ALTERNATE ENERGY SYSTEMS

EE-412
Course instructors:
1. Ms . Najia Naveed
2. Ms. Arjumand Samad
 SESSIONAL CRITERIA
• 60 – Theory Paper Marks
• 40 – Sessional Marks

• Sessional Marks Distribution

• 20 Midterm
• 20 – Assignments and Project /Presentation(CEP)

Consultation timings: Any time on my email, stream and live

session.
 OBE:

Program Learning Outcomes:

• PLO 6: The Engineer and society.

• PLO 7:Enviroment and sustainability.
• PLO 12: Life long learning.
 BOOKS:

• Renewable Energy and Power for a sustainable future by Godfrey Boyle

• Renewable Energy souces,2nd edition by John Twidell .Taylor and Francis

New York and London

• Fundamentals of Renewable Energy process 2nd edition by Aldo .V .Da

Rosa
 COURSE PLAN
• Overview: Present Day fuel use, Energy Problems of modern societies,
Renewable Energy Sources as a solution.
• Fuel Cells : Thermodynamic principles, efficiency of fuel cell factors
limiting the performance, design, new development in fuel cells,
possibility of future use in Electric vehicles.
Bio Mass: Introduction, Past and present, Bio Mass as a fuel, Extracting
the energy, Agricultural residues, energy crops, Environmental benefits
and impacts, Economics, New Technologies, Future Prospects.
• Integration: Renewable supply availability, Changing patterns of
energy use, Balancing economic options, Promoting renewables,
Long term global renewable energy scenario.
 GLOBAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENTS (BP
STATISTICAL REVIEW OF WORLD ENERGY USE
2018)
• Primary energy consumption growth averaged 2.2% in 2017, up
from 1.2% last year and the fastest since 2013. This compares with
the 10-year average of 1.7% per year.
• By fuel, natural gas accounted for the largest increment in energy
consumption, followed by renewables and then oil.
Energy consumption rose by 3.1% in China. China was the largest
growth market for energy for the 17th consecutive year.
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ENERGY CONSUMPTION
 CARBON EMISSIONS
• Carbon footprint is historically defined as the total
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by an individual,
event, organization, or product, expressed as carbon dioxide
equivalent. Or
• carbon footprint is the amount of greenhouse gases—
primarily carbon dioxide—released into the atmosphere by a
particular human activity. A carbon footprint can be a broad
meaasure or be applied to the actions of an individual, a
family, an event, an organization, or even an entire nation. It is
usually measured as tons of CO2 emitted per year, a number
that can be supplemented by tons of CO2-equivalent gases,
including methane, nitrous oxide, and other greenhouse
gases.
• Carbon emissions from energy consumption increased by
1.6%, after little or no growth for the three years from 2014 to
2016. Each year we release 8billion tons of carboninto the
atmosphereas CO2 by human activity.
 PAKISTAN

• Installed capacity (Private Power and Infrastructure Board

(PPIB)2017 , (NEPRA)
• Electricity – total installed capacity: 25,000 MW (2017)
• Electricity – Sources (2016)
• fossil fuel – 14,635 MW – 64.2% of total
• hydro – 6,611 MW – 29% of total
• nuclear – 1,322 MW – 5.8% of total
• average demand-17,000 MW
 RENEWABLE VS NON RENEWABLE
• Non-Renewable
• CAN NOT BE REPLACED IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME; LIMITED
• Renewable
• CAN BE REGENERATED IN A RELATIVELY SHORT PERIOD OF TIME; UNLIMITED

Non Renewable:
• A nonrenewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale
comparable to its consumption
• Coal
• Oil
• Natural Gas
• Nuclear
• Once they are used, they are gone!

• These are called fossil fuels

 HOW FOSSIL FUELS MADE?
• Fossil fuels are the derivatives of plant and animal fossils that are million of years
old
• Formed from the remains of decayed plants and animals
 NET ENERGY RATIO/EROI:

• It takes energy to get energy, but in the past it did not take very much. For example, early
oil deposits were found near the surface, avoiding the need for deep drilling and
pumping the oil a great vertical distance.But nowadays wells are much deeper so the
extraction process has become much more costly.
• Net energy is normally expressed a ratio of the energy available for final consumption
• divided by the energy required to produce it. (Another term for “net energy” is “energy
• return on (energy) invested”, or EROI.
• Net energy is a physical attribute of an energy source, and one component of energy cost.
• EROI = ENERGY OUTPUT / ENERGY INPUT
• Net Energy Ratio Reference
• Oil (global) 35
• Natural gas 10
• Coal 80 Net energy Ratio of
different fuels: is the
• Shale oil 5
difference between the
• Nuclear 5-15
energy produced by an
• Hydropower >100 energy facility or
• Wind 18 technology and the energy
• Photovoltaic cells 6.8 required to develop and
• Ethanol (sugarcane) 0.8 – 10 operate it.
• Ethanol (corn-based) 0.8 – 1.6
• Biodiesel 1.3
DRAWBACKS OF FOSSIL FUEL
USAGE
 PROCESS OF EXTRACTION

• Finite resource
• Drilling projects operate around the clock,
disrupting wildlife, water sources, human
health, recreation and other aspects of life.
• The drilling method of “fracking” is known for
contaminating drinking water sources with
chemicals that lead to cancer, birth defects
and liver damage. Methane is relased during
the process which contaminates ground water
and environment.
 OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION

• Slurry ponds, which are byproducts from coal refining, contain chemicals that cause
cancer, lung and heart damage.
• (fracking) for oil and gas have the potential to contaminate surface water and
groundwater. This can introduce unsafe levels of naturally occurring toxins,
radioactive materials, and toxic heavy metals into drinking water.
• Oil refining is a major health hazard for people living and working in nearby areas.
Hydrocarbon, flue gas and particulate emissions from oil refining and combustion are
correlated with increased risk of death from cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses
sand Cancer.
• Development of oil and gas complexes can cause serious and long-term damage
such as
• • Stripping the environment of vegetation
• • Increasing erosion, which can lead to landslides and flooding
• • Disturbing the land’s ground surface
• • Seriously fragmenting unspoiled wildlife habitats Sacrifice zones.
Health of coal mining workers:
 HEALTH OF COAL MINING WORKERS
• Foraging for coal in coal mines, can be very dangerous, since the dust
that coats people who go down to get coal can get ingested and
seriously compromise someone’s health. Includes dust, radon,
welding fumes, mercury, noise and heavy loads.
• Black lung disease with coal miners and Natural gas drillers can be
exposed to concentrated chemicals and silica can cause lung cancer.
• Mining for coal as well as drilling for oil can cost as many as hundreds
of peoples’ lives every single year. We may need to find an energy
source that is safer in the future.
• Oil drilling rigs are susceptible to catastrophic failure, like when the
Deepwater Horizon rig exploded in 2010, leading to several deaths and
the largest oil spills in history.
 FINITE ENERGY SOURCE
• Fossil fuels do not qualify as renewable energy resources because their supply
is limited

• Also, formation of fossil fuels takes years, which means when they deplete, we
may have to wait for another 60 years or so for new ones to form

• Unlike sunlight, water or wind energy, fossil fuels cannot be renewed: the
amount of fossil fuels in the earth’s crust today are all that we are ever going to
get (at least until another several hundred million years pass and even more
organic matter decays and decomposes). This means that, once the gas, coal
and petroleum reserves have been completely used up, there is nothing more
left.
 GLOBAL WARMING
(CARBONDIOXIDE AND GREEN HOUSE EFFECT)
• Greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a
planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature
above what it would be without its atmosphere.
• Carbon dioxide is released into the air when fossil fuels are
burned. This has been directly linked to global warming, making
fossil fuels very dangerous to the general health of our planet
• Burning just one ton of coal releases almost three tons of carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere.
• Electrical power plants that burn natural gas instead of coal
produce 44% less carbon emissions.
The sun is much hotter than the earth (its effective temperature is 6000°C) so
its radiation peaks at the relatively high frequencies (short wavelengths) of visible
light
The earth’s atmosphere is about 15°C on average, so its radiation peaks at the much
lower frequencies( longer wavelength) of the infrared
• The Earth does not continue to get hotter and hotter as it absorbs
energy from the sun, because it gives off energy to space as
invisible infrared radiation.
• If a planet's atmosphere contains radiatively active gases
(i.e., greenhouse gases) (Carbon dioxide, methane,
chlorofluorocarbons) they will radiate energy in all
directions. Part of this radiation is directed towards the
surface, warming it.
• The intensity of the downward radiation that is, the strength
of the greenhouse effect will depend on the atmosphere's
temperature and on the amount of greenhouse gases that the
atmosphere contains
• Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and some artificial chemicals
such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• Rise in temperature of earth has resulted in melting of polar ice
caps, flooding of low lying areas and rise in sea levels
• Emissions of these gases as result of fossil fuel combustion can
cause serious health complications such as chronic asthma, low
lung functioning, chronic bronchitis and cardiovascular
diseases.
• The term "climate change" is often used to refer specifically to
anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).
Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity.
WHAT ARE GREENHOUSE GASES?
• Greenhouse gases are a group of compounds that are able to trap heat (longwave radiation) in
the atmosphere, keeping the Earth's surface warmer than it would be if they were not present.
• Increases in the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere enhances the greenhouse effect
which is creating global warming and consequently climate change.
• The principal forcing greenhouse gases are:
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Methane (CH4)
• Nitrous oxide (N2O)
• Fluorinated gases
• Water vapours
Type of
Origin Sink Contribution To Greenhouse Effect
GreenhouseGas
Carbon dioxide •Burning of fossil fuels •Plants •Absorption of infrared radiation
(CO2) •Deforestation undergoing photosynt •Indirectly affects the concentration of
hesis ozone in the stratosphere.
•Oceans
Methane (CH4) •Burning of Biomass •Microorganisms •Absorption of infrared radiation
•Rice paddies uptake •Indirectly affects the concentration of
•Fermentation by •Reactions associated ozone and water vapor in the stratospher
enteric bacteria with hydroxyl groups •Production of carbon dioxide
Nitrous oxide •Burning of Biomass •Removal by soils •Absorption of infrared radiation
(N2O) •Combustion of fossil fuels •Photolysis in the •Indirectly affects the concentration of
•Fertilizers stratosphere ozone in the stratosphere
Ozone (O3) Chemical reactions that involve All catalytic chemical Absorption of infrared and ultraviolet radiati
oxygen reactions that involve
nitrous oxide,
hypochlorite, and
hydroxyl species
hlorofluorocarbon Industrial production Photolysis and reaction •Absorption of infrared radiation
(CFC) with oxygen •Indirectly affects the concentration of ozone i
the stratosphere
Carbon Monoxide •Plant emissions •Soil uptake •Affects stratospheric O3 and OH cycles
(CO) •Man¬made release (transport & •Reactions with OH •produces CO2
industrial)
LATEST MEASUREMENT: January 2020 413 ppm
GLOBAL ANTHROPOGENIC GHG EMISSIONS SOURCE
Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse
gases.
 OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
• The ozone layer is a high level layer of gas in the stratosphere which
mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere from approximately 20
to 30 km (12 to 19 mi).The ozone helps to keep out harmful ultraviolet rays
that cause sunburn to human skin and damage to plants. The
resulting ozone holes let harmful ultraviolet radiation in and add to the
greenhouse effect.
• THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL In 1989 many international governments
signed the stop/ban in the production and use of CFCs.
• This was a success as the ozone layer is beginning to recover.
• Still approximately 50 years are needed to recover the original thickness.
• The production and emission of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), is the leading
cause of ozone layer depletion. CFC's
account for almost 80% of the total depletion
of ozone.Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)are
all called ozone-depleting substances (ODS)
• These are often found in vehicle emissions,
byproducts of industrial processes,
refrigerants, and aerosols.(Cl,Br).
• These ozone molecules absorb ultraviolet
(UV) light, following which ozone splits into
a molecule of O2 and an oxygen atom hereby
creating an ozone hole.
OZONE CYCLE:
 ACID RAIN/ACID DEPOSITION

• Another side effect of the burning of fossil fuels is acid rain.

• Some of the gases which are given off when fuels are burned ,in particular
Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides combine with water in the atmosphere to
form Sulphuric acid and nitric acid respectively. The result is that any rain
which follows is slightly acidic.
• Two thirds of SO2 and one fourth of NOX in the atmosphere come from
electric power generators.
• This acidic rain can cause damage to plant life, affect the growth of forests,
erode buildings and can have harmful effects on aquatic life
 FORMS OF ACID DEPOSITION

• Wet deposition is what we most commonly think of as acid rain. The sulfuric and
nitric acids formed in the atmosphere fall to the ground mixed with rain, snow, fog, or
hail.

• Dry Deposition Acidic particles and gases can also deposit from the atmosphere in
the absence of moisture as dry deposition.

• pH of about 5.2 or below

 OCEAN DESTRUCTION

The ocean is vast and covers 140 million square miles, some 72 per cent of
the Earth's surface.
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
(MARPOL) is the UN convention covering prevention of pollution of the
marine environment by ships from operational or accidental causes.

Rising Sea Levels

The global warming caused by the use of fossil fuels

leads to rising sea levels. The melting of ice at the poles
and in glaciers can cause oceans to rise, which impacts
both ecosystems and human settlements in low-lying
areas. Since ice reflects sunlight and water absorbs it,
Alaska's Muir glacier in August 1941 and August 2004. Significant changes occurred in the 63 years
between these two photos
 FEBRUARY 2020, MARKED THE HOTTEST DAYS ON RECORD FOR
ANTARCTICA. THERMOMETERS AT THE ESPERANZA BASE ON THE
NORTHERN TIP OF THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA REACHED 18.3°C (64.9°F)
RESULTING IN MELTING ON GLACIERS.

GREENLAND'S ICE IS MELTING, SEVEN-TIMES FASTER THAN THE 1990S

OIL SPILL
• Oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the
environment due to human activity and is a form of pollution
• Some leaks in oil tankers or ship getting drowned deep under the
sea that were carrying crude oil to get refined. The impact of this
is that crude oil contains some toxic substances which when
mixed up with water poses serious impact on aquatic life.
• We tend to think of the seas as a vast reservoir which can soak up
limitless quantities of whatever we put into it
• The scale of pollution form oil is such that clumps of floating oil
are now common almost anywhere in the world’s ocean
• Transportation of crude oil via sea can cause oil spill which can
pose hazard to the aquatic life by lessening the oxygen content of
water.
• This is disastrous not only for the sea and land but death of
aquatic animals including those living offshore.
• Oil spills do not occur often, but when they do they can kill
hundreds if not thousands of animals.
 SEA LEVEL RISE & OCEAN ACIDIFICATION

• Because of global warming, permafrost and ice are melting massively at the poles,
increasing the sea level at a rate never known before. The worst case scenario is a
rise of up to 1m by 2100.
• The acidification of the oceans is also of great concern. In fact, the large amount of
CO2 captured by the oceans makes them more acidic.
 PERMAFROST THAWING
Permafrost is any ground that remains completely
frozen—32°F (0°C) or colder—for at least two
years straight. These permanently frozen grounds
are most common in regions with high mountains
and in Earth's higher latitudes—near the North
and South Poles.
The frozen layer of soil that has underlain the
Arctic tundra for millennia is now starting to thaw.
This thawing, which could release vast amounts of
greenhouse gases, is already changing the Arctic
landscape by causing landslides, draining lakes,
and altering vegetation.

Some 2.5 million square miles of permafrost — 40

percent of the world’s total — could disappear by
the end of the century.
Average extent of sea ice in the Arctic in November has
decreased over the past few decades
 PHOTOCHEMICAL POLLUTION/SMOG
• Smoke and fog referring to smoky fog with
opacity and odor. Photochemical smog is the
chemical reaction of sunlight, nitrogen oxides
and volatile organic compounds in the
atmosphere, which leaves airborne particles
and ground-level ozone.
• Ground-level ozone is the "bad" ozone. It is
created when gases such as nitrogen oxides
react with volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
when they are combined with sunlight and
heat.(thus more in summer)
• other component of smog is fine particulate
matter. Fine airborne particles are usually 10
micrometres in diameter or smaller and are a
mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets
• Air Pollution Is Shortening People's Lives by Nearly Three Years, According to a New
Study
• Pollution is responsible for more deaths than tobacco, HIV/AIDS, and wars.
 PARTICULATE MATTER

• (soot) emissions produce haze and can cause chronic bronchitis,

aggravated asthma, and elevated occurrence of premature death. In
2010, it is estimated that fine particle pollution from US coal plants
resulted in 13,200 deaths, 9,700 hospitalizations, and 20,000 heart
attacks. The impacts are particularly severe among the young, the
elderly, and those who suffer from respiratory disease. The total health
cost was estimated to be more than $100 billion per year
 POLOR VORTEX

• polar vortex is a low pressure area—a wide expanse of swirling cold air—that is
parked in polar regions. During winter, the polar vortex at the North Pole expands,
sending cold air southward. This happens fairly regularly and is often associated with
outbreaks of cold temperatures in the United States.
Dark purple arrows indicate the direction of rotation of
the polar vortex in the Arctic. The light purple indicates
the location of the polar jet stream during a time when
meanders form and the cold, Arctic air (white) dips
down to the mid-latitudes.
 TRANSPORTATION SECTOR:
• Photo chemical reactions that cause smog take place in the air when
the released pollutants from heavy traffic drift due to the wind. It
decreases visibility and contributes to the brownish-yellow color that
is characteristic of smog.
• In the past 15 years there has been a 268% increase in the total
number of registered motor vehicles in the country.
• Motor cycles (2 wheels) have increased by a significant 439% over the
past 15 years.
• The number of public transport vehicles increased by 167% over the
last 15 year, showing mass increase.
• The number of private transport vehicles increased by 327% over the
last 15 years.
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: • How do VOCs cause smog?
Cigarettes
solvents • VOCs play a significant role in the
paints and thinners formation of ozone and fine particulates in
adhesives
hobby and craft supplies
the atmosphere. Under sunlight, VOCs
dry cleaning fluids react with nitrogen oxides emitted mainly
glues from vehicles, power plants and industrial
wood preservatives
cleaners and disinfectants activities to form ozone, which in turn
moth repellants helps the formation of fine particulates.
air fresheners
building materials The accumulation of ozone, fine
particulates and other gaseous pollutants
results in smog that reduces visibility.
 PRICE FLUCTUATION

• Fossil fuels are highly susceptible to price fluctuations and

market manipulation
• Few middle-east countries in this world hold surplus amount of
fossil fuels and are responsible for 40 percent of the world’s oil
production
• The rest of the world depend on these countries to fulfill the gap
between demand and supply in their own countries
• Lower output, fear of war, strikes by trade unions can result in
worldwide price fluctuations.
 NEED TRUCKLOADS OF RESERVES

• The coal power plants requires huge and regular supply of coal to
produce large amount of energy on a constant basis
• These plants need truckloads of fuel, train-loads of fuel need to be
shipped into power stations to carry out the process of generating
power
• This means that either power stations need to be built very close
to large deposits of coal, or that the coal needs to be shipped miles
away to the nearest power station, which requires more power and
ends up damaging the Earth even more
 RADIOACTIVE WASTE

• Nuclear power stations produce radioactive waste

• The used nuclear fuel contains some highly radioactive
uranium, which can be separated from the waste and reused
• It also contains plutonium, which is a highly-radioactive
product of the fission reactions that occur in uranium nuclear fuel
• Burning of nuclear energy releases minimum carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere. However, the byproduct ( nuclear waste) is
extremely dangerous and must be contained.
• Sustainable energy :

• Sustainable energy is the sustainable provision of energy that meets the

needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their needs. Technologies that promote sustainable energy include
renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind
energy, wave power, geothermal energy, and tidal power, and also
technologies designed to improve energy efficiency.
• The Importance Of Sustainable Energy.
• 1. Environmental :Sustainable energy can avoid and reduce air emissions as
well as water consumption, waste, noise and adverse land-use impacts
• 2.Energy for future generations: Renewables avoid the rapid depletion of
fossil fuel reserves and will empower future generations to deal with the
environmental impact of over-dependence on fossil fuels.
• 3. Energy security: Lessens our dependence on fossil and imported fuels.
CALL OF THE DAY IS RENEWABLE ENERGY

• The goal in using renewable

energy sources is to reduce the
negative environmental effects
associated with non-renewable
energy sources such as coal and
natural gas.
 TYPES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Hydroelectricity
• Bio Mass
• Wave Energy
• Tidal Energy
• Geothermal Energy
• Ocean Thermal Energy
 SOME ASPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
1) Ready to be harnessed ,inexhaustible
2) It is a clear alternative to fossil fuels
3) Can be used anywhere anytime.
4) It exists perpetually and in abundant in the environment
5)Can help power up areas not connected to the grid.
6)Less global warming
7)Improved public health
8)Increased jobs
9)Energy independence.
10)Can be Integrated into daily life
11) These sources are not unfavorable to
the earth since they do not require
any mining or drilling.
 WHAT IS ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES?
• Alternate energy is any energy source that is an alternative to fossil fuel.
• Energy derived from nontraditional sources (e.g., compressed natural gas,
solar, hydroelectric, wind).
• Alternative energy is any type of energy that's not fossil fuels but may not be
renewable.
• While renewable energy, are also alternative energy but have the carbon
neutrality or lower carbon footprint advantage.
• Energy fueled in ways that do not use up the earth's natural resources or
otherwise harm the environment, especially by avoiding the use of fossil
fuels or nuclear power.
SOLAR ENERGY
• Sun is abundant
• Sun is everywhere ( specially in Pakistan)
• Sun is free
• Sun is a clean and renewable energy source
• Solar energy is the sun’s rays (solar radiation) that reach the earth
• There are two technologies commonly applied to use the sun's energy

• SOLAR THERMAL (SOLAR POWER PLANTS)

• SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS (SOLAR PANELS/SOLAR CELLS)

 SOLAR THERMAL

• Solar thermal technology is not the same as solar panel, or photovoltaic, technology.

• Solar thermal electric energy generation indirectly generates electricity

,concentrates the light from the sun to create heat, and that heat is used to heat a fluid
which produces steam to run a heat engine, which turns a generator to make
electricity

• The working fluid that is heated by the concentrated sunlight can be a liquid or a gas

• Different engine types include steam engines, gas turbines, Stirling engines, etc
CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER
 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS (SOLAR PANELS)

• It is a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity

 SOLAR THERMAL VS SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS
• This means that solar panels are only effective during daylight hours because
storing electricity is not a particularly efficient process

• Heat storage is a far easier and efficient method, which is what makes solar
thermal so attractive for large-scale energy production

• Heat can be stored during the day and then converted into electricity at night

• Solar thermal plants that have storage capacities can drastically improve both the
economics and the dispatchability of solar electricity.
WIND ENERGY
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy
in the wind into mechanical power. A
generator can convert mechanical power
into electricity[2].
 GEOTHERMAL POWER

• power generated using steam produced by heat emanating from the molten core of the earth.
• eothermal power is considered to be sustainable because the heat extraction is small
compared with the Earth's heat content. The emission intensity of existing geothermal electric
plants is on average 122 kg of CO2 per megawatt-hour (MHh) of electricity, about one-eighth
of a conventional coal-fired plant.
• Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically
power generators for electric power
• Abundant
• Free of Cost
• Un exhaustible
• doesn’t require fuel
• doesn’t create greenhouse gasses, toxic or radioactive waste
• does not present any significant hazard to wildlife
• small land area is required
• Each megawatt-hour of electricity generated by wind energy helps to reduce 0.8 to 0.9
tones of greenhouse gas emissions that are produced by coal or diesel fuel generation
each year
ENERGY GENERATION BY WIND TURBINES

Low capacity factor i.e;30%

Limited locations
HYDROELECTRICITY
• Flowing water creates energy that can be captured and turned into electricity

• The most common type of hydroelectric power plant uses a dam on a river to
store water in a reservoir

• Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which
in turn activates a generator to produce electricity

• In 2015 hydropower generated 16.6% of the world's total electricity

• Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region
generating 33 percent of global hydropower in 2013

• China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 920 Tera Watt hours of
production in 2013, representing 16.9 percent of domestic electricity use

• The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive source of

renewable electricity

• Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct

waste, and has a considerably lower output level of greenhouse gases
than fossil fuel powered energy plants
 BIO MASS

• Biomass can be considered as organic matter, made from plants and

animals in which the energy of sunlight is stored in chemical bonds
• Plants absorb the sun's energy in a process called photosynthesis.
• When the bonds between adjacent carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
molecules are broken by digestion, combustion, or decomposition,
these substances release their stored chemical energy.
• When biomass is burned, the chemical energy in biomass is released as
heat.
 BIOMASS SOURCES

• woody plants
• herbaceous plants/grasses
• aquatic plants
• Wastes from food
• Agricultural residue (fertilizers, feeds)
• Animal Manures
WAVE ENERGY
• Wave Energy also known as Ocean Wave Energy, is energy harnessed from
ocean or sea, uses the power of the waves to generate electricity

• When wind blows across the sea surface, it transfers the energy to the waves

• The rigorous vertical motion of surface ocean waves contains a lot of kinetic
(motion) energy that is captured by wave energy technologies for generation
of electricity

• The more strong the waves, the more capable it is to produce power
• The power from these waves can then be harnessed through wave energy
converter (WEC).
 DENMARK HAS BUILT AN INNOVATIVE WAVE
POWER
• The concept was invented by Niels and Keld in 2000
• The wave power plant is located in the sea 300 meters from the shore
• Installation converts the kinetic energy of waves into electricity by floats which rise
and fall up and down as the wave motion
• The floats are attached by means of moving the beams placed on a platform that
supports fixed to the seabeds
• Float movement is transmitted through the hydraulic pistons rotating generator
which produces electricity
TIDAL ENERGY
 WHAT ARE TIDES?

• The rise and fall of water (the vertical shifts of water) caused by the
gravitational forces of the moon and the sun on the oceans of earth are
called Tides

• Tidal Energy or Tidal Power is another form of hydro power that

utilizes large amounts of energy within the oceans tides to generate
electricity

•
HGH AND LOW TIDES
 TIDAL ENERGY GENERATION
• Since the position of the earth and the moon with respect to the sun changes
throughout the year, we can utilize the potential energy of the water contained
in the daily movement of the rising and falling sea levels to generate
electricity
• The generation of electricity from tides is similar in many ways to hydro-
electric generation
• The difference is that the water flows in and out of the turbines in both
directions instead of in just one forward direction
• The back and forth of the oceans tides along a coastline and into and out of
small inlets, bays or coastal basins, is little different to the water flowing down
a river or stream
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF TIDAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
• A TIDAL BARRAGE SYSTEM
 A TIDAL STREAM GENERATION
• Tidal stream generation is very similar in principal to wind power
generation, except this time water currents flow across a turbines rotor
blades which rotates the turbine, much like how wind currents turn the
blades for wind power turbines
• Unlike off-shore wind power which can suffer from storms or heavy sea
damage, tidal stream turbines operate just below the sea surface or are fixed
to the sea bed
• Tidal streams are formed by the horizontal fast flowing volumes of water
caused by the ebb and flow of the tide as the profile of the sea bed causes the
water to speed up as it approaches the shoreline.
• Advantages of Tidal Energy
• 1) It is an inexhaustible source of energy.
• 2) Tidal energy is environment friendly energy and doesn't
produce greenhouse gases.
• Disadvantages of Tidal Energy
• 1) Cost of construction of tidal power plant is high.
• 2) There are very few ideal locations for construction of plant and
they too are localized to coastal regions only.
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• The interior of the earth is very much hotter that its surface, with
estimated temperatures of several thousand degree Celsius.
• This high temperature was originally caused by the gravitational
contraction of the earth when it was formed and decay of the
small quantities of radioactive materials contained within the
earth’s core.
• Geothermal Energy is the Energy from Earth’s heat
• In some volcanic areas hot water and steam rise to the surface
• The steam can be tapped and used to drive turbines to produce
electricity on large scale and this energy is also used for pool
heating, heat home
 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY

• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a marine renewable

energy technology that harnesses the solar energy absorbed by
the oceans to generate electric power

• The sun’s heat warms the surface water a lot more than the deep
ocean water, which creates the ocean’s naturally available
temperature gradient, or thermal energy
• Energy from the sun heats the surface
water of the ocean. In tropical regions,
surface water can be much warmer than
deep water. This temperature difference
can be used to produce electricity

• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

systems use a temperature difference (of at
least 77o F) to power a turbine to produce
electricity. Warm surface water is pumped
through an evaporator containing a
working fluid. The vaporized fluid drives a
turbine/generator.
 FUEL CELLS
• A fuel cell is a device that generates
electricity by a chemical reaction. Every
fuel cell has two electrodes called,
respectively, the anode and cathode. The
reactions that produce electricity take
place at the electrodes.
• Moving towards energy sustainability will require changes not
only in the way energy is supplied, but in the way it is used, and
reducing the amount of energy required to deliver various goods
or services is essential.
NON- RENEWABLE VS. RENEWABLE
 LIST OF AGREEMENTS AND PROTOCOLS FOR
THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT:

• International environmental agreements (IEAs) are signed treaties that regulate or

manage human impact on the environment in an effort to protect it.

• A convention can refer to an actual meeting or conference between parties where they
reach an agreement on the final terms of a treaty. However, it is also broadly used to
describe wide-scale agreements between governments.

• A protocol is usually supplemental: It further amends an existing convention and creates

additional restrictions or standards. Original signatories of a convention are not
automatically bound to protocols without a separate ratification.
• Climate protection
• 1979 Geneva Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
• 1984 Geneva Protocol on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring
and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP)
• 1985 Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions on their TranspoundaryFluxes by
at least 30 per cent
• 1988 Sofia Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or their
Transboundary Fluxes
• 1991 Geneva Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or
their Transboundary Fluxes
• 1994 Oslo Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions
• 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Heavy Metals
• 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
• 1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone
• Ozone layer
• Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985)
• Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)
• Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
(Kigali amendment, 2016)

• Climate change
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)
• Kyoto Protocol (1997)
• Paris Agreement (2016)
• Prevention of environmental damage caused by chemicals
• Minamata convention on Mercury, 2017
•The End
 NASA SPACE IMAGES SHOW CHINESE
POLLUTION DROP DUE TO THE CORONAVIRUS
OUTBREAK