Course Code: 0837

EDUCATIONAL
RESEARCH

INSTRUCTOR: ANUM NISA

PHD SCHOLAR
 Introduction to Book
Unit–1: SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE
Unit–2: INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATIONAL
RESEARCH
Unit–3: CLASSIFICATION OF DUCATIONAL
RESEARCH BY PURPOSE
Unit–4: CLASSIFICATION OF EDUCATIONAL
RESEARCH BY METHOD
Unit–5: SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Unit–6: DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Unit–7:SOURCE OF EDUCATION
Unit–8: TOOLS OF RESEARCH
Unit–9: REPORT WRITING
 Outline

We will learn today

about:
Sources of Knowledge
Scientific method
Concept of research in
education
Types of research
Need and scope of
research in education
Source of Knowledge

Sense Perception
Tradition
Authority
Expert Opinion
Rationality
Magic

Scientific Method
 Perception

The ability to see, hear, or become aware

of something through the senses.
The way in which something is regarded,
understood, or interpreted.
The transmission of customs or beliefs
from generation to generation, or the
fact of being passed on in this way.
The power or right to give orders,
make decisions, and enforce
obedience.
Expert Opinion
Sometimes in search of knowledge one
can take the testimony of experts who,
because of their intellect, training, expert
experience or aptitudes, are better
informed than other people.
Rationality
Rationalism is a system by which
knowledge is gained by reason and not
experiencing the world.

It is also called metaphysics.

Magic
Another way an individual can gain knowledge
and control the world is through magic.

There are two broad classes of magic. One is

imitative magic and other is contagious.
In imitative magic people attempt to produce a
desired effect by imitating that effect.
Contagious magic is based on associations
between objects or events.
Science and Common Sense

• Science and common sense differ sharply

in five ways.
• These disagreements revolve around the
words "systematic" and '"controlled.“
• First, the uses of conceptual schemes and
theoretical structures are extremely
different while the man in the street uses
"theories" and concepts; he ordinarily does
so in a loose fashion.
• Second, the scientist systematically and
empirically tests his theories and hypotheses.
• A third difference lies in the notion of control.
In scientific research, control means several
things.
• Another difference between science and
common sense is perhaps not so sharp.
• A final difference between common sense and
science lies in different explanations of
observed, phenomena.
Four Methods of Knowing
• The first is the method of tenacity.
• The quality or fact of being able to grip
something firmly; grip.
• A second method of knowing or fixing belief
is the method of authority.
• the third way of knowing or fixing belief is
the method of intuition.
• The fourth method is the method of science.
Scientific Method
Science and its Functions

What is science?
This question is not easy to answer.
Indeed, no definition of science will be
directly attempted.
We shall, instead, talk about notions and
views of science and then try to explain the
functions of science.
Methods of Acquiring Knowledge

the following discussion briefly examines

various sources of knowledge they have
drawn upon to solve problems:
(1)authority,
(2)personal experience,
(3)deductive reasoning, and
(4) the scientific method.
Deduction
• To obtain more reliable knowledge, Aristotle
developed the syllogism a deductive argument
which provides a means of testing the validity
of a particular conclusion.
• A syllogism consists of three statements or
propositions.
• The first two statements are called "premises,"
• " since they furnish the evidence or grounds for
the conclusion,
Induction

Inductive reasoning is a method of reasoning

in which the premises are viewed as
supplying some evidence, but not full
assurance, of the truth of the conclusion.
• The main difference between
inductive and deductive reasoning
is that inductive reasoning aims at
developing a theory while deductive
reasoning aims at testing an existing
theory.
• Inductive reasoning moves from specific
observations to broad generalizations,
and deductive reasoning the other way
around.
Modern Method of Acquiring Knowledge

About the seventeenth century, man developed a

new method of acquiring knowledge and as a
result gave birth to the modem scientific
movement.
Steps in the Scientific Method:

1. A felt difficulty
2. Location and dominion difficulty.
3. Suggested solutions of the problem—
hypotheses.
4. Deductively reasoning out the
consequences of the suggested solutions.
5. Testing the hypotheses by action.
 Unit 2
Introduction of Educational Research
 Research
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and
sources in order to establish facts and reach new
conclusions.
 Educational research
Educational research refers to the systematic
collection and analysis of data related to the field
of education.
Research may involve a variety of methods and
various aspects of education including student
learning, teaching methods, teacher training,
and classroom dynamics.
Why Educational Research
Improve the practices
Add the knowledge
Address the gaps in knowledge
Expand knowledge
Replicate knowledge (Test the different findings)
To identify truth regarding Enrolment, retention,
dropout, quality of Education.
To build new knowledge regarding the
methodology & pedagogy.
To solve a problem related to classroom,
institution, administrative level, policy level.
 Characteristics of
Educational Research
Tuckman B.W. (1978) has mentioned the
following characteristics of research:

Research is systematic.
Research is logical.
Research is empirical.
Research is reductive.
Research is replicable and transmittable
 Main Characteristics of Scientific
Research
It is concerned with problems to be solved.
Research is objective. Stress is- always on testing.
Research is systematic and accurate investigation.
Research collects facts.
It helps to eliminate the self assumed stories.
Research is purposive. It is concerned with
problems to be solved.
Research is objective. Stress is- always on
testing.
 Need of Research

Rapid Expansion and Democratization of Education.

Technological Changes.
New Demands on Education.
Interdisciplinary Approach to Education.
Knowledge Explosion and the Need for Educational
Research.
Education and Productivity.
Spirit of Research is Needed Everywhere.
Research is Needed to Keep out of Fixedtrack.
 Educational research leads to the
following advantages:
• Educational research economies efforts and
increases efficiency.
• It brings confidence in the teacher.
• It also brings dignity to the work of the teacher.
• It leads to the adoption of new methods.
• It keeps up alert.
• It brings a sense of awareness.
• It develops a better understanding of the teaching
learning process.
• It enables us to have a better understanding of the social
life.
• It promotes educational reform.
Question/Answer Session?