat Raja. Later the Zamorin of Calicut annexed Naduvattam into
his kingdom.[2] It consisted of the following 23 Amsoms:

Kottayi Koduvayur Pallassena

Mankara Kakkayur Vadavannur
Kuthanur Vilayannur Kizhakkethara
Kuzhalmannam Manjalur Padinjarethara
Vilayanchathanur Erimayur Vattekkad
Thenkurissi Kunissery Panangattiri
Thannissery Pallavur Muthalamada[2]
Peruvemba Kudallur

Exceptional Nadus (1887)

The Exceptional Nadus included the British colonies which were included in the Malabar District, those
were detached from the mainland Taluks of Malabar District by land or sea.[2]

1. Cannanore and Laccadive Islands

These islands were the territory of Arakkal kingdom outside the
town of Kannur.[2] They remained in Malabar district until the
formation of the state of Kerala in 1956. It consisted of the
following 5 inhabited islands of Lakshadweep:[2]

Agatti Kalpeni
Kavaratti Minicoy[2]
Andrott
The uninhabited island of Bangaram
The uninhabited island of Bangaram was also a part. in Lakshadweep

2. Dutch settlements at Cochin (Fort Cochin Taluk)

In 1814, the Dutch settlements at Fort Kochi region of present

Kochi city was ceded to East India Company.[2] They were
attached to the Malabar District.[2] They remained in the district
until the formation of the state of Kerala in 1956. The settlement
consisted of the town and fort of Kochi. It was the erstwhile
municipality of Fort Kochi. In 1664, the municipality of Fort
Kochi was established by Dutch Malabar, making it the first Chinese fishing nets in Fort Kochi
municipality in Indian subcontinent, which got dissolved when the
Dutch authority got weaker in 18th century.[50] It consisted of the
following gardens or Pattams:[2]

Tumboli Pattam Mundamveli Pattam Duart Lemos Pattam

Kattoor Pattam Domingo Fernandez Hendrick Silva Pattam
Athazhakkad Pattam Palakkal Pattam Ramanthuruth Pattam
Manakodathu Pattam Santiago Pattam Sondikalguvankure
Antony Fernandez Pattam Thaiveppu Pattam Pattam
Thekkepurupunkara Belicho Rodriguez Pattam Palliport Hospital
Pattam Saint Louis Pattam Parambu[2]

3. The Dutch settlement at Thangacherry and the English Settlement at Anjengo

Those were the British colonies surrounded by the Kingdom of

Travancore to three sides and Arabian Sea to one side.[2]
Thangassery is actually a part of the city of Kollam. Anchuthengu
lies near Attingal in Thiruvananthapuram.[2] Later Thangassery
and Anchuthengu were transferred from Malabar to Tirunelveli
district on 1 July 1927.[12]

Political and social movements A view of Anchuthengu Fort.

Anchuthengu was the southernmost
The district was the venue for many of the Mappila revolts point of Malabar District on the
(uprisings against the British East India Company in Kerala) Malabar Coast while Minicoy was the
between 1792 and 1921. It is estimated that there were about 830 southernmost island of Malabar
riots, large and small, during this period. Muttichira revolt, Mannur District in the Arabian Sea[2]
revolt, Cherur revolt, Manjeri revolt, Wandoor revolt, Kolathur
revolt, Ponnani revolt, and Thrikkalur revolt are some important
revolts during this period. During 1841-1921 there were more than 86 revolutions against the British
officials alone.[86] East India Company made an arrangement to collect revenue through Zamorin.
However, a revolt under the leadership of Manjeri Athan Gurukkal took place opposing it in 1849.[87]

The Malabar district political conference of Indian National

Congress held at Manjeri on 28 April 1920 strengthened Indian
independence movement and national movement in Malabar
District.[88] That conference declared that the Montagu–
Chelmsford Reforms were not able to satisfy the needs of British
India. It also argued for land reform to seek solutions for the
problems caused by the tenancy that existed in Malabar. However,
the decision widened the drift between extremists and moderates
within Congress. The conference resulted in the dissatisfaction of
landlords with the Indian National Congress. It caused the South Malabar during Malabar
leadership of the Malabar district Congress Committee to come Rebellion
under the control of the extremists who stood for labourers and the
middle class.[3] Eranad, Valluvanad, and Ponnani Taluks had been
part of Khilafat Movement just after the Manjeri conference. The Khilafat non-cooperation demonstration
conducted at Kalpakanchery in Ponnani Taluk (now a part of Tirur Taluk) on 22 March 1921 under the
leadership of K. P. Kesava Menon was attended by about 20,000 people. The first all Kerala provincial
conference of Indian National Congress held at Ottapalam in April 1921 also influenced the rebellion.
Malabar Rebellion of 1921 was the last and important among the Mappila rebellions.

The cities/towns of Malappuram, Manjeri, Kondotty, Perinthalmanna, and Tirurangadi were the main
strongholds of the rebels. The Battle of Pookkottur occurred as a part of the rebellion. After the army,
police, and British authorities fled, the declaration of independence took place in over 200 villages in
Eranad, Valluvanad, Ponnani, and Kozhikode taluks.[89] The new country was given the name Malayala
Rajyam (The land of Malayalam).[90] On August 25, 1921, Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji
inaugurated the Military Training Center at Angadipuram, which was started by the revolutionary
government. The feudal customs of Kumpil Kanji and Kanabhumi were abolished and the tenants were
made landowners. A tax exemption was given for one year and a tax was imposed on the movement of
goods from Wayanad to Tamil Nadu.[91] Similar to the British, the structure of administration was built
upon Collector, Governor, Viceroy, and King.[92] The parallel government established courts, tax centers,
food storage centers, the military, and the legal police. Passport system was introduced for those in the new
country.[93][94] Although the nation's lifespan is less than six months, some British officials have suggested
that the region was ruled by a parallel government for more than a year.[95][96]

The rebels won to establish self-rule in the region for about six
months. However less than six months after the declaration of
autonomy, the East India Company reclaimed the territory and
annexed it to the British Raj. The war was directly controlled by
British Army Commander-in-Chief Chief Rawlson, General
Barnett Stuart, Intelligence Chief Maurice Williams, and Police
General Armitage. Many of the important British military
regiments including Dorset, Karen, Yenier, Linston, Rajputana,
Gorkha, Garwale, and Chin Kutchin reached Malabar for the The Wagon tragedy memorial at Tirur
reannexation of the South Malabar.[97] The Wagon tragedy (1921)
is still a saddening memory of the Malabar rebellion, where 64
prisoners died on 20 November 1921.[98] The prisoners had been taken into custody following the Mappila
Rebellion in various parts of the district. Their deaths through apparent negligence generated sympathy for
Indian independence movement.
Post-Independence

After the Indian independence, Madras Presidency was reorganized into Madras state, which was divided
along linguistic lines on 1 November 1956, when Malabar District was merged with erstwhile Kasaragod
Taluk immediately to the north and the state of Travancore-Cochin to the south to form the state of Kerala.
Malabar District was divided into the three districts of Kozhikode, Palakkad, and Kannur on 1 January
1957. The Chavakkad region of the Ponnani Taluk was transferred to the Thrissur district. Malappuram
District was created from parts of Kozhikode and Palakkad in 1969, and Wayanad District was created in
1980 from parts of Kozhikode and Kannur.

Geography
The hilly beach of Ezhimala had
once been the headquarters of what
is now known as North Malabar in
ancient period.[21]
Malabar district, also known as the Malayalam district, bears its
name from the hilly nature of many areas in the district.[1] It was
one of the two districts of Madras presidency, which lied in the
western coast (Malabar coast) of India, the other being the South
Canara. The mainland area of Malabar District (excluding
Lakshadweep Islands and Fort Kochi region), was surrounded by
South Canara (Mangalore) to north, the princely states of Coorg
and Mysore to northeast, the British districts of Nilgiris (Ooty) and
Coimbatore to southeast, and the princely state of Cochin to
south.[1] North Malabar and South Malabar was divded by the
river Korapuzha.[1] Wayanad, Valluvanad, and Palakkad Taluks
hadn't seacoast, whereas the remaining Taluks in the district had
coastal areas.[1] With an exception of the Lakshadweep islands, the
district was wedged between the Lakshadweep Sea and the
Western Ghats. Wayanad, which forms a continuation of Mysore
Plateau, was the only Plateau in Malabar as well as Kerala. The
district was widely scattered and consists of the following parts:-

Malabar Proper extending north to south along the coast, a

The Kavvayi Backwaters separated
the British district of Malabar from
South Canara (Mangalore)[1]
Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary
Minicoy.
distance of around 240 kilometers, and lying between N.
Lat 10° 15′ and 12° 18′ N and E.Long. 75° 14′ and 76° 56′.
A group of nineteen isolated bits of territory lying scattered,
fifteen of them in the native state of Cochin and the
remaining four in those of Travancore, but all of them near
the coastline. These isolated bits of territory form the taluk of
British Cochin.
Two other detached
bits of land, the
Tangasseri and the
Anchuthengu, within
the Travancore.
Four inhabited and ten
uninhabited islands of
Lakshadweep. The four
inhabited islands are:
Agatti, Kavaratti, Chembra Peak, Wayanad
Androth, and Kalpeni.
The solitary island of
The Western Ghats form a continuous mountain range on the
eastern border of the district. Only break in the Ghats was formed
by the Palakkad Gap. The western part of the district was sandy
coast. The Ghats in the district maintained an average elevation of
1500 m, which might occasionally go up to 2500 m.[1] In
Kozhikode Taluk, they turned sharply eastwards and after passing
the Nilambur valley in Ernad Taluk, they continued further south
along the eastern portions of Ernad and Walluvanad Taluks and the Bharathappuzha River, the second
northern portion of Palghat Taluk.[1] Palakkad Gap broke the longest river in Kerala
Ghats in Palghat Taluk. The highest peaks in Malabar District was
located in Nilambur region on the vicinity of Nilgiri Mountains.[1]
The 2,554 m high Mukurthi peak, which is situated in the border
of modern-day Nilambur Taluk and Ooty Taluk, and is also the
fifth-highest peak in South India as well as the third-highest in
Kerala after Anamudi (2,696 m) and Meesapulimala (2,651 m),
was the highest point of elevation in Malabar district. It is also the
highest peak in Kerala outside the Idukki district. The 2,383 high
Anginda peak, which is located closer to Malappuram-Palakkad-
Nilgiris district border is the second-highest peak.[1] Vavul Mala, a
2,339 m high peak situated on the trijunction of Nilambur Taluk of
Malappuram, Wayanad, and Thamarassery Taluk of Kozhikode Chaliyar, the fourth longest river in
districts, was the third-highest point of elevation in the district.[1] Kerala
Apart from the main continuous range of Western Ghats, there
were many small undulating hills in the lowland of the district.[1]
Tropical evergreen forests were present in the mountain ranges in
the district.[1] The eastern regions in the modern-day districts of
Wayanad, Malappuram (Chaliyar valley at Nilambur), and
Palakkad (Attappadi Valley), which together form parts of the
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and a continuation of the Mysore
Plateau, are known for natural Gold fields, along with the
adjoining districts of Karnataka.[99]

The largest three rivers in Malabar District were, Bharathappuzha Kadalundi River, the fifth-longest
(River Ponnani), Chaliyar, Kadalundippuzha, all of them flowing river in Kerala
through South Malabar. Valapattanam River was the largest river
in North Malabar region which empties into Arabian Sea near
Kannur. Two rivers flowed eastwards in the district - Kabini River
in Wynad Taluk and Bhavani River in the high hills of the
Walluvanad Taluk. Both of them were tributaries of the River
Kaveri.[1] Other rivers in the district were west-flowing which
flows into the Arabian Sea. Coastal backwaters like Kavvayi and
Biyyam were also there. The important west-flowing rivers
included Valapattanam River in Chirakkal Taluk, Anjarakandi
River in Kottayam Taluk, Mahé River and Kuttiadi River in
Kurumbranad Taluk, Chaliyar in Ernad Taluk, Kadalundi River in A typical Palakkadan paddy field
Ernad and Walluvanad Taluks, and Bharathappuzha in Ponnani (from Nemmara)
and Palghat Taluks. [1] Other rivers were Kottoor, Irikkur,
Vannathi, Pazhayangadi, Perumba, Kuppam, Kuttikol, and
Kavvayi in Chirakkal Taluk, Bavali and Iritti in Kottayam Taluk (Bavali flows through Wynad too),
Korapuzha in Kurumbranad and Kozhikode Taluks, Panamarampuzha and Manantoddy River in Wynad
Taluk, Kallayi, Irittuzhi, Irungi, and Mukkam in Kozhikode Taluk, Thuthapuzha in Ponnani and
Walluvanad Taluks, Olipuzha and Siruvani in Walluvanad Taluk, and Kalpathipuzha, Yakkarapuzha, and
Gayathripuzha in Palghat Taluk.[1]

Administrative divisions
Malabar district had 5 revenue divisions namely, Thalassery
(Tellicherry), Kozhikode (Calicut), Malappuram, Palakkad
(Palghat), and Fort Cochin and 10 Taluks within them.[1] The
plateau of Wayanad was a separate Revenue Division until 1924.
Later it was merged with Thalassery.

Thalassery Revenue Division

Headquartered at Thalassery[1]

Taluks
Chirakkal (Area:1,750 square kilometres (677 sq mi);
Headquarters:Chirakkal), now Kannur
Kottayam (Area:1,270 square kilometres (489 sq mi);
Headquarters:Kottayam), now Thalassery
Malabar District during 1951 Census
Wayanad (Area:2,130 square kilometres (821 sq mi);
Headquarters:Mananthavady)[1]

Kozhikode Revenue Division

Headquartered at Kozhikode[1]

Taluks
Kurumbranad (Area:1,310 square kilometres (505 sq mi); Headquarters:),now Vatakara
Kozhikode & Laccadive Islands (Area:980 square kilometres (379 sq mi);
Headquarters:Kozhikode)

(Laccadive islands were a separate Taluk under British rule. Later it merged with Kozhikode Taluk.)

Malappuram Revenue Division

Headquartered at Malappuram[1]

Taluks
Ernad (Area:2,540 square kilometres (979 sq mi); Headquarters:Manjeri)
Valluvanad (Area:2,280 square kilometres (882 sq mi); Headquarters:), now
Perinthalmanna[1]
Palakkad Revenue Division

Headquartered at Palakkad[1]

Taluks
Ponnani (Area:1,100 square kilometres (426 sq mi); Headquarters:Ponnani)
Palakkad (Area:1,670 square kilometres (643 sq mi); Headquarters:Palakkad)[1]

Fort Cochin Revenue Division

Headquartered at Fort Cochin[1]

Cochin (Area:5.2 square kilometres (2 sq mi); Headquarters:Cochin)[1]

Demography
Native castes in the erstwhile Malabar District include Nambudiri Brahmin, Nair, Thiyya, Mappila, and
Scheduled Castes and Tribes.[2]

Religious Demographics of Malabar District

Historical population
(1871&1951)[102][101]
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
Religion 1871[102] 1951[101] 1871 2,261,250 —
1881 2,365,035 +0.45%
1 Hinduism 72.43%[102] 63.25%[101]
1891 2,652,565 +1.15%
2 Islam 25.72% [102] 33.49% [101] 1901 2,800,555 +0.54%
1911 3,015,119 +0.74%
3 Christianity 1.43%[102] 3.24%[101]
1921 3,098,871 +0.27%
1931 3,533,944 +1.32%
Among various Hindu castes, Thiyyas were the most populous in 1941 3,929,425 +1.07%
the erstwhile Malabar District according to 1881 Census of 1951 4,758,842 +1.93%
India.[103] Thiyyas formed nearly 35% of the total Hindus of Source:[100]
Malabar in 1881.[103] Mannanar was a former Thiyyar dynasty in
Malabar. Kalari Panicker, Chekavar, etc were some subdivisions of
Thiyya caste. They were present in large numbers in almost all Taluks of Malabar except Palghat, Cochin,
and Laccadive Islands.[103] Thiyyas were similar to Billavas of Tulu Nadu.[104] In Palghat Taluk, there
were Ezhavas instead of Thiyyas.[103]

Nairs were the second-largest caste accounting for nearly 20% of the Hindu population in 1881.[103] Their
presence was scattered all over Malabar except Laccadive and Minicoy Islands.[103] According to William
Logan, the main subdivisions among the Nair of erstwhile Malabar District were Menon, Nayanar (in
North Malabar), Menoky, Moopil Nair, Pada Nair, Kuruppu, Kaimal, Panikkar, Kiryathil Nair, Moothar,
Oore, Kidavu, Kartha, Eradi (in Eranad and Kozhikode), Vellodi (in Valluvanad), Nedungadi (in
Nedunganad), Mannadiyar (in Palakkad), and Manavalan.[103] Nairs were similar to the Bunts of Tulu
Nadu.[104]

Malabar Manual states that the royal family of Parappanad belonged to Kshatriya caste, from where
members for Travancore royal family were usually selected.[103] The rulers of the Kingdom of Kottayam
(Thalassery) also belonged to Kshatriyas.[103] Ambalavasi population was higher in South Malabar,
compared to that in North Malabar.[103]

Nambudiri Brahmins, who had the highest position in caste system,

were mainly concentrated around the river Bharathappuzha, mainly in
the Taluks of Valluvanad and Ponnani, in South Malabar.[103]
According to 1881 Census, more than 50% of all Nambudiris in
Malabar were settled in Valluvanad and Ponnani taluks.[103] Nearly
90% of the Nambudiris of Malabar were from South Malabar, while
North Malabar contributed only around 10%.[103] Kozhikode and
Eranad came next to Valluvanad and Ponnani in Namboodiri
population.[103] Azhvanchery Thamprakkal, who were the head of all
Namboodiri of Kerala belong to Athavanad in erstwhile Ponnani
taluk.[103] There were some Iyer Brahmins in Palghat Taluk and Religion in Malabar
Tuluva Brahmins in North Malabar.[103] District (1951)[101]

Cherumar/Cheramar population was comparitively higher in the Hinduism (63.25%)

erstwhile Taluk of Cheranad (merged with Eranad and Ponnani in Islam (33.49%)
1860's) and it's surroundings.[103] Nearly 70% of all Cherumars of Christianity (3.24%)
Malabar District in 1857 census were from the Taluks of Eranad, Other (0.02%)
Valluvanad, Ponnani, and Palakkad.[103] William Logan notes in his
Malabar Manual that a larger number of Cherumar caste converted
into Islam in the Taluks of Eranad, Ponnani, and Valluvanad during
1871-1881, comparing the census reports of 1871 and 1881.[103]

Muslim population was higher in South Malabar compared to its

northern counterparts. Muslims formed nearly 100% of population in
Laccadive Islands, and more than 50% in Eranad Taluk, according to
1881 Census.[103] Muslim population was much higher than the
district average in the Taluks of Valluvanad and Ponnani too in
1881.[103] At the same time Palakkad Taluk had the least population
of Muslims in 1881.[103] Their population was higher in former
territories of the Zamorin of Calicut.[103] Mappila Muslims of
Malabar were similar to the Beary Muslims of Tulu Nadu.[104]
Language in Malabar
Fort Cochin Taluk had the highest Christian population in Malabar District (1951)[101]
while Valluvanad Taluk and Laccadive Islands had the least.[103] The
presence of Saint Thomas Christians was significant only in the Malayalam (96.41%)
southern portions of Ponnani taluk (Chavakkad region) and Fort Tamil (2.52%)
Kochi.[103] Telugu (0.46%)
Other (0.61%)
The Talukwise area and population of Malabar district as of 1951
Census of India are given below:
 Population and area of Malabar district (1951)[1]
Area
# Taluk Population
(in sq.miles)
Thalassery Division
1 Chirakkal (Kannur) 688 534,890
2 Kottayam (Thalassery) 484 369,580
3 Wayanad (Mananthavady) 821 169,280
Kozhikode Division
4 Kurumbranad (Vatakara) 506 554,091
5 Kozhikode & Laccadive Islands 380 530,364
Malappuram Division
6 Eranad (Manjeri) 978 614,283
7 Valluvanad (Perinthalmanna) 873 573,457
Palakkad Division
8 Ponnani 427 793,805
9 Palakkad 643 585,651
Fort Cochin Division
10 Fort Cochin 2 32,941
Total 5,802 4,758,842

Towns and Types

Although there were several settlements across Malabar district during the Madras Presidency or Pre-
Independence era, only a handful were officially considered as 'Towns'. Those were Cannanore,
Tellicherry, Badagara, Calicut, Malappuram, Tanur, Ponnani, Palghat and Fort Kochi.[15] The
municipalities of Kozhikode, Palakkad, Fort Kochi, Kannur, and Thalassery, were formed on 1 November
1866 according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act
1850)[13][14][15][16] of the British Indian Empire, making all of them the first modern municipalities in
Kerala. Even the Thiruvananthapuram municipality was formed in 1920 (54 years later).

Abbreviations

M: Municipality:
T: Non Municipal Town:
C: Cantonment
A.C: Administrative
Center:
Towns with a local governing body constituted under Madras Town Improvement Act
of 1865.
Towns without a governing body, listed in Madras District Records.
Towns with a Military base in Madras Presidency.
Towns supporting administrative headquarters of higher order.
 Cities/Towns of Malabar district during late 1800s (1881), Early 1900s (1901), and Mid
1900s (1941)[14][15][16][105]
Year
City/Town Type Taluk Revenue Division Population
Declared
Pre-Independence / Late 1800s (1881)
Kozhikode 1866 M, C, AC Kozhikode Kozhikode 57,085
Palakkad 1866 M, AC Palghat Palghat 36,339
Thalassery 1866 M, AC Kottayam Tellicherry 26,410
Kannur 1866 M, C Chirakkal Tellicherry 26,386
Fort Kochi 1866 M, AC Fort Cochin Fort Cochin 15,698
Early 1900s (1901)
Badagara 1902 T Kurumbranad Kozhikode 11,319
Ponnani 1902 T Ponnani Palghat 10,562
Malappuram 1904 T, C, AC Ernad Malappuram 9,216
Tanur 1912 T Ponnani Palghat 8,409
Mid 1900s (1941)
Pandalayini
1941 T Kurumbranad Kozhikode 12,713
(Koyilandy)
Feroke 1941 T Ernad Malappuram 6,249
Manjeri 1941 T Ernad Malappuram 5,547
Trikkandiyur
1941 T Ponnani Palghat 9,489
(Tirur)

1951 Census of India

The settlements with a population of more than 50,000 were considered as cities and those had between
10,000 and 50,000 were considered as towns.[101] The following table gives the cities and towns of
Malabar district classified by their population as of the 1951 Census:
 Cities and towns of Malabar district (1951)[101]
Population
City/Town Taluk
(1951)
Cities
Kozhikode Kozhikode 158,724
Palakkad Palghat 69,504
Towns
Kannur Chirakkal 42,431
Thalassery Kottayam 40,040
Fort Kochi Fort Cochin 29,881
Panthalayini (Koyilandy) Kurumbranad 29,001
Ponnani Ponnani 23,606
Ottapalam Walluvanad 22,695
Badagara Kurumbranad 20,964
Feroke Ernad 19,463
Tanur Ponnani 17,888
Trikkandiyur (Tirur) Ponnani 11,830
Shoranur Walluvanad 11,596
Manjeri Ernad 10,357
Total 507,975

Local bodies

At the time of 1951 Census of India, Malabar District was divided into 5 Municipalities and 100 Panchayat
Boards.[106] Among them 2 municipalities (Kozhikode and Palakkad) were treated as cities.[106] The
municipalities were Kozhikode, Palakkad, Kannur, Thalassery, and Fort Cochin.[106] The other towns
mentioned above, i.e., Shoranur, Ottapalam, Manjeri, Ponnani, Tanur, Trikkandiyur (Tirur), Feroke,
Pandalayini (Quilandy), and Badagara, were treated as Panchayat towns.[106] The Taluk-wise details of 5
Municipalities and 100 Panchayat Boards under Malabar District Board at that time are given below:[106]
 Abbreviations
T: TOWN
It maybe either a Municipal Town or a Non-Municipal Town.
The settlements exceeding a population of 10,000 and had
some sort of economic importance were considered as
towns according to 1951 Census of India[106]
C: CITY
The Municipalities exceeding a population of 50,000
and had larger economic importance were treated as
cities according to 1951 Census of India[106]
TELLICHERRY DIVISION

Chirakkal Taluk (10)[106]

Cannanore Municipality (T)
1. Payyanur 2. Karivellur-Peralam 3. Ramanthali
4. Cheruthazham-Kunhimangalam 5. Azhikode 6. Pappinisseri
7. Kankole 8. Baliapatam 9. Chirakkal
10. Puzhathi

Kottayam Taluk (15)[106]

Tellicherry Municipality (T)
11. Panoor 12. Kuthuparamba 13. Kadirur
14. Kariyad 15. Dharmadom 16. Kottayam
17. Eranholi 18. Eruvatty 19. Peringalam
20. Pinarayi 21. Pathiriyad 22. Olavilam
23. Vadakkumpad 24. Menapram 25. Kodiyeri

Wynad Taluk (8)[106]

26. Thavinhal 27. Manantoddy 28. Thirunelly
29. Kalpetta 30. Vythiri 31. Meppadi
32. Kidanganad 33. Vellamunda
KOZHIKODE DIVISION

Kurumbranad Taluk (14)[106]

34. Badagara (T) 35. Cheruvannur 36. Unnikulam
37. Eramala 38. Balussery 39. Edacheri
40. Kunnummakkara 41. Meppayur 42. Villiappally
43. Nadapuram 44. Chorode 45. Panthalayani (Koyilandy) (T)
46. Veloor 47. Karthikappalli

Kozhikode Taluk (3)[106]

Kozhikode Municipality (C)
48. Beypore 49. Thamarassery 50. Koduvally
MALAPPURAM DIVISION

Ernad Taluk (5)[106]

51. Nilambur 52. Nediyiruppu 53. Manjeri (T)
54. Kondotty 55. Kottakkal

Walluvanad Taluk (10)[106]

56. Shoranur (T) 57. Ottapalam (T) 58. Pattambi
59. Thiruvegappura 60. Perinthalmanna 61. Cherpulassery
62. Perur 63. Kuruvattoor 64. Vaniyamkulam
65. Karakkad
PALGHAT DIVISION

Ponnani Taluk (21)[106]

66. Ponnani (T) 67. Kalpakanchery 68. Trikkandiyur (Tirur) (T)
69. Tanur Nagaram 70. Tanur (T) 71. Ozhur
72. Andathode 73. Vadakkekad 74. Attupuram
75. Vylathur 76. Veliyankode 77. Ayiroor
78. Maranchery 79. Kottapadi 80. Chavakkad
81. Chittaattukara 82. Elavally 83. Pavaratty
84. Kundazhiyur 85. Venkitangu 86. Engandiyur

Palghat Taluk (14)[106]

Palghat Municipality (C)
87. Peringottukurissi 88. Kottayi 89. Tholanur
90. Vadakkencherry 91. Kizhakkancherry 92. Kollengode
93. Vadavannur 94. Pallassana 95. Koduvayur
96. Thenur 97. Elappully 98. Kattusseri
99. Paruthipully 100. Mankara
FORT COCHIN DIVISION

Fort Cochin Taluk (0)[106]

Fort Cochin Municipality (T)

Politics

Representatives from Malabar to Madras State

In C. Rajagopalachari Ministry: 1) Kongattil Raman Menon (1937–39), 2) C. J. Varkey,
Chunkath (1939)
In Prakasam Ministry: 1) R. Raghavamenon (1946–47)
In Ramaswami Reddyar Ministry: 1) Kozhippurathu Madhavamenon (1947–49)
In P. S. Kumaraswami Ministry: 1) Kozhippurathu Madhavamenon (1949–52)
In C. Rajagopalachari Ministry: 1) K. P. Kuttikrishnan Nair (1952–54) Kalladi Unnikammu
Sahib
1951–52 Indian general election

In the first election to the Lok Sabha conducted under the provisions of the Indian Constitution after
Independence, Malabar district had five constituencies, Kannur, Thalassery, Kozhikode, Malappuram and
Ponnani.[107]

Constituency Winner Party Runner-up Party

C.K.K Govindan Nayar INC
1 Kannur A. K. Gopalan CPI
K.S.Subramania Iyer IND
P. Kunhiraman INC
2 Thalassery Nettur P. Damodaran KMPP
P.M.V Kunhiraman Nambiar SP
Ummar Koya Parappil INC
3 Kozhikode Achuthan Damodaran Menon KMPP
Ramakrislina Naick,R.N. Ruhur IND
T.V Chathukutty Nair INC
4 Malappuram B. Pocker Sahib Bahadur IUML
Kumhali Karikedan CPI
K. Kelappan KMPP Karunakara Menon INC
5 Ponnani
Vella Eacharan Iyyani INC Massan Gani IND

1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election

25 State Legislative Assembly constituencies were allotted from the Malabar District to the First Assembly
of Madras State. 4 of them were dual-member constituencies. The total number of seats in the district was
29 (including dual member constituencies).
 Constituency Winner Party Runner-up Party
1 Nattika Gopalakrishnan CPI Raman INC
N. Gopala Menon INC K. C. Sankarann INC
2 Ponnani
E. T. Kunhan CPI A. C. Raman KMPP
3 Tirur K. Uppi Saheb IUML K. Ahmad Kutty INC
4 Thrithala K. B. Menon SP P. K. Moideen Kutty INC
Kunhimahamad Shafee
5 Perinthalmanna IUML P. Ahmad Kutty Sadhu CPI
Kallingal
6 Mannarkkad K. C. Gopalanunni IND Kurikal Ahmed IND
V. Sankara Narayana
7 Pattambi KMPP A. Ramachandra Nedungadi INC
Menon
8 Ottapalam M. Narayana Kurup KMPP C. P. Madhavan Nair INC
9 Palakkad K. Ramakrishnan IND P. Vasu Menon INC
K. Krishnan CPI Y. R. Ramanatha Iyer IND
10 Alathur
O. Koran KMPP E. Eacharan INC
Miniyadam Chadayan IUML Karupadata Ibrahim INC
11 Malappuram
Mohammad Haje Seethi IUML Kallayan Kunhambu INC
Kunjunni Nedumgadi,
12 Kottakkal Chakkeeri Ahmad Kutty IUML INC
Ezhuthassan Kalathil
13 Kozhikode K. P. Kutty Krishnan Nair INC E. M. S. Namboodiripad CPI
14 Chevayur A. Appu INC Ayyadhan Balagopalan KMPP
Manyangode
SP Kozhipurath Madhava Menon INC
15 Wayanad Padmanabha Gounder
Chomadi Velukkan SP Veliyan Nocharamooyal INC
Chemmaratha Anantapuram Patinhare Madam
16 Koyilandy KMPP INC
Kunhriramakurup Vasudevan Nair
17 Perambra Kunhiram Kidavu Polloyil KMPP Kalandankutty, Puthiyottil INC
18 Vadakara Moidu Keloth SP Ayatathil Chathu INC
E. K. Sankara Varma
19 Nadapuram INC K. Thacharakandy CPI
Raja
20 Thalassery C. H. M. Kanaran CPI K. P. M. Raghavan Nair INC
Harindranabham, Kalliyat
21 Kuthuparamba Krishna Iyer IND SP
Thazhathuveethil
Madhavan Nambiar,
22 Mattanur CPI Subbarao INC
Kallorath
23 Kannur Kariath Sreedharan KMPP Pamban Madhavan INC
24 Taliparamba T. C. Narayanan Nambiar CPI V. V. Damodaran Nayanar INC
25 Payyanur K. P. Gopalan CPI Vivekananda Devappa Sernoy INC

Malabar Cuisine
 Pathiri, a pancake made
of rice flour, is one of the
common breakfast
dishes in Kannur
Kallummakkaya Halwas are popular in
nirachathu or towns like Kannur,
arikkadukka (mussels Thalassery, Kozhikode,
stuffed with rice) Thalassery biryani with and Ponnani
raita

The Malabar cuisine depicts it culture and heritage. It is famous for Malabar biriyani. The city of
Kozhikode is also famous for Haluva called as Sweet Meat by Europeans due to the texture of the sweet.
Kozhikode has a main road in the town named Mittai Theruvu (Sweet Meat Street, or S.M. Street for
short). It derived this name from the numerous Halwa stores which used to dot the street.

Another speciality is banana chips, which are made crisp and wafer-thin. Other popular dishes include
seafood preparations (prawns, mussels, mackerel) . Vegetarian fare includes the sadya.

Malabar cuisine is a blend of traditional Kerala, Persian, Yemenese and Arab food culture.[108] This
confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes.[108] Kallummakkaya
(mussels) curry, irachi puttu (irachi meaning meat), parottas (soft flatbread),[108] Pathiri (a type of rice
pancake)[108] and ghee rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark
of Malabar cuisine—black pepper, cardamom and clove are used profusely.

The Malabar version of biryani, popularly known as kuzhi mandi in Malayalam is another popular item,
which has an influence from Yemen. Various varieties of biriyanis like Thalassery biriyani, Kannur
biriyani,[109] Kozhikode biriyani[110] and Ponnani biriyani[111] are prepared in Malabar.[108]

The snacks include unnakkaya (deep-fried, boiled ripe banana paste covering a mixture of cashew, raisins
and sugar),[112] pazham nirachathu (ripe banana filled with coconut grating, molasses or sugar),[112]
muttamala made of eggs,[108] chatti pathiri, a dessert made of flour, like a baked, layered chapati with rich
filling, arikkadukka,[113] and more.[108]

However, the newer generation is more inclined towards to Chinese and American food. Chinese food is
very popular among the locals.

Notable people from Malabar

List of people from North Malabar
List of people from South Malabar

Modern day Taluks and Islands in erstwhile Malabar

 District Taluk/Island
Kasaragod
Manjeshwaram
Kasaragod district
Hosdurg
Vellarikundu
Taliparamba
Kannur
Kannur district Payyanur
Thalassery
Iritty
Mananthavady
Wayanad district Sulthan Bathery
Vythiri (Kalpetta)
Vatakara
Koyilandy
Kozhikode district
Kozhikode
Thamarassery
Gudalur
Nilgiris district
Pandalur
Tirurangadi
Eranad (Manjeri)
Nilambur
Malappuram district Perinthalmanna
Kondotty
Tirur
Ponnani
Mannarkkad
Ottappalam
Palakkad
Palakkad district
Pattambi
Alathur
Chittur
Chavakkad
Thrissur district
Kodungallur (parts)
Ernakulam district Fort Kochi
Kollam district Thangassery (Kollam taluk)
Thiruvananthapuram district Anchuthengu (Chirayinkeezhu taluk)
Lakshadweep Agatti
 Andrott
Bangaram
Kalpeni
Kavaratti
Minicoy

Historical maps

Malabar Coast Major ports in 1st Malabar Coast Zamorin of Calicut's

around AD 1st Century CE around AD 300 (4th empire in 1498
century CE according to the century CE)
Periplus of the
Erythraean Sea

Malabar Coast in Malabar Coast in A horizontal Malabar Malabar in 1652

Portuguese India early 17th century Coast miniature map (Malabar Coast is
(16th century CE) (1600-1618) by Abraham highlighted
Ortelius, Antwerp, separately on the
c.1580, from the right side)
Epitome Theatri
Orteliani; *a reprint
by Petrus Bertius,
1630*; and *another
Bertius version*,
Amsterdam, c.1600-
18
South India in 1691- A map in which the Kaart van Zuid-India A rare map of India
92 (Calicut is entire western coast Nova tabula and Ceylon issued
marked in large of India is termed as terrarum Cucan, in 1733 by the
letters). Malabar Coast Canara, Malabaria, Homann Heirs.
(drawn in mid-18th Madura, &
century CE) Coromandella, cum
parte septentrionali
insulae Ceylon, in
mari Indico Orientali
edente Hadriano
Relando (titel op
object)

A map of South Indian Subcontinent Rigobert Bonne's 1775 maritime map

India drawn by in 1760 1770 decorative or nautical chart of
Emanuel Bowen map of southern southern India and
(1744) India. Ceylon by Jean-
Baptiste d'Après de
Mannevillette.
Historical map of 1780 map of Rigobert Bonne and South India in 1782
South India, Sri southern India by G. Raynal's 1780
Lanka, the Maldives, the French map of Southern
the Nicobar Islands, cartographer India.
Myanmar, the Rigobert Bonne.
Malabar Coast, the
Coromandel Coast,
the Andaman
Islands (1780)

Political state of South India in 1794 A Map of the 1800 Faden Rennell
South India just after Peninsula of India Wall Map of India -
Third Anglo-Mysore from the 19th Geographicus -
War which ended in Degree North India
1792. Latitude to Cape
Comorin, just after
the Fourth Anglo-
Mysore War which
ended in 1799
India in 1804 1804 German South India in 1808 1808 Smith Map of
Edition of the India -
Rennel Map of India Geographicus -
- Geographicus India

1814 Thomson Map India in General 1838 Wyld Wall Map South India in 1843
of India - Karte von of India (Hindostan
Geographicus - Vorderindien zur or British India) -
India Übersicht der Geographicus -
Hauptverhältnisse India
(1836)

Southern division of Asia in 1840 - 1860 Map of Madras India in 1887 with
South India in 1843 (Calicut is marked) Presidency in taken cattle breeds based
from Text-book of on the travels of
Indian History: Robert Wallace.
Geographical Notes,
Genealogical
Tables, Examination
Questions (1880)
1889 map of India 1891 Map of India Malabar Coast in North Malabar in
(Only Calicut and (Outlines of 1893 1893 (On the
Cochin are Geography for the southwestern end of
highlighted from use of lower and the map)
Kerala). middle forms of
schools and of
candidates for the
Army Preliminary
Examinations)

Geology Gazetter 1899 Map of India Image taken from North Malabar in
map of Malabar in (Only Calicut and page 1381 of La 1909 (On the
1897 Cochin are Terra, trattato southwestern end of
highlighted from popolare di the map)
Kerala). geografia universale
Malabar Coast in Map of Malabar 1932 map of
1911 (On the Railway taken from Malabar Coast
southwestern region Illustrated Guide to
of the map) the South Indian
Railway, printed by
Hoe and Coat the
'Premier Press',
Madras, 1913

See also
Zamorin Nilgiris district
Arakkal kingdom Kannur district
Kingdom of Mysore Kasaragod district
Dutch Malabar Malappuram district
Treaty of Seringapatam Palakkad district
Pazhassi Raja Thrissur district
William Logan (author) Fort Kochi
North Malabar Kolathunadu
South Malabar Kingdom of Valluvanad
Malabar pepper Kingdom of Tanur
Kerala Travancore
Lakshadweep Kingdom of Cochin
Kozhikode district Travancore-Cochin
Wayanad district States Reorganisation Act, 1956

References
1. 1951 census handbook - Malabar district (http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/64
25/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf) (PDF). Chennai: Government of Madras. 1953. pp. 1–2.
2. Logan, William (2010). Malabar Manual (Volume-I). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.
pp. 631–666. ISBN 9788120604476.
3. Sreedhara Menon, A. (2007). A Survey of Kerala History (https://dcbookstore.com/books/a-s
urvey-of-kerala-history) (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. ISBN 9788126415786.
4. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Malabar" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C
3%A6dia_Britannica/Malabar). Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge
University Press. p. 452.
 5. Superintendent of Census Operations, Madras (1956). Abstract of 1951 Census Tables for
Madras State (http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6451/1/42078_1951_CEN.pd
f) (PDF). Madras: Government of Madras. p. 6.
6. C.A., Innes (1908). Madras District Gazetteers: Malabar and Anjengo (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=w806vgAACAAJ). Government Press, Madras. p. 416. Retrieved 11 January
2020.
7. "The States Reorganisation Act, 1956" (https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1956-37.
pdf) (PDF). legislative.gov.in. Government of India.
8. M. K. Devassy (1965). 1961 Census Handbook- Cannanore District (http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jsp
ui/bitstream/123456789/5668/1/22055_1961_CAN.pdf) (PDF). Directorate of Census
Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands.
9. M. K. Devassy (1965). 1961 Census Handbook- Kozhikode District (http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jsp
ui/bitstream/123456789/5665/1/22059_1961_KOZ.pdf) (PDF). Directorate of Census
Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands.
10. M. K. Devassy (1965). 1961 Census Handbook- Palghat District (http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/b
itstream/123456789/5667/1/51592_1961_PAL.pdf) (PDF). Directorate of Census
Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands.
11. Pamela Nightingale, ‘Jonathan Duncan (bap. 1756, d. 1811)’, Oxford Dictionary of National
Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009
12. Boag, GT (1933). The Madras Presidency (1881-1931) (https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/ad
min/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0023302_The_Madras_Presidency_1881_1931.pdf) (PDF).
Madras: Government of Madras. p. 9.
13. "CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF CENTRAL ACTS (Updated up to 17-10-2014)" (http://www.la
wmin.nic.in/chronology.doc). Lawmin.nic.in. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
14. McIver, Lewis; Stokes, G. (1883). Imperial Census of 1881 Operations and Results in the
Presidency of Madras (https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Imperial_Census_of_1881/b_
YIAAAAQAAJ?hl=en) ((Vol II) ed.). Madras: E.Keys at the Government Press. p. 444.
Retrieved 5 December 2020.
15. Presidency, Madras (India (1915). Madras District Gazetteers, Statistical Appendix For
Malabar District (https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Madras_district_gazetteers_Malaba
r_distr/aUEwnQEACAAJ?hl=en) (Vol.2 ed.). Madras: The Superintendent, Government
Press. p. 20. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
16. HENRY FROWDE, M.A., Imperial Gazetteer of India (1908–1909). Imperial Gazetteer of
India (https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/) (New ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Retrieved 2 December 2020.
17. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100918085703/http://www.corporationoftriva
ndrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11). Archived from
the original (http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=a
rticle&id=158&Itemid=11) on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010. Year of
becoming a corporation
18. "KPCC marks a milestone tomorrow" (http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kpcc-m
arks-a-milestone-tomorrow/article18185120.ece). The Hindu. 21 April 2017. Retrieved
21 April 2017.
19. "Founders" (http://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/founders-98.php?n=1). CPIM Kerala.
20. Thiruvananthapuram, R. KRISHNAKUMAR in. "A man and a movement" (https://frontline.the
hindu.com/other/article30224225.ece). Frontline.
21. Sreedhara Menon, A. (January 2007). Kerala Charitram (https://books.google.com/books?id
=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B
4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%8
2) (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. ISBN 9788126415885. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
22. J. Sturrock (1894). "Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I)" (https://archive.org/
details/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up). Madras Government Press.
23. V. Nagam Aiya (1906). The Travancore State Manual (https://archive.org/details/travancorest
ate00aiyagoog/page/n10/mode/2up). Travancore Government Press.
24. C. A. Innes and F. B. Evans, Malabar and Anjengo, volume 1, Madras District Gazetteers
(Madras: Government Press, 1915), p. 2.
25. M. T. Narayanan, Agrarian Relations in Late Medieval Malabar (https://books.google.co.uk/b
ooks?hl=en&lr=&id=kHtbkuXruzwC&) (New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 2003), xvi–xvii.
26. Mohammad, K.M. "Arab relations with Malabar Coast from 9th to 16th centuries"
Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Vol. 60 (1999), pp. 226–34.
27. M. Vijayanunni (1983). 1981 Census Handbook- Wayanad District (Part-A&B) (http://lsi.gov.i
n:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5755/1/29610_1981_WAY.pdf) (PDF). Directorate of
Census Operations, Kerala.
28. Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Yogesh Sharma, Primus Books
2010
29. Subramanian, T. S (28 January 2007). "Roman connection in Tamil Nadu" (http://www.hindu.
com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007/01/28/&prd=th). The
Hindu. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130919235748/http://www.hindu.com/thehin
du/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007%2F01%2F28%2F&prd=th)
from the original on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
30. Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. Journal of Roman Archaeology,
14, 334-350.
31. A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History
32. According to Pliny the Elder, goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their
original purchase price. See [1] (https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.ca
rtage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html)
33. Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London:
Taylor and Francis.
34. Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian
Project. pp. 358–373.
35. Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt
Ltd. p. 301.
36. Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy Perumāḷs
of Kerala (https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&dq=Perumals+of+Kerala
&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiH-dbD57HuAhXIbn0KHeY5B
HkQ6AEwAXoECAYQAQ). Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 438-42.
37. DCHB Malapuram 2011 Part-B
38. Sreedhara Menon, A. (January 2007). Kerala Charitram (https://books.google.com/books?id
=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B
4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%8
2) (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. ISBN 978-81-264-1588-5. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
39. Singh, Arun Kumar (11 February 2017). "Give Indian Navy its due" (https://www.asianage.co
m/opinion/columnists/110217/give-indian-navy-its-due.html). The Asian Age. Retrieved
23 January 2021.
40. The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800. Festschrift in
Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal
Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of
MESHAR (Kerala)
41. DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History
42. Varier, M. R. Raghava. "Documents of Investiture Ceremonies" in K. K. N. Kurup, Edit.,
"India's Naval Traditions". Northern Book Centre, New Delhi, 1997
43. K. V. Krishna Iyer, Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806. Calicut: Norman
Printing Bureau, 1938.
44. Ibn Battuta, H. A. R. Gibb (1994). The Travels of Ibn Battuta A.D 1325-1354. IV. London.
45. Ma Huan: Ying Yai Sheng Lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores, translated by
J.V.G. Mills, 1970 Hakluyt Society, reprint 1997 White Lotus Press. ISBN 974-8496-78-3
46. Varthema, Ludovico di, The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema, A.D.1503–08, translated from
the original 1510 Italian ed. by John Winter Jones, Hakluyt Society, London
47. Gangadharan. M., The Land of Malabar: The Book of Barbosa (2000), Vol II, M.G University,
Kottayam.
48. Roy, Ranjan (1990). "Discovery of the Series Formula for π by Leibniz, Gregory, and
Nilakantha". Mathematics Magazine. 63 (5): 291–306. doi:10.2307/2690896 (https://doi.org/1
0.2307%2F2690896). JSTOR 2690896 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2690896).
49. Pingree, David (1992), "Hellenophilia versus the History of Science", Isis, 83 (4): 554–63,
Bibcode:1992Isis...83..554P (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Isis...83..554P),
doi:10.1086/356288 (https://doi.org/10.1086%2F356288), JSTOR 234257 (https://www.jstor.
org/stable/234257), S2CID 68570164 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:68570164),
"One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about
1400 A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and
algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by Charles Whish, in the
1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's
achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could
not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read anymore the
Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, in which Whish's article was published. The
matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we
understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series without the calculus, but many
historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of
anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In
this case, the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they
are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an
alternate and powerful solution."
50. M K Sunil Kumar (26 September 2017). "50 years on, Kochi still has a long way to go" (http
s://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/50-years-on-kochi-still-has-a-long-way-to-go/article
show/60835311.cms). The Times of India. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
51. Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007). A Survey of Kerala History (https://books.google.com/books?id
=FVsw35oEBv4C). DC Books. ISBN 9788126415786.
52. District Census Handbook, Kasaragod (2011) (https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/
3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf) (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Directorate of Census
Operation, Kerala. p. 9.
53. Government of India (2014–15). District Census Handbook – Wayanad (Part-B) 2011 (http
s://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3203_PART_B_WAYANAD.pdf) (PDF). Directorate
of Census Operations, Kerala.
54. Ayinapalli, Aiyappan (1982). The Personality of Kerala (https://books.google.com/books?id=
SXFuAAAAMAAJ). Department of Publications, University of Kerala. p. 162. Retrieved
27 July 2018. "A very powerful and warlike section of the Bants of Tulunad was known as
Kola bari. It is reasonable to suggest that the Kola dynasty was part of the Kola lineages of
Tulunad."
55. Sreedhara Menon, A. (2007). Kerala Charitram (https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPg
AACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E
0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)
(2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. p. 175. ISBN 978-8126415885. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
56. Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 483.
57. Charles Alexander Innes (1908). Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I) (https://archi
ve.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358941/mode/2up). Madras Government Press. pp. 423–424.
58. S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942). Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The
Arabic Language (https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabi
cLanguage). University of Madras.
59. M. Vijayanunni. 1981 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District (http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitst
ream/123456789/5757/1/51134_1981_KAS.pdf) (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations,
Kerala.
60. The Hindu staff reporter (21 November 2011). "Neeleswaram fete to showcase its heritage"
(http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/neeleswaram-fete-to-showcase-
its-heritage/article2645520.ece). The Hindu. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
61. "Arakkal royal family" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120605222957/http://ananthapuri.com/
kerala-history.asp?page=muslim). Archived from the original (http://www.ananthapuri.com/ke
rala-history.asp?page=muslim) on 5 June 2012.
62. Henry Morse Stephens (1897). "Chapter 1". Albuquerque (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31
226/31226-h/31226-h.htm). Rulers of India series. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-
81-206-1524-3.
63. "History of Mahé" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232052/http://mahe.gov.in/mws/left
menupages/history.html). Archived from the original (http://mahe.gov.in/mws/leftmenupages/
history.html) on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
64. Charles Corn (1999) [First published 1998]. The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice
Trade. Kodansha America. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-56836-249-6.
65. PN Ravindran (2000). Black Pepper: Piper Nigrum (https://books.google.com/books?id=VaG
CgSLrdr4C). CRC Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-90-5702-453-5. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
66. Philip D. Curtin (1984). Cross-Cultural Trade in World History (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=R4IiYFhliv4C). Cambridge University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-521-26931-5.
67. J. L. Mehta (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707–1813
(https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA324). Sterling Publishers Pvt.
Ltd. pp. 324–327. ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
68. "Kollam Mayor inspects Tangasseri Fort" (http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/
tp-kerala/kollam-mayor-inspects-tangasseri-fort/article1790645.ece). The Hindu. 1 February
2007. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
69. K. K. N. Kurup (1997). India's Naval Traditions: The Role of Kunhali Marakkars (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=HKmXcBCKEcAC&pg=PA51). Northern Book Centre. pp. 37–38.
ISBN 978-81-7211-083-3. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
70. South Asia 2006 (https://books.google.com/books?id=YG8bAQAAMAAJ). Taylor & Francis.
1 December 2005. p. 289. ISBN 9781857433180. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
71. World States Men: Indian Princes Princely states of India (http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Ind
ia_princes_K-W.html)
72. V. V., Haridas. "King court and culture in medieval Kerala – The Zamorins of Calicut (AD
1200 to AD 1767)". [2] (http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/131929) Unpublished
PhD Thesis. Mangalore University
73. Madrass District Gazetteers, The Nilgiris. By W. Francic. Madras 1908 Pages 90-104
74. Report of the Administration of Mysore 1863-64. British Parliament Library
75. British Museum; Anna Libera Dallapiccola (22 June 2010). South Indian Paintings: A
Catalogue of the British Museum Collection (https://books.google.com/books?id=FIzWapiac
QcC&pg=PA12). Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-0-7141-2424-7. Retrieved
18 November 2012.
76. Edgar Thorpe, Showick Thorpe; Thorpe Edgar. The Pearson CSAT Manual 2011 (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=WuBFs6yFRwcC&pg=RA1-PA99). Pearson Education India.
p. 99. ISBN 978-81-317-5830-4. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
77. The Edinburgh Gazetteer (https://books.google.com/books?id=xRIyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA63).
Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. 1827. pp. 63–. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
78. Dharma Kumar (1965). Land and Caste in South India: Agricultural Labor in the Madras
Presidency During the Nineteenth Century (https://books.google.com/books?id=psw5AAAAI
AAJ&pg=PA87). CUP Archive. pp. 87–. GGKEY:T72DPF9AZDK. Retrieved 18 November
2012.
79. K.P. Ittaman (1 June 2003). History of Mughal Architecture Volume Ii (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=ZQ5lFywZAqYC&pg=PA30). Abhinav Publications. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-81-
7017-034-1. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
80. C.A., Innes (1908). Madras District Gazetteers: Malabar and Anjengo (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=w806vgAACAAJ). Government Press, Madras. p. 373. Retrieved
30 September 2020.
81. Sreenivasa Murthy, H. V. (1990). Essays on Indian History and Culture: Felicitation Volume
in Honour of Professor B. Sheik Ali (https://books.google.com/books?id=2jMg8K5dPZUC&q
=Mannanar&pg=PA61). ISBN 9788170992110.
82. Logan, William (1887). Malabar Manual (Volume-2) (https://archive.org/details/malabar_man
ual_volume2/page/n7/mode/2up). Madras: PRINTED BY R. HILL, AT THE GOVERNMENT
PRESS.
83. Ayyappan, A. (1992). The Paniyas: An Ex-slave Tribe of South India (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=XAhuAAAAMAAJ&q=kudumbiya). The University of Michigan: Institute of
Social Research and Applied Anthropology. pp. 20, 28–29, 80.
84. Kurup, Dr. K K N (2008). Jain society of Wayanad, Sri Ananthanatha Swami Kshetram,
Kalpetta, Platinum Jubilee souvenir. p. 45.
85. Rice, B. Lewis (1902). Epigraphica Carnatica (http://scans.library.utoronto.ca/pdf/5/22/epigra
phiacarnat05mysouoft/epigraphiacarnat05mysouoft_bw.pdf) (PDF). Mangalore: Government
of India. pp. 24, 28, 32.
86. K. Madhavan Nair, 'Malayalathile Mappila Lahala,' Mathrubhumi, 24 March 1923.
87. "History of Malappuram" (http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_A_MALA
PPURAM.pdf) (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
88. "The 1920 political conference at Manjeri" (https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other
-news/290616/rare-letters-on-historic-meet-found-in-malappuram.html). Deccan Chronicle.
29 June 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
89. Malabar Desiyathayude Idapedalukal. Dr. M. T. Ansari. DC Books
90. R. H. Hitch cock, 1983 Peasant revolt in Malabar, History of Malabar Rebellion 1921.
91. Madras Mail 17 September 1921, p 8
92. ‘particularly strong evidence of the molding influence of British power structures lies in the
rebels constant use of British titles to authority such as Assistant Inspector, Collector,
Governor, Viceroy and (less conclusively) King’ The Moplah Rebellion and Its Genesis 184
93. ‘The rebel kists’, martial law, tolls, passports and, perhaps, the concept of a Pax Mappila, are
to all appearances traceable to the British empire in India as a prototype’ The Moplah
Rebellion and Its Genesis, Peoples Publishing House, 1987, 183
94. C. Gopalan Nair. Moplah Rebellion, 1921 (https://archive.org/details/MoplahRebellion1921/
page/n90/mode/1up). p. 78. Retrieved 4 October 2020. "He issued passports to persons
wishing to get outside his kingdom"
95. F. B. Evans, ‘Notes on the Moplah Rebellion’, 27 March 1922, p 12.
96. (Tottenham, G. F. R., ‘Summary of the Important Events of the Rebellion,’ in Tottenham,
Mapilla Rebellion) 1921 dated Sept 15 no 367
97. Home (Pol) Department, Government of India, File No. 241/XVI,/1922, Telegram Section,
p.3, TNA
 98. Panikkar, K. N., Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836-
1921
99. "Mineral Resources in Kerala" (http://dmg.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&vie
w=article&id=55&Itemid=61).
100. Official Administration of the Madras Presidency, Pg 327
101. 1951 census handbook - Malabar district (http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/64
25/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf) (PDF). Chennai: Government of Madras. 1953.
102. Cornish, W. R. (1874). Report on the Census of Madras Presidency - 1871 (http://lsi.gov.in:8
081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6348/1/140412_1871.pdf) (PDF). Madras: Government of
Madras.
103. William Logan (1887). Malabar Manual (Volume-I) (https://archive.org/details/malabarmanua
l0000loga/mode/2up). Madras Government Press.
104. J. Sturrock (1894). Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I) (https://archive.org/de
tails/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up). Madras Government Press.
105. Devassy, M. K. (1965). District Census Handbook (2) - Kozhikode (1961) (http://lsi.gov.in:808
1/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5665/1/22059_1961_KOZ.pdf) (PDF). Ernakulam: Government
of Kerala. pp. 11–17 (Part-B).
106. Rajabhushanam, D. S. (1963). Statistical Atlas of the Madras State (1951) (http://lsi.gov.in:80
81/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6454/1/9111_1951_STA.pdf) (PDF). Madras (Chennai):
Director of Statistics, Government of Madras. pp. 635–637.
107. Report on the First General Elections in India, 1951-1952 (https://www.google.co.in/books/e
dition/Report_on_the_First_General_Elections_in/RsglAAAAMAAJ?hl=en) (Vol.II ed.).
Election Commission. 1955. pp. 54–55. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
108. Sabhnani, Dhara Vora (14 June 2019). "Straight from the Malabar Coast" (https://www.thehin
du.com/life-and-style/food/straight-from-the-malabar-coast/article27942808.ece). The Hindu.
Retrieved 26 January 2021.
109. "Thalassery Chicken Biriyani" (https://www.thetakeiteasychef.com/thalassery-chicken-biriya
ni-recipe). The Take It Easy Chef. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
110. Shamsul (7 May 2016). "Calicut Biryani Recipe I Kozhikodan Biriyani Recipe" (https://www.c
ookawesome.com/calicut-biryani-recipe-kozhikodan-biriyani-recipe/). CookAwesome.
Retrieved 13 May 2021.
111. "Chicken and rosewater biryani recipe" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/chicken_and_ro
sewater_70042). BBC Food. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
112. Kurian, Shijo (2 July 2014). "Flavours unlimited from the Malabar coast" (https://www.thehind
u.com/features/metroplus/Food/flavours-unlimited-from-the-malabar-coast/article6170291.ec
e). The Hindu. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
113. "Arikkadukka - Spicy Stuffed Mussels" (https://www.facesplacesandplates.com/arikkadukka-
spicy-stuffed-mussels/). Faces Places and Plates. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2021.

Further reading
S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942), Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The
Arabic Language (https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabi
cLanguage), University of Madras (The English translation of Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen)
K. V. Krishna Iyer (1938), Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806 (https://arc
hive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3379), Norman Printing Bureau, Kozhikode
William Logan (1887), Malabar Manual (Volume-I) (https://archive.org/details/malabarmanua
l0000loga/mode/2up), Madras Government Press
William Logan (1887), Malabar Manual (Volume-II) (https://archive.org/details/malabar_man
ual_volume2/mode/2up), Madras Government Press
 Charles Alexander Innes (1908), Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I) (https://archi
ve.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358941/mode/2up), Madras Government Press
Charles Alexander Innes (1915), Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-II) (https://arch
ive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30521), Madras Government Press
Government of Madras (1953), 1951 Census Handbook- Malabar District (http://lsi.gov.in:80
81/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf) (PDF), Madras Government
Press
J. I. Arputhanathan (1955), South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts
(Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) (http://lsi.gov.in:8081/j
spui/bitstream/123456789/6447/1/50056_1951_SOU.pdf) (PDF), Madras Government Press
Rajabhushanam, D. S. (1963), Statistical Atlas of the Madras State (1951) (http://lsi.gov.in:80
81/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6454/1/9111_1951_STA.pdf) (PDF), Madras (Chennai):
Director of Statistics, Government of Madras
M. K. Devassy (1965), 1961 Census Handbook- Cannanore District (http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jsp
ui/bitstream/123456789/5668/1/22055_1961_CAN.pdf) (PDF), Directorate of Census
Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
M. K. Devassy (1965), 1961 Census Handbook- Kozhikode District (http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jsp
ui/bitstream/123456789/5665/1/22059_1961_KOZ.pdf) (PDF), Directorate of Census
Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
M. K. Devassy (1965), 1961 Census Handbook- Palghat District (http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/b
itstream/123456789/5667/1/51592_1961_PAL.pdf) (PDF), Directorate of Census
Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
M. K. Devassy (1967), Census of India - 1961 (Kerala) (http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/1
23456789/5639/1/23950_1961_CEN.pdf) (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&oldid=1035045113"

This page was last edited on 23 July 2021, at 09:33 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using
this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.