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Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams using FRP Technique: A Review

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Research Article Volume 7 Issue No.6

Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams using FRP Technique:

A Review
Muktar Nuhu Danraka1, H. Mahir Mahmod2, Ojo-kupoluyi Job Oluwatosin3
PG Student1, 2, 3
Department of Civil Engineering1, 3, Department of Mechanical Engineering2
University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia1, 2
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria3

Abstract:
Excessive fatigue deterioration is usually experienced when Reinforced Concrete structural elements are subjected to loadings. This
emphasizes the desire to strengthen as well as improve the fatigue performance and extend the fatigue life of RC structural
components particularly beams. During the last few decades, strengthening of concrete structural elements by fibre-reinforced
polymer (FRP) has become a widely used technique where high strength is needed for carrying heavy loads or repairing is done due to
fatigue cracking, failure modes and or corrosion. This paper reviews various aspects of RC beams strengthened with FRP. This topic
has not been covered comprehensively in previous studies, whereas the technology has been modified rapidly in the recent past. It
highlights aspects such as surface preparation, adhesive curing, finite element (FE) simulation, fatigue performance as well as the
failure modes of RC beams retrofitted with FRP. This technique eliminates and or reduces the crack growth rate, delay initial
cracking, decline the stiffness decay with residual deflection and extend the fatigue life of RC beams. The best strengthening option
in this case is pre-stressed carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP).

Keywords: adhesive, fibre reinforced polymer (FRP), failure mode, finite element, RC beam, strengthening.

I. INTRODUCTION contaminants from the surrounding environment may react with

In recent times, the damage of structural elements such as
bridges, buildings due to structural inadequacies (deterioration of
materials or aging, poor maintenance, earthquakes) has directed
research efforts towards devising an efficient and economical
technique of repairing affected structures. Several techniques
have been utilised in strengthening construction in numerous
ways. The use of FRP with their excellent mechanical properties
for retrofitting reinforced concrete structures is one of them.
During the last two decades, the benefits of FRP strengthening
have been revealed in terms of time and cost [1-3]. However,
extensive research studies [3-21] have been carried out to
investigate, particularly, the performance of RC beams retrofitted
by FRP plates. FRP composites are made up of high tensile
strength fibres embedded in an epoxy matrix, they provide
superior resistance to corrosion, low weight, high strength to
weight ratio, high mechanical strength, a fast and economical
way of rehabilitation or repair of beams, columns or slabs [4, 5,
22-24]. Surface preparation is relevant in achieving a successful
strengthening interaction in FRP and concrete. Therefore, the
efficiency and quality of bond between the FRP composites and
concrete plays a major role in transferring the stress between
concrete structures and externally bonded FRP plates [25, 26].
The material properties of epoxy matrix of the fibres together
with the properties of concrete substrate properties such as
roughness, strength, cleanliness of the concrete surface may also
be responsible for the quality or reliability of bond. [27-29]. Due
to their excellent adhesive ability to both FRP and concrete,
epoxy resins are mostly selected to bond them together. Most
times when epoxy adhesives are used, water, alkalis and other
the epoxy influencing the curing rate as well as the degree of
cure. These adverse effect on the epoxy significantly result in a
major draw-back in the durability and mechanical properties of
the bond between the FRP and concrete [30]. Excessive fatigue
deterioration could be experienced when RC beams are subjected
to load repetitions. A lot of studies [4, 31-34] have focused on
fatigue strength as well as predictions in the fatigue life of the
RC beams. This emphasizes the desire to improve the fatigue
performance and extend the fatigue life of RC beams using the
system of strengthening with fibre reinforced polymer. The
purpose of this work is to provide a review on the strengthening
of RC beams by using FRP technique. In addition, this research
covers the following areas: adhesive curing, surface preparation
technique, bond between FRP and concrete, fatigue performance
under several conditions, failure mode, crack propagation and FE
simulation. Future research issues and recommendation are
shown subsequently. This paper reviews the following regions
that have received only minor reporting in prior review studies,
on the other hand, have modified rapidly.
Surface Preparation and Treatment for Bonding between
FRP and Concrete.
Bonding depends on properties of concrete, composite and
adhesive and it is very essential when strengthening concrete
beams with FRP to avoid premature failure. Surface preparation
involves the removal of concrete mortar and opening of pore
structures by various techniques such as sandblasting, water
jetting, grinding and brushing to promote bond formation.
According to [26], the role played by the bond between concrete
beams and FRP cannot be overemphasized as it transfers the

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stress between concrete structures and externally bonded FRP
plates to establish composite action. [20] carried out a single-lap
shear test to examine the influence of bond and force transfer of
composite FRP bonded to concrete. Examinations conducted on
test specimens having a constant bond length revealed that
surface preparation is a prerequisite for achieving excellent bond
strength. In the same vein using a near end supported (NES)
single shear pull test, [35] conducted an experimental study on
concrete to FRP bonded joints, they reported that careful
preparation of concrete surfaces played a beneficial role in bond
strength. Moreover, [36] reported that surface preparation of the
beam can affect the bond strength as the performance of
specimen with sandblasted surface performed below that of
specimen with roughened surface. According to [37], fatigue
assessment of CFRP bonded to concrete to some extent depend
upon the surface preparation and strength of the CFRP plate. In
addition, [38] stated that the benefit of surface preparation via
sandblasting before CFRP application is to provide a smooth
bending of the fibre around the corners of the concrete specimen
to avoid premature damage during loading. In the same vein,
[23] conducted water jet and sanding surface treatment
techniques to remove thin layer of mortar or paste accumulated
on concrete specimens, they carried out failure tests to analyse
the performance of both techniques. It was reported that the bond
between FRP and concrete greatly improved with water jet
technique as compared to the sanding, more so, the failure load
was 50% higher in water jet treated specimens. They concluded
that water jet technique created a rougher surface to
accommodate adhesives. Structural performance of RC beams
retrofitted with adhesively bonded FRP exposed to flexural
testing was investigated by [39]. All RC beams were 2.3m long
and had been in service for 4-6 months before external
reinforcement with 0.8m CFRP carbon fibre reinforcement
polymer plates. Prior to the application of CFRP, all surfaces of
concrete beams were grit blasted with 180 mesh alumina at an
average pressure of 270 kpa then subsequent removal of dust was
carried out leaving composite plates clean and uniformly rough
to accomodate mechanical interlocking of adhesives applied by
nylon peel-ply technique. They concluded that the peel-ply
technique and the entire surface preparation has the advantage of
good adhesion characteristics for short term and even when
joints were subjected to environmental aging. Similarly, [40]
reported in their study that the surface preparation through
sandblasting enhances durability of the bonded system and has
significant influence on the specimen behavior near ultimate
loading conditions. In order to determine the effect of surface
roughness on the bond of FRP composites to concrete, [41]
carried out a shear and pull-out tests on 40 No. specimens with
different levels of roughness produced through sandblasting,
grinding, bush-hammering and brushing. Their results indicated
that sandblasting and bush-hammering techniques presented the
most effective bond strength with a 30 – 50% increase more than
the reference strength. Their findings also revealed that surface
preparation regardless of the technique employed improves
uniformity of roughness along the surface. [42, 43] investigated
the effect of sandblasting and grinding concrete surface on
fracture energy for FRP concrete bonding. After bonding CFRP
on specimens then subjecting them to increasing axial force until
delamination, experimental results revealed that larger roughness
of concrete surface and higher fracture energy or delamination
force values was obtained via grinding with stone wheel
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, June 2017
characterised by a coarse iron powder (type 2) as compared to
specimens treated by sandblasting. They concluded that concrete
surface preparation and bonding technique are very significant
for a correct application to avoid premature failures.
Adhesive curing
An adhesive is a substance that sticks to the surface of an object
such that two surfaces become bonded as shown in 1. The
introduction of adhesives between the substrate and composite
material is critical as it prepares the surfaces before FRP
application [45].
Concrete
Adhesive
FRP Plate
Figure.1. Concrete, adhesive and frp composite [45].
[46] explained that the continuous bond between FRP and
concrete to ensure the development of composite action is been
achieved by adhesives. These adhesives must not be applied to
wet or damp places as it might weaken or reduce their effects. He
reported in line with [47] that environmental conditions such as
temperature extremes, direct contact with dust or rain could
retard or accelerate the resin curing time. He concluded by
highlighting the required properties of an adhesive for excellent
strengthening as;
 It should present compatible thermal properties with
both FRP and concrete.
 It should be easy to mix, apply and cure.
 It should not be sensitive to normal variations in the
moisture content of prepared surfaces.
 It should present low creep.
According to [48] a perfect curing precludes the transmission of
moisture from the concrete to the FRP which might alter
bonding. In the study of [49], it is generally economical to allow
adhesive curing in retrofitted or repaired bridges with CFRP take
full effect before closing it to traffic as it has been reported by
the concrete society [50], loading during curing time tends to
result in decrease in strength of structural elements by 10%
compared to fully cured ones. In line with this, [51, 52] observed
a progressive reduction in the fatigue life time with increasing
strain level discovered due to vibration experienced from traffic
during curing. [44, 53] revealed the advantages of curing epoxy
adhesives at high temperatures (93oC) as the bond is stronger,
tougher and durable when subjected to unsuitable environmental
conditions. [54] stated that epoxy resins are sensitive to
temperature changes as the curing process leads to lower glass
transition temperature causing a decay in the mechanical
properties of resin. They further explained that this adverse effect
on mechanical properties of adhesives influences bond strength
of FRP to concrete. Above this temperature value, the
mechanical properties of resin will fall effecting its change from
hard-like form to rubber-like form. In their study, [55] suggested
that the glass transition temperature of adhesive used for bonding
of FRP to concrete should be kept at 20oC in excess of the
ambient temperature at normal service conditions and should be
at least 45oC. [30] studied the effect of water on the curing and
adhesive properties used for bonding CFRP composite to
concrete, it was reported that the interaction of water due to rain,
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ground water, alkalis and other contaminants with epoxy
adhesives influences the curing rate as well as the degree of cure.
They further explained through isothermal differential scanning
calorimetry DSC analysis that around 2% of water accelerates
the curing rate, bond strength and the degree of cure while excess
water deteriorates the durability and properties of epoxy
adhesives. Also, [56] explored the effect of contaminated resins
on curing rate and mechanical properties of adhesives. Using
near infrared (NIR) spectrometry to examine the curing reactions
of epoxy adhesives, they observed an increased reaction rate at
60oC after few hours and consequently, higher mechanical
properties such as ultimate tensile strength, flexural strength
were achieved in epoxy mixed with phenol reagent (EP-NT97-
epoxy) due to the presence of water compared to those found in
the EA-230-epoxy.
Finite Element Simulation
The finite element method (FEM) is obviously an acceptable
approach and a powerful tool for analysing structures
using software [15, 49]. Many finite element analyses (FEA)
performed using the general purpose finite element computer
programs such as ABAQUS and ANSYS analysis have been
carried out on RC beams plated with FRP [3, 15, 39, 57-63]. In
general, FEM is normally developed to examine the load
carrying capacity, crack pattern, and failure mode of structural
concrete. It has been found that the general structural behaviour
obtained from the FEM shows a close correspondence to the
experimental test results [64]. Previous researchers have also
verified that the effect of an addition of FRP sheet on the
structural behaviour retrofitted RC beams can be analysed by
FEM with accuracy [65]. Based on the optimal FE Modeling
methodologies for structural concrete members retrofitted with
FRP sheets, [64] developed a three-dimensional FEM to examine
the load carrying capacity, crack pattern, and failure mode of
Cracking of the control beam
Crack pattern in control beam
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, June 2017
structural concrete beams by nonlinear FEA using ANSYS
program. The material properties of FRP laminate were
represented, investigated and compared by two elements, the
SHELL63 and SOLID46. The authors concluded that the shear
transfer coefficient (STC) of 0.25 and convergence tolerance
value (CONVTOL) of 0.2 is the optimal combination of
modeling factor. The SOLID 46 element representing the FRP
strengthening was recommended to the SHELL 63 element. The
behavior of RC beams strengthened with FRP plate was
investigated by [3] based on FEA and using a separate crack
model. According to the test conducted by [62], the beams were
modelled and it was observed that analytical sample with other
parameters held constant, a RC specimen retrofitted with a short
plate is further likely to fail because of concrete cover separation
and in an additional brittle mode. In addition, the failure mode
turns from flexural-shear or flexural to concrete cover separation
when there is a reduction in plate length, as well as both the
maximum deflection and the load-carrying capacity of the RC
beam declined. [66] carried out nonlinear FEA to evaluate the
failure mode performance of strengthened RC specimen in
flexure by FRP plates. FE software (ANSYS program) was used
to model the two beams. Beam without FRP was assumed as
control beam while the second beam is strengthened with Glass
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP). Ultimate, first crack loads,
load-deflection relationships and crack pattern were plotted from
the analysis data and compared with the experimental
consequences as shown in Figure. 2. A good agreement was
established in terms of load-deflection from numerical studies in
comparison with those obtained by experimental test. It was
observed a difference in performance between the RC beams
retrofitted with and without GFRP sheets. As a result, using FEA
software is adoptable in modeling of experimental RC beams.
Hence, confirmation of experimental outcomes can also be done
using FEA software.
Cracking of the bottom single strip beam
Crack pattern in bottom single strip beam
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 Load vs. Deflection curve for control beam Load vs. Deflection curve for bottom single strip beam

Figure. 2. Load-Deflection And Crack Patterns Curves For Control And Retrofitted Beams [66]

[65] conducted research of a three-dimensional (3-D) nonlinear
FEA models utilizing both perfect and non-perfect bonding
elements at the concrete-CFRP interface for flexural
strengthening to examine the behavior of CFRP strengthened RC
beams to improve the ductility and flexural capacity of the beams
as indicated in Figure.3. Comparison was made between the FEA
results with the experimental results of sixteen full-scale beams
for the load-deformation relationship. Furthermore, the FEA
results are compared with the experimental and ACI results at the
ultimate load. The results of two FE bonding models showed
good agreement with those of the experimental tests. They
concluded, in general, that FEA is a reliable technique for
predicting the response of RC beams strengthened by CFRP. In
addition, utilization of the FEA model is recommended to
determine the flexural strength of the retrofitted beams.

Figure.3. Fea Modeling of Rectangular Rc Beams [65]

[22, 67] conducted a study by using FEM to investigate the beams. Rectangular cross-section geometry was adopted for all
interface effect models of eight CFRP strengthened RC concrete beams and subjected to four point bending with the length of the

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CFRP plate differed. FEA software (ABAQUS program) was
used for this study; a good agreement was obtained between the
numerical outcomes with the experimental data in terms of
debonding failure modes, load–displacement reaction and crack
pattern. In addition, no important variance between the elastic
orthotropic and isotropic simulations for the CFRP was
established. Failure modes and crack pattern were gained and
compared to the experimental outcomes. Comparison of the
results presented a good agreement between experimental works
and FEM as indicated in Figure. 4 and Figure.55. The FEM
study predicted that the beam was somewhat stiffer than the
results obtained from experimental works. This mean perfect
bond between steel and concrete was assumed and the valuation
of the performance of the interface between FRP and concrete
were reliable.

Figure. 4. Experimental And Fea Load-Deflection Curves For Beams [22, 67]

Figure.5. Plastic Strain Distribution And Crack Pattern Comparison Between Fem Analysis And Experiment Of Rc Beam
[22, 67]
[2] studied the three-dimensional FEM on the fire performance predictions and existing test data. The shear failure mode has
simulation of protected FRP RC beams tested by [68-70] for both been witnessed in some current fire tests of FRP retrofitted
thermal and structural responses. The FE software package beams. Moreover, they concluded that the preduction model
ABAQUS was used as shown in Figure 6. They represented the obtained by FEA is capable of accurate forecasts of the structural
accuracy of the suggested FEM by comparing between FE behaviour of FRP retrofitted RC beams.

Figure 6: Typical Fea Mesh Of Frp Strengthened Rc Beam [2]

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From the aforementioned review, it is discovered that the
simulation in the FEM can be fundamental tool to help with
retrofitting RC beam examination as it ultimately decreases cost
and experimental time.
Failure Modes
To ensure the capacity of the reinforcing properties, anchorage of
the FRP is fundamental. Without adequate anchorage lengths,
full usage of the strengthening material cannot be accomplished,
leading to possible early failure [1]. [3] reported that the primary
failure mode is debonding type on the tension area of plated RC
beams, this fact have been shown by many experimental studies
[8, 11-13, 58, 71, 72]. Other investigations revealed that two
types of failure occurs which may be broadly categorised under
debonding failures in flexural RC beams strengthened by FRP,
(a) Failure caused by Concrete compression
(b) Failure caused by FRP rupture and steel yield
(c) Debond of layer along rebar
(d) Failure caused by shear
(e) sheer crack caused Peeling
(f) FRP plate delamination
Figure .7. Types Of Failure Mode Based On [11]
Likewise, [73] recognized six main types of failure modes as
shown in Figure.8. Figs. 8(a), (b) and (c) are not entirely altered
from those of ordinary RC beams, even though there are some
significant variances [74] while failure modes shown in Figs.
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, June 2017
plate end debonding and middle crack. In the first type, failure
begins from one of the plate ends because of the local stress
concentration, while the second type, debonding begins from a
flexural shear crack or a flexural crack [15]. [11] reported that
six divergent categories could be represented the failure modes
as shown in Figure 6. Various parameters in the design of a RC
retrofitted FRP beam are affected by the criteria for each of these
failures. It is recommended that the failure modes should occur
with steel rupture and ultimate yielding prior to concrete
crushing failure Figure 7(b). This could be accomplished by
optimizing the FRP and the ratio of steel-reinforcement through
conventional RC design methods. Other modes of failure, shear
and debonding failures depends on further parameters such as
crack configuration prior to strengthening, existing shear
reinforcement and laminate length.
8(d), (d) and (f) were not recognized in conventional RC beams
but are as substitute modes exclusive to beams bonded with a
lower part plate
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 .
FRP ruptur
Conc. crushing

(a) Flexural failure by compressive concrete crushing (b) Flexural failure by FRP rupture

High stress zone

Shear crack

Crack propgation
(c) separation of concrete cover (d) Shear failure

Crack
High stress zone
High stress zone
Crack propgation
Crack propgation
(e) interfacial debonding made by middle crack (f) Plate end interfacial debonding
Figure.8. Types of Failure modes based on [73]

[65] concluded that when the failure ultimate mode is of concern, ductility and allow development of the full strength of the
a contact element between the CFRP sheet and concrete should longitudinal CFRP sheets bonded to the tension side of the RC
be employed. The use of CFRP diagonal anchors prevents the beam as shown in Figure. 9.19.
separation of the longitudinal CFRP sheets, increase beam

(a)

(b)

Figure. 9.1 experimental failure mode for (a) longitudinal cfrp sheets on the tension side and
(b) longitudinal cfrp sheets on the tension side along with anchors of diagonal cfrp [65].

[67] Carried out a significant review about the type of mode strengthened with FRP as shown in Figure 10. Fig. 10(a)
failure in which he reported experimentally based on [73, 75-77] represents rupture of FRP followed by the steel reinforcement
that three main groups of failure modes in RC beams yielding. Fig. 10(b) and (c) represents failure mode that occurs as

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a result of concrete crushing prior or afterward tensile steel
yielding without FRP damage and failure due to shear crack
inclination at the end of the plate as respectively, while Figure
10(d-g) represents failure including loss of composite action.
Debonding modes are the most recognised failure modes within
FRP rupture
FRP Plate
(a) FRP rupture
Compression failure
(b) Compression failure
Diagonal shear
crack at plate end
(c) Shear failure mode
Figure.10.2: Failure Mode Types Based On [67]
[24] reported that the most critical debonding failure modes in
RC beams strengthened with FRP are end cover separation and
shear crack debond because of the brittle nature of the failures.
They carried out an experimental research to examine the failure
technique and the effects of some parameters on these debond
styles. Results revealed that separation of end cover starts from
FRP plate ends and fails in shear failure form at steel
reinforcement level at the core of the concrete teeth among shear
cracks. Debond failure of shear crack is because of the opening
Figure.31. Mid Span And End Debond Failure [24]
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, June 2017
this group since there is no contribution of the external
reinforcement plates in the beam strength, hence brittle failure
occur as there is no stress redistribution from the plate to the
interior steel reinforcement.
Loss of composite action
Crack initiation
(d) Plate interfacial debonding
Crack initiation
(e) Concrete cover separation
Crack initiation in concrte
Crack propagation
(f) Mid span debonding initiated by flexural crack
Crack propagation Crack initiation
in concrte
(g) Mid span debonding initiated by flexural-shear crack
of one of those inclined cracks. Figure.3 represents mid span and
end debond and Figure.4 represents mid span debond. The
authors concluded that two important parameters influenced the
behaviour of FRP: (a) Ratio of FRP bond length in shear span to
concrete depth and (b) Ratio of laminate stiffness to tension
reinforcement stiffness. Increasing the first ratio led to increase
in the efficiency of FPR. Conversely, the efficiency of FRP
decreases with decreasing the second ratio.
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 Figure.41. Mid Span Debond Failure [24]

An experimental study was conducted by [78] to ascertain the
effect of FRP sheet layers on the failure mode performance. The
RC tested beams retrofitted with three to six layers of FRP sheets
bonded by an inorganic epoxy. They stated that with increasing
number of FRP sheet layers the load carrying capacity of the
retrofitted beams increased and vice versa. Rupture failure of
FRP occurred for three and four layers of FRP reinforcement
(Figure.52(a)) whilst, FRP delamination failure occurred for
beams with five and six layers of FRP reinforcement
(Figure.52(b).

(a)

(b)
Figure.52. (A) Rupture (B) Debonding Failure Modes Of Frp [78]

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Fatigue Performance of RC Beams
A quite number of studies conducted by [31-33] as well as [34]
and [4] have all reported significant improvement in fatigue
resistance and capability of RC beams after retrofitting
(strengthening) with externally bonded laminates of FRP. [79]
reported that usage of laminates to strengthen beams with FRP
results in greater fatigue strength of almost thrice that of
unstrengthened beam under equal loading condition and interval.
Tremendous improvement in fatigue performance was also
reported in cases where serious impairment had occurred prior to
retrofitting of the RC beams [80]. They also noted that
strengthening technique using FRP laminates is envisaged to
improve fatigue performance as strength and stiffness is
increased while the crack propagation is reduced thus leading to
a reduction in stress build up in the reinforcement. [81] and [82]
applied fatigue loading under service in order to investigate
fatigue efficiency of RC beams retrofitted with CFRP. They
found that the beam’s carrying capacity was not affected in
appreciable amounts. [83] examined RC beams retrofitted with
CFRP of two million cycles which would have resulted in failure
due to fatigue of unstrengthened beams at almost 500,000 cycles.
He deduced that fatigue conditioning of 2 million cycles did not
significantly affect the load carrying capability of tested samples.
[84] reported that collapse of RC beams retrofitted using FRP on
application of higher loads were mainly attributed to failure of
reinforcing bars, while debonding issues of FRP being regarded
as minor means of failure as noted by [4] and [85] . A study on
fatigue endurance of retrofitted RC beams using laminates of
CFRP as conducted by [86] revealed that the fatigue loading
cause an alteration of the CFRP concrete joints with insignificant
effect on the ultimate strength of strengthened beams. Fatigue
tests on CFRP retrofitted RC beams at low temperatures (29 oC to
below zero) conducted by [87] revealed that failure is first
caused as a result of debonding of concrete and laminates of
CFRP . However, [4] mentioned a converse observation that was
Mid span displacement (m)
(a) (b)
Figure. 63. Normalized data of load vs deflection of (a) unstrengthened and
(b) strengthened specimens for first and 2 millionth cycle [89]
RC beams strengthening using CFRP was studied by [4] in order
to evaluate the performance of beams against fatigue as
alternative to steel plating. Five RC beams each of length
2300mm, width of 130mm and 230mm in depth with three of the
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, June 2017
justified by [79]. Finally, he concluded that fatigue tests at low
temperatures leads to increment in stiffness of concrete while the
interface strength between FRP and concrete is reduced. [88]
tested strengthened CFRP corroded specimens through a series
of fatigue performance tests. He disclosed an increase in fatigue
life of 2.5 to 6 times over the unretrofitted samples, though this
amount fell short of the uncorroded tested specimens. However,
[82] stressed on strengthening of RC beams by CFRP led to
substantial reduction in carrying strength of RC beams on long
term exposure to free and thaw cycles up to 700 cycles and
humidity of 100%. Results from examination of the fatigue
performance of RC beams specimens strengthened with sheets
and wraps of FRP subjected to corrosion revealed medium level
of impairment and percentage reductions of 20 and 10 in the
bond failure and flexural strength respectively. They concluded
that the fatigue behavior of the deteriorated beams strengthened
using sheets of CFRP was improved. The behavior of RC beams
retrofitted with CFRP fabrics under service stresses due to
fatigue was investigated by [89]. Nine RC beams were fabricated
and examined under cyclic loads. Eight beams were retrofitted
with CFRP fabrics while one sample was maintained as control.
Samples were categorized into two; with the first class
maintained in laboratory conditions while the second was
exposed to sustain loading as well as environmental
conditioning. From Figure. 63(a), the calculated flexural
stiffnesses were 7.45 and 6.30kN/mm for first and two millionth
cycles corresponding to a decrease of 16% in the unstrengthened
beam. While in the CFRP strengthened beam as shown in Figure.
63(b), there was an increment of almost twice that of
unretrofitted beam. They reported that all the beams without
showing adverse effects on bond degradation; outperformed the
2 million fatigue cycles. It was however noted that there was
significant deterioration in flexural stiffness in the conditioned
samples.
Mid span displacement (m)
beams retrofitted with eternally bonded plate and the other two
maintained as control were tested in fatigue under three loading
alternatives. Results revealed that the breakage of reinforcing
steel was responsible for the failure with the RC beams in plated
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and unplated systems having not distinct stress range in the
reinforcement. Similarly, [90] also studied the fatigue
performance of beams strengthened by sheets of CFRP in the
shear zone of RC beams. Six beams were tested with transverse
reinforcing steel and CFRP ratio closely examined. Results
showed samples retrofitted with one coat of CFRP withstood five
million cycles, some without clear signs of disintegration
proving the efficacy of the technique on projecting fatigue
strength of structures while those retrofitted with double coats
collapsed in fatigue fewer than 5 million cycles. It was also
shown that fatigue strength of RC beams was extended upon
comparing the performance of samples with or without
transverse reinforcement. Research on the analytical and
experimental work on fatigue capabilities of RC beams
retrofitted externally by CFRP sheets and strips was conducted
by [91]. This involves accelerated and static fatigue testing for
different ranges of stress together with various configurations
and numbers of CFRP sheets on nine RC beams. Experimental
results were used to validate the finite element analysis
(NLFEA). There was 3.56 to 9.54% stiffness degradation for
0.25-0.35fy and 0.45 – 0.90fy stress ranges respectively implying
a 2.7 and 1.6 times increase in degradation than those of stress
ranges of 0.25-0.35fy and 0.65-0.90fy. The study concluded that
the mid span deflection was greatly impaired by ranges of stress
particularly, stress range of 0.45-0.9fy. [92] investigated the fire
performance of retrofitted beams in flexure by externally bonded
CFRP strips. Fabricated and tested were nine beams with various
fire protection programmes including thin and thick insulation of
the soffit of the beam as well as anchorage zones of the CFRP
respectively. Also tested was unstrengthened RC beam
maintained as the control. For the control beam debonding
occurred only after 2minutes. It took 15 minutes for debonding
to occur when the thickness of the insulation was increased to
25mm. Significant and consistent improvements in the fire
Figure. 14. Degradation In Stiffness During Fatigue Loading [94]
II. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a detailed review of current and relevant studies on
FRP strengthened RC beams was highlighted. The study covered
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, June 2017
performance of the strengthening technique was observed with
increasing thickness of insulation especially at the anchorage
zones of the CFRP. Results demonstrated the efficacy of the
retrofitting systems in its ability to retain the structural integrity
via a cable mechanism although the debonding of CFRP strip in
the beams had occurred and also the fire resistance of the CFRP
was extended to 70 minutes. [93] studied comparison on the
behavior and performance of bond between concrete and
materials of FRP in different systems of bonding which included
near surface mounted, fibre anchored, externally bonded as well
as hybrid bonded CFRP systems. Thirteen specimens with
double face were tested. All samples showed similar stiffness
characteristics prior to the peak load except for the NSM
samples. From the response curves, there was small increment in
stiffness of the system due to corresponding increase in loads
from the other bonding systems. In the hybrid FRP systems, the
mechanical fastener was able to able to suppress the vertical
separation resulting in significant increase in bond strength (8.1
to 12.8kN) together with the highest obtained load. [94] also
carried out experimental investigation on the fatigue ability of
RC beams retrofitted with pressurised NSM strips of CFRP.
Fatigue tests were conducted on five RC beams (full-scale
beams) with four beams retrofitted with strips of CFRP
prestressed to almost 60% of ultimate strength of CFRP at
intervals of 20% together with an unstrengthened beam
maintained as control. Figure. 14 shows stiffness degradation
for all beams during fatigue loading. Majority of the stiffness
degradation occurred in the first 500 cycles. This trend was
maintained as the number of cycles increased and tremendous
increment in stiffness of strengthened beam (B1-60) was
observed (4.7kN/mm). Results revealed an insignificant
degradation in bond strength in the strengthened beams
demonstrating the efficiency the system.
finite element simulation, adhesive curing, Surface Preparation,
FE Simulation failure modes and fatigue performance of
retrofitted RC beams with FRP. The following conclusions can
be detailed from the current study:
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 A surface treatment technique that creates a much
rougher surface is always preferable as it accommodates more
adhesives, higher failure load and enhances bond strength.
Furthermore, perfect curing prevents transmission of moisture
within the FRP and concrete surface and 2% water addition to
adhesives during curing accelerates the curing rate as well as
degree of cure while excess water retards these properties.
 Proceeding steps of surface preparation and adhesive
curing of concrete surfaces on concrete surface and FRP makes
bond strong and efficient.
 Worthy confirmation of the FE simulation with applied
experiments guarantees the benefits of the retrofitting
mechanisms. What’s more, the characteristics of strengthened
beams under failure mode, shear load and flexural load are still a
remarkable region to be investigated. This concern can
be addressed by FEA in a reliable way.
 Failure beam modes provide limitations about the
remaining service life of the RC beams. Hence, it is significant to
regularly examine the structure to investigate the cracks beyond
failure mode type. In addition, further examination is essential
for failure beam modes in the future studies.
 Using FRP to strengthen RC beams improves the
fatigue performance of retrofitted beams by extending the
strength and lifetime of the beams. The failure in the beams is
mostly influenced by fracture of reinforcing bars.
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