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The Need For Dimensional Analysis: 57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013
The Need For Dimensional Analysis: 57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013
1. Reduction in Variables:
F = functional form
If F(A1, A2, …, An) = 0, Ai = dimensional
variables
Then f(1, 2, … r < n) = 0 j = nondimensional
parameters
Thereby reduces number of = j (Ai)
experiments and/or simulations i.e., j consists of
required to determine f vs. F nondimensional
groupings of Ai’s
Buckingham Theorem
Dimensional Analysis
a. Inspection intuition
b. Step-by-step Method text
c. Exponent Method class
Identify j’s
n x n matrix
V1 y
Fr Fr 2
gy 1 y1
y12 y 22
V1 V1 y1 V2V2 y 2 Note: each term
2 2 in equation must
2
have some units:
y1 y 22 V22 y 2 V12 y1 principle of
2 g dimensional
homogeneity,
i.e., in this case,
continuity equation: V1y1 = V2y2 force per unit
width N/m
V1 y1
V2
y2
y12 y 2
2
y
1 V12 y1 1 1
2 y1 g y2
V12 V22
y1 y2 h L
2g 2g
y 2 y1 3
hL
4 y1 y 2
V1 y
Fr f 2
gy 1 y1
V12 1 y 2 y 2
1
gy 1 2 y1 y1
dimensional matrix:
g V1 y1 y2
M 0 0 0 0 1 1
L 1 1 1 1 3 -1 Size of next smaller
t -2 -1 0 0 0 -1 subgroup with nonzero
0 0 0 0 0 0 determinant = 3 = rank
of matrix
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 7
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 12
V inertia forces V 2 / L
2) Froude number = Fr
gL gravity force
important parameter in free-surface flows
V 2 L inertia force V 2 / L
3) Weber number = We
surface tension force / L2
important parameter at gas-liquid or liquid-liquid interfaces ⁄
and when these surfaces are in contact with a boundary
V V inertia force
4) Mach number = Ma
k / a compressibility force
speed of sound in liquid ⁄
Paramount importance in high speed flow (V > c)
p pressure force p / L
5) Pressure Coefficient = Cp
V 2 inertia force V 2 / L
(Euler Number) ⁄
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 7
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 13
Continuity: V 0
DV
Momentum: p z 2 V
Dt
g = specific weight
Boundary Conditions:
1) fixed solid surface: V 0
2) inlet or outlet: V = Vo p = po
3) free surface: w
t
p p a R x1 R y1
(z = ) surface tension
U = reference velocity
L = reference length
V tU
V* t*
U L
x p gz
x* p*
L U 2
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 7
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 14
t * U
*
t t t L t *
î ĵ k̂
x y z
x * y* z *
* î * ĵ * k̂
x x y y z z
1
*
L
and
u 1
x L x *
Uu
* U u *
L x *
etc.
* V 0
*
Result:
DV *
*p* *2 V
*
Dt VL
1) V 0
*
Re-1
V p
2) V * o p* o 2
U V
3) w *
* * p gL
p* o 2 2 z *
R *1
x R *1
y
t V U V 2 L
pressure coefficient
Fr-2 We-1 V=U
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 7
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 15
Types of Similarity:
= Lm/Lp ( < 1)
1/10 or 1/50
2) Kinematic Similarity (similar length and time scales):
The motions of two systems are kinematically similar if
homologous (same relative position) particles lie at
homologous points at homologous times
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 7
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 16
F(D, L, V, g, , ) = 0
In a dimensionless form,
or CD = f(Fr, Re)
where
Vm Vp
If Frm Frp or
gL m gL p
Vm L m Vp L p
and Rem = Rep or
m p
m Vm Lm
3/ 2
p V p Lp
Then,
or
Vm = Vp/
But, if 1 10 , Vm 10Vp ,
Vm2 Vp2
gmLm gpLp
g m Vm2 L p
2
g p Vp L m
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 7
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2013 18
g m Vm2 L p
2
g p Vp L m
gm 1 1
2 3
gp
gp
gm 3
But if 1 10 , gm 1000 g p
Impossible to achieve
F(D, L, V, , , a) = 0
In a dimensionless form,
Vm L m Vp L p
If
m p
Vm Vp
and
am ap
Then,
or
1
m Lm a m
However,
p L p a p
again not possible
Cwm = CTm Cv
Vm determined Based on flat plate of
for Fr scaling same surface area
CTs = Cwm + Cv