Fuel 258 (2019) 116104

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Determination of the upper limit of monoglyceride content in biodiesel for T

B30 implementation based on the measurement of the precipitate in a
Biodiesel–Petrodiesel fuel blend (BXX)
Imam Paryantoa,b, Tirto Prakosoc, Misri Gozana,
⁎

a
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
b
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, BPPT Building 2-10th Floor, Jalan M.H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
c
School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Biodiesel, in the form of a blended fuel (BXX) with 20%-vol biodiesel (B20), has been on sale on the Indonesian
Biodiesel market since early 2016. There is a plan to increase its percentage by up to 30% by 2020, as stated in the biodiesel
Monoglyceride mandatory phase implementation report. One of the important parameters in biodiesel quality for the im-
Precipitation plementation of higher biodiesel percentage is monoglyceride content. Monoglyceride presence in biodiesel is
B20
caused by the incomplete conversion of raw material oils during the transesterification process, with alcohol, and it
B30
remains in the biodiesel product. The presence of monoglyceride in BXX fuel, especially at low-temperature con-
Fuel blend
ditions, can cause the formation of a precipitate that accelerates fuel filter clogging. The monoglyceride impurities,
even in very low amounts, can trigger the formation of a precipitate. The amount of precipitate is an important
factor that can affect the time taken before the fuel filter becomes blocked. The determination of the newly proposed
upper limit of monoglyceride content parameter in biodiesel standard is necessary for B30 implementation so the
potential amount of monoglyceride precipitate can be anticipated. The limit was proposed to be determined by
benchmarking the amount of precipitate formed in B20 or B10 at various temperature conditions. The research was
carried out by applying a modified cold soak filtration test method of ASTM D7501 for the precipitation test.
Monopalmitin was added to biodiesel with low monoglyceride content to vary monoglyceride content so that each
sample had approximate monoglyceride contents of 0.17%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8%. Each biodiesel sample was
then blended with petroleum diesel fuel to produce B10, B20 and B30. Each 100 ml sample was separately soaked in
the cooling chamber at constant temperature conditions of 15 °C, 20 °C and 25 °C and at a room temperature
condition for 21 days. Each sample was then filtered, washed with petro-ether, vacuum-dried and weighed for a
constant amount of precipitate retained on the filter. The proposed upper limits of monoglyceride content in bio-
diesel for B30 with respect to the same amount of precipitate at each corresponding temperature condition in B20
and B10 were found to be 0.62% and 0.50%, respectively. However, with respect to the same amount of precipitate
at room temperature in B20, the proposed upper limit of monoglyceride content in biodiesel for B30 was found to be
in the range of 0.40–0.62%, while in the range of 0.33–0.51% for B10. From these results, the upper limit of
monoglyceride content in biodiesel for B30 implementation should be lower than the current standard limit to
achieve the same quality as biodiesel for B20 use.

1. Introduction
Biodiesel has been utilized as an attractive substitute for conventional
diesel fuels not only because it is a renewable fuel but also because of the
advantages of biodiesel over petroleum diesel fuel – such as a higher flash
point, improved lubricity, lower toxicity, lower sulfur content and bio-
degradability [1–3]. Although biodiesel has been widely used as a
blended fuel with petroleum diesel, it still has some technical problems –
such as oxidative stability, low-temperature performance and nitrogen
oxide (NOx) emissions [1,4,5]. Such problems are related to the fatty acid
compositions present in feedstocks. The use of biodiesel in the form of
blended fuel is limited by its poor cold-flow characteristics [6,7]. The
problem of low-temperature performance of biodiesel relates to the for-
mation of precipitates that could cause filter clogging [5].

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mgozan@che.ui.ac.id (M. Gozan).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116104
Received 22 May 2019; Received in revised form 14 August 2019; Accepted 27 August 2019
0016-2361/ © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0/).
I. Paryanto, et al. Fuel 258 (2019) 116104

Biodiesel, also known as fatty acid methyl ester, is produced by Table 1

esterification or transesterification reactions of fatty acids that can be in Biodiesel fuel (B100) specification and quality.
the form of plant oil or animal oil [1,2]. The transesterification reaction No Parameter Unit B100 sample Limit SNI Methods
for biodiesel production is a reversible reaction in which one mole of 7182-2015
triglyceride reacts with three moles of alcohol (molar ratio of methanol
to vegetable oil of 3:1) to form one mole of glycerol and three moles of CoA Result Min Max

the respective fatty acid alkyl esters [1]. This reaction follows step-wise 1 Density at 40 °C kg/m3 n/a 855.3 850 890 SNI 7182-
transformations from triacylglycerol (triglycerides) to diacylglycerol 2015/ASTM
(diglycerides) and eventually monoacylglycerol (monoglycerides) to D 4052
become glycerol. In each step, fatty acid methyl ester is made and al- 2 Cloud point °C 15 16 18 ASTM D 2500
2 Ester content % mass n/a 98.7 96.5 Calculated
cohol concentration is reduced [1,2]. The conversion of oils to biodiesel
3 Free glycerol % mass 0.003 0.006 0.02 ASTM D 6584
is considerably high in optimum conditions so the trace of unreacted 4 Total glycerol % mass 0.047 0.128 0.34 ASTM D 6584
glycerides is very low. However, the glyceride impurities – especially 5 Mono-glyceride: % mass 0.174 0.179 0.8 EN 14105/
monoglycerides, even in very low quantities – can significantly affect ASTM D 6584
a. Monopalmitin % mass 0.094
the biodiesel properties [8]. The biodiesel production process can
b. Monoolein % mass 0.070
produce impurities such as saturated monoglycerides (SMG) which can c. Monostearin % mass 0.015
precipitate at low-temperature conditions. This is due to the high final
melting temperature or melting point of SMG, and solid deposits will
form above the cloud point (CP) [9]. their results indicated that the formation of precipitate was influenced
The cold-flow properties of biodiesel blended fuel are characterized by monoglyceride content in B100, percentage of B100 in BXX and
by cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), and cold filter plugging point soaking temperature conditions [23–25]. This present study deals with
(CFPP). CP determines the temperature at which crystallization begins, the measurement of precipitate in B10, B20 and B30 with varied
pour point shows the temperature at which fuel no longer pours or flow monoglyceride contents in palm oil-based biodiesel and at various
and cold filter plugging point defines the temperature at which the soaking temperature conditions. Furthermore, the results are used to
plugging of fuel filter starts to occur [10,11]. It is necessary to identify determine the upper limit of monoglyceride content in biodiesel for B30
and test the cold-flow properties of biodiesel and its blend. Besides implementation.
those properties, there are available tests for the assessment of the
precipitate in biodiesel–petroleum diesel blended fuel and its clogging
2. Materials and methods
effect on fuel filter – namely, ASTM D7501 for cold soak filtration test
(CSFT) [12,13] and ASTM D2068 for filter blocking test [14,15]. CSFT
2.1. Fuel preparation and analysis
combines steps of cold soaking (in terms of soaking temperatures and
time) and filterability for determining fuel filter clogging tendency.
Distilled palm oil-based biodiesel (B100) sample was supplied by
Filter blocking test is a method for the determination of the fuel filter
Wilmar Nabati Co. Indonesia in Gresik, East Java and had mono-
blocking tendency and filterability of middle distillate fuel oils and non-
glyceride content of 0.174%-mass as in Certificate of Analysis.
petroleum liquid fuels such as biodiesel, where the fuel users demand
Petroleum diesel fuel (B0) used in the study was supplied by PT
good cleanliness of the fuel [14,15].
Pertamina. Biodiesel was analysed for several quality parameters ac-
Several studies have revealed the presence of some impurities in the
cording to Indonesian National Quality Standard (SNI) 7182:2015 [26].
form of precipitates in biodiesel with different feedstock oils, i.e.
Monopalmitin was used to increase monoglycerides content in biodiesel
especially free steryl glucoside and monoglycerides [8,10,16–20]. Tang
for the test purpose. Monopalmitin was obtained from Tokyo Chemical
et al. [10] indicated that the major cause of precipitate formation in
Industry, Japan, with specifications of melting point 73.0–77.0 °C and
soybean oil-based biodiesel is steryl glucosides, in poultry fat-based
purity > 95% (GC). Increased monoglyceride content in B100 (for
biodiesel is monoglycerides and in cottonseed oil-based biodiesel are
testing) was achieved by adding monopalmitin to the biodiesel sample
both steryl glucosides and monoglycerides. Tang et al. [18] described
so that its monoglyceride content reached 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 wt%, re-
that insoluble palm oil-based biodiesel can be attributed to mono-
spectively, prior to blending. The monoglyceride contents in biodiesel
glycerides, while insoluble soybean oil-based biodiesel is due to steryl
samples were determined according to ASTM D6584 [27] with Gas
glucosides. Plata et al. [19] explained that free steryl glucosides is the
Chromatography Perkin-Elmer Clarus equipped with a flame ionization
significant factor affecting cold soak filtration time, whereas free steryl
detector (GC-FID), using an Elite 5-HT column (30 m in length, with
glucosides, monoglycerides and water content affect the precipitate
0.32 mm internal diameter, and a 0.1 µm film thickness) and a hy-
content. Their study also showed that distilled palm oil-based biodiesel
drogen gas carrier.
samples indicated no free steryl glucoside content, but a small amount
Petrodiesel fuel (B0) was filtered to remove the residue before
of monoglyceride content.
blending to BXX so that only impurities from B100 could be considered
In real applications, biodiesel is utilized in the form of blended fuel
to influence the filter clogging in the BXX precipitation test. BXX
with petroleum diesel fuel known as BXX, where XX denotes the per-
samples were prepared by blending B0 and B100 in volume ratio to
centage of biodiesel in the blended fuel. Many countries have already
produce B10, B20 and B30. BXX samples were analyzed for several
applied different portions of biodiesel in the blended fuel [21]. In In-
related quality parameters, as shown in Table 3. For comparison, the
donesia, it has been mandated that biodiesel should be marketed by
B20 available in the market, known as Biosolar, was also included in
including it in small quantities in the blended fuel since 2006. This has
the test.
been gradually increased to 20%-vol biodiesel (B20) since early 2016.
Its percentage is planned to be increased to 30% (B30) as stated in the
biodiesel mandatory phase implementation by 2020 [22]. One im- 2.2. Precipitation test
portant issue which needs to be anticipated for a higher percentage of
biodiesel utilization (B30 implementation) is precipitate formation in The precipitation test applied modified ASTM D7501 for CSFT. This
BXX due to the monoglyceride content in biodiesel. Precipitate forma- test was performed by placing 100 ml of each BXX sample in a closed
tion in BXX could cause clogging problems in the fuel filter [10,11]. 100 ml-separating funnel. Blank test using B0 was also conducted by
Previous studies were conducted for CSFT of BXX at various conditions filtering B0 through the same size filter paper without soaking. The
of soaking and type of monoglyceride in palm oil-based biodiesel, and samples were then placed in the refrigerators at a constant, controlled

2
I. Paryanto, et al. Fuel 258 (2019) 116104

Table 2
Monoglyceride content variation in biodiesel samples.
No Biodiesel samples Added monopalmitin, mg/L B100 Monoglyceride content %-mass Monopalmitin %-mass Monoolein %-mass Monostearin %-mass

1 B100 – MG initial – 0.179 0.094 0.070 0.015

2 B100 – MG 0.4 2038.76 0.437 0.348 0.071 0.019
3 B100 – MG 0.6 3842.97 0.623 0.533 0.071 0.019
4 B100 – MG 0.8 5647.18 0.824 0.732 0.071 0.021

MG in B100 : 0.179%
MG in B100 : 0.437%
MG in B100 : 0.623%
MG in B100 : 0.824%

Fig. 1. GC Chromatogram for monoglyceride content in biodiesel.

Table 3
Petrodiesel Fuel (B0) specification and quality.
No Parameter Unit Result Standard B0 (Solar 48) Methods

Min Max

1 Density at 15 °C kg/m3 843.8 815 860 ASTM D4052

2 Kinematic viscosity at 40 °C mm2/s 2.6 2 4.5 ASTM D445
o
3 Cloud point C 9.7 – 18 ASTM D5773
4 Sulfur content % mass 0.106 0.25 ASTM D4294

temperature of 15, 20 and 25 °C, as well as room temperatures MGBXX = xa (1)

(24–30 °C).
where MGBXX represents monoglyceride weight in BXX (in gram), x
After 21 days of soaking, each sample was then vacuum-filtered
represents the volume percentage (%-vol) of biodiesel (B100) in 1 L
through a 0.8 µm filter paper. Cellulose acetate membrane filter used to
BXX fuel, ɑ represents the %-mass monoglyceride content in biodiesel
filter BXX was Sartorious™ with a diameter specification of 47 mm and
(B100) and ρ is the density of biodiesel (in kg/m3 or g/litre).
particle retention 0.8 µm. Precipitate retained on filter paper was then
washed with Petro-ether and dried with vacuum condition, and its
weight was measured. Petroleum ether from Merck was used to wash 3. Results and discussion
precipitate so that only monoglyceride in the precipitate remained on
the filter. 3.1. Properties and modified monoglyceride content of biodiesel

Biodiesel was analysed for several quality parameters according to

2.3. Monoglyceride contents in BXX
The fuel samples for the precipitation test were in the form of
blended fuel (BXX), each with 10, 20 and 30%-vol of biodiesel content.
Therefore, monoglyceride content in BXX needed to be calculated from
the %-mass of monoglyceride content in biodiesel. Monoglyceride
content in BXX fuel (MGBXX) could be calculated for its given mono-
glyceride content in biodiesel (B100) and the percentage (%-vol) of
biodiesel (B100) in BXX fuel, using Eq. (1):
SNI 7182:2015 [11], as shown in Table 1. The result of petrodiesel fuel
is shown in Table 3. The results of some important quality parameters
of blended fuels (B10, B20, B30) are presented in Table 4. All were
found to be within biodiesel quality standard according to SNI
7182:2015 and ASTM D6571 specifications, and each corresponding
BXX parameter standard stated in ASTM. The original monoglyceride
content in biodiesel before the addition of monopalmitin was analysed
to be 0.179%-mass (Table 1), containing 0.094%-mass monopalmitin,
0.070%-mass monoolein and 0.015%-mass monostearin. Monopalmitin

3
I. Paryanto, et al. Fuel 258 (2019) 116104

Table 4
BXX fuel (B10, B20 and B30) specification and quality.
No Parameter Unit Result Limit Methods

B10 B20 B30

1 Density at 15 °C kg/m3 845.5 848.3 851.0 815–860 ASTM D4052

2 Kinematic Viscosity at 40 °C mm2/s 2.87 2.98 3.14 2.0–4.5 ASTM D445
o
3 Cloud point C 9.5 9.7 9.5 18 max ASTM D5773
4 Water content %-vol 183.27 249.87 302.33 500 max ASTM D6304
5 Sediment content %mass None None None 0.01 max ASTM D473
6 FAME content %mass 10.1 20.1 29.9 – ASTM D7806
7 Total acid number mg KOH/g 0.061 0.089 0.110 0.06 ASTM D664
8 Oxidation stability
- Rancimat Method Hours 42.32 36.21 36.11 35 EN 15751

and monostearin are known as saturated monoglycerides, whereas
monoolein as unsaturated monoglyceride [19]. In order to change the
composition of saturated monoglycerides in biodiesel to influence the
precipitate formation in BXX fuel, monopalmitin was added to vary
monoglyceride content in biodiesel samples., The modified mono-
glyceride contents of biodiesel samples became 0.437%, 0.623% and
0.824% as shown in Table 2 and Fig. 1. By adding monopalmitin to vary
the monoglyceride content in biodiesel, the percentage of SMG com-
position, i.e., monopalmitin and monostearin, changed from the initial
percentage of 60.9%-mass to 83.8, 88.6 and 91.4%-mass, respectively.
Some important parameters of petrodiesel fuel quality are shown in
Table 3, and those of blended fuels (BXX) in Table 4.
3.2. Results of precipitation test
The results of the precipitation test showed that the precipitation of
B10, B20 and B30 occurred at three different soaking temperatures and
ambient room temperature, as shown in Fig. 2. The results showed that
the lower soaking temperature conditions caused a higher amount of
precipitate. It was also found that increasing biodiesel concentration in

Fig. 2. Results of B10, B20 and B30 Precipitation Tests at (a) 15 °C, (b) 20 °C, (c) 25 °C and (d) room temperature conditions (24–30 °C).

4
I. Paryanto, et al.
Fig. 3. Correlation between %MG in B100 blended for B10, B20 and B30, and weight of precipitate at (a) 15 °C, (b) 20 °C, (c) 25 °C and (d) room temperature
conditions (24–30 °C).
BXX could make the amount of precipitate to increase. This was due to
the increased content of impurities in BXX, which were mainly from
monoglyceride content in biodiesel. This result confirmed the previous
result [evergreen].
From Fig. 2, the %-mass monoglyceride content in biodiesel could
be calculated at a certain precipitate amount for each interval of
0.0025 g/100 ml B100. Then, (B100) the graph of the monoglyceride
content (%-mass) in B100 against the precipitate weight (gram) in
100 ml BXX for each soaking temperature condition could be drawn as
shown in Fig. 3. The conversion of monoglyceride content (%) in B100
from the monoglyceride content in BXX vice versa could be calculated as
shown in Table 5 by considering vol-% biodiesel in BXX and its density
using Eq. (1). Fig. 3 showed that there was a clear relationship between
the monoglyceride content (%MG) in B100 and the precipitate formed
at certain soaking temperature conditions.
Biodiesel in Indonesia has been mandated to be marketed and
blended up to 20%-volume (B20), known as Biosolar, since January
2016, after the assessment and testing of B20 utilization (B20 road test)
was carried out in 2014 [28]. The percentage of biodiesel in the
blended fuel is planned to be increased to 30% by volume (B30) in 2020
[22]. Previously, the determination of upper limit parameter of
monoglyceride content in Indonesian National Biodiesel Quality Stan-
dard (SNI) for the implementations of B10 (SNI 7182:2012) and B20
(SNI 7182:2015) was adopted from other standards (JIS, ASTM and
5
Fuel 258 (2019) 116104
EN). In order to determine the new upper limit of monoglyceride
content of biodiesel (B100) for B30 implementation, a new method was
proposed by considering the precipitate weight found in B10 or B20 at
corresponding temperatures. The amount of precipitate in biodiesel,
and hence in BXX, was an important factor to be determined to review
the monoglyceride content in biodiesel standard for higher biodiesel
implementation because monoglyceride presence in biodiesel could
trigger the formation of precipitate in B100 or BXX leading to the fuel
filter clogging.
In order to get a new standard limit of monoglyceride content in
B100 as stated in SNI 7182:2015, for producing quality of B30
equivalent to that of B20 or B10, the results in Fig. 3 were applied to
determine the relationship between the amount of precipitate formed in
B10, B20 and B30 fuels and the monoglyceride content in biodiesel
(B100). The new upper limit of monoglyceride content in biodiesel
(B100) for B30 use with respect to the same amount of precipitate at
each corresponding temperature condition was proposed to be 0.62%-
mass based on B20, and 0.50%-mass based on B10. Also, the lowest
precipitate weight of 0.020 g/100 ml B20 or 0.015 g/100 ml B10 based
on monoglyceride content of 0.8%-mass in B100 for B20 or B10 use,
respectively, was measured at room temperature. The amount of the
lowest precipitate weight at room temperature could be used as the
base determination of the proposed upper limit of monoglyceride
content in biodiesel for B30 use. This was due to the assumption that if
I. Paryanto, et al.
Table 5
Monoglyceride weight (gram) calculated in 100 ml BXX (refering to Eq. (1), x
represents the volume percentage (%-vol) of biodiesel (B100) in 1 L BXX fuel
and ɑ represents the %-mass monoglyceride content in biodiesel (B100)).
a Weight of MG in BXX, g/100 ml BXX
x = 10% x = 20% x = 30%
0.179% 0.0153 0.0306 0.0459
0.437% 0.0374 0.0747 0.1121
0.623% 0.0533 0.1065 0.1598
0.824% 0.0705 0.1409 0.2114
the lowest amount of precipitate weight is equivalent to the previous
B20 or B10 implementation using the standard upper limit of 0.8%-
mass monoglyceride content in biodiesel (B100), the problem of fuel
filter clogging for B30 implementation did not occur. Based on this
assumption, it was found that the upper limit of monoglyceride content
in biodiesel (B100) for B30 use with respect to the lowest amount of
precipitate at room temperature soaking condition in B20 was proposed
to be at the range of 0.40–0.62%, and in B10 to be at the range of
0.33–0.51%.
4. Conclusion
From the precipitation test conducted using B10, B20 and B30
samples in different soaking temperature conditions, it can be con-
cluded that the amount of precipitate formed in BXX fuel was affected
by soaking temperature conditions, biodiesel percentage in BXX fuel
and monoglyceride content in biodiesel. The higher amount of pre-
cipitate was found at the lower soaking temperature condition.
Biodiesel concentration in BXX and monoglyceride content in biodiesel
could affect the formation of the precipitate. Increasing biodiesel con-
centration in BXX and higher monoglyceride content in B100 could
make the amount of precipitate to increase. It could be suggested that
the upper limit of monoglyceride content in biodiesel for B30 use with
respect to the same amount of precipitate at each corresponding tem-
perature condition in B20 was proposed to be 0.62%, and in B10 to be
0.50%. However, with respect to the same amount of precipitate at
room temperature in B20, the proposed upper limit of monoglyceride
content in biodiesel for B30 was found to be at the range of
0.40–0.62%, and in B10 to be at the range of 0.33–0.51%. In order to
achieve the same quality as biodiesel for B20 utilization, the upper limit
of monoglyceride content in biodiesel for B30 implementation is should
be lower than the current standard limit.
Acknowledgments
This research was partially funded by Oil Palm Plantation Fund
Management Agency (BPDPKS) Indonesia through BPDP Sawit grant
Nr. PRJ-20/DPKS/2018; and Research Grant from Universitas
Indonesia through Hibah Q1Q2 scheme Nr. NKB-0310/UN2.R3.1/
HKP.05.00/2019.
Fuel 258 (2019) 116104
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