Analytic functions

If the derivative f ' ( z ) exists at all points of z of a region R, then f ( z ) is said to be analytic in R
or a function analytic in R. The terms regular and homomorphic are sometimes used for analytic.
The Cauchy-Riemann equations
A necessary condition that w = f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) + iv ( x, y ) be analytic in a region R is that, in R ,u
and v satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations.
¶u ¶v ¶u ¶v
= , -
¶x ¶y ¶y ¶x
Example 16:
Show that f ( z ) = e - y eix is analytic.
Solution:
eix = cos x + i sin x
\ f ( z ) = e - y eix
Þ f ( z ) = e - y ( cos x + i sin x )
f ( z ) = e- y cos x + ie - y sin x
\ u = e- y cos x; v = e - y sin x
¶u ¶v
= -e - y sin x; = -e - y sin x
¶x ¶y
¶u ¶v
\ =
¶x ¶y
¶u ¶v ¶u -¶v
= -e - y cos x; = e- y cos x \ =
¶y ¶x ¶y ¶x
Harmonic Functions
If the second partial derivative of u and v with respect to x and y exist and are continous in a
region R , then
¶ 2u ¶ 2 u ¶ 2v ¶ 2v
+ = 0, + =0
¶x 2 ¶y 2 ¶x 2 ¶y 2
¶2 ¶2
Or V 2 u = 0, V2 v = 0 where V 2 = + .
¶x 2 ¶y 2
It follows that under this conditions, the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function satisfy
Laplace’s equation.
Example 17:
Show that f ( z ) = z 3 - 2 z is analytic and harmonic.
Solution:
Let z = x + iy
z 3 - 2 z = ( x + iy ) - 2 ( x + iy )
2

= x 3 + 3iyx 2 + 3 ( iy ) x + ( iy ) - 2 x - 2iy
2 3

(
= x 3 - 3xy 2 - 2 x + i 3 yx 2 - y 3 - 2 y )
1
\ u = x3 - 3 xy 2 - 2 x; v = 3 yx 2 - y 3 - 2 y
¶u ¶v ¶u ¶v
= 3 x 2 - 3 y 2 - 2; = 3x 2 - 3 y 3 - 2 \ =
¶x ¶y ¶x ¶y
¶u ¶v ¶u ¶v
= -3x ( 2 y ) = -6 xy; = 3 y ( 2 x ) = 6 xy \ =- ;
¶y ¶x ¶y ¶x
Therefore, f ( z ) = z - 2 z is analytic.
3

¶u ¶ 2u
= 3x - 3 y - 2 Þ 2 = 6 x
2 2

¶x ¶x
¶u ¶u
2
= -6 xy Þ 2 = -6 x
¶y ¶y
¶v ¶ 2v
= 6 xy Þ 2 = 6 y
¶x ¶x
¶v ¶ 2u
- 3 x 2 - 3 y 2 - 2 Þ 2 = -6 y
¶y ¶y
¶ 2u ¶ 2u
\ ¹ = 6 x - 6 x = 0 and also
¶x 2 ¶y 2
¶ 2v ¶ 2v
+ = 6y -6y = 0
¶x 2 ¶y 2
Therefore, f ( z ) = z 3 - 2 z is harmonic.
Note:
¶ 2u ¶ 2u
If u(x,y) is harmonic, then it satisfies the Laplace equation Ñ 2u = + =0.
¶x 2 ¶y 2
¶ 2 v ¶ 2v
Also, if v(x, y) is harmonic, it satisfies the Laplace equation Ñ u = 2 + 2 = 0 .
2

¶x ¶y
Example 18:
Prove that u = e- x ( x sin y - y cos y ) is harmonic.
Solution:
u = xe - x sin y - e - x y cos y
¶u
= e - x sin y + ( -1) xe - x sin y + e - x y cos y
¶x
¶u
= e - x sin y - xe - x sin y + e - x y cos y
¶x
¶ 2u
= -e - x sin y - ( e - x sin y - xe - x sin y ) - e- x y cos y
¶x 2

= -e- x sin y - e - x sin y + xe - x sin y - e- x y cos y

= -2e - x sin y + xe- x sin y - e - x y cos y …(1)
¶u
= xe - x cos y - e - x ( cos y - y sin y )
¶y

2
 = xe - x cos y - e - x cos y + ye - x sin y
¶ 2u
= - xe - x sin y + e - x sin y + e - x sin y + ye- x cos y …(2)
¶y 2

Adding (1) and (2) gives

-2e - x sin y + xe - x sin y - e - x y cos y + 2e - x sin y - xe - x sin y + ye - x cos y = 0
¶ 2u ¶ 2v
\ + = 0 Þ u is harmonic.
¶x 2 ¶y 2
Example 19:
From the example 19 above, find v such that f ( z ) = u + iv is analytic.
Solution:
u = e- x ( x sin y - y cos y )
¶u
From example 19, = e - x sin y - xe - x sin y + ye - x cos y
¶x
Since f ( z ) is analytic, then
¶u ¶v
= = e - x sin y - xe - x sin y + e - x cos y
¶x ¶y
( )
v = ò e - x sin y - xe - x sin y + e - x cos y dy
= -e - x cos y + xe- x cos y + e - x ò y cos y dy
= -e - x cos y + xe - x cos y + e - x ( y sin y + cos y ] + F ( x )
= -e - x cos y + xe - x cos y + e - x y sin y + e - x cos y + F ( x )
= xe - x cosy + e - x y sin y + F ( x ) where F(x) is an arbitrary real function of x.
¶u ¶v
Also, = - = xe - x cos y + ye- x sin y - e - x cos y
¶y ¶x
¶v
= e - x cos y - xe - x cos y - ye - x sin y …(1)
¶x
But v = ye - x sin y + xe - x cos y + F ( x )
¶v
= - ye - x sin y + e - x cos y - xe - x cos y + F ( x ) …(2)
¶x
Equating equation 1 and 2
e - x cos y - xe - x cos y - ye - x sin y = - ye - x sin y + e - x cos y + F ' ( x )
F ' ( x) = 0
Þ v = ye - x sin y + xe - x cos y + k
Example 20:
Given that u ( x, y ) = y 3 - 3 x 2 y , find v(x, y) such that f ( z ) = u + iv is analytic.
Solution:
u ( x, y ) = y 3 - 3 x 2 y

3
¶u ¶v
= -6 xy =
¶x ¶y
æ y2 ö
\ v = ò ( -6 xy ) dy = -6 x ç ÷ + F1 ( x )
è 2 ø
= -3xy + F ( x ) where F ( x ) is an arbitrary real function of x.
2

OR
¶u ¶v
=-
¶y ¶x
¶u ¶v
= 3 y 2 - 3x 2 = -
¶y ¶x
¶v
= 3x 2 - 3 y 2
¶x
( )
v = ò 3 x 2 + 3 y 2 dx
= x + 3y x
3 2

= -3y 2 x + f ( x )
Exercise 7
1. Prove that the function u = 2 x (1 - y ) is harmonic.
2. Find a function v(x, y) such that f(x) is analytic (in number 1 above).
3. Express f(x) in terms of z (fro 1 and 2).
4. Show that u ( x, y ) = 2 x - x 3 + 3xy 2 is harmonic and hence find a harmonic conjugate v ( x, y ) .