Irrigation Extension Amharic

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Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†
መbR†መመ†
Rqa/blመ/gልማg„·&~h&gvd
u~/ff7f„·&~h&gflb•˘
aሐ.201ም
q‚/qRU
W'dሚc/f'
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W'dሚc/f'
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fመbR†መመ†
q•“o(R'¶ል?¶ምbybል)
qhመffR:ለ˛/ላ.8- yW'dሚc/f'flqa/blመ/gልማg
„·&~h&gflምሆeሀWgUለሙ†
qhRለሃRff( RR'dሚc/f'flW'dg%f/+'ሜ/7fu˘f,
flመ/gd»&·e¸2(%ምg%f/+'ሜ7f
q˘f„/15ሊg
qhS'=Sላ85ሞ8- y¶/W/W/ሕ/~/መf/gflqa/blvdሉ=?fመ/g
»•*ሎ2(˘~gy*blflመ/gልማg
u~/ff7fUለሙ†
qhb8መu/˛W'uልb/ማ'†ም8 - yW'dሚc/f'flu~/ff7f„·&~h&gy*bl
flq%'dሃሉR=vdልማgUለሙ†
qheሃ?˛WqW˛W—'—/8- yw(ሚ†~ልልflqa/bldሉ=?fመ/g»•*ሎ
2(˘~gy*blflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†
…/'q|ሉb8መ*&8- yW'dሚc/f'flu~/ff7f„·&~h&g
flማህR%ምሆey*blbመ%ማ
qh%fe·ማም†,f8- yW'dሚc/f'flu~/ff7f„·&~h&gy*bl
flu~/ff7fሚc}7fUለሙ†
s/'ለ:Rላ·q»ማ+8- yW'dሚc/f'flqa/blመ/gልማg
„·&~h&gy*blflመ/gመሃf‚/
qh·ሁeqለምaህb˛i8- yW'dሚc/f'flqa/blመ/gልማg
„·&~h&gflምሆeሀWgUለሙ†
ለመመ†⁄¸gq/bw†¶ˇ
flqa/bl vd ሉ=?f መ/g »•* *ሎ 2(˘~g vd flq%cም ~ልሎo flW'd T(
flu~/ff7fUለሙ†o(w(ሚ†:qማ%:¶/W/W/ሕvdg%·)
flመ˘መ†gም
aሐ.201ም
RW'dሚc/f'flqa/blመ/gልማg„·&~h&gvdflu~*ff7f„·&~h&g
R•%gWW'flb•˘a88
/ለ¡ህgም
·ህ መመ† flመ˘መ† gም ,ሆf flb•˘ ለUለqa/bl ·¥e flመ/g ልማg
bሃ=ሚo flሚ*ሃf flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg ለማ•˛ሉ vd መሠg
ለመሆል vf‚ሁም Rመ/g ልማg % ላ· b*ማ'b ለሚ˛j flመ/g Uለሙ†od
flመ/gልማgሠ%booሙ†»•*dመመ†ለመ/ሃg†˛ለላል88
መbR†መመ†
መbR†መመ†
መል~g
flUለqa/bl ·¥e መ/g ልማg q'0 q¶fd y'ል q'Wh q¶f ¶ ˛R† b'
flsgሚ'gvdy*blsgሚ†ሃ:ሜe†ላjf*Wሎo¶ማምgማ2•˛'
vf‚ሁም flqfl' fWg ለሉf flሚCCም ላ flqf” W'd ልማg q?ሆሏ a8
8 ·ህf ላማ ለማ-|g መf/g ለv†f„f• q'0/q'Wh q¶' Vb*W ለሙሉ ·ም
ለ¶•' መ/g flሚል T†f/ qf» flመ/g ሃ qማ%ሑ vf‚g ለማ/mል ል
flሆaflqሑ'dfl¸ም—£Wq/:ምላል8Rሀ8 ˛'¶flqa/blq'0/q'Whq¶'·¥e
flመ/g /g%f¨ መ ምfሑ መ*g sgሙ† 1 ሚሊf ሄ/' Rመ/g flማልማg
q?ም †ላg ,ሆf qማ|· flq'0/q'Wh q¶' መ/g ˛W ·¥e 0.3 ሄ/' Tሆf ¶ 30
ሚሊf flሚ¶'+ flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o bሃ=ሚ ·ሆdሉ bWሎ
·˛መeል88 /ለሆaም flW'd ሚc/f' RRzሉ flUለqa/bl መ*g ·¥e q'0/q'Wh
q¶(oflመ/gልማg/g%g¨d2(%ሞofለማ/%ም⁄'⁄'መመ†od¶fXof
ለሁሉም fl'& %ሟሚ q|ላg ማ»/ -n ሚd vf„ለ Rመ˛fW flW'd ሚc/f'
flu~*ff7f q˛ልሎcf Rማሃdy' ላd q/bማማn flመ/g ልማg qልሎgf
ለማ•˛ሉyመ/gልማg*ላgልflefl„*ሉdg: - ሉdgd‚¢·f:fUed~ggል:
ሃ qሃ=:ም: flbለ† flb55ሉ መ/g q*%(ofd q„‚/ f~gሎöf qሃ=:ም
ለbሃ=ሚህWb*WRማ/b?dRማላማ»;Wሎምbሃ=ሚለማ»ሀ˛%flሆa
flመ/g u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg qb˛UR' መመ† Rማ•˘g y*bl flሆa vf?/=.
Rማ»ላ··˛lል88
yላ· bመለybf *' flሆa flW'd ልማg '* ላd q/bማማn ለማ» flመ/g
ልማgu~/ff7fRdagqa/bldflመ/ *(' gሃbሃ=ሚማህR%gfRማCCምd
Rማ¶%˘g ሁለfbd flመ/g ሃ ልማgd q/b„¶' ለqa/bld *(' ሃ bሃ=ሚ
q'0/q'Whq¶(oflም~'dfl/ልሃd»•*q˛ልሎgRመ/ሃgflመ/g*Wልም'gd
ም'eማagfለማ-¶:flመ/gም'g˛R†g//'fለማመf:flb55ሉdq„‚*flመ/g
f~gሎöf qሃ=:ም bU% ለማ»: flመ/g Wg q?'Xgf ለማ-ለሉ:
qa/bld *(' flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎgf Rማሃdy' :gd ~ህሎgf
Rማ„R' ም'ሉ bሞ~(of Rመ:መ' flማ/(g /% Rመ/%g bሃ=ሚofd q•'
q|ላgfR•%flሚ†*bUW'መመ††/%ል•ል88
fl¡ህ መመ† ⁄¸g fl)¶%ል: fl~ልል bCማgd flልማg q•(of b-g+d ?f¸g
flሃfl: aR'8 Rመሆbም R¡ህ q•ሆሚ ለb:መሄ flመ*g ልማg u~/ff7f መbR†
መመ†?»ሚ†flሚ*ሆj-nˇ„o/ሉRq‚+u~/ff7f/g%f¨መ*g
bU% Rማ» *ላgf መ*g †¶˛ ˛R† b' መ'ህf bygሎ flመ/g *Wሎof
ማምg: b(*/f መ*g †¶˛d qf” ልማgf Rማ•˛ሉ: yq|UT •' b/ማሚ
flሆb f~gሎöf Rመሃ:ም: fl.hofd ሆhof flልማg b-g+d bሃ=ሚag
W'dሚc/f'
W'dሚc/f'
Rማ•˛ሉ: ze ˛ሃም flመ/g qመ%g ”f Rመybል: ˛R† b' b-g+q

flu~/ff7f qልሎgf ማ•˛ሉ q/%ላ— a88 ለeማd :ልሆ( flu~/ff7f
q˛ለልሎg vf‚*' flሚ†*%ል˛f *' qም%o fl* u·ልd ሌሎo መ*e
ሃWhof(መ&g:ˇልRgdሃ)Rማ*U*Wምy*bl'W'Wd»•vf‚†¶'
* ˇሁሉfም
Uለ»'5q|ላgለማ-*Wv„ለሁ8
/(flea7uˇflW'du~/ff7f„·&~h&g„·&~b'
RW'dሚc/f'
መbR†መመ†
መbR†መመ†
ም/•d
ለeማ flመ/g /ልሃdd ም~' /ልhof ለማ/%ም Wሔ% flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7f መመ† ማ•˘g q/%ላ— a:: Rመሆbም flb55ሉ flመ/g q*%(od
q„‚/f~gሎöf:flWgq?'Xgfvdfl˛R†g/q˛ልሎg /' q*/'gf
ሆሉ
vd flf~gሎ¨ 7' ማልRmof ለማ55ል flመ/g u bሃ=ሚofd flመ/g
flu~/ff7f Uለሙ†of qልሎg ለመ/ሃg flሚ†/oል መመ† b•¸iል:: ·ህ
መመ† Rሁሉም flመ/g ?ho RW'd ሚc/f' flqa/bl መ/g ልማg ማ/('†
„·&~h&gdflu~*ff7f„·&~h&gflመ/gልማgbሃ=ሚofvdq/%ሚof
flመ/gልማgም'gdም'eማagfለማ-¶ላq˛ልሎg·*ሆልbWሎ·eመdል8
8WሃbR˛ሃq|UTRሕ⁄Wb-g+flሚ*dflሚb„¶flUለqa/bl·¥eflመ/g
bCማg flልማg ለg ¶|ማ flሚሆfRg d ;ል* o' R¶|ማ fl˛R† g//'
o',ሆfqf„f»—£ም~f†hk:ላልd·ምR:ላሉሊb˛Rflሚoሉdj8a˛' 8
f Rqf„f» flመመ†d flq*%' ˇ»ለho ም~f†g flu~/ff7f ?» qሎo
flመ/gf '* ለbCማ »˛g ·ም ለbyee· gR%o q%ሟሜም ማ¶ R
gzg /ላል*ሄ ·ም R~ልል መfeho R †ልሆa .~b' መ/† Vhof
flማ/b-*' /% /ላልb*% ለbሃ=ሚ flbሃ#መd yልማg q•(o •'ም †ለb:d˘
መሆbf b˛f⁄Rdል88 qUWag Uለ ?» Uለመመ%c ም~c†g '% W o(of:
ማህR%vds|UT†bvgo:fl˛R†g/o' /' vd⁄?blም'eማagfle;
መ˛ለሏoሆaRመ/gልማgeofላ·vf?(g,ሆb#·bል8va¡ህ 8 መመ†o
Rqa/blflመ/gልማgq*%(oqb˛UR'ላ·flb%flመ/ :; gልማgq*%(ofvd
flመ/g ልማgf Rbመለyb ¶'g ለሚy*c flመ/g bye· መd q:%Xof vd
flq%ም”ofRማ-flg-nሚd·g%jል88
fl¡ህ መመ† ⁄¸g f ሊሆf flmለ RW'd ሚc/f' qa/bl መ/g ልማg
ማ-('† „·&~h&g vd flu~*ff7f „·&~h&g vf‚ሁም ሌሎo Uለ»'5 q|ላg
y*bl q/bd »•* a88 ለ⁄¸cም መ Rመ/ሃgd Rf~c~ ሚf qUልag
b-g+ R)¶%ል W'd ሚc/f' flqa/bl መ/g ልማg ማ/('† „·&~h&g:
flu~*ff7f„·&~h&gdR~ልልመfegT(oy*blUለሙ†ofl•?f¸g %
fመሆf/ለmለy*blም*•dላ:'Wv„ለሁ8
Rመሌ5ምለ¡ህመመ†⁄¸gfl(·df/df~c~»•q/* bላ¶ˇgfle'ላf»d
fl|d„ መf/eg flqa/bld ሉ=?f መ/g »•* 2(˘~g Rqa/bl መ/g ልማg vd
Ru~*ff7f„·&~h&g/ምy*blም/•dላ:'Wv„ለሁ8
qhuሊ†/qልflqa/blመ/gልማgማ/('†„·&~b'
RW'dሚc/f'
W'dሚc/f'
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE i
W'dሚc/f'
መ?»ም
·ህ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f መbR† መመ† Rq' ም%+o :'Yል88
flመ˘መ†ም%*flመ/gልማgRsg††ለሁeeqሃ'Uለመልz:'Yል88
vf‚ሁምመ//ለ gu~/ff7fq*q/ሆሉ %ላ—ag:flመ/gflu~/ff7fመ'ሆofvd
q/%ላ—agfg'ˇምRg~~ል†/„ል88ሁለblም%*flመ/gf~gሎ¨qመ%ሉ:
u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg vd መሠe Uህ†g flሚ†መለ~g ,ሆf 0/bl ም%*
q-e' flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f /ልgd ” ምf vf¶ሚመ/ል flbaba a88 q%bl
ም%* flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f bUXg ”of መምሉ: :gf flመ:መ'd
vdflq„‚/ለhongvf”gvf¶ሚመ˛W·˛ልል8qም/ 8 blም%flመ/
* g
*Wሎo fl˛R† ም'g/ሞ‚d/ v.g *f*ለg q:%W: fl˛R† »ሎof ለመ*ሃ' vd
flም'ho R/'g መ†⁄ fl˛R† b%ላ—agf vf”g vf¶ሚሌም' †-=ል88 ም%*
/»/g flመ/g ልማg /ልሃd „*- ሉdg /ልሃd ላ· †ለf flf¢V q*ሆሉd q*%'
ሂ¶gf flሚbagf ,ሆf R*Ubl ም%* flመ/g ልማg *%boo(IDAs) bU'd
ሚd vf‚ሁም Rም%* /ምfg flbCማg g//' fjagd gWW' ምf መመ/*ል
vf„ለRg ·˛ልሟል88 Rሃal ም%* flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f fl?» q˛˘g
ሂ¶ho flሚ†-· ,ሆf Rመሌ5ም Rq/l ም%* flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
qb˛UR' fl~ggል:ም˛ማd መማማ': ም~f†e flu~/ff7f /ልሃd flመ/g b(*/
bሃ=ሚof b˛T flመማ' ” vf”g flመ*g u~*ff7f Uለሙ† ·ም {ል
vf¶ሚyebልd»•*vf¶ሚ†¶'መመ†·*ሆል88
ii መbR†መመ†
መbR†መመ†
fl;ል*=ላhoመ*m
R¡ህሀ˛%flመ/gu~*ff7fመመ†dd;ል*=ላgg'ሜ;
መ/g ልማg ማለg R ⁄dW RሌለRg ?g ·ም ⁄dW Rማ·fWRg Xed ?g

†ለf flሃ qማ%ሑ; fl⁄dW: fl˛-ም»'d fly'*-ም»' ሃf bሃ?ሞ ለ*Wል:
ለvf/-g መg ልማg: ለሉም' ¶fd ሌሎo flW'd ልማhof ለማ|ሄ» Rv»˛ej
?gy⁄dWflማ†˛jgfdflሚ†/%ል•jfflሃመሃfRሙ·ም ሉ R¶•ለ*Wሉ'
·ም ለመg ሃ Rመ/ሃgd flሃ vሉgf Rመyላyል ም'gd ም'eማagf ለማ-¶
vdflሉ%g¶fለመሃR?flሚ†/oል*ሠ%7f~gሎä8
መdመ*g ማለg:ሆ·ag†ለf~c|dq/b„¶%flመ/gbCማgfflመሠb-
ልማg: flመ/g ሃ q*U*W: flሃ /'ሑg: flሃ qሃ=:ምfd ~**ልf Rማመf
ምሆeሃWgq††⁄f(ˇልRgf:ሃf:sgሚfdq|UTf)መ'ህ†¶˛flመ/gbCማ
ለሉdflq*%'ሂ¶gማለga88
flመ/g ልማg {ል (IDA)8- ማለg flመ/g ልማg Uለሙ† ,ሆf R*Wል ልማgd
Rvf/-g መg ልማg ላ· †b flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚof Rማ-b*: flመ/g ሃ
bሃ=ሚማህR%gfRማሃdy'flWg : q?'XgfRማ-¶:flም'ም'-u~/ff7f-q'0/
q'Whq¶'fjagfRማሃdy'ybCማgfl»•*q˛ልሎg•'Rማ/b-*'flመ/g
qe'fለeማለማ»ሁለfbdflሙ†»•*ማ»flሚoልdሙ††ለ/
ላg ለም-ሌ b(*/f መ*g †¶˛ Rመ/g ሙ† '* fl*ለሃa/o ·fም R—£†ag
R~ልdR:Rሌላ·bመ»X/Uflሚ*%/flምg*%Uለሙ†ማለga88
flUለ qa/bl q'0 q¶(o flመ/g ልማg 8- ማለg ·ህ =ል flb*ሃ g'ˇም Rልም
ሆa R•% Rማflም flሃ ማl ” Rq'0 q¶' ·ም Ry'ል q'Wh q¶' ማ-
ላ· flሚለማ flመ/g መ&g ማለg a88 ·ህ ማለg q'0 q¶' ·ም q'Wh q¶'
flሚሃ:ማjf ማflfም flመ/g bCማg yVb*W ¶ v/y q'0 q¶' /W/W
(ማህR*W)R•flሚ% ለማflqa/bl:መ|yለlvf‚ሁምy*blflመ/gbCም/·¥efl†
flመ/gልማgfflሚ†?*ማለga88
flመ/gማ-ze˛ሃምS»f8- ማለgRqf»flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶(o
ማ-j ze ˛ሃም ሆg flqf» 2l:3l ·ም 4l ¶ flመ/g ሃ X·f R•%
flሚሃ:vd
ሙ W¢ejv/yqም/gflሚ¶'q'+ 0/q'Whq¶(o,ሆby/ሆj
qf•flva+S»fመa88
Rመ/g ልማg S»f8- ማለg R/ሄ v/y qም/g flመ/g ማ- ze ˛ሃም S»gof
†|bb,ሆfለመ/gሃqሃ=:ም:ለze˛ሃም*Wልqመ%gለWg : q?'Xg:
ለም'g W·g vd qሃ=ላ· Rመ/g ልማg Rzል ለሚ%ሃ o(o R•% flመ*gሄ
q?ሆሏRማ/:መሉvdRመ*egflሚf:-:/flልማgS»fa88
W'dሚc/f'
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE iii
W'dሚc/f'
flqሕgb=ላgመ*m
ADPLAC8- flW'dልማgq•'q|ላgfjagqማ||f/ል
AIOMP8- flW'dWgvdflም'g˛R†g//'
ATA8- flW'dg%f/+'ሜ7fu˘f,
AWP8- መefl%?»
BoA8- W'dT(
BoWRD8- flሃሀWgልማgT(
CPA8- flህWg%ልማgu˘f,
CPP8- flህWg%ማ/('†ሂ¶g
DA8- flልማgሠ%bl
EABC8- flsgሙ†W'd/%o'3&2f
ESE8- flsgሙ†ም'ሉ'»'¸g
FAO8- flምWdv'5»'¸g
FFG8- flq'0q¶'ሉdgS»f
FINA8- flq'0q¶'መ*ላg„*-
FTC8- flq'0q¶'ማ*ልሃlማyል
HHMI flVb*Wqa/blመ/g
ICT8- flመfjagf~gሎ¨
IDA8- flመ/gflልማgሠ%bl
IEP8- flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fሂ¶g
IMC8- flመ/gq/b„¶'ሚf/R„/
ISC8- flመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†
IVR8- R·ab˛dnfl»ምምላ7
IWUA8- flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'
IWUG8- flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoS»f
JES8- flመ/~መ/g%»•*
KAP8- :g:ba-7ag:ልምም»
MI8- ሉ=?fመ/g
MoA W'dሚc/f'
NGO8- መf/e†ልሆb»'¸ho
NRMP8- flb%ሉ(ሀWgq/b„¶'ሂ¶g
O&M8- qሠ%'dvdሉ˛d
PIDM8- q-e'flመ/gልማgq/b„¶'
PITD8- q-e'flመ/gflf~gሎ¨ልማg
PRA8- q-e'fl˛ሃ'„*-ሉdg
REFG8- flም'ም'-u~/ff7f-q'0q¶'S»f
SMIS8- flqa/bldሉ=?fመ/g»•*ሎ2(˘~g
SMS8- flUለሙ†oS»f
SSI8- qa/blመ/g
TNA8- fl/ልሃd„*-ሉdg
WoADo8- „W'dልማg/Vg
WUINA8- flሃbሃ=ሚoመ„*-ሉdg
መbR†መመ†
መbR†መመ†
ማሏ
ም/•d .. i
መ?»ም .. ii
fl;ል*=ላhoመ*m .. iii
flqሕgb=ላgመ*m . iv
ም%*-1flመ/gልማgRsg† . 1
1.መT† .. 1
1.2flsg†መ/gልማgu~/ff2fflaU%ሁeegfbd .. 2
1.3Rመ/gልማgu~/ff2f†ሉbሞ~(ovd~*bho .. 3
1.4Rመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq*ሆሉላ·†ሉ»ሎovdb„(ho .. 4
1.4Rመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq*ሆሉ†ሉ»ሎo . 4
1.42Rመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq*ሆሉ†ሉb„(ho . 4
1.5ላማ .. 5
1.6flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgመbR†መመ†ሉ?ም . 5
1.7flመ/gልማgu~/ff2fመbR†መመ†q/%ላ—ag .. 5
1.8flመመ†*f(Scope) . 6
1.9flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fflgR%መ'ሆo . 6
ም%*-2flመ/gf~gሎ¨qመ%ሉ:u~/ff7fq˛ልሎg
vdመሠeUህ†g . 10
2.1flመ/gf~gሎ¨መሆ .. 10
2.1flb55ሉqa/blመ/gf~gሎö . 10
2.1flqa/blመ/gf~gሎö:g:qሃ=:ምdqሠ%' . 12
+h-38-Rv'f?d>/1„ል/flሚሠ%flሃመ-T† .. 4 1
+h-48-Rሞb'ሀ·ልflሚሠ%flሃመ-T† .. 14
+h-58-Rሞb'ሀ·ልflሚሠ%flሃመ-T† .. 4 1
+h-68-RUህላyˇ»»ማሏ” .. 14
2.flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎg . 14
2.3flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fመሠeUህ†g . 15
2.31መ*eflሆbflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgUህ†g . 15
ም%*-3q-e'flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልgd” . 24
3.1flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fለመbR'q/%ላ—?»መሁeeo .. 25
3.2flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgbሃ=ሚofመለflg .. 26
3.q'0/q'Whq¶f;vf‚ሁምflልUለሀWcfማa--g .. 27
3.4˛R†b'b-g+qflq~/ff7fq˛ልሎgመ/ሃg .. 27
3.5*ላgfመ*g†¶˛flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f” .. 27
W'dሚc/f'
W'dሚc/f'
3.6flb*Uሃመ/gልማgu~/ff7f”fመሃ:ም .. 28
3.7?f¸eq*%'/gመ'•g . 28
3.71W'dም'ም' . 28
3.72Wgq?%To .. 28
3.7W»'*ሎbCማg .. 29
3.74መf/e†ልሆb»'¸ho .. 29
3.8flመ/gሃfማyል†¶˛ሁሉfq:*q:%W”fመሃ:ም .. 30
3.9fl'beምላ7*ሎag(Gender-Responsiveness) .. 30
3.10q-e'flመ/gf~gሎ¨ልማg(PITD) .. 31
3.1flመ/gbሃ=ሚofማ¶%˘g . 31
3.1flመ/gልማgS»fማ¶%˘g . 31
3.12v.gflሚሌምflመ/gልማg%oላ·ማ¶%˘g .. 34
3.1hofRS»fማ¶%˘g . 36
3.14ሆhofRS»fማ¶%˘g . 36
3.12flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR' . 37
3.12Rመ/gሃbሃ=ሚof/S»f .. 38
3.12flመ/gልማgf/S»f/Wሎ~/መሚd . 38
3.1flu~/ff7fልማgS»f . 39
3.14flመ/gልማgለeማagላRycflማRem'gመ'•g .. 39
3.15flመ/gልማgም'ሉbሞ~(መ:መ'dማ/(g .. 40
3.16flመ/ልማgu~/ff7ffl~ggል:»•*vdም˛ማ'gfመ'•g .. 41
ም%*-4flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fbUXg”o . 45
4.1flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffjag::gvd
q„‚/ሀ-Xofflመምሉ” .. 45
4.1ላflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fbUXg” .. 46
4.12S»dflq~/ff7fflbUXg” . 47
4.13flመ/gልማgመ/~ˇWngማ|ሄ» . 58
4.1flመ/gልማgልም»ልሉማ» . 59
4.15flWሀfflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fbUXg” .. 65
4.2b/ማሚ”ofለመምሉሃ=ሚሀ-Xo . 68
4.21flf¢V¶ .. 68
4.2fl*ላg¶ . 69
4.23flማመ¢f¶ .. 69
4.2flሙy%¶ . 69
4.25%ላ·flመል¶ . 69
መbR†መመ†
መbR†መመ†
4.3flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fለg . 70
4.flq‚/ሀ-Wdqሠ%'ng/%ሃ%/sgA7f/'g .. 72
4.1flq‚/ሀ-W/qሠ%'ሃ%/sgA7f/flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fሚd . 73
4.2flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f:gq/b„¶'fማሃdy' . 75
4.3q-e'flq‚/ሀ-W/qሠ%'ልማg .. 78
ም%*-5flመ/g*Wሎofl˛R†ም'g/ሞ‚d/v.g*f*ለgq:%W . 83
5.1flv.g*f*ለgf*-ሀW .. 84
5.2flv.g*f*ለgf*-ሀWdˇ„o .. 84
5.3flv.g*f/ለgvdfl˛R†መ'flu~/ff7fq:%Wq?ሆሏo . 85
5.4Rመ/gልማgflv.g*f/ልgvdfl˛R†መ'flu~/ff7f . 87
5.41flv.g*f*ለggfbd . 87
5.42flv.g*f*ለggfbdq/%ላ—ag .. 87
5.43Rመ/g*Wልfl˛R†ም'g/q?'Xgv.g*f*ለggfbd . 8
5.4v.g*f*ለgfflbybለflመ/gልማg?» .. 90
5.4flsf•/gሂ¶g/Proccessing/ .. 92
5.46flመ/gም'g/'ሑgdW·g . 94
5.6flv.g*f*ለg/g%f¨Rመ/gልማg .. 95
5.61Rመ/g*Wልv.g*f*ለgfl»•*db-g,ag .. 96
5.62q˛ልሎgfማመmjg/ማ-ለሉ .. 9
5.7flfg%gW'dq/%ላ—ag . 10
5.71flfg%gW'd·aho .. 10
5.72flqg-('/q*%'gለመ'•g
ሊ¶flሚ˛U?»መ⁄¸g . 102
ም%*6.flመ/gልማg/ልሃd .. 108
6.1flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃdq/%ላ—ag .. 108
6.1flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃdW .. 19
6.12flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃd-·~ል/¶g .. 10
6.13flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl/ልሃdሂ¶g .. 10
6.2fl/ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdg(TNA) .. 1
6.21flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdgq/%ላ—ag .. 13
6.2fl/ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdgqb˛UR' . 13
6.23fl*ላgመሃffመ„g(NeedLevel) .. 15
6.3fl*ላg„*-ሉdg¶o .. 16
¶28-ሃ=ሚd?»ሚ†flሚ*ሆjffl/ልሃd'0ofመለflg . 16
6.4flq'0q¶(offl/ልሃd*ላgመለflg .. 17
W'dሚc/f'
W'dሚc/f'
6.41fl/%gfbdማ|ሄ» .. 18
6.42fl~*bggfbdማ|ሄ» .. 128
6.5ለeማflu~/ff7f/ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdg .. 13
6.51*ላgfመ„g .. 13
6.52fl*ላg„*-ሉdgflq:%W/”(NeedAssessmentApproaches) . . 132
6.53fl/ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdgf~c~ .. 132
6.54flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃdof?¶ምbybልመለflg .. 132
ም%*-7flመ/gልማg*%boobU'dሚd .. 136
7.1flመ/gልማg*%boobU'duላ'ag .. 136
7.1መመ†⁄dfl/%qyUTfማ? .. 137
7.12flመ/gልማg*%boofl%መ'ሀW'·gd?' .. 137
7.2flመ/~ˇWnhod/W*Uofማ•¸g .. 138
7.21flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚq'0q¶(oflVgለVgˇWng .. 139
7.2flመ/~:fማ|ሄ» . 139
7.23flልም»ልሉ/Rba-7agflS»fˇWngˇ¥ማ» .. 140
7.24R„flሚ¶'ሀflመ/g*%flgzgq?ሆሏd/ልሃd .. 140
7.25flመ/gu~*ff7fflgzgq?ሏaሉXoመሆdማW%† .. 14
7.3flመ/gbሃ=ሚoልሃdማ•˘g .. 142
7.4መመመ⁄˛Wdvdfl/ሉ3'gማ•˘g . 143
ም%*-8flbCማgg//'fjagdgWW' . 145
8.1flbCማg»•*dg//'ላማo .. 150
8.2flfjagqሠ%'” .. 15
8.21R~ልል¶ . 15
8.2R¥f¶ .. 153
8.23R„¶ .. 154
8.3bU%flመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†f/መ»~q=:' .. 15
8.4Rfl¶†ሉflመ/gልማgq•'q|ላgfl%»'5 .. 157
8.41flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl%ሂ¶g(„·&~h&g) .. 157
8.42flመ/gልማgWgq?'XgvdW·g . 158
8.43flb%ሉ(ሀWgq††⁄fl%~*ል .. 159
8.4flመ/gህWg%ማህR%g .. 159
8.45flW'dም'ም'bCም/ማyላg . 160
8.46flq•'q|ላgሚd .. 160
ም%*-9flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»ሂ¶ho .. 162
9.1ለ?»መማ*U*W .. 16
መbR†መመ†
መbR†መመ†
9.2fl„q/b=:»q¶ሉdg .. 167
9.3fl„መ/gልማg%⁄'⁄'flq/b=:»? .. 167
9.5fl~ልልመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†(ISC) .. 168
9.6flbሃ=ለሉflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?…ofdR˘gfማ/b|yል . 168
9.7flq*ልሆooሙ†(f~c~)/ልሃdfማ|ሄ» .. 169
9.8„ላ·flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃdማ|ሄ» . 169
9.flqb˛UR'/g%f¨vd~ggል .. 170
9.10flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f2(%ምfመ˛ም˛ም .. 170
9.1መeflR˘gምg3'gማ•˘g .. 170
ም%*-10flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl~ggል:ም˛ማdመማማ' . 172
10.flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggልq/%ላ—ag . 172
10.2flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fም˛ማq/%ላ—ag . 174
10.3flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fም˛ማb„(ho . 175
10.4flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgለሉfመለ|g .. 176
10.4flu~/ff7fq%ሟሜምqመላ|po . 176
10.42flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f(·„ም˛ማdqመላ|po .. 17
10.43flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fሂ¶g„*- .. 179
10.4flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fለg/Outcome/„*- . 183
10.45flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fም˛ማማ:*(?'/·g) .. 184
10.46flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f(·„ም˛ማ(ImpactEvaluation) .. 185
10.47flu~/ff7f~ggልdም˛ማfማ|ሄ» . 18
10.5b/ማሚflም˛ማመ/%'gvdqመላ|pofመምሉ .. 190
10.6v†¶˛flመሆflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fd(·„qመላ|poqመ%ሉ .. 19
10.7g~~ለlflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fgR%~ggልdም˛ማqለ|~ .. 194
10.7b˛Tመምfሑመሆ .. 194
10.72መ*W-TfRሉf=>መምሉ:ማ*ልሃfvdመyebል . 194
10.73fl|·dሙdመሆ .. 195
10.74flq•ሆሚ(flመሆfv»ል)dሙdመሆ .. 195
10.75መfመbfbf .. 196
10.76qሃ¢gfbd .. 196
10.7˛ላሏgfbd .. 197
10.78flመ/gልማgu~ff7fflም˛ማለgqb˛UR' .. 197

fl⁄ል⁄'⁄' .. 198
W'dሚc/f'
W'dሚc/f'
ሠfሃ‹
ሠfሃ‹-1 fl/ልሃd*ላgመሃfd¶ .. 198
ሠfሃ‹-2 flbሟላfl/ልሃdልfleሂ¶gመመ⁄˛T† .. 19
ሠfሃ‹-3 fld/qW·bU'gfbddሙdሠfሃ‹/? . 201
ሠfሃ‹-4 dሙdfl⁄'⁄'bU'መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/? .. 203
ሠfሃ‹-5 dሙdfl»—gd¶of/Action&steps/ . 203
መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/? .. 204
ሠfሃ‹-6 dሙdfl»'—gd¶of/Action&steps/ . 205
መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/? .. 206
ሠfሃ‹-7 flbU'~*bggfbdመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/? .. 208
ሠfሃ‹-8 fl»'—g~*bggfbdመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?/ .. 214
ሠfሃ‹-9 fjagfለማሃdy'flሚ¶flq?ምfUe»•*⁄'⁄' .. 219
ሠfሃ‹-10 flመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†መለ/blመ»~ . 20
ሠfሃ‹-1 qሃ=ላ·መeflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq/b=:»¶o . 20
ሠfሃ‹-12 flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggል . 221
ሠ fሃ‹- 13 flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgq*ሆሉ~ggልqመላ|po . 21
ሠfሃ‹-14 flመ/gu~*ff7fbgqመላ|po .. 2
ሠfሃ‹-15 flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f„*-ሉdgq%ም/ም˛ማ
ሂ¶gqመላ|po . 2
ሠfሃ‹-16 ?eflመ/gu~/fa7f~ggል? .. 2
ሠfሃ‹-17 flq%ሟሜምqመላ|podflማ•˛ሏ .. 23
ሠfሃ‹-18 Rመ/gልማgu~/ff7fgR%R3¶o .. 24
ለም˛ማflሚሃ?ሙflbለ†f~cod†o
ሠfሃ‹-19 flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggልdም˛ማ
f»*/‚¢·f¶o .. 25
flም/ል⁄'⁄'
ም/ል-1 flf¢V¶ማ-†m'g .. 68
ም/ል-2 flq‚/ሀ-W/sgA7f/flu~/ff7fq*%'(Swanson209) . 72
ም/ል-3 fl:gq/b„¶'ሂ¶g(Conget.al207) . 74
ም/ል-4 q-e'flሃ-Wልማgf»* .. 78
ም/ል-5 flv.g*f*ለgg//'ላመለሏ .. 87
ም/ል-6 flq'0/q'Whq¶(odfl|ም0co/flልUለሃWho/(W|o
fl˛R†g//' .. 104
ም/ል-7 flመ/gf/q•'q|ላgfjag .. 146
ም/ል-8 fl„*-ሉdg~ለ-:~ggልdም˛ማ . 172
ም/ል-9 flለgሠf*ለg . 189
መbR†መመ†
መbR†መመ†
+h
+h-1 flሃማyማmefy' . 12
+ 2
h- flመ&g/ሉefy' . 13
+ 3
h- Rv'f?d>/1„ል/flሚሠ%flሃመ-T† .. 14
+ 4
h- Rሞb'ሀ·ልflሚሠ% . 14
flሃመ-T† .. 14
+h-5 Rሞb'ሀ·ልflሚሠ%flሃመ-T†+h-68-RUህላ
yˇ»»ማሏ” . 14
+h-7 Rq'0q¶'ማ*ልሃlbCም/ሉflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f%
መydf·˛Uል(¸ማ¥fማd„sላ-ˇ„ .. 20
+h-8 .gq'0q¶'fማyል†¶˛flመ/gqሃ=:ም(*ሜf7¥f
ምf'2f%„;-+hR…/'q|ሉb8መ) .. 23
+h-9 R¶SWW/W/ሕ/~/yfUeሃምU(¥f¶fX†„fl˛fU
flq/ማ/bCምመ/gf .
Rመሃ:ምvflለማflሚ˛nfl(qg~ልgልማgRy'ል .. 56
ል
/ል-1 q'0/q'Whq¶Rq|UT†jflb%ሃfflመ/gሃ
o'ለመ*eg,†; . 7
/ል-2 q'0/q'Whq¶fሙሉVb*WRመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
/ሉvf‚-b&vdvf‚†·ማ»b˛Ta; .. 8
/ል-3 flመ/gu~/ff7fUለሙ†ለq'0/q'Whq¶
RAf‚†%ምR:ላሉ,†/„ . 9
/ል-4 fl⁄dWሃfyሆ%ላ·flማ*U*W” . 12
/ል-5 R:ላልሎflb*%flሃWeመ/gqሃ=:ም” . 13
/ል-6 flመ/gqe'b(*0ofyq%'~ለgለመyላyል
flq%'dሃሉR=% .. 16
/ል-7 flመ/gልማgflሚydfUjማ-oflq%'~ልg
vf„%ሃ'Rb˛Tመf˛»flሃX· .. 17
/ል-8 .gq'0q¶(ofRመ/gልማg%/ሉማ-b*
ሌሎoq'0q¶(of†Reeል8 . 30
/ል-9 .gq'0q¶(ofRመ/gልማg%/ሉማ-b*
ugሚ†vdማህR%ሃ:ሜeqለ .. 4
/ል-10 flመ/gልማg%fRVbለVgˇWngRማ|ሄ»
q'0q¶fማReegvdማ-¶·mላል88 . 47
/ል-1 flመ/gልማgለhofR˛R†ማ/b-*'ለ>e
ልማgf†ለWeል88 . 86
/ል-12 Rመ/gልማg%flመ/~:fላ·q'0q¶(of
ማ-b*q'0q¶(of†Reeል8 .. 104
W'dሚc/f'
W'dሚc/f'
መbR†መመ†
መbR†መመ†
ም%*-1flመ/gልማgRsg†
1.መT†
Rሀ˛%of flመ/g ልማg flምW /gdf ለማ•˛ሉ RW'd '* ለqም%o fl*
ሀ·ል fl/% »ል %ሉ( ˛Tf Rማ-¶ ˛» fl˘'U qሉfg ,ሆf v†¶˛ ለመሆ
flም'g ?a- /•g q/bማማn መ*gሄ ·*ሆል88 Rሀ˛c መ/g al '* flሆad
Rላag fl¸ም —£ flምW vህል ም'g ?» ·g f» f¢V flb*¶Rg ,ሆf
ለeማd ;ሉ' †ለRg flሃ ሀWg qሃ=:ምf vf †¶•ል88 Rqሁb —£ q‚+
q/b-*Wም Rሃ ሀWg ማe¸መfg ማ:* flመ/g ሃ q/b„¶' bU% vf‚ሆf
መሠg bሉሏል88 R¡ህም መ*g qf» q'0 q¶'/q'Wh q¶' T†f/ qf» flሃ
qማ%ሑ vf‚g e-T b¶'ል88 vf‚ሁም ለመ/g መ/(c Rbለ· flqa/bld
ሉ=?f መ/g fUeo RUለqa/bl ·¥e ¶ R*ሉag v†¶ˇd vflb55ሉ ,መሄ
;ል*flሆbWhoq?'XgR·RልሉምRመ/gu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgማለ/ሉ gም
RW»'d R˛R† »•*f Rማ|bg ·*dል88 Rbሌማም flf~gሎ¨ 0}¸ q?'Xg
yq% ·agd yሃ q?'Xg fl»'—g መ'ሀ W' •' flb˛dR ,ሆf ለqa/bl
q'0q¶(oflሚ*ሃbCማflሆafl˛R†»•*ለመ/g*Wልልማcመሌመ'-n
a88
flምW /gd o' Rsgሙ† Rb¶••ሚ vflby*b †ለ flW'd ም'g R⁄dW ላ·

flbመሠbRመሆba8ሌላ 8 o'flመ/gvdfl⁄dWW'dv'R'/ flሚ / ሆሙ
vdflሚሆመqልaRም8flሃ 8 vሉgUለRg—£vdXeመ/ሁሉ gyW'dመ/(g
•' qW( ሊg' flሚ†/oል ,ሆf RምW %/f flሚ†/oል: flq'0/q'Wh q¶f ˛T
flሚ†-»: flሑ ምf¢&f flሚ†ለWgd flመ/g ልማg ልማg v.g *f*ለhof
RመbR'R'|efl%v»ልqማ%offlሚ†/˛na8'* ላ 8 flምW/gdf
ለማ•˛ሉ መ/g y*bl q/bw †ለ Rመሆb Rመ/g ልማg flምW /gdoff
flማ•˛ሉbU%ofqሃd~fመ:ሃል·g'Wdል88
flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f gR% R*ላg ላ· flbመሠb ,ሆf flሃ bሃ=ሚof

Rማ-b*: flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ ማህR%gf Rማሃdy': flWg q?'Xgf Rማ-¶:
flም'ም'-u~/ff7f-q'0 q¶' fjagf U|bb መልz ybCማg fl»•* q˛ልሎg
†ለ•' ffjagRማ/b-flመ/
*' gqe'fለeማማ»†/%ል•ል8·ህም
8
flሚ†መላ~bq-e'Rሆaflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq:%W”flUለqa/bl·¥e
q'q¶(0 ofRማ-መfflb5flW'
5ሉ df~gሎöfb:WለR%ላ·vf‚†ሉ
ማ»a88
ለላflመ/gልማggR%flqa/blq'q¶(
0 ofq?ምለማ-¶vflb¶˛Uለሉg
/ሉ መf/g R† flልማg q˘f„ ላ ልማgf vf ለማ» flqa/bl መ/g
q?ም fUe /g%f¨ q•¸iል88 R/g%f¨ q?ሆሏ 2 ላ· Rb:መሃ መ*g
flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎgf Rማሃdy' መd flመ/g W'df ለመbR' Rv'5 ማ-
flመ/gሃvdfl*Wልማe¸መfgfማሃdy'vf¶ሆa†*:ምሆል8·ህም 8 Rማ-/ሉ
W'dሚc/f'
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 1
W'dሚc/f'
flሚ¶˛f flሃ vd *Wል ማe¸መfg ልምም» Rqa/bld ሉ=?f መ/g qe'

fUedሉ˛dላ·†ለfflq'0/q'Whq¶f:gd~ህሎgማ55ልf†|geል88
Rሌላ Rzል flሉ=?f መ/g ልማg /g%f¨ flq'0/q'Wh q¶f flመ/g ልማg vም?
ሀWgd oሎe % ላ· Rማል Rሉ=?f መ/g ልማg ?»ሚ† flሚ*ሆj ˇ„of
Rመ¶˛* flምW /gdf vf ለማ» RW'd ሚc/f' Rzል v.u.q R2018
b•¸iል88
flመ/g u~/ff2f q˛ልሎg መመ† ⁄¸g yመ/g Uለሙ†od yልማg ሆT†

ሠ%boo/ልሃddq?ምfUeflb†† •' ;ል*bU%gfመa5ሀ-Xoq?'Yል88
·ህ መመ† flb•˘ RWሔ% flW'd u~/ff7f /g%f¨ ላ· flb:መሄgf

ሃn flu~/ff7f qም…of መ*g q»' ,ሆf d ላማም flqa/bld ሉ=?f:
flማህR*W z&: flመ/g qe(o gR% ሀላ'ag †ለUj fl~ልል: fl¥f vd fl„
flመ/g Uለሙ†od flመ/g ልማg *%boo Rመ/g u~/ff7f qb˛UR' ላ· R
:gd ~ህሎg qnb Rመ/g ልማg /% ላ· flb*ማgf ህWb*W ~*ሎo
ማ/bማ':መምy'ማ*ልሃfdሙ†»•*መ/ሃgvf‚oሉa88
Rdag flu~/ff7f /g%f¨ flb•˘ ልማed q„‚/ ሀ-Xo: R¶fW Rሚ*%

(,/bማd~)vdbለሑag·ምq„—agUለflመ*gW'du~/ff7fq˛ልሎg
qማ|nagflqa/blq'0d/q'Whq¶(oም~'d/ልሃd;vf‚ሁምሙ†»•v†˛j *
ም'gd ም'eማaejf Rማ-¶ ˛T†jf ሌም flb5ለ b( vf‚g ለማ/mል
a8
መመ† flመ/g u~/ff7ff መል~: b-g+q q:%W ”f vd flu~/ff7f

ሙc}7f ”of vf‚ሁም R·Rልሉ flመ/g ልማg *%boo flb55ሉ flመ/g
f~gሎöf ለq'0 q¶(o ለማ/bላለ* flሚg%jf ሚd Rq|bb መልz ል
q»'ል8vf¶¡ሁ
8 ምR„መ/gUለሙ†oRzልለq'q¶( 0 o/ልሃdvf¶ሚ*ሉd
fl~ggልbU%gfvf¶ሚ†ydbR*a•ላ·Rልb:ምላል88
Rqሃ=ላ· flመ/g ልማg Uለሙ†o vd flመ/g ልማg *%boo flb55ሉ flመ/g

f~gሎöf b-g+q flመ/g u~*ff7f q:%W ”of bሃ?መ ለeማ
Rሆaመልzflመ/gbሃ=ሚofRማ/b?R*a•ላ·flb:መሄgfflመ/gልማg
qb˛UR(o Rሚ˛U መ˛fW ·g'Ujል88 Rመ/~ Rሚ˛j bሞ~(od ልም…o
vf‚ሁምRመ/gW'dRሚ˛jq„‚/flም'ም'nhoqማ|nagመመ†R:ሆ·
?e~ለ-·¶Reል88
flsg†
1.2 መ/gልማgu~/ff2fflaU%ሁeegfbd
Rsg††ለRመ/gሊለማflሚoልመ&g/(gq?ም1.ሚሊfሄ/'vf¶ሆa
T˛መgም v/|ሁf Rbለ† ¶o flለማ flመ&g መሃf f y2 ሚሊflf ሄ/'
q·Rልሉም ·ሁf vf¨ Rመ/g flሚ2%a መ&g Rflመc †ለ »g y1,09-
2 መbR†መመ†
:ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†
1,50ሄ/' Rመg vf¶ሆa †ለ&g 12 መeg byee· flሆb መo †-†ል88 :

Rመ/g ልማg ላ· flም~' q˛ልሎg flሚ*ሄ ልማg *%boo W¢g |ሉg መ¶Rl
flልማg *%boo /ሉy 1% flማ·Rልሄ vf¶ሆa መo †-†ሉ8 Rq˛c qሁf
Rመልማg ላ· flሚ˛i flመ/g v'5 Rqa/bl q'0/q'Wh q¶' ¶ Rv†f„f„j
y 0.2 v/y 0.5 ሄ/' flሚ2*f a88 ·ህf RUህላም ሆa Rመd መል~ Rመልማg
ላ· flሚ˛if flመ/g v'5 R:Rሌ ¶ |ሉg flልማg ሠ%boo vd flመ/g ልማg
*%boo •' Rመሆf yሞላ ¶ል Rመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo ማህR' vflbመ% ·˛lል8
8 ·ሁf vf¨ vflለማ flሚ˛if vd flለማf መ&g Rመd መል~ vd :ሆ·ag
Uለ መልz g~~ለl flመ/g መ&g ም⁄˛U qልb¶˛ም88 flመ/g ልማg vf?/=.f
Rdag vf„†» vf?(g flሆa ልማ„ flመ/g qመ%g ”f መybል: flመ/g
ልማg flሚ†˛ለሉ Who vሉg vd • መd': /f flb55ሉ ለመ/g flሚሆb
f~gሎöመg'/f: Rመ/zfl*ለሃbUለሞ†ovdq'0/q'Whq¶fR?'Rg
flሚ• flመ/g ልማg *%boo መg' : R †ልሆa q?ም vd ~ህሎg R'& መg':
vd R †ልሆa flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q*ሆሉ ” መg' '&f UለRg ·ም
yሚሃR:v»˛gReovf‚ሄ»q»'eል88
Rመሆbምflመ/gልማgv:gvd~ህሎgRሀ˛%ofለመbR'ማa#ሆafl#gf
fl* u·ል ልማg: flመ/g /'g f~gል¨ ·agd ¶: flመ/g መ*b ልማg:
flመ/gq¶˘g
/% vdg//'g:flመ/gም'ም'/'g:flመ/gመ-†o
Rሀ˛'ማምg
/ሉ o(ofመ*egvdflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fመbR'Rv¸ˇ
-n a9 va¡ህ bU%gf RR vd q/bማማn Rሆa መልz Rሀ˛%of ለመbR'
flሚ†/oልflመ/gልማgflgR%መመ†ማ•˘gb˛Ta9
1.3Rመ/gልማgu~/ff2f†ሉbሞ~(ovd~*bho
Rq˛c flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg fl*( qለመሆbd †ሉgም bሞ~(o
⁄dWfRመሃ:ምyሚ*Wሎo ለሙ vምW¢ምflbለflq·¶ለም8Rመ/ 8 gልማgu~/ff7f
q*ሆሉflb5ለq%ሟሜምflሚe·Ujለ˛R†?'Rg†ላj:flመf˛»o'flሌለUj
vd flf~gሎ¨ bሃ=ሚaej flb5ለ vd fl*( q|UTo ,ሆf Ra¡ህ q|UTo
yልማg *%bl vd Uለሙ† »•* ሑ ˛R† Rሚመ% መሠg flመ/g ልማc
vflbyda ·˛lል88 Rb*b flመd መ/g qe(o flb˛aSRg q|UT vf‚ሁም
flq'0q¶qhh'መ/gfመ*gU¶˛RgflUህላመ/gbሃ=ሚoq|UTRa
U·Uልምflሚ†Reeflመ/g/%vf?/=.·e†ል88
Rሌላb†ሉgምflልማgሠ%booRqW¢lflመ'vdflRል⁄dWfመ*g†¶˛
flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg flሚ*ሄ vf¨ መ/gf መ*g †¶˛ »•* Rg~~ል ለq'0/
q'Whq¶vfl*q·¶ለ
ሄ ም8·ህም
8 ሊሆfflmለflመ˘መ†vdalflq¶˘g
o' ማለgም flመ/g ልማg Uለ/ልሆf flbCCመUj ~ልሎo v/y „ »/ Wm
flሚል? q¶˘g †ለd R„ ¶ flሚ˛j Uለሙ†o yሌሎo flW'd Uለሙo
R¶ም⁄flb5ለ~*††ላjRመሆbflልማg*%booq'0q¶fለመ¶˛*vf‚ሁም
„ ላ· flሚ˛j flW'd vd flመ/g ልማg Uለሙ†o R?f¸g መ/%g ላ· ¶|ማ
q%ሟሜም vf‚†/መS q»'ል88 y¡ህ Rbሌማ R:Rሌ flሚ˛i ልማg ሠ%bl
______________
1 (MoA,2011)::
2 (Nata et al.,2008; Bekele et al., 2012)
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
flመ/g qማ%o UሉRg flq'0q¶' ማ*ልሃl bCማg vff q'0q¶f Rf¢V:

Rv:gd R~ህሎg ለመ¶˛* flba-7ag ማሆg: flWg q?'Xg o': fl~ggል
vd »•* q*ሆሉ vd y˛R† •' flማ/b-*' o' flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f »˛c
vf‚*fq/˛»…eል88
1.4Rመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq*ሆሉላ·†ሉ»ሎovd
b„(ho
Rsg† flሃ vd sa'¨ vd flW'd ሚ/' Uሄg 3'g Rመ/g ልማg %

ላ·†ሉማa#ovdልማcfለማ:ላሃ*†ሉ»ሎobW%'bል8Rመሆ 8 bምRqa/bl
መ/gልማgላ·†ሉb„(hovd»ሎovf¶ሚybለ:'Rል88
1.4Rመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq*ሆሉ†ሉ»ሎo
Rsg††ለflመ/gልማgvf?/=.መf/gR.g.y†
. vd
3ሊ, /g%f¨
Rbሌማ flq'0/q'Wh q¶ q|UT† v:g: fl⁄dW ሃ q*U*W ”f መb;
vd ¸ም' flqa/bl መ/g qሃ=:ም ሁee መg: flመf/g 3ለd| -e vd
;'ሃnag መg: flል UለሀWgf flሚ†Ree vd flሚ•W⁄ /'g መ%ሃ: R
flሃqማ%qመl
ሑ: flqfl'fWgመg;Rfl*ˇልRgመg;vdqመlለመ/g
q˛ልሎg flሚሆf መ&g መg Rbለ· Rq˛c Rሚ˛j #ላማ q|UT flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7fq*ሆሄfለeማ†¶'ˇeል88
1.42Rመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq*ሆሉ†ሉb„(ho
Rq˛%ofvflb¶˛†ለflqa/blመ/gልማgvf?/=.flf~c~ /ሉ vdfl:g
~*bg ሚ¢f fl¶( b„(g vf¶ሆa Rbለ† —£ Rb¶ˇ ሉdho ለማ? boሏል88
va¡ህምRመ/ 1). gሃማe¸መfgላ·†ለflf¢Vvሉgማለgም8ለ*Wሉ- flመ/g
ሃqሃ=:ም2(%ም:ሃfflመ#ሃWf~gሎ¨:ሃfflመለ|gf~gሎ¨:flመ/g
ሃ qe(o qሃ=:ምd vd ሉ˛d; 2) Rመ/g q(gሚ ላ· R flሆa flb55ለ:
flb/(d †¶˛ :g qለመg';3). Rመ/g 0ም3o:ሃWe መ/g: fl'ሑg መ/g:
fl˛ሜ-ም»'vdfl'ሃf * ለመ/gልማgማልላ·Rflሆaሙ†:gvdf~c|
~ህሎg qለመg'; 4). flqa/bl መ/g ልማg ማ/(g b(*/f/flq|T /(gf መ*g
yማ»·ል?qe'fመ*g†¶˛መሆb;flqa/ 5). blመ/gልማg/ሉ%
R መ*e መ qለመ†⁄ vd flመ ልሉ qለመg'; 6). ሉ%cfd ¶f
flሃR:qa/blመ/gልማgለመ/%gRሉdg:R‚¢·f:RfUevdR~ggልRflሆa
ልም» qለመg'; 7). R/% ላ· flሚ˛jg qa/bl መ/go ም'eማag ማa/; 8).
Rqa/blመ/g?»⁄¸g:fUedvdq††⁄vdqሃ=:ምgR%ላ·flህWb*S
b-g+ qa/bl መሆf; 9). bሃ=ሚ R መa5 ሀWg †ለማig;(ለመ*b ልማg
fUe: ለf~gሎ¨: ለWg መ“: vd RWho ላ· Rfl?c flሚሌምf •
ለመ~%ል) vd 10). ለሚመc *Wሎo :⁄=¢ መ•f: fl˛R† *f*ለg vd sf+'ሜ7f
vሉgመg'flመ-*ሉgdj88
______________
3 (MoA,2011)::
4 መbR†መመ†
መE5†መመ†
1.5ላማ
·ህ flመbR† መመ†/ ላማ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎgf Rላag

ለማ-¶ bU% flሚሆb መል~hofd ም~(of Rመ/g ልማg ላ· ለb*ማ
Uለሙ†o vd bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o Rመ/ሃg: q-e' Rሆa መልz Rመ/g
ሃflማልማgbሃ=ሚaejfy*Rማ»ም'eማaejfለማ-¶vdflbሃ:ሚ
ማህR*Sf˛Tvf‚ሌም'ለማ»vf‚„a88
1.6flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgመbR†መመ†
ሉ ?ም
q-e'Rሆaflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq:%W”flUለqa/bl·¥eq'0q¶(of
Rማ-መfR*ላgላ·flbመሠbላflመ/gልማggR%gfለማydf;flመ/gሃ
bሃ=ሚማህR%gfRማሃdy':flWgq?'XgfRማ-¶vdqሃ=:ምfለማ-¶:
flም'ም'-u~/ff7f-q'0 q¶' fjagf Rq|bb መልz ybCማg fl»•* q˛ልሎg
†ለ•' ffjagለማ/b-flመ/
*': gqe'fለeማRማ»flb5flW'
5ሉ d
f~gሎöf b:Wለ መd flመ/g W'df ለመbR'; flq|UT ሉR=f መ*g
†¶ fl*Wል ልማg q††⁄ Rማሃdy' vd R% ላ· vf‚†ሉ Rማ» ለ*“e:
ለsf•/g vd ለሑ ˛R† flሚሉ ም'hof ለማምg vf‚†/oል flሚ„ a88
Rመሆbምflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fሉ?ሙ8-
flም'gv»˛gf·ሌም%ል;
q|UTሉR=fመ*g†¶˛flመ/gqሃ=:ምማለgምW~ለgfvdflq%'
መ2'2f·:f-ል:
flWgbሃ=ሚag?ልሉ*df:flሃ:flˇልRgvdሀWgqሃ=:ምf†-»•ል;
Rመ/gq˛ልሎgflሚመሄ/•hofvdT⁄a/{-%f·:f-ል8
b-g+qvdለ>eflመ/gልማgል•ሎgf†ለWeል88
1.7flመ/gልማgu~/ff2fመbR†መመ†q/%ላ—ag
·ህflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fመbR†መመ†q˛ልሎcf~c|flሆbመል~hof/
v:hofለUለሙ†vdለq'0/q'Whq¶Rመ/ሃgR?»:RgR%vdR~ggል
Rማ-b*vf¶q˛'flሆሉ aq˛ልሎgለመ/ሃg,ሆfq*ሆሄfለ>eRሆaመልz
bሃ=ሚaejf Rማ-¶ †ለf flመ/g ሃ ሀWg RqUS Rመሃ:ም flq'0/q'Wh
q¶f qhh' ሁee vf‚55ል ለማ» e/X a88 Rመሆbም ·ህ flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7f መbR† መመ† †|bb flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ˛e:መ'ሆod
f~gሎ¨qመ%ሉ;bCማ»•*:ማ/bUR'vdg//';flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
bUXg ”o; flመ/g ልማg *%boo ሚdd bU'; flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
bU%g ?»; flመ/g *Wሎo fl˛R† ም'g/ሞ‚d/ v.g *f*ለg q:%W;
flመ/g /ልሃd *ላg ልfled fl/ልሃd ?» ⁄¸g; vd flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
fl~ggል:ም˛ማd(·„/Rbgfመ:መ'flሚሉgRdagflሚሃ:+dj88
flመbR† መመ† flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7ff ˛e: b-g+q q:%W ”f

vdflu~/ff7fbUXg”ofvf‚ሁምR·Rልሉflመ/gልማg*%booflb55ሉ
flመ/g f~gሎöf ለq'0 q¶(o ለማ/bላለ* flሚg%jf ሚd Rq|bb መልz
ልq»'ል8Rመሆ8 bም·ህflመbR†መመ†flመ/gሃqሃ=:ምvdq/b„¶'
/'gf fl† a88 qሃ=:ሙfም ¶ bሃ=ሚ ለማ»/ R„ መ/g ልማg
Uለሙ†oRzልለq'q¶(
0 o/ልሃdvf¶ሚ*ሉdfl~ggልbU%gfvf¶ሚ†ydb
R*a•ላ·Rልb:ምላል88
1.8flመመ†*f(Scope)
·ህ flመbR† መመ† Rመ/g ልማg ላ· ለb*ማ q'0/q'Wh q¶': Uለሙ†

vd መf/e vd መf/e ላልሆb Uለ»'5 q|ላg ሁሉ q˛ልሎg flሚ*ሉ ,ሆf
R/ሄ flbሃ:+g ሙ† flሆb መመ†o flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎgf:
~ggልvdflም˛ማ”ofመ*g†¶ˇdj88
1.9flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fflgR%መ'ሆo
flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f መ*e W flq'0/q'Wh q¶f ማህR%d sgሚ†

v»˛gRላagማ•˛ሉ,ሆfflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fRdagflሚybሉgf;ል*
ላማoለማ-|gfl%+flሆaመ'ሆoqሉg88yመ*eXo/ሉ8-
q„‚/dflb55ሉflመ/gf~gሎöfvf‚ሁምሃ=ሚvdbU%
መofማ¶%˘gvdማ*%ሌg
flq'0/q'Whq¶fflመ/gልማgv:g:~ህሎgdqመለ|ygለማ-¶
/ልሃdofመ/ሃg
fl˛R†g//'fማመmj:flv.g*f*ለgfማ55ልdማሃdy'
fl'b-e,flሆgvdflqመ•˛W/'gfRመ/g/%o/ሉማ|bg
q|UT†q††⁄vdላagfማልRg
bCማq¶˘hof:?f¸hofvdg//'fማልRg
flልማgq•(of:fl*u·ልልማgvdለeማflሆaflመ/gልማg
u~/ff7fq˛ልሎgq*ሆሉfማሃdy'
ሃf|%ለgfመ*g†¶˛~ggልd,ም˛ማ
ም'flመ/
ሉ gልማgbሞ~(ofመ:መ'vdመ-gf ሉ* WqfXflሚ %*
a88flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fመሠeመ'ሆoyW'du~/ff7f
•'flሚመ-*ል,ሆfRdagflሚybሉgመ'ሆoqሉg88
6 መbR†መመ†
መE5†መመ†
b(
1. */fመ*g†¶˛flመ/gልማg*ላgመለflgdfl*ላgመ'ሃW'ማ•˘g
/Principleofinterestandneed/ flመ/gልማg- u~/ff7fflq'0/q'Whq¶fflመ/g
ልማg /% *ላg መለflgd flመ*g W'd *ላg መ'ሃ W' ማ•˘g ·g'Reል8
8 ·ህም b(*/f Rማልማgd ሃWgf Rመለflg flመ/g ሃ q?'Xgf yምfሑ:y⁄dW:
yy'*ም»'d˛ሜ-ም»'Rመለflgdflb(*/?»Rማሆgflሃ?'Xgq?ም:flመ/g
bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o W¢g:Rመ/g ሊለማ flሚoል flመ&g /(gd *Wል b
yምgRማ/ *ሉ ˛Ugb-g,flመ/gልማgdq/b„¶'መ'ህfflbybለ·*/% %ል8
8·ህምflሚ†/%ል˛flq'0/q'Whq¶'*ላhoyለ*W¶ለ*W,yመf¶'¶
መf¶': yመ/g Wሎ~ ¶ ሌላ Wሎ~ *gሀ flሃ ሀWg ~**ል qf‚g'd flሀWg
W~agfለማ/˛»a88
2. flመ/g ልማg /% Uህልd ልም» yqyUT ¶ q|UT ልaho vf„ሉg መ„g /

Principles of Cultural Difference/ flu~/ff7f % RUህላ
- vd ልማ„ „% ላ·
flbመ*b a88flመ/g ልማg Rሚ*%Rg qyUT flሚg q'0/q'Wh q¶(o flመ/g
fV ማ55ል flሚ˘ም vf¶ qyUT bሌUሑ ሁeg ¶ R¶ Wm a88
·ህም ማለg flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f *%bl/ Uለሙ† RqyUT flሚg q0/
qWh q¶(of flመ/g ልማg fV: :g: Uህል:flሚሃ:ሙRgf flመ/g ልማg
ማ-†j: flሚሃ:ሙgf Wg: ልም»d oሎe:o, vምaho, v.ho, b
መ˛fWflg'Reል88
b-
3. g+ag/Principleofparticipation/- b-g+flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fd
መ'ሆ flf»/.g q0/qWh q¶(of flመ/g fV:v:g:~ህሎg vd qማለ||g
yመ/g qe'/flህWb*W flሀ z& dUe „*- ሉdg ˘ም( Rማ55ል fl%-jf
o'%-jRላagvf‚%c/vf‚:'&flሚ/oልq?ምመ*ሃ'a88
/ል- 18-q'0/q'Wh q¶ Rq|UT†j

flb%ሃfflመ/gሃo'ለመ*eg
†;,
·ህም flb•˘ መ*gሔ yመ/ሃg ·ል?

f»/.g q'0/q'Wh q¶(o fl%-jf
o' ለመ?* ሉg v‚†¶'ˇd
R%-j ላ· መbማመffd መማ'
vf‚mሉ†¶'•ል88
4. yሁeeo •' flመላመ» W=g /Principle of Adoptability/- flመ/g ልማg vf¶

q0/qWh q¶ fV:v:g:~ህሎg:qማለ||g:qb˛UR' b ¶ ·ም qf•
flሀ S»f yሌላl flሃ S»f ·ለ††ል88 flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ሁeeoም
vf¶¡ሁ yXe Xe ·ለ††ሉ8 /ለ¡ህ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f መ'ሃW'ም ·ህff
ልag/bለሑfgRመ„gflሚሊለሉ oልRመሆbvf¶q/%ላ—ac/Rሚ†/%ልRg
—£ flbለ† ሁeeof ለማመmjg q/%ላ— ለሊof ማ»d flመላመ» W=g
†/%ል•ል88
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
flሙ5. ሉ-Vb*Wq:%W”Principle
/ ofwholefamily/- flመ/gልማgflˇልRgd
*'
fl|/eልq?ምflሚሃ·?yመሆ /% bምRbሌማ-·f-v:gd~ህሎg·%ል•ል8
Rመሆ
8 bምflq'0/q'Whq¶fVb* ሙሉ WRመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃdማ-b*
flq'0/q'Wh q¶f flˇልRg/|/eል
~*gg ለመሙላg /ለሚ†⁄ flመ/g
*%boo/Uለሙ†o·ህffRመ˛fW
Rqሃ=ላ· flVb*W flq:%W ”/
qሠ%' መሃ:ም ·g'Ujል88 R¡ህ
መ'ህ መ*gም flbለfl vd flb:d˘
flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q:%W
ለVb*S qUላg Rሙሉ vf‚*ሉ
·¶•ል88
/ል- 28-q'0/q'Wh q¶f ሙሉ

Vb*W Rመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
/ሉ vf‚-b& vd vf‚†·
ማ»b˛Ta;
6. flgWW' መ'ህ /Principle of co-operation/- flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f flbለ†

bCማ q¶˘hof:?f¸hof vd g//'f RማልRg flመ/g ልማg Rgd fl˛R†
q|ላgf yመ/g ሀ bሃ=ሚ S»go •' flማ:d˘g /% መ/% ·g'Reል88 ·ህም
q„‚/dflb5flመ/5ሉ gf~gሎöfመofለማ¶%˘gvdለማ*%ሌg:fl˛R†
g//'f ለማመmj: flv.g *f*ለgf ለማ55ልd ማሃdy': fl'b-e: flሆg
vd flqመ•˛W /'gf ለማ|bg: q|UT† q††⁄ vd ላagf ለማልRg: ሃf|%d
ለgfመ*g†¶˛~ggልdም˛ማላማ»dም'ሉflመ/gR'dbሞ~(of
ለመ:መ'·„ል8
flv'
7. |eመ'ህPrinciple
/ ofsatisfaction/- flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fflመሌ5W
flመ/g ም'gd ምeማagf Rማ-¶ flq'0/q'Wh q¶f ማህR%d sgሚ o'
RላagRመ*egflሃ˛'fv»˛gማ(ሃf,ሆfflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fflማ/bማ'/
ማ*ልሃf ሉg flመሌ5 ለg Rመ/g W'd Rሂ¶g ለሚe o(o መ*gሄ
Rመ*ሃ'flq'0/q'Whq¶fo'R%+vf‚%edq‚/oሎe·ምሌሎoflUህ
ለሊofvf‚%ሉ'Rማ/m/ልa88
flbለ
8. †flማ/bማ†”oqሃ=:ምመ'ህ/Theprincipleoftheuseofvariety
of teaching methods/·ህ- flሚ†መለ~b qf» flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7 ˇ„·
flሚ:'WRg/ሚbላለ*Rg መf˛» q0/qWh q¶ R*ሉag flˇ„f fV: v:g:
~ህሎg:qማለ||gdqb˛URfRመ„gdRማ„R'¶bU'vf‚:·'ለማ/mልa8
/ለ¡ህም
8 ለbለ†ˇ„o·ምለqf»q·agˇ„·flq'0/q'Whq¶faU%ሁee
ምg/ሉRማ/˛Ugflbለ†flማ*bማ†/ማ*ልሃl”ofመሃ:ም†/%˛ል•ል88
8 መbR†መመ†
መE5†መመ†
/ል- 38-flመ/g u~/ff7f

Uለሙ† ለq'0/q'Wh q¶
RAf‚†%ምR:ላሉ,†/„
9. gf
ለ መ*g †¶˛ fl~ggልd ም˛ማ መ'ህ/ Principle of Monitoring
and Evaluation/ R-·f-- ” Rመe˛⁄ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f †መሆf
flqመለ|yg:fl~ህሎg:flqb˛UR'd flUህ ለሉ †ለማCሉ መyebልd መ˛ም˛ም
†/%ል•ል8·ህም
8 flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f%dflለሁeef
ሉ Rማለf-eof
ማ»vf¶ሚ/%ል†/˛a⁄Uል88
flመ/
10. gሃbሃ=ሚማህR'fመ*gማ»(IrrigationWaterUseAssociation/
IWUA/)8- flመ/g ሃ qሃ=:ም bU% flሚ¶˛ qW¢lf —£ RS»f Rመሆbd
ለ¡ህምyfUe˘ም(v/yRflመcflሚ¶ˇሉ˛dovdvf~W|VoRbሃ=ሚ
ማህR*Wa8flመ/
8 gbሃ=ሚማህR*Wለሚሃ:ምRgሃRflመcfl˛ልሎg~*†
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flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q*%' ” flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚof ማህR'd qa/bl

flመ/gbሃ=ሚqU%/vማ%;vf‚ሁምflመ/ *(' gv'5odq'0/q'Whq¶(o
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bU'ላ·Rማልም'gdም'eማaejfvf‚†-»ˇመ¶˛*flሚ†/oልለeማ
flሆaq*·ም %' ”a8·ህffም
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flመ-*ሉgdj88
2.1flመ/gf~gሎ¨መሆ
flመ/g f~gሎ¨ መሆ flq'0/q'Wh q¶f aU% ሁeeo vd q|UTf †˛dR

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q'Whq¶(ovdq|UTfRማ·„መልzb/ማሚvf‚ሆfflሚybሉgfመ/%'ho
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? flq'0/q'Whq¶fflመ/gf~gሎ¨መ“(·df/q?ም†˛dRመሆbf:
? q'0/q'Whq¶†ሆfflsf=/gመfgሑflመ/gf~gሎ¨
ሊመል/ለgflሚoልመሆbf:
? q'0/q'Whq¶flሚ†ለማRgRማ-መg:
? q'0/q'Whq¶flሚ†ለማjfl*Wል·ahoመለflej:
? f~gሎ¨flሚ%ለ˛f†ህልfl*u·ል/ˇልRgq?ምመg:
? flሉ˛dq˛ልሎgdመለሏ=oመ˛ig:
? flf~gሎ¨kላag/ለ¸ም—£flሚ†˛ለልመሆf:
? f~gሎ¨%ላ·RሚልRg?g†ለqyUT†dማህR%˛e:
10 መbR†መመ†
መE5†መመ†
2.1flb55ሉqa/blመ/gf~gሎö
Uለ&g ሉg መeg R'|e ሃ=ሚ flሆb q„‚/ flመ/g f~gሎ¨ nho/%ሃ%o

ልWb ¶ ˛R† :'Rል88 va¡ህም q»|ሚ †ልሆb :ላልd qa/bl flሃ መ
Xo/cXo/መ/መ(o: Rሞb' 0ም2 flሚ* flሃ መ-T†o: flመ/g መ&g
መ¶ል¶† ማ7go: fl'ሑg መ/g vd flሃWe መ/g Rመd መ#ሆሃ† መ-†o
flሚመf~gሎödj8flሃ 8 vሉgUለUjም†¶ˇሀ˛(oሉ?ምላ·vflሉ
†ሉg flሉ=?f መ/g f~gሎö ሃf RRለሃ ለeማ flሚ†¶'ˇ flf~gሎ¨
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? flሃWe:flYfYማ*%ሏ,/bም-(ለ˛-ም»'dy'*-ም»'መ/g):
? fl1„ል/g»ል/(2d2'vdflሞb'0ም2-(ሃyመ&g/ሉ
ለማሆg):
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ለማ*U*W):
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? Uል‚dR'ሚልflመ-*ሉ;-0o:
? X(X(ofRመ˛¶WSSD(SoilstoragedumconstructedonGully)
? flሃvሉgfflሚCCሙdq|UTf%ሉaflሚላመ•flb„:ሉ(of /
flb55ሉ⁄'†of/መሃ:ምdflbመሆሃaማ„R†:
? e·»˘'Rማ-/ሉRመ/%g
? flb%%vdWeላ·መ/gልማgf~gሎ¨
? dWል(Tubwell)
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? Rv¸flሚa:a?ሃመ-T†:
? flb:d˘flgbU·dR7efመyላyል:
? Uህላvdመdflf⁄ሃለ(
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? flሃXofy/'˛gRመyላyል(Lined)Rማ»ሃfRqUSRመሃ:ም
flሚለማመ&gRማ/(g
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q2f„ vd flሃ ማሃ%:ሚ† efy' dj88 ሌሎoም ¶ ማሃ%:ሚ† efy
flሚ˛S flqY%d *'/%7 መሃff ለመ:a/ flሚ†˛ለሉ መ#ሆሃ† ·ም flሃ
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flbመja88
flመ˛ሆሃሚ†of መሃf
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vf„·g' ለማ» ¸ምd
:ሉ †ለ ;- / †/%ል•ል88
ለም-ሌ8-ለq2f„ flሚ†˛ለሉ
;-0o :'yሀ:fl»•*
vfሌg:/?, ·ም ላ/d~
vd flማ·⁄ Wg dj88
ለ¡ህምfl⁄dWሃለማ*U*W
flq'0/q'Wh q¶' ማ*ልሃl
ማyላg flሆ† ?' qመl
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flሃ ማyማm ?' ·aho8-

yሆ† ላ· flb*U*R fl⁄dW ሃ
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y/ሚfh: b yመ-*ሉg a8
8 fl˛ ም»' ሃ ማሃ%:ሚ†f
Rሚመለyg flVg ሆ% flሃ
ማ*U*T† ” vf¶ሆa flሚe?
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መE5†መመ†
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flመ&g /ሉ efy'8- ም»' ሃ

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8 Rመሆbf Rgag ም~f†g
flሚU~af ሃ Rመ#ሆሃ'd R
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yሁሉምflb5ለ”a88·ህ”መ/መ'ለመ'•g:‚¢·fለማሆgvdyy*bl
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መ/gqሃ=:ም”
flሃWe መ/g ” RVb*W ¶

flሚሃ?ም yመሆb •' b†·¥
‚¢·b flRለሃ ም~f†e flሆad
f~gሎ¨ ለVb*W ማ- ሃ=ሚ
,ሆfRሆምለeማምሆgb˛niል8
8 ⁄'⁄' qሃ=:ሙf yሉ=?f መ/g
f~gሎ¨j ማbል ላ· መ„g
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ሃ flማሆg ”8- ሃ ybyማjRg Xe ለማሆg Rሆም q/%ላ— yሆb flሃ

መ-T† ማ7go መ|yል qf•d al flv¸ 0ም2 ·ም 1„ል 0ም2 a88 Ra(/d
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qማ%ሑ f~gሎö dj88 RW †ላ¶ˇ ሀ˛(o ˛ሃ%ማ q|UTo ˛መ» RUል‚
q/ሃ
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2.flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎg
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fflW'du~/ff7fq˛ልሎgq|ል,ሆfRdagqa/bld
*(' flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ ማህR%gf RማCCምd Rማ¶%˘g ሁለfbd flመ/g ሃ
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fl»•q˛ልሎg
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q|ላgfR•%†/bUW%ል88
መE5†መመ†
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Rመ/g W'd u~/ff7f U¶ˇ Rbለ·ም Rመ/g q/b„¶' ለeማ Rሆbd ለመ/g
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(Precision),ሆbva¡ህfምq:d¸hRመbR'flመ/gf~gሎöfላ· % ለማል
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flሚሉdj88
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¶ለልfdqላ/%ላ—'*fRመyላyልflb(*+fflማ/q?ምመሌመ'flምfofflሃ
ማ*ለ?q?ምyማልRcምRላ·flመ/gqe(oR¶ለልvf„·ˇ/vf„·%Rማ¶ '+
ላflሆaflመ/gልማgልማgvf‚g'†/oላል8Rdag 8 va¡ህfbU%gለማ/%ም
flመ/gልማgUለሞ†odflመ/gልማg*%boo·ህffflማ/bማ':flም~'q˛ልሎg
flመ/ሃgdflመ¶˛*ሚdqላj88
flመ/gqe'መ•Tb(ማልማg:
*/ መሃR?dማ/bUR'8- flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚof/
ማህR*Sf Rማa--gd Rማ¶%˘g flመ/g qe' b(*0of flማልማgd flመሃR?
vf?/=. dd q/%ላ— flመ/g ልማg /% ,ሆf flq%'d ሃ ሉR= f~c|ል ሙ†
»•* Rመ/ሃg flመ/g »Xof y¶ለልd y'* ለመyላyል †¢ል88 R¶f ልማgd
vf~W|V bU%gም Rzል ማህR*Sf Rማ*ልሃfd flb55ሉ fl¢* ooof Rመgyል
flመ/g qe' qyUTf RመሃR? Rመ/g qe(o q|UT b(*+ Rb5ለ ሁee ሃ
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
·¥ vf‚·#· ·„ል88·ህffም bU' fl:Rሌ q/b„¶':flመ/g ልማg *%bl:fl„

መ/g Uለሙ†d ሌሎoም q•' q|ላg flማ/bUR'd RqyUT yሚ˛j on ሆT†o
•'ማ/b-*'†/%ል•ል88
/ል-68- flመ/g qe'

b(*0of yq%' ~ለg
ለመyላyል flq%'d ሃ
ሉR=%
*gሀ flመ/g ሃ /'ሑgf ማ•˛ሉ8- flመ/g ልማg *%bood fl„ መ/g

Uለሙ†o ለqa/bld *(' flመ/g bሃ=ሚ q'0 q¶(o Ra*/y* flመ/g መ&g
vf‚˛j †¶'•ሉ; *gሀ flመ/g ሃ /'ሑg vf‚g' †¶'•ሉ; ም~': /ልሃdd
»•·** ·ህም
ሆሉ8 ሊሆfflሚoለyመ/gሃማህR%gdflማህR*Wz&uላ'o
•' Rመሆf flመ/g ሃ q?ምd ~ምogf መ*g †¶˛ flመ/g ሃ /'ሑg ?»
q•¸hq˛ልሎhofRመ/ሃga88v?•ምfl.gq'0q¶(ofdq?መ¶|ማq'0
q¶(ofaU%ሁeeyምgflሚ*ሉ /˛UdRመ/gሃ*eb¶%7agላ·bg
flማ†/ygልመሆf·g'Reል88
flመ/g ሃ መ-T†d ማ*%ሏ v=o ሉ˛d q˛ልሎhof ማ•˛ሉ8- R¡ህ bU'

ላ· flመ/g ልማg ልማg Uለሞ†od flልማg ሠ%boo ለqa/bld *(' flመ/g
bሃ=ሚo flመ/g v=of/ማ7gofd ሌሎo መሃ:ሚ†of ማለgም vf¶ g»ል
vd ሞb' 0ም2: ሃWe: flYfY መ/መ(o: fl2ላ/d~ ሃ ማሃ%:ሚ†ofd
R'ሚሎof: .b g~~ለl flመ/g ሃ /'ሑg q˛ልሎg vf‚*ሄ መyebልf:
,Rላ3ም ?e ሉ˛d vf‚†˛j ማ»'d ማ*bUR' q/%ላ— a88·ህም flመ/g ሃ
vሉg yመሃf Rላ· flሆa flመ/g ሃ ¶ ማ- ˛Wh R*Wል ላ· ˇ„g vf„†/ygልd
Rመ/gሃvሉgም~c†gሑgvf„·%ሃ'·„ል88
flq%' ~ለgf መ:a/ flሚoል flመ/g ሃ qሃ=:ም መbR'8- flመ/g መ&g /ሉ

yመ&c q:ማመሉ vd yሃ qሃ=:ም flba- flመ/g መ&c Rq%' ~ለg vf‚„ vd
yq˛ልሎgሊሆfሑ ·oላል8Rመሆ 8 bምb„(gagUላjflመ/gመ&gላ·b˛T
flq%~ለ' gማ˛”ofRመሃ:ምvf‚ሁምRq%ላ·q¶•ሊ†¶'flሚ/ oልflሃ
qሃ=:ም vf„·g' flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሙ† ም~' †/%ል•ል; b˛ል•ም
ህWb*WመbUR'·˛Uል88
መE5†መመ†
/ል-78-flመ/gልማgflሚydfUjማ-oflq%'~ልgvf„%ሃ'Rb˛Tመf˛»flሃX·
Rመ/g መ&ho ላ· yመሃf Rላ· flመ/g ሃ vf‚bl qለማ»8- flመ/g ሃ b˛i

bWሎ Rbለ· ¶ሞ ምfም flb„(gag መሃf RሌለUj q|UTo vd q% Uህ
ሃf ¶eo flማ/ q?ም Rሌላj q|UT Rማሉለ?ለ? vd yመሃf Rላ· flመ/g
ሃfRማ-መሃ:
/ሉ ምሃvf‚bl·ምvf‚ሆf†¶'•ል:vf‚ሁም
Rማ- ላ· flR:ሉ *Wሎo ላ· flbለ† R7eo vf‚%ሃ መa5 ·ሆdል88 /ለሆaም
bሃ=ሚ ህWb*W flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሙ† Rሚ*ሃ flመ/g ሃ
qሃ=:ምመመ†db%-መ/gሃflሚ˛»Rgflbለ†ማ/˛/%oRመ˛fUg
qላ/%ላ— ሃ ማ/˛» vf‚ሁም yመሃf Rላ· ሃ ማ- /ሉ vf„·bl ሉf=>
ማ»·˛Uል88
flሌማq|UTflመ/gqሃ=:ምfመ*f8- Rሀ˛%of:¶ም,ልRb¶ˇሉdhoy11
ሚሊflf ሄ/' Rላ· ሌማ q%' vf¶ሆa ·˛መeል88 Rሌማag flbሃ= መ/g መ&g
flሚሊ/( oለflሌማfሉa˛'fል?vdb˛T†ልሆaflመ/gሃqሃ=:ም,g'
a88 ·ህም ሊሆf flሚoለ y˛-ም»' Reo †ለf ሌማ q%' (saline sedment)
RመRሉRሉሌf¶ላ·ld*WሎoሊR?ሉRgflሚoል~*ልላ·Rማምሆg;flመ/g
ሃR%ሌማ + ሆgq'0/q'Whq¶Rማ-ላ·,ሃ:ምRg;·ምyመሃfRላ·
vdyUለሙ†ም~'fl}ሚ ሑ |ልማ„R†Wm(flb%ማ„R†ሉ( Uለመሃ:ም)Rq%'
|ለ/ሉ flq%}ሚ' |ላ·gRመሃ»
•' flሚy*gflbbyለf/flb%f*Wል
vf„·R?ል ሊ†¶' /ለሚoል flመ/g ሃ qሃ=:ም RUለሙ† vd Rመ/g u~/ff7f
Uለሙ†oም~'qሃ=:ሙfመ*f·g'Reል88
Rb%ሉ( z& vd ሀ·#o flሚ˛if flመ/g ሃ RqUS መሃ:ም 8- vf¶ሚe:

Rq˛%of flሚ˛jg flb%ሉ( z&o vd ሀ·#o /f dj88 va¡ህ flሃ q|ላg
¶ሞRq|UTflሚ˛ifW¢ህህ·gflሚሃW;vdflq|UTfb%ሉ(q:ማህR%
vd sgሚ† ሁee flሚሃW; dj88 ለም-ሌ8- Rም//ሐ'… ¥f flላf… vd flሐ(ማ†
ሃ·#o Rvf¶¡ህ q·ag qሃ=:ም ሁee qሁf Rሚ˛jRg ¶% ·˛lሉ; Rመሆbም
ya¡ህ flሃ q|ላg †ለqUW flመ/g ሃf መሃ:ም ሃ ሊ†ል? vd Rq|U
flሚ˛if W⁄ሃ- ህ·g: flb%ሉ(: flህWb*Sf ማህR% vd qgሚ† ሁee
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
ሊ†¢U /ለሚoል ለመ/g q˛ልሎg ya¡ህ flሃ q|ላg መሃ:ም flሚmለ Rb(*+
¶ va¡ህ flሃ q|ላg yሚ˛U ሃ መሃf Reo መሆf /ለሚ˛U flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7fUለሙ†ለመ/gq˛ልሎgflሚሃ:ሙgfflሃ0ም3ovd
;ሉ' መሃf
መ*f·˛Uል88
b-g, vd *ላg b' flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7ff ማ-¶;-flመ/g ልማg %

flˇልRg :flሀWg vd fl—£f መ/gfg flሚሃ·? a88 flመ/g ሃfም ·ሁf
flሚሃ:ሙRgf flመ/g መ&g Rላag ለመሃR?d ለመሃ:ም flሃf fl**g q?ም
vdflመ/gመ&cfሊ•flሚoሉሁeeofbሃ=ሚህWb*Wvdflመ/gልማg
%fyሚ†/bUWመf/eሆaመf/e†ልሆbq|ላgR?f¸g•' Rመ/%g
*ላgfመ*g†¶flህWb*Sb-g+qf‚g'flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†
መ/%g·˛Uል88
Reol vd Rላ·l b(*/ flሃ bሃ=ሚo *gሃ qሃ=:ምf ማልRg; -

Rb%flሚሉ( flf⁄
%/ vdflምfሑሃRb(†*+ ለW¢-ህ·gy*blq˛ልሎg
vf¶ሚ*ሉ ·e=ል88 a˛' f * ለመ/g q˛ልሎg ,Uል flሚ%*f f⁄ ·ም
ምfሑ ሙሉ Rሙሉ መሃ:ም Reol b(*/ flሚ˛j W¢ህ-ህ·g ላ· bg
/ለሚgvf‚ሁምyህWb*Sሑg•' /ለሚoል
ሊ%ሉ' flሚ˛¶Rfሃመሃf
flመ/gልማgflu~/ff7fUለሙ†Rሚ*ሃም~'መሆf·˛Uል88
flመ/g ሃ X· „gd v»-g ማ»8- flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo flመ/g Xof

Rbለ·ም Rflማ-j q?%T† †ሉgf 3l ¶ Xo (tertiary canals) Rማ„gd
መለ/blv»-gvf‚|ሄ»ላjRማ»†ለምfምመfሃUሃWq/bማማnflሃ*g
vf‚g'ማ»qለUj88
flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ ማህR' vf‚CCም መ¶˛*/ Irrigation Water Use Association/

8- ለ/}eማflመ/gqe'fUeለeማRሆaመልzflሚመ%dflሚ†/b„»
flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'yሃbሃ=ሚoRመbUR' •' vf‚CCምማ»
q/%ላ—a8/ለሆaም
8 ‚ሞ~%,†d*gሃሂ¶gfbygሎflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚo
ማህR'ለማCCምdልማcfለማ-flመ/
ለሉ gልማgUለሙ†odflልማg*%boo;ል*
bU'መሆf·g'Reል88
flመ/g ሃd መ&gf መ*g †¶˛ f/ S»f ማCCም8- flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo

f/S»fvf‚መሠgመ¶ˇfl%+fR•/% v†ሃd
% flS»bqUላgflሚሃR?Ujf
q/bwvf‚†R~c†Reeል8Rbሌማም 8 ሁሉምflሃbሃ=ሚqUላg†ላjf
q?ም qሟሃ flመ/g ልማg ላማf ለማ-|gd o(of R•% ለመ?*: vf‚ሁም
R%jለeማvf‚ሆbf/S»bˇልRg·ሆdjል8Rሌላ 8 Rzልለgbለg
-n Rሆb flመ/g ልማgd ሌሎo ˇ„o † flf/ S»b qUላg qW( Rመ/%g:
Rv?„j ላ· b†·h ~ለ- Rማ»; q„‚/d flb55ሉ f~gሎö % ላ·
መልjfማ•˛ሉdRማ-˛»ለሉ flመ/gልማgf/S»gov¸q/%ላ—dj88
መE5†መመ†
flመ/gሃqሃ=:ምም~f†gflሚa+ሑhofvdqለመUUhofመ*eg8- Rመ/g
ሃqሃ=:ም†Rሚ%ሃqለመUUhoflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR%gለo(mj
መ*gሄ ·*ሄ f» ሊRec ·˛Uል88 R¡ህም መ*g fl:Rሌ q/b„¶' Rመ/g ሃ
bሃ=ሚoማህR'vdf/S»fመoRመሆ •' fflመ/gUለሙ†odflልማg
*%boo Rሃ bሃ=ሚo መ|yል Rመ/g ሃ /'ሑg ም~f†g flሚ%ሃf
qለመUUgለመ„igˇልህሚd·ሏeሉ8
flመ/g Wg8- flመ/g ልማg Uለሞ†od flልማg *%boo yመ/g f/ S»f

vd yqa/bld *(' መ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ መo •' Rመሆf flመ/g Wg *ላg
መ*ሃ' ·g'Ujል88 Rbሌማም flመ/g ልማg *%boo flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ
ማህR%gf yWg q?%To •' Rማ˛dig ም'ሉ ': ማ„R†: flbU·d R7e
መyላy†መ»ሀcho:flመ/gልማgመ˛ል˛†መ-†ofv¸Rv¸‹·ምRW»'
መልzvf‚†˛j†መmmሉ8
flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚofy˛R†qማ%oማ/•' b-*'8- flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f

dላማflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚofyf»d˛R†qማ%oRማ/ •' b-fl˛R†
*'
*ላgf መሠg q»'˛ ˛R† b' flሆb *Wሎof vf‚†መ'c ማ»d መ¶˛*
a88 Rመሆbም flመ/g ልማg Uለሞ†od flመ/g ልማg *%boo ሚd :ሆ·ag
|ለfl˛R†መ2Xe:
ሏ yሁለ˛Wሕ/ማህR%g:R„¶|ሉማህR%gማ/('†
u˘f,d ሌሎo fl˛R† qማ%o •' g//' vf‚g' ማ˛⁄ vd g~~ለl fl˛R† መ
q*U/Xለbሃ=ሚoR?cRማ-?ም'ejfRb5vf‚2 • ለ ማ»ሄ a8
Rመ/g u~/ff7f % ላ· ሙሉ —£f ማ-ለ*d q/%ላ— bU%gf ማ††⁄8- flመ/g

ልማg y⁄dW b' W'd ልማg flሚለ·Rg d ሃU· qf• byee· flሆa flመ/g
ሃ qሃ=:ም: flbU· ~ggል: fl˛R† መ ማ*U*Wd መbfbf; vf‚ሁም flም'g
·agfdW¢gfflመ*f»•Rg~~ል* ለሃbሃ=ሚovf‚¶'መ// %gማ/%ለˇ
a8Rሌላ
8 Rzልflመ/gUለሙ†ofdflልማg*%boofRe:¶dRbሃdflu~/ff7f
” q„‚/d flb55ሉ flመ/g f~gሎöf flማ/b?d flማላመ» /%f; vf‚ሁም
yሃbሃ=ሚo•'fl•%መbማመfላ·መ»/f·ሃ·=ል88
flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚofR?»dR-e*ሎagሂ¶gላ·b-e'ማ»8- flመ/g
ሃ *ላg: q?'Xgd /'ሑg; vf¶¡ሁም flማ*%ሎ†d flማሃ%:ሚ† ·aho:
Rqa/bld *(' መ/g bሃ=ሚo: R.gd f» q'0/q'Wh q¶(o vf¶ qyUT
ሁee Rላማd Rም'g ?» ·ለ††ል88 flሃWe መ/g: flምfሑ ማልRg: fl1„ል
0ም2: flv¸ 0ም2: flqa/bl ሞb' 0ም2; flማህR*W z& b… flመ-*ሉg
Rb˛T መf˛» ሉ?ም ላ· vf‚ሉ R*ላg ልfle; ?»d -e q*ሆሉ ሂ¶g ላ·
flሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0 q¶(of b-e' ማ» q/%ላ— a88 R¡ህም መ*g qa/bl/
flመ/
*(' gbሃ=ሚofb-e'Rማ»Rሃbሃ=ሚof»flUለVgag/ሜg
vf‚%ሃ'd vf‚ለWg Rማ» flመ/g qe(o ላ>e q˛ልሎg vd ሉ?ም
vf‚g%j·„ል88
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
flመ/g ልማg f~gሎö *'h ማ-†of ማ|ሄ»8- flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f

ለeማ flሚሆa q'0 q¶f Rማ-b*: q|UT† ሁeeof Rማ˛dWd flመ/g
Who b¶%7ag መሠg q»' b/ማሚ f~gሎöf Rሠ'h ማ-†o ¶
flማ/b?d flማላመ» % ,b˛R' a88 Rመሆbም flመ/g ልማg ሠ%bood
flመ/g Uለሙ†o R*'h ማ-†o ላ· flbለ† flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ”of
Rመሃ:ምvdflq'0q¶'Rል:fRማ|ሄ»flb55ሉflመ/gf~gሎöfማልRg
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8 ለም-ሌ R/ልሃd „*- ሉdg ?g q'0 q¶ Uመላyej flመ/g መ&g ⁄¸g:
flX·ሃ•flመ/
: gon⁄¸g:flመ/gሃማሃሏ”o:መ/g*Wልመሆ'
f~c~;flመ/gማ¶R†qሃ=:ም:flመ/g*Wልq*U*Wd»ህም'gq††⁄:b
ሊሆf·oላል88
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(¸ማ¥fማd„sላ-ˇ„flq/ማ/bCም)
flመ/g qe(of o' መለflg8- yመ/g ልማg *%boo d d ሚdo መ|yል

flመ/g qe' b-g, fUe: ~ggል: ሉ˛dd flሃ qሃ=:ምd flመ/g bCም
q/b„¶'d q††⁄ •' flb†† ;ል* o(of መለflg a88 Rbሌማም flልማg
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ለo(kመ*gሄvf‚*ሄማ»·g'Ujል;ሆgምfyq'0q¶(oq?ምRላ·
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bUXgqሠ”%' a8Rመሆ
8 bምflመ/gልማg*%boog'flመ/gqe(of
መWig·g'Ujል88
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bሃ=ሚoRሚ%ልˇgdRሚሃWCjb˛Td?eRሆbflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መE5†መመ†
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f~gሎ¨fb:Wሎ%ላ·ለማል:ለሃbሃ=ሚoflf~c~»•*ለማ»vd
Rመ/g bሞ~(o መ55ሎof †ለማCሉ ለመyebል flu~/ff7f መል~ho ሃ=ሚ
dj8flመ/
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flሆb flመ/g ልማg ልማg መል~hof b¶%7 ለማ»' vf¶ 3/b': &»:
fሌ?‹f:b..flመ-*ሉgfflu~/ff7fማ/bለ'†”oመሃ:ምqለUj88
flም'ም'-u~/ff7f-q'0 q¶' fjagf ማ/:ሃል8- flም'ም' bCማg yu~/ff7f

Uለሞ†od q'0 q¶(o •' Rመሆf flመ/g ልማg ልማg o(of Rመለflg ሉdg
ማ|ሄ„j ለ/}eማ flf~gሎ¨ ልማg Rሆም -n a88 R¡ህም መ*g flb55ሉ
flመ/g q*%(ofd b/ማሚ f~gሎöf % ላ· ለማል q-e' f~gሎ¨ ልማg
q:%W/ Participatory Technology Development/ ”f bሃ?ሞ Rq'0 q¶' ማ-
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ሆT†of bU% ·¶•ል88 /ለሆaም flመ/g q'0/q'Wh q¶ f~gሎ¨f b:Wሎ
% ላ· ለማል vf‚oል flq'0 q¶' - ም'ም' - u~/ff7f fjagf ማ/:ሃል
†/%ል•ል88
Rመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg q*ሆሉ /ሉ flመ/g ልማg *%boo flሃ

bሃ=ሚ S»gof flሚRjRg መ¶Rl Cሚ 2(%ም መg' q/%ላ— ,ሆf flመ/g
q'0/q'Wh q¶ም flሚRnRgf —£ ማ?d flሚ¶ለgf fl»•* ·ag መለ
·ሃR?Reል8Rv†f„f•
8 ˇWng?gምflመ/gልማg*%booflሃbሃ=ሚf/
S»f b|of RflWሎ|j ማngd ማa•˛' ·g'Ujል88 Rbሌማም flልማg
*%booሌሎofq'0q¶(ofለማigሉgማ»·˛Ujል88
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flu~/ff7f ”ofd q:%Xjf Rመሃ:ም ?ed b˛T »•+of ማ»
·g'Ujል8ለ¡ህም
8 flq'0/q'Whq¶'vdflመ/gሃf/S»fb|ofRማig
:¶ም Wሎ ማማy'd flbመmj :ሃ( ማ/†⁄ ሃ=ሚ a88 /ለሆaም flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7fመል|ምለg/መ=dg/RdagRሚybሉgˇ„o·*dል88
? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR'/flማህR*Wz&bሃ=ሚb|·/ሚfq'0/
q'Whq¶(oRb˛Tመf˛»መምሉ:
? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶'b|ofምሆaሌሎoflሃ
bሃ=ሚoR?cdRመ¶Rl*gመWig:
? yq'0/q'Whq¶(o*ላg•'flbሆሆሙ-nመል~hofመለflgd
Rb|oqማ|nag¶ሌሎoq'0q¶(ovf‚*%ልማ»:
? flu~/ff7fመል~hofb:Wሎ%ላ·ለማልRሚ†•ሉሙo(oላ·
Wመል/መ/ሃg:
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2(%ምvf‚g'ማ»:
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መE5†መመ†
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•' †ላj fjag qa/bl vd R Uለሙሆb ም~f†g qd b˛Tf flመ/g u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg
Uለማiejflba-Rመ/gልማgb-e'dRላagflsgሚbሃ=ሚመሆfqልmሉም88Rbሌማም
Rልማ„d RUህላ ^ላ :' q/b-*Xo ም~f†g flf…o vd .ho q'0/q'Wh q¶(o flv'/ Rv'/
vd yመ/g ልማg ሠ%bl •' †ላj fjaho *fag UለRg q|UT qል+ qል+ flመ/g u~/ff7f
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v:g:~ህሎgvdgምህ'e/ልሃdof-†˛j·:%ሉ8
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bሃ=ሚag ሊ•˛ሉ /ለሚ˛U flመ/g u~/ff7f Uለሙ†od መ/g ልማg ሠ%boo gzg ሊ*ሄg
·˛Uል88
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q*ሂ¶g
ሆሉ fl.gq'0/q'Whq¶(of
fl/% —£f †ላ˛dRd ምk q˛ልሎg
flሚ†jRgf —£ ምg /ሉ †ላ/˛U
Rመሆb.gq'0/q'Whq¶(oRመ/g
ˇ„o ላ· -e *ሎ vd bሃ=ሚ
q†¶'•jም88 Rbሌማም flሚbላለ&
flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f መል~ho
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flሚ˛ሉማjf b„(ho yምg
/ሉRማ/˛Ug˛»†a*a88
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flሚመሄflመ/gልማgf~gሎöfl.gq'0/q'Whq¶(of*ላg†ላማyለመሆf
• ho
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,
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·%ል8
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bg/ለሚ%ሉ'ላ·flሚሉflመ/gf~gሎöR⁄?bl¶vdRqa/blሁee
vf‚ሃ:ሙ†¶'•jል88
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ማ-†odflf~gሎ¨ም'ም'ሙy%oRRሁee.gq'0/q'Whq¶(ofb-g+
†ላማyለvdbሃ=ሚagf†•˛ሃqለመሆf88
Rመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq*%'fl'b-eˇ„ofvf”gb¶%7ማ»·mላል?
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ልሉ:gምህ'eˇWng:vdflfU':¶ምfl.hoS»fvdfl.hoflመ/g
ማህR%gfvf‚መሠgRማ».hofRመ/gልማgb¶%7dbሃ=ሚማ»·mላል88
• Rq'0/q'Whq¶(oማ-vdማ*ልሃlማyላgflሚ*flመ/gልማgflf~gሎ¨*'h
ማ-†odflf~gሎ¨ም'ም'ሙy%oRRሁee.gq'0/q'Whq¶(ofb-g+
b¶%7agvf‚†•ሉማ/mል88
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u~/ff7f/ልgd”
Rdag Ru~/ff7f q˛ልሎg q*ሆሉ /ሉ †ለff /f ሀWg: flመ%ሜም vd
flማ/%ሜም q?ም Rb˛T መf˛» bሃ?መf flሚ%ለ˛f ሁለfbd flሀ˛' »˛gd
ለሉ ማምሆg vf‚mል ለeማ flu~/ff7f q:%Wd qb˛UR' q?ሆሏof
መybልb˛Ta8Rመሆ8 bምflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgq*ሆሉfለeማ
ለማ»y¡ህReoflሚybሉgfq:%Wdqb˛UR'q?ሆሏoመybል†/%ል•ል88
q-e' flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q:%W ” flUለqa/bl flመ/g ·¥e flመ/g

ሃ bሃ=ሚof Rመ/g ሃ ልማg ba-7ag vf‚g%jd -e q*ሆሉ ላ· R
bgvf‚ሆ
%ሆ bflሚ†¶'flqሠ”%' ·•ል8·ህ8 q:%Wለሁcምflሃ
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ህWgማህR%
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yሚoሉyUለ»'5q|ላg•'g//'vf‚%ሃ'ማ»a88
·ህ ” ለመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚoምd flመ/g ልማg *%boo flመ/g ልማg ልማg

;ል* o(of መለflg; R?»ም bybል ማ/:መሉ; ማ:»; መbR'; መyebል
vf‚ሁም Rመ˛ም˛ም qሠ%'f yማልRg qል+ flመ/g ማህR%gd flሃ bሃ=ሚ
S»gof ለማCCምd ለማ¶%˘g q·abl q|ሄ» yመሆbም U5˛': qa/bld *('
flመ/gልማgልማgbሃ=ሚofRUለqa/bl·¥eflq'q¶( 0 odq'Whq¶'ማ-
ላ·መ¶˛*yሚoሉq•'q|ላg•'g//'Rመ*ሃ'˛»መማማ'fy*flሚ†¶'
a88
q-e'flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq:%W”Rdagq'0/q'Whq¶Rመ/gW'd
ˇ„·ላ·flUለVgag/ሜgvf‚†„W'd·ሄfbሚdvf‚ሏgማ-flgdማ˛⁄a8
ሌሎo
8 q|ላgq•‹/»•*ሎመሆdjfማ-?dማ*˛fWምfl¡ሁq:%W”
q|ልa88Rመሌ5ምflማህR*Sfflf¢V;qመለ|ygd~ህሎgq?ምy*Rማ»
flሃ bሃ=ሚofd fl%-jf flመ/g qe'/flማህR*W z& R%-j q?ም
vf‚መg†/oላjል8%/f8 መmልdR%መbማመf / †„W%ል8Rbሌማም
8 q-e'
flሆa flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q:%W ” flu~/ff7f Uለሞ†od flመ/g ልማg
*%boofሚdyqማ|ag¶qመmoagvf‚:fl'†¶'•ል8Rሂ8 ¶gም¶መ?%
ለሉdሎመ•%g†መ%ል88
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flም~'q˛ልሎgfለመ/ሃgflመ/gሃማe¸መfgq˛ልሎgfb-g,flu~/ff7f
q:%W”fTሃ:ምለeማ·ሆdል8flመ/ 8 gልማg?»gR%fRb†ለg—£d
ሀWg ለመbR' flሚybሉgf መ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q:%W ”o % ላ·
ማልq/%ላ—a88
መE5†መመ†
3.1flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fለመbR'q/%ላ—?»መ
ሁeeo
ለመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo (SSI, HHMI & Community water pond) ም~' vd »•*
ለመ/ሃgflመ/
,%ለ gUለሙ†o;flልማg*%boo·ምሌሎoˇ„flሚመለyej
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†oflሚybሉgf?»መሁeeofማ?·g'Ujል
8
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flu~/ff7f gምህ'hof መ/ሃg vf¶ሚ†/%ልd ለማf vf¶ሚ*ሉ †መላ~eል88
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~ምogf:bምgRማ/ /ሉ ˛Ugg~~ለlfl*Wልqመ%g”fbygሎflመ/g
qe'f?»dflRgq?'Xgfለመ*fdለማ•˘g·„ል88
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'
f~/j': flb„(gag መሃf: yUህ' ሃለል Rላ· †ለ y*e: flfl' fWg(flሙ:g
ሁee:መefl⁄dW(መሃf:?gvd/'ሑg)Rq|UT : flሚR?ሉhovdfl•'
q%hofdqhh'ሁeeማ?q/%ላ—a8·ህ8 q*”%' flልማg*%boodflመ/g
Uለሙ†o Rመ/g flሚለማf ማ-d flq%' q·ag ማ?: flመ/g ሃ qሃ=:ምf:
flመ/g ሃ ማሃሏ b%f: flማሃሏ *g '⁄መgf: flq% ሃ flመ2yም oሎef:
b Rማ?d Rማ*bማ' *gሀ flመ/g ሃ ~**ል vf‚g' yማ¶' Rbሌማ
b%ሉ(qflሆba˛(ofR:gላ·flbመ*bflመ*gሄq?ሆለመሃ#ም: ሏ v'ም
ለመ*»vdflመ/gልማgbሃ=ሚህWb*W?»መ⁄¸gRማ»vf‚oልd
flሚለሙfl*Wልahofለመለ·g†/jላjል88
flመ/g bሃ=ሚ ማህR*Sf ማ?8- flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሙ† flሚ˛di

flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ ማህR*W •' Rመሆb flማህR*Sf Uህላ: sgሚ† vd
e| qhh' ሁeeof Rb˛T ሁee ማ? †/%ል˛ል88 ·ህም ሁee flመ/g
u~/ff7f Uለሙ† ህWb*Sf flf¢V ማ/ሌRሏ vd gምህ'g Rሚ*ሉRg ?g
ለq|UT vf„ flሆb a˛(of Rመ:ላ:ል flመ/g u~/ff7f /' fle:& q'0/q'Wh
q¶(ofyማ¶d˛'vf‚#ሃWvdRህWb*Sf»b:U·agvf„†ሆ·„ል88
? qሑag†ላjff~gሎöfb/ማሚagማ?8
? flመ/g*Wሎofflሃ*ላgማ?:
? b/ማሚflሆaflመ/gሃqሃሆሉ”fመምሉ:
? flመ/gሃማሃሏ%=fመbR':
? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚofማማy'dላማመ*gRማ»flqሁfd
fl¶'gflሃbሃ=ሚof*ላgfማ'|g:
? R:ሉeምሆaRbflv†f„f•fflሃbሃ=ሚf/S»fb|o
ማ/መሉ:
:dሚcI

? ለመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgማ/(gbU'ልም»†ላjflመ/g
bሃ=ሚofመምሉ:
? Rመ/gˇ„oላ·ሉል?ሉdgማ|ሄ»dq/%ላ—ም~ሀ-Xofማ?W;
vf‚ሁምq„‚/f~gሎöfRማ%ላለflb5ለfRመምሉflማላመ»/%
ለመ/%g*'hማ-†ማ|ሄ¶:
? yም'ም'bCማg•'መ˛digdRሃbሃ=ሚo*ላgላ·ሉdho
vf‚|ሄ•ማ»:
? fl%/fflልflመ*gሄሀ-W-†fU';q/%ላ—R%ሁ+of:flም~'
q˛ልሎhof:ም~ሀ-Xofdመofለሃbሃ=ሚoማ?W:
? /fflሆbሀWhofለመ#ሃW,UልRሉf=>flbመሄdd?»ሚ†
Rb*ሆjXoላ·gzgመ/ሃg:
? flq|UTbgfለመ:a/Rሃqሃ=:ምdq/b„¶'ላ·qማ%ሑመf˛…of
መ%ለ:
? Rመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoመ|yል*gሀflሃ~**ልvf‚g'flሚ†/oል
መ'ህfbygሎflሃqሃ=:ም?»ማ•˘g:
? Rfl¶†ለflመ/g'gRሃ;ሃUመ'ህvf‚መ%ማ»:
? RbU'flb¶˛%f~gሎ¨fRሠ'hማ-†?»መ-ማ/b?
? q|UTb'ም~ሃ*Wfመ/ሃg
3.2flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgbሃ=ሚof
መለflg
RW'dላ·
% flb*ማ%ማflምሕWb*WflW'du~/ff7fq˛ልሎgbሃ=ሚ
·ሆdል8y¡ህ
8 qf'flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgq*ሆሄfRማሃdy'Rመ/g
ልማg/%ላ·flb*ማ%q'0/q'Whq¶'ሙ†»•*vf‚†˛n:flb55ሉflመ/g
q*%(od f~gሎö bሃ=ሚ vf‚ሆf ለማ» fl⁄dW bሃ=ሚ yሆbg q'0/
q'Whq¶(oመ|yልbለ·hመe?qለRg88R¡ህምመ*gyህReoflbg
flህWb*W~*ሎo:S»godማህR%gflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fbሃ=ሚo·ሆdሉ8
? q'0/q'Whq¶(o:
? .ho:
? ሆho:
? ሞ”ልq'0/q'Wh/q'Whq¶(ovd
? RW'dመ/~flb*ማflልUለሀWho:
? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR%g:
? .gRሚሌምfl/15ላ·£7f/%oflb¶%–S»go·ሆdሉ8

26
መE5†መመ†
3.q'0/q'Whq¶f;vf‚ሁምflልUለሀWcf
ማa--g
q'0/q'Wh q¶ vd flል UለሀWc R:ሆ· /ለሚ†ydbg bU%g: ሊሃ:ሟj

/ለሚ˛Sflb5q*5ሉ %(odq„‚/f~gሎöq?'Xgdqሃ=:ምRf¢Vqnb
ለ/% vf‚a-+; Rbሌማም Rq|UT †ሉgf flW'd q*%'d qመ%g o(o
ለ·b Rማ? q/%ላ— flመ*gሄ v'ምof መ*» vf‚oሉ fl?/:- %of
መ/%gb:„ሚbU'a8/ለሆaም
8 flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoflbለ†flb5flመ/
5ሉ g
q*%(ofd q„‚/ f~gሎöf bሃ?መ R?c ማydf flሚ˛Ujf flመ/g
ልማg bU%g Rማydf ም'gd ም'eማaejf q-»˛ ˛T†jf Rመሌመ'
flb5ለb(መg'vf‚oሉለማ»flማa--g%oR?»ሚ†·*%ሉ8
3.4˛R†b'b-g+qflq~/ff7fq˛ልሎgመ/ሃg
q'0/q'Whq¶; vf‚ሁም flል UለሀWc ˛R† b' q*%'f bygሎ flbሃdy
flu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgdfl˛R†መRማigflb5flመ/ 5ሉ gq*%(ofdf~gሎöf
bሃ?መም'gdም'eማaejfRማ-¶flሀ˛'*“ef /ሉ ማሟላg:ለ(W|d
sf•/g flሚ†/%ልˇ ሉ& =of; vf‚ሁም ለሑ ምf¢& ng q/%ላ— flሆb
ም'hof .g Rመሌመ' ˛R† ላ· Rማ?W ˛T†jf ሌም flb5ለ b( መg'
vf‚oሉ b-g+q flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg -n a88 Rbሌማም Rfl¶ Uሉ
v.g*f*ለhoላ·fl/%v»ል%ሃ(fl£of/%qሉago'ለመ?*†ለ(·„
flሚd?q·¶ለም8Rመሆ8 bም·ህfflq~/ff7fq:%Wdqb˛UR'”bygሎflመ/g
ልማgማ|ሄ»ሃ:ሜey*bla8y¡ህ 8 qf'flመ/gልማcfለeማለማ»
y¡ህ Reo flbመለycgf bU%g ማydf †/%ል•ል88 RqW¢lk flመ/g ልማg
ም'eማag v.g *f*ለho ላ· ?»ሚ† gzg flb*ሃ መሆf /ላለRg flW'd
ም'eማagv.g*f*ለgR¨w%'-b'fl˛R†v»ልመ*ሃ†/g%f¨†q:%Wf
vd R'|e ?»ሚ† flሚ*ሆjf bU%g ለመbR' flሚ†/oሉ መ»~f Rመ*ሃ'
˛R† b' flu~/bf7f q*%' ”f መybል a88 ለም-ሌ;- flሙ⁄ መf¶': flማf
መf¶' vd flመ-*ሉgf q¶˘g Rመybል yWg q?'Xg: yመመማ† ሁee:
yf~c~ »•* yማ» q†: y˛R† •' ለማ/b-*'d ለማ/b? ምk ሁeef
flመ*ሃ' ” a88 ·ህም q'0/q'Wh q¶ fl˛R† *ላgfd fl˛R† መf መ*g
†¶˛ ˛R† b' ም'gf ማምg መmል: ማለg a88 flመ/g ልማg Uልሞ†od
flልማg*%booR¡ህ˛»fl˛R†*ላgfRማ•˛ሉ;fl˛R†መfRማ?W;ሉ%g
†ለdRም'gvf‚g'Rማ»;¸ምላdo'm(˛‹ofRማ/b-b *': »•*
ማ»·g'Ujል88
3.5*ላgfመ*g†¶˛flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f”
·ህ flመ/g u~*ff7f ” ·ም q*%' flq'0/q'Wh q¶f ˛T Rመሌመ' ላ

መb„¶† vf‚g ·„ል88 flq'0/q'Wh q¶' flመ/g ልማg ልማg *ላg
ልfle „*- ሉdg: b-b+q fl˛ሃ' „/- ሉdg (PRA) ; flልማg *%bl flሎ /%
መመ⁄˛T† ማ/e5 (DA extension diaries) b flመ/g u~*ff7f ” ·ም
q*%'fለማydfflምfሃ:ምUjf~codj88
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
3.6flb*Uሃመ/gልማgu~/ff7f”fመሃ:ም
flመ/g ልማg ልማg Uለሙ†jd flመ/g ልማg *%boo Rመ/g bሃ=ሚo

flb•˘f ?» ለማ/bR'd flb55ሉ flመ/g q*%(ofd q„‚/ f~gሎöf
ለማ/b? flbለ†/ flb*Uሃ flu~/ff7f ”of መሃ:ም ·g'Ujል88 ·ህም
,Uል flbdሉል;flS»f; flል flu~/ff7 bUXhofd b-g+ f~gሎ¨ flማላመ»
·ምሌሎoflመ/gu~*ff7f”ofv†%·ም %; Rqf»ላ·vf¶q/%ላ—ac
·ምvf¶ላማመሃ:ምማለga88
3.7?f¸eq*%'/gመ'•g
R:ሉeም ·ሁf Rb መf˛» ለW'd ልማg % bU%ag q•' yሆb

መf/edመf/e|ልሆflልማg»'¸hob: •' d¸hመ/%gflላ:ሉ?ምqለ8
/ለሆaምRfl¶y)¶%ልv/y„»/ybCCሙgflልማgq|ላgqማ|o•'
†ለfflfjag—£qሃd~(Rማ/:ሃልሊ†መሄ ለሉ Rሚoሉˇ„oላ·b†·h
/ምምagላ·Rb¶+-eovdመUUhoመ*gbሃ†agUለመf˛»flመ/g
ልማg/%ofbU%ማ»·ሃR=ል8R¡ህም 8 መ*gRW'dልማgdRም'ም'
% ላ· b*ማ'b flሚf:-:+ q|ላg ማለgም flመ/g ልማg f~gሎ¨ q?%T
»'¸g:RW'dflb*ማUለሀWho:flW»'dflም'gማ:aUR†bCማg;vf‚ሁም
RW·g bU' ላ· flb*ማ »'¸ho: flህWg /% cflgo: q'0/q'Wh q¶(o:
b… b:d¸b vf‚f:-:+ Rማ» flመ/g ልማg %of Rመ¶˛* ማ(ሃf
b˛Ta88y¡ህqf'flW'dልማgq|ላgfjagም~'Vg/|f/ል/'flሚ˛j
U»'5q|ላgbU'duላ'agvf¶ሚybለ:'Yል88
3.71W'dም'ም'
flq'0/q'Whq¶fflf~ሎ¨*ላgማ'|gflሚmለflW'dም'ም'yu~/ff7fd
q'0/q'Whq¶ሉW? •' g/,g/' a8R¡ህም
8 መ*gም'ምyሁለcq|ላg
flሚ
•' gffjagRማሃdy'Rq'q¶' 0 v¸˛Wbሉ?ምላ·flሉgfflመ/g
f~gሎövfl%b2ˇ»ለejfRማ/b|yልRb5f~gሎö 5ሉ flመb|guላ'ag
·gል88 Rመሆbም flq'0/q'Wh q¶(of flb55ሉ flመ/g q*%(ofd flf~gሎ¨
qሃ=:ም~*bhofመ*gRማ»flም'g»˛gflሚ†መሄf~gሎöfyሑም
ሆayሀ˛'Rማ%
/ሉ ላለdRማመfሌgማ/b?dማላመ»·g'Ujል8Rbሌማ 8
Rሚ†:'Yj q„‚/ f~gሎö ላ· bU' b' /ልሃd Rመ/ሃg flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7fUለሙ†ofq?ምማልRg·ሃR?Ujል88
3.72Wgq?%To
flW'df ም'gd ም'eማag ለማ-¶ Rሚ¶˛ ሉg /ሉ q/%ላ— flሆb

f~gሎöfRማ?WRzልflW'dWgq?%T»'¸hoሚdjRሆምy*bl
a88 Rመሆbም q'0/q'Whq¶ flሚሃ·=j ⁄'⁄' flመ/g ልማg f~gሎö
R?cለሚመለybflWgq?%T»'¸gR·agdRመሃfbለ·by:SR^ላ
መE5†መመ†
Uሉgq¶˘hoRzልR?cvf‚:'S·¶•ል88R¡ህምመ*g8-
? flመ/gbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶'flሚ%ል•jfflመ/gልማgf~ሎö
*ላgR?gለ·hማ?:
? ⁄'⁄'flf~gሎ¨*ላhobለ·bye;R^ላR?cለሚመለyb
flWgq?%T»'¸gR·agdRመሃbfq¶%¸hማ?'W:
? flbሃfl;gflመ/gልማgf~gሎöUሉgq¶'˘hoRzልR?cለq'0/
q'Whq¶vf‚:'Sማ»:
? y%ሚflመ/gልማgf~gሎö|ሉR?cለሚመለybq|ልR?c
R·agdRW¢gማ-?:
3.7W»'*ሎbCማg
flW'df ም'gd ም'eማag ለማ-¶ flሚ†/%ልˇ Whof ለማ?W መለ f·

v¸ Rሆም q/%ላ— a88 ·ሁf vf¨ flም'g ማ-¶—† f~gሎöf v¸ Rv¸ ˛⁄h
ለመሃ:ም q?ም Rሚ†f/Rg ?g flW»' q˛ልሎg ማig -n a88 Rመሆbም
qf» q'0/q'Whq¶' flሚ%ል˛f flመ/g ልማg f~gሎ¨ ˛⁄h ለመሃ:ም q?ም
Rሚ†f* ?g ለW»' q˛ልሎg *ሎ bCማg ሉ†>f Rማ?W W»' ማig
·oላል8y¡ህ 8 qf'flW»'*ሎbCማgለq'0/q'Whq¶flሚ†¶'ˇg»•y** bl
a88
/ለ¡ህ flመ/g W'df ም'g ለማ-¶: W~agf ለመ:a/d ሉ%gf ለመሃR? q/%ላ—
flሆb f~gሎöf ለq'0/q'Whq¶ RW»' vf‚:'Sለg ሁeeo ሊመmkለg
·˛Uል88
3.74መf/e†ልሆb»'¸ho
Rfl¶ ለW'd ም'gd ም'eማag »˛g R:ሉeም ·ሁf Rb መf˛»

q/bw|ላjመf/e|ልሆb»'¸h•'b:d¸hመ/%gWሉ?ምqለ8
Rመሆbምመf/e†ልሆb»¸hoflመ/gልማgfለመ¶˛*dflም'gW~agfdሉ%g
መ¶ልf ለመ:a/ flf~gሎ¨ ም'ም' %ofd q?'Xhof; vf‚ሁም RUለሙ†o
q?ምfUeልሃdoላ·flሚ†¶'ˇgfl˛fWdfl;-;/»•*y*bla88
flሃ bሃ=ሚof ል ል flመማ' *ላho ለማ»/ q/bUU ሚfof Rbለ†

¶o|ሉbCማg;fl»•*dq˛ልሎg*ሎodq•q|ላg ' ማ/•' b-q/*' %ላ—
a8ለ¡ህም
8 Rሀ˛'q:R~ልል:
*: R¥f:R„vdR:Rሌ¶Rb»†ለflመ/g
ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† ሚf qማ|nag flሚ:d flሚመ% መሆf qለRg8
8 ·ህም Rሁሉም ¶o flመ/g q˛ልሎgf ለeማ Rሆa መልz ለማ:d˘g -n
ሚd ·ሏeል88 መ'ሃ W flb(*/: flመ/g qe' flላ·l ~*ል (headwork):
flመ/g ሃ /'ሑgd ~**ል /'g:Rqe flሚለማ መ&g:flq|UT aU% ሁee
·ምማለgምflላldfleolb(bሃ=ሚ */ of*ላgdflሃbሃ=ሚሁeef
yq/bማማnflqf”flqfl'ffWgልማg•'መ/b-*'f†ሃ=ልላል88
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
3.8flመ/gሃfማyል†¶˛ሁሉfq:*q: %W
”fመሃ:ም
R:Rሌ·ምR„flሚ/ሉ ˛jflመ/gማflምመ˛lq|ሎofdqe(oRW=g
ለማ55ል:ም'eማagfvdflሃbሃ=ሚof˛Tለማ-¶flb:d˘dflመ/gq|ልf
·ምqe'fማyል†¶˛ሁሉfq:flu~/* ff7fq:%W”መbR'Rqሑ'
—£/ሉለeማ†¶'•ል88
3.9fl'beምላ7*ሎag (Gender-Responsiveness)
.hq'0/q'Whq¶'flመ/gbሃ=ሚoRሁሉምflመ/gbU%gላ·Rማ-b*vd
yመ/g ልማg Rሚ˛i ˛T bሃ=ሚ መሆdjfd Rbለ†fl ¶ Rሃ ሚf /ሉ
fl-e*ሎag»'vf‚g%
5 jማ»q/%ላ—a8q/8 %ላ—ሆg,˛nምል»•*
Rማ» *gሃ 'b e /ለመg Rመ/g u~/ff7f gzg flሚ*ሃ ;ል*
bU' a88 flመ/g ልማg *%bojd መ/g Uለሞ†o .ho Rመ/g W'd /ሉ
Rሁሉም flqመ%g ¶o ላ· Rf=g vf‚-b&; flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ም~'d
ልሃd vf‚†˛j;flW»'; flመ/g Whofd f~gሎ¨ q˛ልሎhof vf‚ሃ:ሙ
ሉgማ»·ሃR?Ujል88
/ል- 8- .g q'0q¶(of
Rመ/g ልማg % /ሉ
ማ-b* ሌሎo q'0q¶(of
†Reeል8
Rመ/g /% /ሉ ለ.g q'0/

q'Wh q¶(o gzg ማ¶
†/%ለ˛Rg ም~f†g *gሀ flሆa % v»ል ለመ*ሃ'd RVb*W /ሉም flbመሆሃa
/'b ምW vf‚g' *ለሚ†/oል ሑም' a88 flመ/g f~gሎ¨ qመ%ሉd *'h
ማ-†oም,Ru~/ff7f/ልሃdoflq|ል /ሉ ˇ„boofvdሌሎofl.hof*ላg
መ*gq#%nh††መሆfqለUj88
መE5†መመ†
3.10q-e'flመ/gf~gሎ¨ልማg(ParticipatoryIrrigate
TechnologyDev't)(PITD)
yq|UT•'b/ማሚflሆbf~gሎöለማሆgdለመ%b2flመ/gሃ
bሃ=ሚofdሌሎoq'0q¶(oRq-e'flf~gሎ¨ልማgላ·ማ|bgRላ
flf~gሎ¨qሃ=:ምd/'ሑgላ·qfebgqለ8/ለ¡ህyም'ም'd
u~/ff7fUለሞ†o•'Rመሆffl%-jf:gvdbU%ልም„jf
RማR'ygflq-e'f~gሎ¨ልማcfሂ¶gመም%g·g'Ujል88flq-e'f~gሎ¨
ልማgላማoም8-
? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚofflf~gሎ¨ሀ-Xoመ%b7:
? yመ/gሃማe¸መfg•'Rb††Rq|UTbሌUሑሁeeለeማ
flሆaf~gሎ¨fማ*ለ?:
? Rመ/gላ·
%/ ም~W-ሀ Rb*ሃUjf~gሎöflRለሃeማ
ለ bሆሊ
RሚoሉRgqUWflማ55†ሙy%ማ|ሄ»:
? Rመ/gqe(oሙy%v†|ሄ•†ሉflመ*gሃbሃ=ሚofl%-jf
o'መ*egflሚoሉRgfq?ምማልRg88
3.1flመ/gbሃ=ሚofማ¶%˘g
:ልሆ(d ላag †ለ flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg ለመ/g bሃ=ሚo ለመ/ሃg †መo

f»q'0/q'Whq¶fRልማgS»f:RማህR%gdRf~gሎ¨qሃ=:ም†flም'g
v.g Rሚሌም /%o ላ· Rማ¶%˘g b˛T flሆa flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg vf‚†˛j
·¶•ል88 R¡ህም መ*g q'0/q'Wh q¶f; vf‚ሁም ሆcfd .hof RS»fd
RማህR%gRማ¶%˘gflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgመ/ሃgR'|eሃ:ሜeo
qሉg88ሉ?ሞkምflሚybሉgdj88
? flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎcfRqሑ'—£/ሉለR'|eመ/g
bሃ=ሚVb*WvdflህWb*W~*ሎoለማ„/ምkሁeef·%ሉ%ል:
? q'0/q'Whq¶(oRመ/gልማg%oy?»⁄¸gv/y~ggልvd
ም˛ማ»/Uለሂ¶g/ሉRመ-b*q?ማj·ለWeል:
? v'/Rv'/ለመማማ'dም'ሉbሞ~(ofለማ/(gምkሁeef·%ሉ%ል:
? Rbdሃልመ*»flማ·oሉgff~gሎö/flW'dም'gv.gflሚሌም:
fl»ህም'gf~gሎ¨..b/R•%Rመ*»ለመሃ:ም†መmል:
? R•%flሚ*flመ/gልማg%ofለማydf·„ል::
3.1flመ/gልማgS»fማ¶%˘g
flu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgq*ሆሄfለbሃ:ሚoምkdb¶%ለማ»
7 q'0/q'Whq¶f
flze˛ሃምv'S»f 5 ·ምRማ-flመ/gX·bሃ=ሚoq¶˘gdRልማgS»f
ማ¶%˘g ሃ:ሜe flላ a88 Rመሆbም Rqመ|n y20-3 ·ም y15-20 flሚ¶'+
q'0/q'Whq¶(o (qU%ofd vማ%of U:% መልz) R*ልgd R%=¶nag
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
Rልማg S»f ·¶%ሉ8 q¶˘cም flመg† q|UT ?'Rgf/flማ- »fR'f መ*g

†¶˛ ·ሆdል88 flልማg S»b R5 ሞ”ል q'0/q'Whq¶(o /R/%j A ¶ †˛j/
flሚመ% ,ሆf v†f„f• flልማg S»f R/ v/y 5 f/ flልማg S»go /flze
˛ሃምv'S»f 5 ·ምRማ-flመ/gX·bሃ=ሚo·geል8va¡ህ 8 flf/ልማg
S»fflze˛ሃምv'5S»f·ምRማ-flመ/gX·bሃ=ሚofl%-jመo
·g%jል88
ሀ.flልማgS»fመoqመ%ሉ
? RW'djd
%/ f~gሎ¨qሃ=:ማjfU'¶ም
: flሆbvd}¸
0 ሉሙ
Rመሃ:ምለgflR;:
? Rመል|ም/aምU%jRህWb*Sf»fle;:
? †˛jgf:gd~ህሎgለሌሎoq'0/q'Whq¶(oለማ/bላለ*%=¶l
flሆb:
? qUላg†ሉUjfo(oq*U/Rለመ/gልማgሠ%blRማ?W
መ*gሄማ%ላለflሚoሉ:
? T†f/Rሜሐ'agflሚመሃ*ማfRWdመሟ*flሚoልTሆfሉa:
? q„‚/q*%(ofdf~gሎöfለመ:Rል%ሆfflሆb:
? ሃ-Ujfflመለvdflሌሎofሃ-Wflመ:Rልoሎe†ላj:
? ህWb*SfR*gሃagለማ˛ል˛ል=ልflሚ˛S;
? Rመ/gqeላ·ሊ¶'/flሚoለfo(o:»ሞRመ„gbሃ=ሚf
ማህR*WRማ/bUR'vdyሌሎoyሚመለyejf•'RመሆfR?f¸g
መ*egflሚoል;
flS»fመoflqUላgf*ላgvdb-g+vf„·˛»Sሉf=>flbሞላRg
~ggልማ»qለUj8q/8 ላ—
% gሆ ˛nም
, flልማgS»fqUላcመkf
Rሌላvf‚bzflማ»መWgqላj88
ለ.flልማgS»fመobU'duላ'ag
? qRላgf†-b%vdflq|UTfflመ/gልማgq?ም†˛dRflልማgS»f
?»vdflመ'ሃ˛W'/fl/%—£/*ሌ„Rመ/gልማg*%booRመe˛⁄
†•ሉ:bU%vf‚ሆf~ggልvd»•*†¶'•ሉ8
? Rሚ*ሆj»•*መ*gflT⁄a/2ላf†•ሉ;ሌሎoq'0q¶(o
vf‚†•–·¶(ሉ:
? Rመ/gልማg*%booqማ|·agflሚ:'Sfl»ህም'gf~gሎ¨q††⁄d
qሃ=:ምመል~hofለqUላgማ»/:ማ†flgvdyqUላgflሚa+
ˇ„ofለልማgሆT†*%boo†:'Uሉ:
? /ለqUላhmjdq|UT†jመሠeመofRመ*W*W·ሃ:ማሉ:
? flqUላcfflመ/gልማgvf?/=.3'gለመ/gልማgሠ%boo†¶'-ሉ:
? Rመ'ሃW//%*ሌ„/መ*gyመ/gልማgሠ%bl•'qሃ=ላ·
መE5†መመ†
Rመ/gልማgbU%gq%ምላ·ም˛ማRማ|ሄ»fl:ሆ·bU%gf
q?ሆሏv†/:መሄ·b˛W%ሉ:
? *ላejfvdfl~ህሎg~*bejfመ*gU¶˛መልzq'0/
q'Whq¶(ovf‚*ለሉbflማa--gvdflማReeg/%·*%ሉ:
? flS»bqUላgRመ/gf~gሎ¨ማ/(g/%ላ·Rf¢Vg)jም'ሉ
flመ/gልማgbሞ~(offlማ/(g%vf‚*˛¢†¶'•ሉ:
? flልማgS»fqUላgRመ/gልማg/%ላ·R/(gvf‚-b&yሞ”ልq'0
q¶(o•'flv'/Rv'/flልም»ልሉvf‚†¶'ˇ†¶'•ሉ:
? yqUላgመ|yልRbለ†flመ/gልማgም'bሞ~(ሉ o
% ላ·መ-ለ b*
*ላg†ላjfመምሉdለመ/gልማgሠ%blማ»/:
? Rመ/gqeላ·ሊ¶'/flሚoለfo(o:»ሞRመ„gbሃ=ሚf
ማህR*WRማ/bUR'vdyሌሎoyሚመለyejf•'RመሆfR?f¸g
መ*egflሚoል;
fl*W-TbU'
? flልማgS»bf/W*U·መ%ል:
? flልማgS»bf~ሎ/W*Uoላ··-b(ል:
? flልማgS»fqመ%(obU%jfRqUSመሆejf·yebላል:
? flልማgS»bffl?»q%ሟሜም3'gለመ/gልማg*%bl·ል|ል:
flሐ'bU'
? dq/bUURማ·g'Rg*gb~hflማ/bUR'%f·ሠ%ል88
? Rመ/gልማg*%booqማ|·agflሚመሄመል~hofለqUላcRfUW
†*ማል88
? yልማgS»bflb*R*SመofRሁ*q•¸h†/:ምሆል:,%ለም
ለbሃ=ሚ·*ሆል88
ሐ.flልማgS»fqUላgbU'vduላ'ag
? flS»bqUላgRሌሎovdRq|UT†jbሞ~ለeማflሆbም'ሉ
flመ/gልማgbሞ~(ofvf¶*ላejR%-jማ-/Vgq|UT
መbR';ለሌሎoqUላgማ-?vdflልም»ልሉማ»:
? fl˛vdfly'*ም»'ሃfvf¶qf»flማ·eለ*Wgመሃ:ም:
? Rbdሃልመሃ:ምflማ·oሏjfflመ/gልማgb~gሎöR•%መሃ:ም:
? R•%flሚሠflመ/gልማg%ofR•%ማydf:
? Cሚ2(%ምRማሆgfl%q%ማjfR•%መ˛ም˛ም:
? መe?„jfRልvdR•%Rማ•˘g;vf¶q/%ላ—acምRመyለ/
Rg~~ለlfl—£*ሌ„መbR':
:dሚcI

? R•%flbላለ%-ef:flS»bfመመofd¶fWማ~R':
? RS»f*W-Tflሚ*ሆjfbU%gመ%ም:
? Rመ/gልማgሠ%bl·ምRS»fመflሚሃfl;መofመ/ሃg:
መ.flze˛ሃምv'5S»f·ምRማ-flመ/gX·bሃ=ሚoS»fመbU'
vduላ'ag
RልማgS»fመacflሚ†yddjfbU%gሌም(R/flሚ˛jgqም/gq'0/
q'Whq¶(o†ydhjfም'ሉflመ/gልማg%ofRማ/(gflq'q†agሚd
·ሏeል88 Rማ- X· 4l ·ም 3l ·ም 2l ¶ ' flሚሃ:ሙ q'0q¶(of
Rze˛ሃምመ&ejመ*g·መ%ል:†/bUW%ልo(oyby*co(of·%eል8
8 ለም-ሌ8- RVb/W ·ም Rል*W ¶ ሚለሙ qa/bl flመ/g ልማg /%of
†yddል:flqምdሜ-q'ም'ሑgf†yadል:flon⁄'ም' : g/W*U.b
flመ/gልማggU%gfለማydf†˛ለላል88
3.12v.gflሚሌምflመ/gልማg%oላ·
ማ¶%˘g
yW'd u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg q*ሆሉ q?ሆሏo qf• q|UTf መ*g Rማ»

Rbመሄflመ/g*Wሎoላ·fl/15ላ·£7fመ/% %gflሚ%ልˇq'0/q'Whq¶(of
RS»fq¶%¸hRም'gv.gመሌመ'bU'ላ·vf‚*ማማ»,ሆfRላj
መ¢gflማ·oላjfWhoRS»fb¶%¸bማigvf‚oሉq/%ላ—flሙ†
˛¢ ·¶ላjል88 y¡ህ qf' q'0/q'Whq¶ RS»f b¶%¸h flb55ሉ flመ/g
q*%(odf~gሎöbሃ=ሚvf‚ሆfለማ»y¡ህReoflbgfflu~/ff7f
qb˛UR(oመybል†/%ል•ል88
? %=¶lflሆbq'0/q'Whq¶(o:fl˛ሃ'ሆhovd.hov.gRሚሌም
fl/15ላ·£7f /%o (ለም-ሌ8- Rም'g ማ#†: ማ-jf ze ˛ሃም
Rማ»Rም'ሉ'W£g/%:Rg%f/3'g:Ru0ም2ሉ˛d:
R»ህም'gf~gሎ¨qሃ=:ም†:Rq(2(*,f/%o:RUልgd
/%o:b)ላ·vf‚*ማRማa--gbመ--·*ላg†ላjf*o
R*ላejመ*gRS»fdRማህR%gRማ¶%˘gfl/%»ልvf‚%ሉ
ማ/mል:
? Rb*ማRgfl/%መ/~ላ·fl~ህሎg/ልሃdመ/ሃg:
? flመ/gWgq?'XgfdflW»'q˛ልሎgfማመmjgdflf~c~»•*
መ/ሃg:
? vf¶q/%ላ—acfl/%Xeማመmjg:
RS»fb¶%¸bfl»ህም'gq††⁄u~/ff7fq˛ልሎgሊ*ሉUjRሚoሉ
fl»ህም'gf~gሎö/ሉ8-

34
መE5†መመ†
ሀ.መ†o
ለ.መ%ል%†o
q(2(*,f·ምv.gRመሌመ'ሊ*yሚoሉflም'g·aho/ሉ8-
ሀ.fl·gመሑመ†o:
ለ.fldማdም»ልህ/%:.b
flUልgd/%o8
ሀ.flም/'~~ማ•˘g:
ለ.R'R&ማ•˘gdማ2:
ሐ.Sላማ•˘gvdማ2:
መ.#ሎ:.b
Rqሃ=ላ·flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgq|ሄ•fbU%ለማ»flሚybሉg
bU%g መydf qለUj88 flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg flሚ*ሄ fl:Rሌ
flልማg Uለሙ†o R:Rሌ†j /ሉ v.g flመሌመ' /% ሊ*Ujd flb5ለ ˛R†
ሊ†/˛jflሚoሉflም'g·ahofflመለflg/%·*%ሉ:
? Rq|UTq'0/q'Whq¶Rbdሃልሊ†˛ljflማ·oሉf¶ሞ
q?%TT˛nR{%·ሊሃ:ሙUjflሚoሉgff~gሎöfመለflg:
? yላ·Rb%;ሉ'1vd2Rbሃ:+gfl/%'+oሊ*ማflሚoሉ
flህWb*W~*ሎo/q'0/q'Whq¶(o:.ho:ሆho:መ&g
qልUo/መለflg
? flbለgfbሃ=ሚo¶¡ህvf‚*
%/ ማመ:ማ†flg
:/ vdf%/
vf‚˘ምማማy':
? %=¶lflሆbgfflህWb*W~*ሎoለ·hRS»fማ¶%˘g/
qW¢lkflህWb*W~*ሎof~gሎöfRል·
q˛ልሎgለመ/ሃgሊyW» /ለሚoልa/:
? ለb¶%–flS»fqUላgfl/%መ/zfለ·hfl~ህሎg/ልሃdመ/ሃg:
? flS»bqUላgለመ/gልማgflሚልWqgdW»'ሊ†˛jflሚoሉRgf
ሁeeoማመmjg:
? flS»fqUላcfRT⁄a/2ላfq*%'ላ·ማ*ልሃfvdqሑacf
vf‚†ምbRgማ»:
? RS»f¶%, –ልሃdd
/ flም~'q˛ልሎgማig
ለ vf„†/j'flqf»S»f
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
qUላgW¢gy20U·Rልሉሉa:
? ለS»bqUላgRሙሉfl~ህሎg/ልሃdመ/ሃg:
? RS»fflb¶%–gqUላgfl%-jfflመb„¶†¶fWvf‚†ሄማ»:
? v.gRመሌመ'/%ለሚ*ማምሆaqf»ff~gሎ¨Rማy%flgለሚ*ማ
S»gofl˛R†መflሚ†˛jRgfመf˛»ማመmjg:
? flሚ¶%–gS»goRሂ¶g¶ሕ•ማህR'መ2•˛'vf‚oሉመ¶˛*8
3.1hofRS»fማ¶%˘g
.hoRመ/gW'dላ·
% ˇልህq/bwTg%jም:¶ም,ልRaRgflu~/ff7f
/'hoRመ/gልማgላ· /% -·-b&dRUህላbg:Rf¢VvdRመvሉg;
vf‚ሁም RVg /ሉ % ሏd ም~f†g b˛Tf q˛ልሎg -†˛j #·bል88
Rመሆbም·ህff~*bgለመሙላg.hoRመ/gልማgላ·/% flሚ†R~cgfy*bl
q/bw ምg /ሉ Rማ/˛Ug flመ/g ልማg bሃ=ሚ vf‚ሆb *ላg †ላjf
.hoRS»fq¶%¸hq/%ላ—flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎg(gምህ'gdም~')
Rመ/gልማgሠ%booሊ*ሆj·˛Uል88
R¡ህምመ*g8-
? ለ˛ሃ'.hofl˛Tማ/˛lRሚሆbflመ/gልማg%oላ·bመ--·
*ላg†ላjf.hoRS»fRማ¶%gflመ/gልማgbሃ=ሚvf‚ሆb
ማ»:
? vማ%oም'flመ/
ሉ gልማgq*ofd
(% bሞ~(ofbሃ=ሚvf‚ሆb
ማ»:
? fl˛ሃ'.hof¨d^ላ:'yሆb/%obላ:መdflመ/g
f~gሎöfbሃ=ሚaሆ flW'dfም'gdም'eማagRማ-¶flb5 ለ
˛T%ሉflb5ለb(vf‚gማ»:
? .hoˇልRejfd:ejfq/bUWfl•%o(mjfR•%
መ*egvf‚oሉ»•*ማ»:
? fl˛ሃ'.hofመdflመ/gf~gሎöbሃ=ሚሆaflW'df
ም'gdም'eማagRማ-¶Rሀ˛'sgሚ»˛gላ·flRzላjfq/bw
vf‚†¶'ˇማ/mል:
3.14ሆhofRS»fማ¶%˘g
fl˛ሃ' ሆho flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg bሃ=ሚ Rመሆf Rbለ† fl˛T
ማ/˛l%oላ·b-e'vf‚ሆbሁeeoሊመmoላj·˛Uል8R¡ህም 8 መ*g
ሆc RS»f b¶%¸h flb55ሉ flመ/g q*%(ofd f~gሎöf b# bሃ=ሚ
Rመሆfflመ/gልማg/%of*'hflW'dfም'gdም'eማagRማ-¶bሃ=ሚ
መሆf·g'Reል8y¡ህ
8 qf'ለሚybሉgbU%ggzg*ሉhመf:·˛Uል8
-:/ 8
መE5†መመ†
? fl ˛ ሃ ' ሆ h o f * ላ g መ ሠ g R ማ » ሆ c R S » f b ¶ % ¸ h
flሚ-b*Rgffl˛Tማ/˛lflመ/gልማgqማ%ofRመለflgልሃdd
flW»'q˛ልሎgflሚ†˛jRgfሁeeoማመmjg:
? ሆho /ለሚgRg q|UT fl•% f¢V g)j Rመ/g ልማg bU%g

ላ·vf‚-b&ማ»:
? ሆho :ejf: oሎejfd ˇልRejf Rማ/bUR' Rመ/g

ልማg/%ላ·መ*ማ%gvf‚oሉ†ሉgfo(oR•%ለ·bመ*gሄ
መ/ሃgvf‚oሉflb-g+q?ማjfማሃdy':
? ሆhoRS»fb¶%¸bR%-j*ላgdb-g+መ*gflbለ†
fl˛T ማ/˛l flመ/g ልማg 2(˘~hof q•¸b bU% vf‚†¶'ˇ
˛¢ማ»:ለም-ሌ8flም'
- gW~agRሚ:f+dሉ%gRሚሃW;2(˘~g
/%o:Rም'gላ·v.gመሌመ'dfl˛R†g//' %ሉ(
:ejf:oሎejfdˇልRejfRመሃ:ምflመ/gልማcf/%
ለeማvf‚ሆfማ»:
? eeሆhofl*)jfም'ሉflመ/gልማg/%ofሌሎoሆho
vf‚Rjdflልም»ልሉRማ»flf~gሎ¨vf‚|ሄ
7' »ማ˛⁄:
? ሆhoRመ/gልማg†q/%ላ—flu~/ff7fdflመq˛ልሎg
vf‚†˛jማ»flሚሉgdj88
3.12flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'
·ህ ማህR' RUለqa/bl ·¥e flq'0d q'Wh q¶(o መ/g ልማg ላ· vd qa/bld

ሉ=?fflማህR*Wz&fR•Rሚ% ሃ:flመ/
ሙ gሃbሃ=ሚo*ላgflሚመ*g
ህ•bCምa8q˛ልሎcም
8 Rመ/gqe(o*gሀ/ሉ flሃ~**ልvf‚g';
b(ልማg;
*/ flመ/gሃመ/መ'ሉ˛d;flመ/gqe(ofለማ*b„¶'dለመf|UyW
a88 ማህR flbለ† bU%gf flሚ*bUW ሚfo †ሉg ,ሆf ለqUላg q„‚/
flመ/g f~gሎöf;flRg *ላhofd ለeማ flሆa ማe¸መfg vf‚**f
Rማ» q*b qለ8 flመ/g ልማg *%booም Rሁሉም flመ/g ልማg ሉho
ማለgም Rq-e' ?» ⁄¸g: R/ልሃd: R~ggል: Rb55ሉ flመ/g gR%o:
R˛R†/W·g g//': Rሃ qሃ=:ም ላ· flሚ%ሃ qለመUUhof Rመ*eg ˛»
yመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR%gflሃR: •' fjagvf‚g%j†/%ል•ል8flqa/ 8 bl
መ/gqe'dflማህR*Wz&vf¶ማ-/(gRWWሎo·y(%ላል8qሁ8 fUለ
aU% ሁee flqa/bl መ/g qe'/ flማህR*W z& Rqማ|· y 5-7 flማ- Wሎ~
~*ሎo †ሉg ,ሆf Rbለ†fl ¶ flbለ†fl /% ~**ል †ላj y7-9 q/%ሟሚ ሚf
qUላgምflgeል88flሃbሃ=ሚoምq/%ሟሚflሚfqUላgf·መ'ሆሉ8flመ/g
ሃ bሃ=ሚo ማህR' q/%ሟሚ f qUላg yv†f„f• flማ- Wሎ~ ~*ል /f/
S»f·~ላሉ8
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
3.12Rመ/gሃbሃ=ሚof/S»f
Rመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo f/ S»f Rqማ|n y15-20 flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ qUላgf

··¢ል88 ·ህም flመ/g Uለሞ†od flልማg *%boo flf/ S»bf qUላg Rze
˛ሃም qመ%g ” Rማ¶%˘g; R flመ/g ሃ ¶ ማ- መ»/ qለመ¶'+f;
flby*bo'dflሚ/%ል˛f»•flሚ*; መcም'hofdመ|yለldመ•Tሃመሄ
መ/መ(of„gdሉ˛dvf‚#ሆሃdvf‚¶&·„ል8R¡ህ 8 flመ/g”q˛ልሎho
Rdag *ላgf መሠg ማ» ·g'Reል88 Rbሌማም flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo
f/S»fflሚybሉguላ'ahoqሉRg8-
? Rመ/gሃbሃ=ሚofl*ላg„*-ሉdgd~ggልyመ/gልማg
*%boo•'መbUR':
? yS»fመodflመ/gልማg*%boo•'Rመሆfflq-e'መ/g?»
ማ•˘g:
? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR'flf/S»f/flWሎ~/መ/g?»vf‚yለ/
R?cመ/%gdመ/ሃg
? flWgመሃ:ምdq„‚/flv'5f~gሎö*ላgfመ*ሃ':
? ለመ/gሙy%odሠ'hማ-†ob/ማሚማ-መምሉ:
? yመ/gልማg*%booRሚ*ሉም~'መሠgflb55ሉflመ/g
f~gሎöfለመሃ:ምለሃbሃ=ሚof¢Vመ*ሃ':
? RWg‹flf/S»bfqUላgማa--gvdflመ/gሃqለመUUg
o(ofለማ=ለልflመ/gWሎ~S»fመofማ˛⁄:
? Rb(*/ልማgdሉR=:flሃሀWgfRማ„/vdRሚ*ሄ/ልሃdoላ·
መ-b*
3.12flመ/gልማgf/S»f/Wሎ~/መሚd
? Rf/S»b/Sሎ~flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚo/ሉdRሌሎof/S»go
መ|yልለdማfjagvf‚%ሃ'q/bማR'yg:
? yመ/gልማg*%boo•'fjagመ*ሃ'Rመ/gbU%gv»˛g/ለሉ
ላ·መvf‚g%jማ»:
? Rመ/gልማgflም'gv»˛gለማ/መ⁄˛Wለeማflመ/gሃማe¸መfg
መ/%f·oልf»flv†f„f•fflሃbሃ=ሚba-7agvdሚdRመ„g
qመ%'መ/ሃg:
? Rqa/blመ/gqe'/flማህR*Wz&?»መሠgflb55ሉ
f~gሎöfvd*'hማ-†ofRመሃ:ምflb55ሉflመ/gqሠ%(of
ለመbR'qመ%'መ/ሃg
? RS»goመ|yልo'ሃ'
%, Rbለ·RሃqለመUUgfመ:ለ ልR/flመag
ሚdfመ*»
? RWg:Rf~gሎ¨:RW»'b¶%7ag:vdR˛R†ˇ„oላ·flS»f
qUላgfማመmjg/ማ•˘g:
መE5†መመ†
? Ru~/ff7fvf?/=.:Rመ/~ˇWngdR··g?gyመ/gልማg
*%boo•'መbUR':
3.1flu~/ff7fልማgS»f
·ህflልማgS»ffl~ልልflመ/gdfl⁄dWb'W'du~/ff7ffለማ:»:ለማ:d˘gd
ለማ/bR' flሚ†˛ለል al flመf/g bCም a88 vf¶ ~ልላ flu~/ff7f
/g%f¨መ¶Rlfl:Rሌልማgሠ%booRሁለgመሠeˇ„oሀላ'agqለUj8
8 vanህም S»gof RማCCም ለሁሉም q'0 q¶(o RW¢g R⁄dW ?g Rሚ|ሄ¶
W'd ልማg Rመ¶Rl flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg መ/ሃg vd Rq'0 q¶' ማ*ልሃl
ማyላgflbመሄq'q¶(
0 ofማ*ልሃfa8ሆgም 8 fRመ/g?gR•flሚ
% *
/%ovf¶flመ/gdflመ'W'dfl••' ?»
% ለማሆg:b(ልማg:
*/ መf˛»
ልማgdሌሎo/%oላ·bUW(db:d¸hለመ/%gflሚ†/oል/'ga88
flልማgS»f/g%f¨fRሚመለygvf¶fl~ልሎkaU%ሁeeRሁሉም:Rሌoq'0
q¶(oRS»fflb¶%–,ሆfyflሚ 30-4 ሆbqU%oflqf»S»fqUላgdj8
8 flq'0 q¶(o flልማg S»f ለመመ/gም flመg† መf¶' ?'Rg al መ/%'g
a8vf¶
8 W'dሚc/f'መመ†flልማgS»bሀላ'agvdሚdምR:Rሌfl¶:f
flW'd/fl˛ሃ' ልማg ?» bU% ማ»; Rq'0 q¶' S»go መ|yል flመd
flልም»ልሉvf‚|ሄ»ማ»;RማህR*W¶bU% ለሚ* gማለgምflq%'d
ሃv:U:fl˛ሃ'መf˛»fUeo:fl¶fbyላ.b.%oላ·q'0/q'Whq¶f
ማa=a?;flqUላcfflWgvdW»'*ላgመለflgdማ/bUR'y:; Rሌq/b„¶•'
RመሆfRq/b„¶%ˇ„o†ሉo(ofመ*egb·˛jReል88
flምW/gdfለማ•˛ሉd˛R†b'flመ/g*WሎofለማምgflልማgS»b-n
ሚd †ለ ,ሆf fl„d flመ/g ልማg *%booም flb55ሉ flመ/g f~gሎöf
ለማ/b?vanህfS»goመሃ:ም·oላሉflልማg 8 S»fq¶˘gምRbU',e·
ለመ/g /% o' flሌለ መሆb e·iል88 ለም-ሌ flze ˛ሃም v'5f ለመbR'
Rሆምሉflu~/ff7f”a88
3.14flመ/gልማgለeማagላRycflማRem
'gመ'•g
Rfl¶ flሚ˛j flመ/g ልማg %ሟሚ q|ላg flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg q*ሆሄf

ለeማ ለማ» Rመ/g ልማg *%boo vd RUለሙ†o f» fl/% ba-7agd
fl»»' መf%/ Rመ*ሃ' fl% ?ልሉ*d vf‚መሆ ማ» ·ሃR?Ujል88 ·ህም
ሊሆf flሚoለ ለeማ /% fl*% flሚReeRgd †ል*% ¶ሞ መf%- ?dg
q»(Rgflሚለ/% a--Rgdflb5ለgflሚ†/መWRg/'ga8,• R¡ህም
8
መ*gRfl¶flሚ˛jflW'dመ?(oለመ/gUለሙ†ovdለልማg*%boo
b˛Tffl˛fWvdflማf†ል:flም/~':g:fl¶»˛g:flgምህ'g»ልvd
flXe⁄'.bማRem/'gRመ'•gflላ:ለgለሚ†/መSማRem
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
ሊg'·˛Uል8·ህም 8 መሆfflሚ˛Uflመbflመ/g?g—£qል#ለcRመ/~vd
Rb˛iም'g•'Rማ˛dW?ልሉ*df/Effecincy/ ማለgምy—£•'flb*ማ%
q'0/q'Whq¶'flb-'agመሃfRe:flሃqሃ=:ም:flመ/gWgqሃ=:ም:
Rመ/g ሃ qሃ=:ም † flሚa+ ሑhof yመ*eg: q|UTf RመሃR?: ˛R†
g//'(2ሊማምg)vdለ>eacfyምg/ሉRማ/˛Ugመሆf·g'Reል88
3.15flመ/gልማgም'ሉbሞ~(መ:መ'dማ/(g
flመ/g ልማg ም'ሉ bሞ~( ማለg Rq'0/q'Whq¶' ¶ bbW ybለመ¶

ም'eማagflb5ለg†/˛jf~gሎö·ምq*%(odj88ም'ሉbሞ~(
መ:መ'ማለg¶ሞyላ·flb˛ለምgbሞ~(ovdለeማq*%(o†ለ&Rgfሂ¶g
ለማ/(g ሃ=ሚ Rሆa መልz ማ•˘g ማለg a88 R¡ህም መ*g q'0/q'Whq¶f
yb55ሉ flመ/g q*%(od f~gሎö •' Rማ/b?d Rማላመ»; vf¶ሁም
fla¡ህ q*%(od f~gሎö bሃ=ሚ ሆg ም'gd ም'eማacf Rማ-¶d ˛Tf
Rመሌመ' b(f ማ55ል vf‚oል Rማ*ልሃl ማyላgd Rq'0/q'Whq¶ ማ- ላ·
ሠ'hማ-†ofRማ|ሄ»¶ሌሎjq'0/q'Whq¶(odq|UToflf~gሎ¨ማ/(g
%ofመ/%g·ሃR=ል88
/ለ¡ህ ም'ሉ bሞ~(of Rማ*U*W vd Rመ:መ' bመ--· /a-ምህ„' Uላj

q|UTovf‚*&ማ»dflW'du~/ff7fq:%Wa88
ለeማf~gሎ¨qመ%ሉ8-
? Rq|UTybለመ¶ሎም'eማ:flb5ለdqሑመሆb:
? Rq|UTሕWb*Wb:U·ag†˛iመሆb:
? f~gሎ¨:ሆ·ag†ለመሆb:
? yq|UTሉR=qf'b:U·ag†ለመሆb:b….
flመ/gልማgም'ሉbሞ~(?መ%q*%'/ልg8-
? Rመ/gልማg/ሉም'ሉbሞ~(kfRመ:መ'ሂ¶gሊ-b&flሚoሉ
Uለሙ†ofybለ†~*ሎo:i(˘~hod.~b(oRመለflgሉማ»:
? ybለgflS»fqUላg•'R•%RመሆfR~ልሎob˛nhyሚመለyej
fl%~*ሎodUለሙ†o•'Rመa•˛'R~ልሎkflሚ˛jgfለeማ
flሆbflመ/gልማgbU%gfbመ--·¶ሆbq|UToለማ2•˛'
ልም…ofማ*U*W:
? Rfl¶Rb*U*Sgflመ/gልማgም'ሉbሞ~(oላ·S»b··g
Rማ»*a»ሊ•¸ላjflሚoለf/%oመለflg:
? flbለgfflመ/gልማgም'ሉbሞ~(ofለመ:መ'flሚ†/oልn~ሊ/g
R•%ማ•˘g:
? flb•˘fn~ሊ/gለRላ·uላ'oRማ?Wflb*ሄq/b†flhofRማ|bg
ማ„R':
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b˛nhመመልyg:
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RbመለybRfl¶yሚመለyejflመ/gUሙ†oduላ'o•'
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? ለሚ†መ'cgflመ/gም'gfl˛R†g//'መ*ሃ':
? R:ሉeflመ/gf~gሎöfመ¢gለማ·oሉq'0/q'Whq¶(oflW»'
q˛ልሎg·መmmል:
3.16flመ/ልማgu~/ff7ffl~ggል:»•*vdም˛ማ
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flu~/ff7f bU%gf ለማሃdy' yሚ†/%ልˇ flq*%' ”o መ|yል qf•d d

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ላ· flbለ† bd· q|ላgf †|bb መሆf qለRg88 flu~/ff7f ~ggል:»•*d
ም˛ማ'cRfl—£v†¶˛flሚመሆfqሃ=ላ·flbሃ=ሚo*ላgdbለሑ
ሁeeo~ggልRማ»መ55ልflሚ˛U,ሆfRሚ¶˛ም˛ማለgመ*gም
መለሉ†ለRgሁee|ለ·ለሆል88
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flሚ¶ ,ሆf ሁለbl መf˛» ¶ሞ Rqሃ=ላ· 'c flሚ˛መ˛ምRg a88
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qሃ=:ም ላ· ልe Rሆa ” መof Rማ*U*W ለመማማ†ag ለማል: flRላ·
qመ%d d d Uለ»'5 q|ላg fl¶+Rgf flq%ም ¶ vd flb˛j ለhof
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a88
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መofለማ?W:
? R?•መሠgflመ/gልማg/%ovflbb˛Rመሆbfvdqለመሆbf
ለመyebል:
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ለመ/ሃg:
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Rማ»:ሆ·bልofለማ/:መሉa88
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fl/'qbeˇ„o
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fl?»q•˘g;Rb¶%–flሃbሃ=ሚማህR%gq/b„¶'/ሉRˇልህ
qለመg'va¡ህfl/'be~*bho
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Rማb*flሚg%jfqfeq/bwማልRgdbሃ=ሚaejf
ማ•˛ሉRˇልህqለመeflg
? fl:Rሌflመ/gልማgUለሙ†RW'dልማg?»⁄¸g:flf~gሎ¨
ም'ሏdW·g/'gሂ¶g/ሉfl.hob|ofማ|bg:
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†»djል88
? Rf~gሎ¨መሆd/'g/ሉfl.hofdflf…ofR-eመ/ሃgሂ¶g
/ሉ
flሚg%jfሚdvzልagማ•˛ሉ
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flq/b„¶'ሚdRuላ'agመም%ejfማ•˛ሉ
fl/'beˇ„ovf”gb¶%7·ሆdሉ;
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b¶%7agማ•˛ሉqለRg88
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? qመlXevd—£Rማመmjg.gq'0q¶(ofማReeg:.ho
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fl/'beb¶%7agሉ?ሞo
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ሃ:ሜe·gል88
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ማህR%ሃ:ሜeqለ

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መE5†መመ†
ም%*-4flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fbUXg”o
4.1flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffjag::gvd
q„‚/ሀ-Xofflመምሉ”
flu~/ff7f bUXg ”o ለq'0/q'Wh q¶ /ለb55ሉ q*%(od q„‚/

f~gሎö ምfagd qሃ=:ም gምህ'g: flም~'d /ልሃd q˛ልሎg
flምf*ሉRg መ-† ,ሆf Rdag ለbሃ=ሚ ህWb*W flሚbላለ%f
መል~gflq|UTbሌUሑሁeedflbሃ=ሚህWb*Wflመ:URልoሎe
·*dል88 y¡ህ qf' flu~/ff7f bUXg ”o /g dj88 va+ም
ላ:S»ddflWሀfመ˛dl”odj88
Rdag መ*e flመ/g-u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg /'g q/%ላ—ag flb55ሉ

flመ/g q*%(ofd q„‚/ f~gሎöf ¶ bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh q¶'
Rማ/bላለ* flመ fjag vd flf~gሎ¨ 7' flሚ¶Rg መf˛» a8
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fl:gd~ህሎg¶;vf‚ሁምለfjagRሚg%jflb¶%7agqማ%ሑ
መf˛…o ላ· a88 Rbሌማም flq:%Wd flማ/bማ' ”; vf‚ሁም
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flu~/ff7f መል~hof ለማ/bላለ* flu~/ff7f fjag ”o R/g

·y%ላሉ8 va'+ም8- ላ: flS»f vd flWሀf bUXg ”o dj88
Rqa/bld ሉ=?f መ/g qe(o ላ· /cም መሠe ”o Rbdሃል
·ም RS»f ·ም ሁሉfም Rማ:d˘g flRለሃ b/ማሚ dj88 Rመሆbም
flመ/g ልማg Uለሙ†od flመ/g ልማg /%boo /cf flu~/ff7f
bUXg”oመ*gRማ»flu~/ff7fq˛ልሎcfለመ/gbሃ=ሚo
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vf¶qyUTbሌUሑሁeed*ላgb¶%7†¶'•ሉ8
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R%መህ*:*ሁ g:መሄho:b…flመ-gf
ሉ* መል~gማ/bላለ†'
”o†ሃ=ልላል88
? f'-·ህ”R/ል~:R/W*U:R2ላ⁄ማ:R&‚:RfሌR?‹f:b…
Rመ-*ሉgflመል~gማ/bላለ'†”oqማ|nagfl˛ለ˛fjag
ለመሃ:ምflሚ†/oል”a88
? ማ-flg-·ህ”R*'hማ-†:Ru⁄T7f:b…ላ·flb55ሉflመ/g
ልማgq*ofd(% flf~gሎ¨qሃ=:ሞof;vf‚ሁምhmjf ለ ማ-ለ flg
flሚ†/oል”a88
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W'dሚc/f'
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·ህ flመ*g u~/ff7f bUXg ” /individual Irrigation Extension

Communication method/ yu~/ff7f bUXg ”o /ሉ qf• ,ሆf
fl:Rሌ flልማg Uለሙ† Rq'0/q'Wh q¶ ማ-d Vg q|UT Rመ˛ig flማ-d
flVgለVgˇWngflሚ†|ሂ•Rg:fl/ል~fjag:flሑ*fjag:b..
flመ-*ሉgf”obሃ?ሞ/ለb5q*5ሉ %(odq„‚/f~gሎöምfagd
qሃ=:ም Rል ¶ 'g ለ'g ለu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg bሃ:ሚo R
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flu~/ff7f”a8·ሁ8 fvf¨R¡ህመመ†ላ·flመ/gልማgqb˛UR'f
ለማ/flb:መሃላflu~/ff7fbUXg”flማ-dflVgለVgˇWng
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q'Whq¶fl˛- •' ለ˛·ምflማ-dflVgለVgfjag:fl/ል~fjag:
b.flሚ . †¶'Rg”a88·ህflu~/ff7ffjag”ለeማflሆbd
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ሠ%bood flu~/ff7f Uለሙ†o Rq'0/q'Wh/y'ል q'Wh q¶ ማ-d
መf¶'bf:
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? flUለ qa/bl ·¥e q'0/q'Wh q¶(o Rመ/g ልማg flሚ¶%¸ S»f

flመ/gልማg%ofለመ¶˛*መf/e|ልሆb·ምy»•*ሎ
»'¸hoR˘gሊ†%ላለ·oላል8·ህ 8 ·ac»•Wf
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flሚ%ሜሙ dj88 flመ/g Uለሙod flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo q'0/q'Wh
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ማydf†ለUjˇ„o8-
? flq'0/q'Wh q¶f ba-7agd ?»ሚ† flሚ*ሆjf ˇ„o ለመለflg

vd flመ/g ሃ q/b„¶'d q|UTf ለመ„g መa5 „*- ሉdg ማ|ሄ»
†/%ል•ል88
? R:Rሌ flሚ˛n flመ/g ሃ qማ%o: Rመ/g flሚለማ መ&g: flq%'

·agd fl:Rሌ /aምህ„' vd flqfl' ሁee: Rመ/g flሚለሙ *Wሎo
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·g'Reል88 ·ህ ሉdg flq-e' fl˛ሃ' ሉdg/መe (PRA) f~c~f:
መሃ·#ofvdqሁffl:Rሌq/b„¶dR;ል*መ*ሎoflb*R*Sgf
መo ˛ም˛ሞ Rማ|bg መሃ:ም ·mላል88 „*- ሉdc R„ flመ/g
Uለሙ†ovfle˛Rመ/gልማgሠ%booሊ|ሄ»·oላል88
?q'0/q'Wh q¶(o Rመ/g ልማg flሚe o(mjf vf‚ለd R?¶ም
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? /ለS»f flመ*g u~/ff7f q:%W ” yq'0/q'Wh q¶(o •'

Rመ†flg flS»f መ*g ልማg u~/ff7f q:%W ”f ሃ:ሜef
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q'0/q'Whq¶(oRመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoS»fvf‚C;ሙማ˛⁄
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መለflg88 flሚCCሙ flS»f qUላho fl•% መለ† U· ሊg%j ·˛Uል8-
bመ--· መ&g flሚ†'+: Rqa/bld ሉ=?f መ/g qe(o bመ--·
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·˛Uል88 b/ማሚ flS»f qUላg መሃf Rላማd Rሚg gzg
·*dል88 ·ሁfd y15-20 flq'0/q'Wh q¶' qUላg †ሉg S»f flb5ለ
vf¶ሚሆf ·e*Uል88 RS»b fl.ho b-g+ መg' Rመ/g ልማg ˛»
.hobም:gvd~ህሎgvf‚g%j:˛T†jfvf‚†-»ˇ:
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? flb¶%˘ flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo S»f ምf ለመ%g vf¶ሚ%ል:

ላማfd bU%gf: ?•fd uላ'acf %+ vf‚/f ማ˛⁄88 ·ህ
†ልbCሃሂ¶gመሆfqለRg8-ሁeeoRb:†fl—£መ¶RlRሆaመልz
S»b?•fመ˛ም˛ም·g'Reል88
? Rbለሑ ሁeeod R?¶ም bybል Rሚ* »'—ho S»b †ለf

oሎe vf‚†? ማ˛⁄8-/W*Uo vf”g vf¶ሚ|ሄ•?: flመ/g bU'
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q/%ላ—ac RS»f qመ%': Rq/b„¶': RS»f vf?/=. vd Rመ⁄˛W
q††⁄'0oላ·/ልሃdመ/ሃg:
? flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ flq'0/q'Wh q¶(o S»f vf”g vf¶ሚመ%

መ*f vf‚oል ማ˛⁄ vf‚ሁም S»b fl/ሉ »fXofd ህof vf”g
ማ•˘g vf¶ሚoሉ Rመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo qማ|nag »˛* ማig
·g'Ujል88 vanህ ህod R?¶ም bybል flሚ* »'—ho †ልbCሄ
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? q-e'vdልRሆaሂ¶gefመሠg†¶˛flS»bመvf‚መሉ
መE5†መመ†
ማ˛⁄88 flS»b መ vf¶ q˛dn q'0/q'Wh q¶' ሆg ·*%ል88 flS»b

መ d ሚd8- flመ/g ልማg %o Re:¶ መሠg flS»b qUላg
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q/b„¶'ላ·vf‚/bflመ/gUለሙ†dflመ/gልማgሠ%booማ˛⁄
·g'Ujል88
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flመ/gf~gሎöfvf‚ሞ~dvf‚ላመ•Rማ»ሃ=ሚflሆbflመ/g
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መ-†od flW·g ማ-ለሏof ማig ·oሉ f» y„ /Vho:
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? yS»b qUላg •' Rመሆf flUለqa/bl ·¥e q'0/q'Wh q¶' መ/g

ልማg ለgf መ˛ም˛ም88 yሁሉም qUላg •' flም˛ማ መ»of
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vanህ/W*Uo/መ»ofl//ሜgf:
ሉ *ላgfvdflሃbሃ=ሚo
?»ሚ†flሚ*ላjfለመ„gመል|ምq•ሆሚodj88
flሚybሉgflS»fu~/ff7fመል~gማ/bላለ'†”odj8-
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? flመ/~Rል:fማ|ሄ»:
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? /ልሃdመ/ሃg:
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መf˛…oRu~/ff7fbUXg”/ሉflሚ˛jdj88
ሠ'h ማ-†8- ሠ'h ማ-† ማለg flb55ሉ q*%(ofd qመ%g ”o

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ማ-†o ·˛lሉ8 va+ም flq*%' ” (Method Demonstration) vd
flለg(ResultDemonstration)*'hማ-†odj88
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8 +ም8fV:
- *ላg:
ማመ¢f: ሙy% vd flu~/ff7f ”of b:Wሎ % ላ· ማል dj88
Rመ/g u~/ff7f ሊb˛R flሚoሉ b/ማሚ/b˛T flሆbgf ”o ለመምሉ
·ህሃ=ሚመመ†fflሚ*ሉa88
4.21flf¢V¶
R¡ህ ¶ flq„‚/ ngd %ሃ% :g ለ*W q'0/q'Wh q¶' flሃ

bሃ=ሚ -n a88 Wሀf መ˛dld beg flbመሄ ”o dj88
ም~f†cም Rbመ--· *g W flሃ bሃ=ሚof ማig ·mላል88 Wሀf
መ˛dlf ለመሃ:ም flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo vd flመ/g Uለሙ†o gzg
ሊ*ሄgflሚ˛Ujˇ„·ለሚ†:'Sg·gflb*W-Tf·ablU·ማለgም
flq||TCfC:UህልvdማህR%ልማ»ሃf?#ማ;ላ·a88
4.2fl*ላg¶
መE5†መመ†
·ህ¶qfwgflሚ*ሃq‚/ሀ-Wfdqሠ%'fb:Wሎ%ላ·flማል
ሂ¶gf: :g †ለማCሉ ሃ=ሚ vf‚ሆf ,ሆf a˛' f ለq„‚/ ሀ-Xod
qሠ%(o qfe ba-7agf መ˛fUg -n vflሆa flመሆ ˇ„· a88 R¡ህ
ም~f†g flሚ%ለˇ ”o vf¶ W መf ማሃdy'd ba-7agf መ˛fUgf
ማ|bg qለUj88 vanህ ”o flመ/ማgfd flማflgf /ሜg Rbdሃልም ሆa
R/W/U መሃ:ም †ለUj88 flS»f /W*U: flS»f ··g: fl%‚ +ም
:gf ለማሃdy' ሀ-W fl:RUj dj88 ·ሁfd flመ/~ :f vd flማ-
ˇWngለ*Xo,*ሙgflaRfvf‚†·%?„ል:R¡ህምለq„‚/ሀ-Xod
qሠ%(ofle*Rfba-7agለመ˛fUgመል|ምq•ሆሚa88
4.23flማመ¢f¶
·ህ q‚/ ሀ-Wfd qሠ%'f b:Wሎ % ላ· ለማል flRለሃ -n ¶ a88

ም~f†cምለcflለ*Wvdfl•flመ/ % gሃbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶'¶
ሙy%dq‚/qሠ%'fb:Wሎላ· % ማል¶መ2•˛'f·/dል8R¡ህ 8
¶ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o v:ejf yqae •' ማመ¢f ·%ል•ሉ8
flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚofl*ሙgfd†gfRv'ሉምbU%ሊሆf/ለመmሉ
ማ•˛ሉ ·%ል•ሉ8 flም'g ለg ሠ'h ማ-† flq'0/q'Wh q¶' flልም»
ልሉ: flመ/~ :f bU% vf‚¶ˇ flሚመy'Rg ም~f†g q'0/q'Wh
q¶(o Ug bሌUሑ ማ/ *ላejf vf‚†ለWc ·%?„ሉ8 Rvanህ
flS»f ”o /ሉ flq'0/q'Wh q¶' flq‚/ q*%(o ልም» ልሉ
ሃ=ሚ”a88
4.2flሙy%¶
flሃbሃ=ሚflf~c~dflማe¸መfg~ህሎgalላማመሆf·g'Reል8
8R¡ህ¶flbdሉልq'0/q'Whq¶'ˇWngR·Rልሉvflbመሃflመሆvd
q'0/q'Wh q¶' flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ *ላg ሊe*WRg fl» ·ላል88 ·ህ
ማለg flመ/g ልማg ሠ%bl ለ*Wም ሆa ለS»f flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo
Rbመ--· ሁeeo v?„jf ማ•˘g qለUj88 flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo
ማ/e/flሚ˛Ujምfምvfbመ--·flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚobመ--·
f~cof % ላ· v†ሉ መሆbf: ልም» flb*¶Uj o(o ሁል—£
bመ--·vf„ልሆba88R¡ህ¶Rq'0/q'Whq¶'/flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚ/
ልም»ልሉvdR~ህሎg/ልሃdflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚof*ላgflማˇላg
” q'0/q'Wh q¶(o q„‚/ qሠ%'f b:Wለ % ላ· ለማል ሊ†⁄
·oላል88
4.25%ላ·flመል¶
R¡ህ ¶ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o q‚/ ሀ-Wfd qሠ%'f b:Wሎ % ላ·

ማል ·˘ም%ሉ: flመ/g u~/ff7bም Uለሙ† vd flመ/g ልማg ሠ%bl
ሉejf†ለማCሉመ¶˛*qለRg8v?d 8 flመ/ሃg2(%ምflመ/gሃ
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
bሃ=ሚofRማReegflሃbሃ=ሚoq„‚/ሀ-Wfdqሠ%'fb:Wሎ
%ላ·ማልfvf‚:ሉRg†Reeል88flvanህ”oWvdመ/%'g
R¶|ማ?»dq%ሟሜምም~f†gqሉeflሆaˇ„gvf„·g'Rሉf=>ማ•˘g
a88
Rbለ† ¶o ybመሄ ”o y*blf ለg ለማ-|g flመ/g ልማg

u~/ff7fUለሙ†dflመ/gልማgሠ%booflb•gfflመማ'ሂ¶gfl»
% ላ· ማል qለUj88 ለም-ሌ8- RS»f /W*U flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo
R?‚ Rመe˛⁄ vd flS»f ··gf bygሎ flgምህ'g ˛ለሟ q:%Wf
መሃ:ም ·oላሉ8 Rሌላ Rzል Rመ/g u~/ff7f yላ· flbሃ:+ b/ማሚ
”of Rመምሉ ˛» flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo flሚybሉgf መ/%'ho
ማ˛dWqለUj8-
? ሎ- flሚመሄflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f”oሎ#ሆTdRqa/bl
R˘gflሚb˛W'መሆfqለRg:
? 7(f- flሚመሄ flS»f u~/ff7f ”o R'|e flሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0/

q'Whq¶(of:vማ%dqU%f†-b%vdሆhof†-b%dሁሉfም
flህWb*W~*ልመ»/flሚoልመሆfqለRg
? /W/Wag /~W¶g - flሚመሄ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ”o :ላል

vd Rqa/bl ;-/ ሊ%ሙ flሚoሉ: W —£ flማ·/• vd R:ላሉ
ሊb˛WflሚoሉመሆfqለUj:
? ~ህሎg - flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ማ/bማ† ”f /fመ'ሉ flመ/g

ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሙ†d flመ/g ልማg ሠ%bl መ%ም ·ም
መbR'flሚoለdbሌማ/ልሃdflማ·ሃ·?መሆfqለRg
? sላማ flሚ- መሄflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fማ/bማ†”oለv†f„f•

flሃ qe(o q·ag vd ለሁሉም flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh
q¶(o†ማyለለሆho
: qdለ.hob/ማሚflሚሆfvf‚ሁምfl.hofd
flሆhofbሃ=ሚagvdb-g+fማ•˛ሉflሚoልመሆfqለRg88
4.3flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fለg
? f¢Vመ*ሃ' flመ/
- gሃbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶(ovf‚ሁም.gd
ሆg q'0/q'Wh q¶(o %-jf flመለሉ ¶ ላ· ለመ»/ flUህ
ለሉ yማiej R'g b˛T vd bመሆሆn flሆa መ R*c ማig
·%ል•ሉ8 ለbሃ=ሚo q/%ላ— መ ለመ/ሃg f¢V %ሃ% መ•˘g
qለRg88/ለሆaምRመ|yላjflUህvdflba-7agለሉ·መሆል88
? :gfማ55ል flu~/
- ff7fመል~g/W/WRሆa—£v'+fለመ„g
መE5†መመ†
:ላል ላ·ሆf ·oላል88 R¡ህ ሁee bሃ=ሚo Rመል~c /ለb|bc

flb*bbሞ~(oሉgመሠeመመ†ofvf‚ማ·%ለ•ል88
? ~ህሎgf ማ55ል - bሃ=ሚo /ለ qf» a˛' R f¢V g)j a˛'

fRR~ህሎgvሉgም~f†gq/%ላ—fbU'Uል%—£ ሙ R*'h
ማ-†:Rማ-ለማ-ˇWng:·ምRሞ–ላ'/ልሃdq/%ላ—flሆa~ህሎg
ማ/eሃ?†/%ል•ል
? flUህለሉ -gzgflb*ሆjˇ„ofለመ„gdRva'+ም/ምምag
ላ· ለመ»/ yb%ለ˛ flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚof ማ-መf †/%ል•ል88
Rq'0/q'Wh q¶ መ|yል ሃf|% flመ ልሉ vf‚g' Rመ*:»
qማ%ልflu~/ff7f”yS»f”vdyሠ'hማ-†flb††
•' dj8
8 ልም…o vf¶ሚ†-g ለbሃ=ሚo /ለ q‚/ ሀ-W/f~c~ sgሚ†
qሑagማW%%gdሠ'hማ-†ማ|ሄ»R:ላሉ†-ምdjል88
flመ/gም'gdም'eማagfለመሌመ'መ˘መ†Rq'0/q'Whq¶vdR.g
vd Rሆg q'0/q'Wh q¶' flsf+'ሜ7f /W*Uo ላ· qሁf Uሉ flመb
b/ማሚ qመ%g ”o ላ· f¢V መ%ሃ' ·g'Reል88 o(o Rመ/g
ልማgሠ%booRzልbለ·bv†ለa˛'fq'0/q'Whq¶vd.gvd
ሆg q'0/q'Wh q¶ Uል˛U —£ ·ህ qሠ%' q/%ላ— a88 flመ/g ሃ
bሃ=ሚoq/%ላ—ff¢VyሌRሄd*ላg|-¶R^ላምdልUg/ልሃd
q¶
,*ሉ: ሉdgምሊ|ሄ»·oላል8flሚ 8 ¶:ሉለ y¶fRoo··g
•'
yb|ሄ¶ R^ላ ሠ'h ማ-† % /ሉ vf‚˛S ማ» a88 R··g —£ም
Rሠ'h ማ-†o ·ም RሚRj flb55ሉ f~gሎöd ም'ሉ bሞ~(o
ላ· flbሃ=ሚof b-g+ ለማልRg flሉdg S»b መa--g qለRg88 q„‚/
bሞ~(ofdሀ-Xof/qሠ%(of/b:Wሎ%ላ·ለማልflba--flሉdg
S»b qUላg RS»b /ሉ Rq„‚/ ሀ-Xo *'h ማ-† bU%g ላ· መ-b*
·g'Reል88R¡ህምflሚybሉg¶ofመሃ:ም·mላል8-
? RqሁfUለaU%ሁeeላ·f¢Vመ*ሃ':
? R/ልሃddሠ'hማ-†%ላ·vf‚-b&መ•R⁄:
? bሃ=ሚo%-jfybለመ¶qሠ†ላ:%' መሆ; bfመለflgdq‚+f

bሞ~(vf‚:RሉflUህለሉvf‚†መሄማ/mል:
? fle*Rf flልማg W Rbሃ=ሚo f» ለማ-|g flb*a q/%ላ—

~ህሎgfመለflg:
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
4.flq‚/ሀ-Wdqሠ%'ng/%ሃ%/sgA7f/'g
flq‚/ሀ-Wdqሠng/
%' %ሃ%/sgA7f//(g†ለ=ል,ሆf·ህምሙሉ
Rሙሉ Rbለfl መf˛» qf»f a˛' መ%ም ·ም flaRf f~gሎ¨ ማ55ል
ማለga8flq'
8 0/q'Whq¶'q‚/ሀ-Wdqሠ%ሃ%
%' /sgA7f/flሚ˘ም
Rq'0/q'Whq¶'agህ·c/ሉvf¨flb*a˛'q·¶ለም88
ም/ል-28-flq‚/ሀ-W/sgA7f/flu~/ff7fq*%'(Swanson209)
flq'0/q'Wh q¶' q‚/ qሠ%' %ሃ% ምdልUg yሀ˛' R:ል :g ·ም

yመd/-·f-:g/ flሚመaሑ·ሆdል8flq' 8 0/q'Whq¶'q‚/ሀ-W/
qሠ%' %ሃ% /sgA7f/ flbለfl U· flሚሆa q‚/ ሀ-W/qሠ%' %ሆ
ላለ q:g • መ/ሃc ,ሆf መa5 ምdልUg መd -·f- :g
·ም flq'0/q'Wh q¶ flq|UT ሉRW ሊሆf ·oላል88 R¡ህ fjag flq‚/
ሀ-W/qሠ%' %ሃ%/sgA7f/: ሂ¶g ለg Rq'0/q'Wh q¶ flሚ%ም
,ሆf f~gሎ¨ yaU% •' vf‚/ማማ ·ም ለeማagf: W=gf:
ም'eማagf:g'(ማagf:ለW—£#·ef:R˛R†b%ላ—agf:b/ማሚagf/
ምkagf: ሊላመ» መmልf: ላagf b--ለማ55ል a88 Rል flq'0/
q'Wh q¶' q‚/ ሀ-W/qሠ%' %ሃ% /sgA7f/ vf¶ ሂ¶g ሁሉfም መ¶Rl
†ልሆa flq'0/q'Wh q¶' ሙy% vd %ሃ% ,ሆf vf¶ ም'g ¶ሞ Rመ|yል
·ምRሂ¶cመሌ5ምdልUgለሉflb*ሃ•a88
መE5†መመ†
flq‚/ ሀ-W/qሠ%' %ሃ% /sgA7f/ flመ/g ልማg bሞ~(o flመ/g ሃ

?ልሉ*df ማ-¶ flሚoሉ: ለq'0/q'Wh q¶ sgሚ ሉ?ም flሚ†/˛j
vf¶¡ሁም flq|UT ሏdf flሚ:f+ dj88 flመ/g ሃ ?ልሉ*d ” vd
flb5ለ flመ/g ሃ ?¶ም bybል መg' flሃ vd qልሚ ምW ማe¸መfgf
ማ:d˘g flሚoል ,ሆf R¡ህም flW'd }ሚ|ል R'* መ*»d vሉRg
o(of ·:f-ል88 RW q'0/q'Wh q¶(o flመ/g bሞ~(o ላ· ሉdg
vf¶b|ሄ¶ R*Wሎo flሃ *ላg vd vf¶ ?c ሁee qመoag flመ/g
qሃሆሉ ሁee መ|yል qለመሆሆም aR'8 ምfም vf ሁሉም ?e flመ/g
qሃሆሉ ሉል:g y*Wሉ flሃ *ላg •' ምdልUg flሚሆም Tሆfም W
—£q'q¶( 0 kRመ˘መ†*Wልv»˛g¶flሚ*ሃሃ⁄?bl,ሆf
Rመሌ5fl*Wልv»˛g¶¶ሞWሃ·*ሆል8Wkም 8 ሉል?flሆa
flሃqሃሆሉf·መ'ሆሉ8
4.1flq‚/ሀ-W/qሠ%'ሃ%/sgA7f/flመ/gልማg
u~/ff7fሚd
flq'0/q'Wh q¶' flq‚/ ሀ-W/qሠ%' ሃ% /sgA7f/ qሁf †ለf flመ/g

ልማg /'g flሀ·ለl v'5 /sfff,B/ vd Rል ል ·ag ም'g ለማ/}»
Rሠ'h ማ-† qማ|nag ለሚ˛i %ሃ% ;ል* ሚd ·ሏeል88 vanህ q'0/
q'Whq¶(oምf—£ም/}eማdj8Rsgሙ 8 †ሉhk“flq'0/q'Whq¶'
ሚሊfla'” vflሆb መሉbል88 vanህ flq'0/q'Wh q¶' flq‚/ ሀ-W/qሠ%'
%ሃ% /sgA7f/ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o R*ላej ላ· bመ/'b flW'd
ለejfለማ-¶y*blRqላj • q„‚/*Wሎo:vf/-gvdሌሎo
g'(ማ%oላ·-·e~cመ/%ejRg'(ማagላ·/g%f¨|ሚd
bሏbል88 Rመ˘መ† flሚ†¶'ˇg flq|UT†jf flbለfl መል~q ም»%
ሁee:መ&g:flˇልRgሀ·ልb¶%7agRማ˛dW •' vanህq„‚/*Wሎo
·ምflW'dም'hoR˛R†b%ላ—aejfመ„*a8/ Rሁ8 ለbl¶R/f
ሙy%ላ·bመ/'bለeማRሆaመልzለማምgdR˛R†bሃ=ሚለመሆf
መሞy' a88 R¡ህ /}eማ መሆdjf ,†•ሄ bሞ~)jf †*(ሉ8
Rመ/gu~/ff7f,/bምva¡ህflq'0/q'Whq¶'flq‚/ሀ-W/qሠ%ሃ%'
/sgA7f/ *o vf¶ “q'0/q'Wh q¶' 2()*'” ሆa †˛jgf gምህ'g
ለሌላምRማ/bላለvd * ለeማaejf¶ሌላRመ/gልማgላ·flb*ማ%
q'0/q'Whq¶'Rማ/(g˛»ሚd†ላjdj88
Rva¡ህq'0/q'Whq¶'†ሉ/ሉ R'|eqa/blq'0/q'Whq¶(ovanህ
flq‚/ሀ-W/qሠ%ሃ%
' /sgA7f/q'0/q'Whq¶(oRq„‚/qሠ%(oላ·
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fl˛R†መvf‚g%mማ/mል;
? RW'd f~c~ ማ*ልሃl ማyላg ሠልሉa flሚሄ Uለሙ†od

fl:Rሌመ/gልማgሠ%booRመ/gRሚለሙ*Wሎoqመ%g:Rv.g
መሌመ' vd R˛R† v.g *f*ለg R v:g ሌWሃ vf‚ሄ
ማ»/%ል•ል88
5.1flv.g*f*ለgf*-ሀW
flv.g *f*ለg ,Uል ም'gf yመa5 Wg q?'Xg ¶ ˘ም( flbለ†

flማምg ¶of Rማለ* ˛R†f መ„5 ለማ» yWg q:%T v/y
bሃ=ሚ »/ flሚ¶'+ bU%g R:ላሉ ሊ˛ለም flሚoሉRg f* ሀ-W a8
8 flም'g ¶ flq|ላ ለሉ vd flbለ† qም%pod q˛ልሎho b-g+f
flሚ%ል,ሆf*f*ለcyም'gflሚ˛•gfም†|geል88Rም'gላ·yUህላ
flልgzgRb=%cf*ሀ-SflሚመaሌRv†f„f•¶v.gመሌመ'
ላ·,ሆfR¡ህምም'gfመfyUyWfl*f*ለcqf•q|ልa88
5.2flv.g*f*ለgf*-ሀWdˇ„o
ሀ˛% ማ~(sgሚ: 3ሊ,o: ህo: መb„¶† ¶fXo: /a-'ho

vd bCማ መሠe a˛(o ማለgም ም'ም': q„‚/ qሠ%'d q/b-*W:
fl* ሀWg ልማg vd ሌሎo fl»•* q˛ልሎho q|UTf flሚ%ሉ ,ሆf
R/ሄሁሉምbU%g·yddሉ8
flv.g *f*ለg R'|e R/ሄ flb-* bU%gfd sf•/gof yW

·ag flf» »'¸ho vf¶ ሀ˛' flbለ† ~ልሎof ·ም Rለም q:* ¶
flbለ† q˛(of Rማ|bg flRለሃ /W/W flመሆf q⁄ማሚ† qለ8 ለqWag
Rመ/gW'da~flምWv.g*f*ለgflሚ†ሃ=ልለRማ-ላ·ምሆaR˛ሃ'
መf¶(o vd Rybማ q|UT flሚydb bU%gf a88 qa'+ም Wg
q?%of (': ማ„R†: }ሚ|ሎo:flሃ ማሏ f~gሎö: flመ/g
v'5 መ-†o .b.): flv'5 ማ7aof: vd ሌሎo v.g ለመሌመ'
flሚ†˛ለሉ f~gሎ¸of flሚ%ልˇ ,ሆf Rq††⁄: R~ምog: Rማምg
ሂ¶g; Rማ2 vd Rማy(%ል bU%g ·:ሉላል88 ሌሎo መሠe a˛(o
ማለgምflሀ·ልq?'Xg:መf˛»:q/%ላ—q?'Xho.b.fl*f*ለgq|UTf
flሚ%ሉ,ሆfflv.g*f*ለgq%ሟሜምላ·Rbg·%ሉ%8
መE5†መመ†
5 g*f/ለgvdfl˛R†መ'flu~/ff7fq:%W
.3flv.
q?ሆሏo
qሁf†ለfflqመ%g/'gy^ላ:'qመ%g”¶˛R†መ'መd
W'dም'gqመ%gሂ¶gለማ2•˛'Rመ/gልማgflሚ*Wሎof
ለሙ v.g
*f*ለg መbR'd fl˛R† መ' u~/ff7f q*%(ofd q?ሆሏof bygሎ
flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሙ†ofd flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boof q?ም
Rማ-¶q'0/q'Whq¶R˛R†b%ላ—dy*bl†ላjf • flመ/g*Wሎof
qም'h ም'gd ም'eማac q» ˛T vf‚ሌም' Rማ» :ሆ·ag †ለf
fl˛R† መ' መ/g ልማg መ*ሃ' ·mላል88 /ለሆaም Rfl¶ flሚ˛j flመ/g
ልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†ovdflመ/gልማgሠ%booflሚybሉgffl˛R†
መ'መ/gu~/ff7fq:%W/q?ሆሏofመybል·g'Ujል8-
? Rfl¶flሚ˛jflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†oR˛R†መ'flመ/g
ልማgu~/ff7fvdRመ/g*Wሎov.g*f*ለg†Rflሆaf¢V
ሌWሃ q?ማjf vf‚†ለWc fl/ልሃd *ላg „*- ሉdg Rማ»
Rbመሄy*blUለ• jflመ/g*Wሎov.g*f*ለgvdfl˛R†መ
ለመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR%g:ለVb*W/ሉ=?fመ/gbሃ=ሚq'0/
q'Wh q¶(o vd ለማህR*W z& bሃ=ሚo vf”g b¶%7 ማ»
vf¶ሚoሉ/ልሃdመ/ሃg;
? flqyUT /15ላ£7ff vd „·=',}7ff መሠg †¶˛ y*bl •

†ላjfd R˛R† b%ላ— flሆb flመ/g *Wሎof Rሉ%gd RW¢g Rማምg
ለሎvdለሀ˛'/ሉ˛R†vf‚:'Sማ»;
? Rመ/g *Wሎo v.g *f*ለg flሚ˛j fl˛R† bf†god flUለ»'5 q|ላg

gWW'd g//' vf‚ሃdy' byee·ag †ለ fl˛R† ማ/b? vd
q?ማjf flማሃdy' /%o መ/%g vd Rመ/g v.g *f*ለg /ሉ
flሚ˛j q|ላg g//%jf ለማሃdy' flመ/g ልማg መለ*bl መ»of
Rመመ/gማሃdy'†/%ል•ል;
? flsf+'ሜ7f ሙc}7f f~gሎöf Rመሃ:ም q'0/q'Wh q¶:

fl:Rሌመ/gልማgሠ%blvdflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†R
fl˛R†መvf‚g%mማ/mል;
? RW'df~c~ማ*ልሃlማyላgሠልሉaflሚሄUለሙ†odfl:Rሌ
መ/gልማgሠ%booRመ/gRሚ*Wሎo
ለሙ qመ%g:Rv.gመሌመ'
vdR˛R†v.g*f*ለg†Rv:gሌWሃvf‚ሄማ»;
? ygdf7flመf¶'˛R†o˘ም(v/ygላል?˛R†o†ሉgflመ/gv.g
*f*ለg fl˛R† bf†gof Rመለflg ?cd ˛R† flሚ%ል˛f flመ/g
*WሎoምhofRሉ%gdRW¢gqም'hለማ?Wq:ሁሉ ?»
* ማ:»;
:dሚcI

? yq'0/q'Whq¶'ማ-˘ም(v/y2ማkህWb*W»/fl˛R†ማyላgf
Rመ*ሃ'flመ/g*Wልም'hoffl˛R†g//'መ*ሃ';
/ል-18-flመ/gልማgለhofR˛R†ማ/b-*'ለ>eልማgf†ለWeል8
? flሆhodfl.hofb-g+dbሃ=ሚagfለማ•˛ሉRመ/g*Wሎov.g
*f*ለgq*%'ላ·fl/%v»ልRመ*ሃ'˛T†jfvf‚†-»ˇማ»;
? Rመ/g*Wሎoም'gላ·v.gRመሌ'ለqa/blvdለy*blq(2(*,
sf„/goሉv=ofለማ?Wvdfl˛R†*Wሎofም'gf˛R†ላ·
Rማሆgflሎምf¢ngfማ-¶;
? ለመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o: ለመ/g Wgd f~gሎ¨

q?%T flል »¸ho vd ማህR%g flW»' q˛ልሎg vf‚†˛j flመ/g
ልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†yW»'bCማg•'ማ/b-*'qለRg;
? flfg%g v'5 q˛ልሎg Rመ*ሃ' flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh

q¶' 7ሊ ¶ ማምg flq*%' ሂ¶g vf‚˛U flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
Uለሙ†vdfl:Rሌመ/gልማgሠ%blq'0/q'Rhq¶fመ¶˛*vd
ማW=g;
? ˛R†f መሠg †¶˛ flመ/g *Wሎo v.g *f*ለg መል|ም bሞ~(of

Rመለflgvf‚*(ማ»:
? q'0/q'Wh q¶ R:ላሉ ሊሃ:ምUj flሚoሉ flሜ|d·£7f ማ7aod

ሌሎo yሜ|d·£7f bU%g•' b††‹ bU%bf flማ/b?d
flማ/(g/%መ/%g:

86
መE5†መመ†
5 gልማgflv.g*f/ልgvdfl˛R†መ'
.4Rመ/
flu~/ff7f
5.41flv.g*f*ለggfbd
flv.g *f*ለg gfbd Rqመ%g ላ· ybለመ¶ †a* qb†· Rb5ለ Rመ⁄

Rbf†fመ|yል†ለffjagdgWW'vf‚ሁምflf»%fd3ሊ,f
qሉW#·መም%ል8R¡ህም 8 v†¶˛flመሆfg/flማ·:
/' RሉUህላfl.~b'
„*-ሉdhovdመ¶Rl†ልሆbqሠ%(oላ·†ሉ/fahof·:'(ል88
flv.g *f*ለg gfbd Rbለ† መ/† Vho vd q•' q|ላg †ሉ bf†ff

Rማ|bgbለሑdv†¶˛flመሆfflsgሚ»': ¸edq/˛„¸bU%gf
ል†¶'•ል8መ*8 d~ሎovf”gvf¶ሚ%ሃdo(ovf”gvf¶ሚ*%ል
ለመ„g flሃR: fjag q/%ላ— a88 Rለም q:* v·e b„„agf
†˛d⁄Uል88 flv.g *f*ለg gfbd ሉf|&fd »~መgf Rማ-flg fl•% v·ef
vf‚†-»ˇd*f*ለcvf”gb%ሊሆfሟሚ vf¶ሚ˛Uvf‚ሁም†ለfRgWW'
ላ· flbመሠb fjag Rመለflg ˛» bdo vf‚-b& †¢ል88 ·ህም
Rሚybለ/ላመልሏbመል~iል88
ም/ል-58-flv.g*f*ለgg//'ላመለሏ
5.42flv.g*f*ለggfbdq/%ላ—ag
flv.g *f*ለg gfbd ሃ=ሚ flምd መ-† ,ሆf ሁሉ q:* sf•/g

vf¶˛d flመ¶%˘gf q⁄ማሚ† ለመ„gd flለሉ {ሎofd ለ3ሊ, flf~c~
ሆል= ˛Wag q/˛„¸ ˇ„of ለመለflg †¢ል88 ለb5ለ qላማ Rbለ† '+o
flv'„eለ•8odflልማgq•‹»'¸ho»•flv.
* g*f*ለggfbdfመሠg
v†¶˛flመሆbˇ„·ማለgምRf»q?ም:Rf»»'¸hob„„ag:R˛T
~**ልd Rv.g *f*ለg b-e'o መ|yል Uለ *gሀag ላ· y—£ ¶ —£
vflሌመመሉiል88
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
5.43Rመ/g*Wልfl˛R†ም'g/q?'Xgv.g*f*ለg
gfbd
ለመ/g *Wሎo v.g *f*ለg ምk ሁeeo:- Rሃ˛%of †ለf R flሆa

መ&gdˇልRgfRqUSሉ?ምላ·Rማልvf‚ሁምሀWgf/|/eልf/R;ሃU
% ላ· Rማል flW'df ምሆe ሀWg/sgሚ/ ለማ-¶ qመo flሆa
R˛ሃላ·flbመሠbflsgሚልማg3ሊ,vd/g%f¨Rመ?¶/%
b˛Wiል88 flsgሚ 3ሊ,d /g%f¨ ላማ aሟ flsgሚ 'gf vf
ማ»: R¡ህም Rም'g 'c /ሉ flW·g *f*ለg bf†f Rማምg
% q*% flማምg: ሀWejf flማf:-:/d flማ/bላለ*: ም'ejf
R%ለˇg • vd Rflglም Xe flመ2ሉ: መWejf Rማ/yR' y*bl
˛T flሚ†˛jgf ሉg vf ማ» a88 Rsgሚ ልማc flመf/g ሆል=
˛Wag¶Rመ/gflW'dsgሚላ·ምdልUgሊg'flሚoለfflWgd
flም'g ለg ላ· fl˛R† »:g vf„·g' flbመmj ሁeef ·%ሉ%ል88
Rbሌማም yለ*W %ሟሚ q|ላg q?ም Rላ· yሆbg flመ/g መሠb ልማg
%oላ·መf/gመለf··መ»Uልvf‚ሁም/g%f¨†flWg
q?'Xg ማለgም ማ„R†d flም'ም' q˛ልሎg ላ· ·¶(ል88 Rqሃ=ላ·
ለ⁄?booምሆaflW'dም'gf¶ላ{o ሑ flሚ†መmofl˛fW3ሊ,
Rሀ˛c b/ማሚ flመ/g *Wል fl˛R† ም'g/ሞ‚d/ flv.g *f*ለg vf‚g'
Rማ» ˛» R~ልሎo flW'd መለ f· *g ላ· ?»ሚ† ·*ሆል88
;ሉ'f Rሚመለyg flW'd ሚc/f': flሉ%gd ¶o Uለ/ልሆf RbCም
¶ bC;መ flመ/g ም'g Rb˛T vf‚መg Rማ» ለመ/g fl˛R†
ም'g/ሞ‚d/flመvለf·*gvdflWg;ሉ'f†|ሂ„ሉfl¶o8
;ሉ' q˛ልሎg vd flvg ለd ~ሊco flfህd ;ሉ' (·h -ce)
q˛ልሎg vf‚*ሄ flbCCሙ bCማg ,ሆb ለeማd W=g †ለ flv.g
*f*ለgvf‚**fflሚ†/oሉdj88
bCማgfማመmjg8- R~ልልመf/egflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgf
ለመ/ሃg: ለመ/g መሠb ልማg vd flbCሟg q/b„¶' flመ/g ሂ¶g/
„·&~h&g/qC;መል8Rመ/ 8 g*Wልም'gሂ¶gላ·~ልሎkR?»:RWg
*ላg መ q*U*W: Rq?'Xgd Rማy(%ል ˛» flመ/g ልማgf v†-ለሄ
·˛lሉfl~ልል
8 ማህR%gማ/('†u˘f,bCማq¶˘gy~ልልv/y„
flb•,ሆfflማ/bUR'Rcflgod
: flማy(%ልq˛ልሎgRሚማህR%
*ሄ g
qማ|nagflመም%gdflWg*ላgfdq?'Xgfflመ#ሆሃ'ሀላ'agqለRg88
fl~ልል W'd T(o v/yeo R:Rሌ ¶ flb•• flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg

vf‚**fdflWgq?'Xgd/'ሑgለማ/bUR'q/m·ሁeeofflሚ%ሉ'
bCም a88 flvg ~ሊc~ vd bለ† flW'd ላX%h ማyላg vf¶ bCም
flbCCሙ ,ሆf Rመ/g *Wል ም'g ለeማd :ልሆ( %of flመ%ም
gል?ሚdqላj88
መE5†መመ†
f»d ˛R† ልማg bCም q˛ልሎg Rመ/ሃg ˛» flሚሠ%: Rመ/g *Wል

ም'g f» ላ· bf†f Raሟ vf‚˛Sd vf‚ሄ flሚ†/oል bCም a88 ·ህ
aሟd :ልሆ( flሆa flqመ%g ” y*bl ም'g Rማ/˛ig flመ/g *Wል fl˛R†
ም'gf/ሞ‚d/y*ለማ»flv.g*f*ለgbf†ffq‚/ሀ*Wvdqሠ%'
†Reeል88 vf¶ መ&g vd ሌሎoም flመ/g flመለ f· *g flመ-*ሉ
flመ/g ሀWg flUለVgag መWho: flRለሃ :ልሆ( flሆa *f*ለgf Rማ/%f
flመ/gልማgfv†Reea88
flq'0/q'Whq¶'?f¸eqሠ%'ማለgምflልማgS»fvdqf»ለqም/g
q¶˘gሃ=ሚbCማg,ሆbflመ/gልማg*ላgf†-»•ል;flq'0/q'Wh
q¶' qሠ%' oሎef †ለWeል; flv.g *f*ለgf RRለሃ :ልሆ( Rማ»
Rማምg ሂ¶g ሞ”ል q'0/q'Wh q¶(o ለሌሎo q'0 q¶(o bሞ~)jf
vf‚†/bላል&†¶'•ል88
flመ/g *Wል ም'g flv.g *f*ለg ልማg8- flመ˘መ† flመ/g *Wሎo

flv.g*f*ለgq'0/q'Whq¶(ofለመ/gW'dልማgማa--gላ··a-ል8
R¡ህ
8 ¶q'0/q'Whq¶(o†ላjfሀWgRመ/gልማgላ·vf”g%
ላ·vf¶ሚ†ሉ·a-Rመ/ -ሉ8 gW'dለማምgyba-+ምR^ላy*bl˛T
ማigRሚ†/oላjfl*Wልqመ%gላ·†?„ሉRbሌማም 8 flመ/g*Wል
ለማምg flሚ†/%ልˇ Who Rv†f„f• ¶ R?»ሚ† flሚe:• ,ሆf
va'+ም8-
Wg q?'Xgd /'ሑg8- Rq'0/q'Wh q¶ *ላgd flመ&g /(g ላ·

bመ/'hflWg*ላgመb*W/X·ሃ=ለልdRመ/gልማgላ·ለb*ማ
q'0/q'Whq¶(oR⁄¸gም%*vf‚•–·:'Wላjል88
flመ/gbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶(ofማ*ልሃf8- Rq'0/q¶(ofl/ልሃd*ላg
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? flb*a ም'g bሃ=ሚ Rመሌ5 ም'cf Rሚ†˛nRg R2:ሆ2ሉ +?

·2ሆል88
RW·g ሂ¶g flv.g *f*ለg ¶|ማ fjag8- fl¡ህ *f*ለg ¶|ማ fjag
Rqg~ልgd *%& ም'g ˛R† ላ· Rመ|yል †ሉ q˛doof ·ም ¶ላሎof
Rማ¢Ug RRለሃ fly( †¶'˛ል88 flbለመ¶ fl˛R† qሠ%' flሚ2*a fl˛R†
*ላgd q?'Xg ም'cf Rሚ†Reed bሃ=ሚfም ¶ህfag Rማ˛dW
Rbመሆሆn • Rb˛T ,ydf a88 Rመ/g *Wሎo W·g Rqሁb *g
†ሉgል?vf?(gflሆbflb*bo(oflሚybሉgdj8-
? Rqg~ልgd *%& ም'g W·g qም%kf flሚ†Reed flbሃ=ሚf

¶ህfag†˛dRbመሆሆnለማ/• :መሉRሚ˛UR/ምምagላ·flb¶*Rg
¶fflሃR:ም'gqለመg';
? R˛ሃ'flqg~ልgd*%&˛R†ላ·flbመ*yለg/bqማcሚ¢fqለመg';
? fl•መ*go';
? fl¶ላሎoq˛ልሎgRb5ለq^f/'g/qለመg';
? q?%Tod bሃ=ሚo fl˛R† »»'f ለመ*ሃ' v'/ Rv'/ R¶fW

†ለመb?;
? q‚/a˛'ማ/b?dflማ/e†q˛ልሎgflbለመ¶/fl•%/qለመሆf;
? ለbመሆሃa • Rfl:b ሌe flሚ|ሄ»Rg Rሚ˛U ¶f flሃR: flህ⁄W

˛R†ምkሁeeoqለመg';
? flመ/g*Wልም'ho/ሞ‚d/¶Vgdሌሎoሀ˛%gማለgም¶¸Sd:
0ማሊ†vd¶SW+„fለመላ~flሑ˛R†fflማ/b„¶',/bምqለመg';
? flማ“dflW·gምkሁeeoRሁሉምXeoqለመg'8
5.6flv.g*f*ለg/g%f¨Rመ/gልማg
Rመ/g u~/ff7f q:%W ” fleለሙ flመ/g *Wል fl˛R† ም'hof/

ሞ‚dof/ ለማ-¶ ለv.g *f*ለg qe' ላ· qfwg ·*ሆል88 ·ህ
qe' flv.g *f*ለg bf†f Rbለ† flv.g *f*ለg ¶o v.g
መሌመ'f vd ለ*Xod »'¸ho ለv.g *f*ለg bf†f Wg/q˛ልሎg
መ/ሃgf†˛d⁄Uል8flመ/8 gልማgfRሚመለyg;ል*flv.g*f*ለgbf†f
flሚUሉgR:Rሌ:R„:R~ልልdRሀ˛'q:¶* flW'dWgvdflም'g
ለgqም%po:a•”o:q:dUodj88q/%ላ—q˛ልሎg*ሎo
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
flመf/g ም'ም' vd flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f .~b'f flሚ†|gg ,ሆf

flf~gሎ¨ ልማg: q?ም fUe: q:g ማ*ለ?d flማ*%ሌg bU%gf
†yddሉ8
flW'd ምc/f' RWg q?'Xgd q˛ልሎg Rመ/ሃg ˛» ·-b(ል88

ለም-ሌ8flመ/': - g;-0o:vdሌሎofምflW'd*WልWhof†:'Uል8
8 Wg Rማምg vd q˛ልሎg Rመ/ሃg flህWb*S: flህ/% ማህR%g:
Rመ/gflሚ†ለሙq'0/q'Whq¶(ovdflሉ.~b'b-g+W?W?ማለg
˘ም)ል88 ሀ˛% flW'd flም'ም' vd flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ,/bም
ለeማagfRማ55ል˛R†መ'flመ/g*Wልfl˛R†ም'gf/ሞ‚d/ለመ¶˛*
Rሚg'*ላgላ·†bz%ል88vdምflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†ovd
flመ/gልማgሠ%booሊ%ሙgflሚoሉg8-
? ለv.g*f*ለgv»˛gb-g,R˛R†
: flሚመ%'b
: e†ማyለ/ሜg
†ለvdላflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq:%W”fማReeg;
? Rልማg ሂ¶g flv.g *f*ለg bf†f: Wg q?%Tofd q˛ልሎg

*ሎofማReeg;
? qe(of: R:Rሌd R„ ¶ flማህR*W v»˛gf: ህ/% ማህR%gf:

q'0/q'Whq¶'vdflል.~bfም'gfvdflWgq?'Xgq˛ልሎg
q*ሆሉf·¶(ሉ;
? R~ልል: R¥f: R„ vd R:Rሌ ¶ g//'f/flf» qe'f: flv.g

*f*ለgbf†fvdq˛ልሎg*ሎofማReeg;
? Rv.g *f*ለg Rመ/g *Wል fl˛R† ም'ho/ሞ‚do vd Rqa/bl vd

ሉ=?f መ/g 2(˘~g Xeo ለመማማ': vd y2(˘~g Xeo ሎ
ለማ/(g ለgd gምህ'g flb*¶Ujf መ⁄X R*a» መ†⁄: fl»•*
ሆል=˛Wagም'መ%/ለ·hማ?f:»'—gfdbgሉdgfማReeg
5.61Rመ/g*Wልv.g*f*ለgfl»•*db-g,ag
Rሀ˛'q:b˛Tag
* |ላjq•q|ላg
' vdflv.g*f*ለgbf†fRመሆ
•' f
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†ovdflመ/gልማgሠ%booq„‚/ሀ-Wd
qሠ%' ”f vd flv.g *f*ለg q:%W ”f Rመሃ:ም vf‚ሁም g//'f/
fjagf Rማ/ሃR? Rመ/g ልማg flv.g *f*ለgf ማ/b? ·%ል•ሉ8
q‚/q/b-*W/qሠflሚ%' †|gej»'¸e:bCማvdሃf|%f~gሎ¨
»•* dj88 y¡ህ Reo flbመለycg ለ˛R† ም'g/flመ/g ሞ‚d/ flv.g
*f*ለgv»˛gflመ/g*Wልv.g*f*ለgመbR'†ለUjˇ„oflሚybሉg
dj8-
መE5†መመ†
flbመሄ v.g *f*ለho8- qg~ልg vd /%(o - 7fz'g: dማdም:

ሉ?ልመf:=†:|(g:»fo::·/'.b.
? *%&o - ማf: qC|…: 0†: ሙ⁄: q2ል: 2ለም: flW'c|fd

ሎሚ⁄'†o
? ሉ%&o;
? ?መማ?መም;
? fl?Ug;
? W'*Wሎo;
? መg-(ovdሌሎoም88
qም%po/˛R†o8-
? qም%po - Rል flመ/g v'5o (Rል flbመሄ) - Rqa/bl መ/g:

ሉ=?f መ/g vd flማህR*W z& flመ/g qe(o †ሉ q'0 q¶(o
(?»ሚ††ልbመሄ)dj88
? ˛R†o - flል qU%o - a•”o - gላል? *%&d qg~ልg

qም%po-2:ሆሉ+#o-flሑማ(W|o.b.
? q„—flመ/g*Wልfl»•*b-g,ag8-
? flማ-ላ·-*Wልልማgvdflሃqሃ=:ም;
? flWgq?'Xgdq˛ልሎgመ/ሃg-*Wሎo-ሃ;
? flW·g/flማ:aUR'8
flም'g»•*b-g,ag8 -flም'gመሌመ':flመ/g*Wልfl˛R†ም'g/
ሞ‚d/ ም'eማag vd ˛T: Rbለ† flማ- ·aho ልag/ q*%'d
flም'g »•* b-g,ag: flb55ሉ/R˛R† flሚ%ለˇ ⁄'†o: flb55ለ
*Wልdflሃv'5bሞ~(o:flb55ሉWhofRማ|bgflbyላ?¶ም
bybል: yም'g መ*W*W R^ላ ሉ%g: vflሌመ flመሆ flመ/g Xe vd
y*bl•†ላj*WሎoRመhlf†|geል88
fl*Wል⁄'†o8-
? * % * & o - fl ላ · l # „ j fl ሚ R ሉ / fl ' ማ መ ሆ ሃ f - ማ f :
qC|…-flሚ:መ/ሁሉም - *%&oም'
- eማagሁሉም
- *%&o
-RhሎflሚR/ሉ-ሁም*%&o;
? qg~ልho7fz'
- gyሀR57fz'ም'
g- •' eማagሁሉም
- qg~ልho
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
? መg-y*bl•†ላj-R2(dfflRለˇ-ም'eማag88
? fl?Ugvህሎovd?መማ?መም
flb55ለ*Wልልማg/flመ/gሃqሃ=:ምbሞ~(o
?*Wልማ%%?-መeflመg*Wሎofሌም(;
? bU·/R7eመyላyል-q%%'#መ⁄%g;
? flመ/gf~gሎ¸qሃ=:ም;
? fl»ህም'gbU%g;
? flሃምfሑ/~ምog;
? flመ/gሃመ-T†መ†;
? flመ/gሃ/'ሑg”88
fl*Wልም'gWgq˛ልሎgfl»•*b-g,agRS»fdRል8-
? flqg~ልg'ማU¢g-fl7fz'g:fl»fo-flመg.b
? fl*on
%*& ሆT†flon
- ማU¢g:ማ„:ል:flሙ⁄?ሉ†vdሌሎoም8
8
? fl*WልWg/q˛ልሎgq?'Xgfl»•*b-g,ag8-
? R)”%ል/~ልል/¥f/„ /:Rሌ ¶ †ለ fjag - q T⁄a/ (flመ/g

;-/:flW'd}ሚ|ሎo);
? R)”%ልdR~ልል¶flb5⁄'5ሉ †oq?%To(R„¶qU‹
fl':onqም%po)*'d'}g88
flማ:aUR'vdflW·gfl»•*b-g,ag8-
?flb5W·g
5ለ vdfl*Wልም'gማ:aUR'R„/¥fህ/ማህR%
% gvd
RልUለሀWho;
? qa/blመ/gማ:aUR'vdfl~ምog;-/ማ/b?;
? ለ˛R†Wማምg;
? ለqም%kfl•%መ?'W·gማCCም(መ¶Rlflሆad†ልሆa);
? Rg//'flfg%gv'5(7ሊማምg)8
መE5†መመ†
flማ:aUR'dflW·gfl»•*b-g+qag8-
? R)”%ል/ R~ልል vd R„ ¶ q T⁄a/ q:dUod a•”o

መ|yል†ለg/qg~ልgd
- /' ˘ምላ
*%& 7†ሑdflbመሄ2:ሆሉ
+#o;
? R„/:Rሌ¶q˛ልሎg*ሎovdR)”%ል¶q˛ልሎg*ሎ
bCማgመ|yል†ለg//';
? fl*Wል • (sfb'eg) መ - ማህR%g (qg~ልgd *%&) vd

2(˘~ho;
? ሉ%g-flሉ%gd¶መ„TT(/EIAR/
? ~ምog:Wማምg:»ህም'g.b.
5.62q˛ልሎgfማመmjg/ማ-ለሉ
q˛ልሎgለመ/ሃgምkሁeeoflሚUሉgyeoላሉመሌ5bሃ=ሚof
flመ/g *Wል ም'g b¶%7 ለማ» al ሃ=ሚ a˛(o dj88 yeo ላሉ
flመሌ5 bሃ=ሚo b%ላ— R*Wል ም'g flRለሃ ሃ=ሚk q˛ልሎho
flሚybሉgdj88
flመ‹† q˛ልሎg8- መ‹† qf• ” ,ሆf Rv'+ qማ|nag ም'g

ybመbRg Xe ¶ ˛R† Wሎም ¶ bመ•T ሃfመ¢ ·¶'-ል88 flመ/g
ም'gf yማ- ¶ q|UT ˛R† ለማ»/ alk flbለመ• ማ‹†o
vf/-gማለgምRvf/-gdRvf/-gRሚbc•oqf„f”ምR*ˇልRg
flመ-*ሉgdj88yq|UT˛R†¶ማyላ˛R†Rሑagመ{d·¢ል88
flማyማm/መ•⁄f q˛ልሎg8- Wk flመ/g *Wል ም'ho Rb%ሉ( hሎ

flሚRላ3 dj88 flWk fl*Wል ም'ho Rv= መ¶'¶† R#·e —£†j
Rzል ምk q·¶ሉም88 ·ሁfd Rም'g ማ*U*W vd ም'cf Rመሃ:ም መ|yል
Uለ —£ /ሉ ም'c -·Rላ7d -·U~f Rb˛T ሊyማo ·˛Uል88 ማ- ላ·
ለqሑ—£
' RRለሃflbለመ¶flም'g~ምogRማ-መT†q|UTvf¶»fo
†ሉg R—£† መ¶'¶† ,ሆf :„„ vf‚g Rማ» Rq%' vf‚2%b
Rማ»fl#·e—£†jvf‚%ም·¶•ል8Rማyላ 8 ˛R†ም'cመ˘መ†
fl˛U መ˘መ† ·ሆል RሚUለ ” Rመ•⁄f Rማyማjg flም'c #·e —£
·%ማል8Rqሃ=ላ·
8 alflም'gሉ%gfflሚ†/bˇለflመ•⁄fq˛ልሎg
ˇ„·a88
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
ማ:aUR'8- flመ/g *Wልf (qg~ልgd *%&: flW' *Wሎo va flvf/-g

መg) flማ:aUR' q˛ልሎg sf•/go Rሀ˛%of ˛d R¸ም' ላ· †ለ vd
q˛ልሎcም ⁄?bl a88 ለመ/g *Wል fl˛R† ም'ho /ሞ‚do/ v.gf
ለመሌመ' vd ም'c Rላag vfl:R መሆbf ለማ•˛ሉ Rsgሙ† flW'd
ም'g ማ:aUR† sf•/go qd- Rመሆb ም~f†g yሁሉም flRለሃf
ሃ=ሚqሠ%'qfማ»qልbmለም88
ማ28- flb:aURv=of/ም'hofማ2dምል~gመለሃ*ለመ/gqg~ልgd
vd
*%& flW'*Wሎoም'gflRለሃሃ=ሚqሠa8%' †f
8 †ህልg'ˇም
†ለflb:aURም'gUለመgRም'gላ·v.gRመሌመ'˛»q˛ልሎg
R¡ህq˛'R¶fWflbሃdyq·¶ለም88
¶ሀ˛'ሑ መላ~8- flu~/3'gqg~ልgdflW' *%&: *Wልም'gy¡ህ

U flሚUል vf„ልሆad q.g ሌም( ለመላ~ flሚ%ለ˛ qሠ%' /f a88
·ሁfvf¨Rb*a¶yq0q|UT
- ⁄vflbመb¶መ|yለlም%?
ሀ˛(oመላ~መ˘መflሚReea88
a•”o8- W'da~Rሆbም'hoላ·flb*ማa•”oለ2ማpodq?%To
flRለሃ ሃ=ሚ flመ q˛ልሎg *ሎo dj88 ምf ·ag ም'g: Rምf
†ህል መሃf vd flg vf¶ሚ˛n መ ·*ሆሉ8 2ማpofd 5of q˛dnh
flW·gሂ¶gfለማ(ሃfflማ·b|ሚdqላj88
fjag8 2ማpofd
- 5ofRማ˛dig˛»fjagRሆምሃ=ሚvdb%ላ—
flሆa q˛ልሎg a88 R˛ሃ q|UT R·Rልሉ ¶ላላo vd RW'd ም'g ላ·
flb*ማ a•”o ·ህf bU' †yddሉ8 ˛R† መ' flu~/ff7f q|ሄ»
flሞU·ል/ል~:fሌ?‹f:vd&‚Rመሃ:ምydd2ማpoRሚ•' ¶
fjag ላ· gzg †¶'•ል88 Rv.g *f*ለg ላ· †ሉ ሃ=ሚ qሠ%(of
flሚ†-·ም-ሌR⁄ል10·መልyc88
5.7flfg%gW'dq/%ላ—ag
fg%g W'd/ contract farming/ ማለg 'g/system/ ሆg flማvyላ

ማ:aUR†d /central processing/ u~/3'df cg yv†f„f• q'0 q¶'
flb*R*Rf flW'd ም'g flሚ˛¢Rg 'qgd flW·g ሂ¶cም Rfg%g
/ምምagflሚ|ሄ»Rga9flfg%gሉምflbለ†fldqW¢lf—£flሚ˛ል
˛§o flbመbf ም'g ምf †ህል vf¶ሚ˛d Rምf †ህል • vf¶ሆa
a9ል/contractor/
*ሑ Wf—£flW»'vdሙ†»•q˛ልሎg
*
flሚ*ሉRgflW·g/'ga88
Rfg%gW'dq*flመ/
%' gሃbሃ=ሚqም%oq'0/q'Whq¶'(flመ/g
ሃbሃ=ሚoማህR%g:RbdሃልRመ/gልማgflሚ-b&q'0/q'Whq¶(j
vdRማህR*Wz&መ/gfflሚ†ለvd
ሙ) flመ/gም'g*W-To:˛'o:
መE5†መመ†
q:aUUovdላ{oflመ/gም'hofRሉ%g:RW¢gvdRb:መሃለg—£
ለመ|yW
/ሉ flሚ†¶'ˇgfl˛R†ል/ምምaga8flfg% 8 gW'dል
flመ/
*ሑ gሃbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶(ofም'gRምf†ህል•dምf
†ህል ም'g vf¶ሚ%ል Rመል flሚyWRg ,ሆf q%ሙም ል *ሑ
ም'cvf‚መgለg:»ሞRመልለም'cflWgW»'vdflf~c~»•*
flሚ*ሉRga8ሉf8 Rሚ%ሙRg?gምfl˛R†fሃላ'
ሙሉ ag,/»
flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh q¶ ም'cf Rሉ%gd Rመሃf ለማ?W
”e ·˛Uል88 flል q%ሙም//ምacf ለማ-ለሉ: b„„ vd ለeማ
ለማ» flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሙ†o d d flfg%g W'd
መሠeመ˛ለሏofማ?dመbR'·ሃR?Ujል88va¡ህም8-
˛R†fማመmjg8- ˛'dም'gqም%o¶'gRሚ˛R†Rgሁeeላ·መ/ማማg
vf‚oሉመ¶˛*·ሃR?Ujል;
flማምm ሁeef ማመmjg8- ለ˛R† ምk ሁeef ለመ*ሃ' ˛' ~*ል b˛T

flሆaWgማ?Wdflf~c~˛¢v‚†¶'ማመmjg·˛Uል;
flq*%'ሁeefምkማ»8- qም%k/5ልb˛Tflሆaም~-ሃ-Xofመ:Rልd
Rb˛Tመf˛»d—£ለማ?W/ምምagvf‚†¶'ምkሁeef†መmmል;
flqa/bl: flሉ=?f/flVb*W vd flማህR*W z& መ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0/

q'Whq¶(oq?ማjvf‚ለWg»•*†»•ል;
? flመf/gd flል .~b Rሚመc flመ/g ም'ho b˛Tf flሉ%g ¶

vf‚gR•%bUWvf‚*†Reeል;
? Rq T⁄a/ |ም0co መ|yል ለdማ flሆa fl˛R† »»' vf‚ለWg

†መmmል88
5.71flfg%gW'd·aho
fl=ልd/Softcontracts/gentleman’sagreement/flሁfg%* g flመ˘መ†
8-
flል ·ag Rሁለc ˛go መ|yል R=ል flሚ%ም ,ሆf Rqf flሁ*
fg%g Rሕ 'g ሊ:'W flሚoልd q- flሆa flል ·ag a /Rሎkም
መ|yልflመUT†*a»/MOU/·g%ል88
መ*e2:ሉdም'gq?'Xgfg%g8- ·ህq·acfg%gfl2ም'
:ሉ gf
WmRማ?Wላ·†bz%ል88
flሙq˛ልሎg
ሉ fg%g8- yመ&g⁄¸g˘ም(Wgdመ˛ል˛†መ-†of
g%f/3'g' f~c|ል q˛ልሎgd ልሃd Rማ?W flሚ˛ለ ,ሆf ለም-ሌም
fl'ም'gfg%hodflqg('q*%'fg%hoሊ˛ለ·oላሉ8
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
flሁለgd flW ˛go /fl˛'d 5ሑ/ fg%g8- flመ˘መ† fg%g

flሚመለyb ሁለcf ˛go Wm ,ሆf Rqf flWሃf ˛f /ምምag ·ም
fg%g ¶ሞ W q|ላgf Rqf» ላ· flሚ†/b-/' a88 ለም-ሌ qም%po:
Wg q?%To: flq'0/q'Wh q¶' »'¸ho vd Ufo flሚb-*Rg
flfg%g·aga88
flqሑ' vd fl‹ም —£ fg%hoም8 - va¡ህ flfg%g ·aho Uለ መለ

f·መሃf:·agd#·eflሚ*b·ሆdል88
5 ('/q*%'gለመ'•gሊ¶
.72flqg-
flሚ˛U?»መ⁄¸g
ማflም flqg-(' q*%' ?»መ ሁeeo |ልb:መሃለg ለeማ

ሊሆf q·oልም88 /ለ¡ህ flመ˘መ† ?»መ ሁee ለሁcም ˛f qg%'
መሆf·˛Uል88ለ¡ህምqg%'ለመሆfflሚybሉgfመ„*/†/%ል•ል88
qg%' ˛R† መለflg /profitable market/8- ˛' ~*ል ˛R†f መ%ለd

ለ‹ም—£መ:ሃልqለመ:ሃሉfdg'(ማመሆbfማ•˛ሉ·˛Uል88q'0/
q'Whq¶(oም˛Tfሊ†/˛nd˛R†fሊ/Wflሚoልflqመ%gq*Rመybል
%'
ሊ†•ሉማj flሚoሉ o(of ሊCCሙ Rሚoሉ q|ሄ…o gzg መ/ሃg
·˛Ujል88
flq|UTሁeefማሉdg/physicalandsocialenvironment/8-
? fl˛R†ሁee:ሆ·dflbሃdyvf‚ሆfም'cflሚለማRgflመ&gq:ማመሉ:
flqfl' ሁee: flq%' ለምag: flሃ ምfሑ: ም'c R˛R† ላ· †ለ
b%ላ—ag:flqም%kq*(%'qመoagመ•˛ሉ/መe?/·˛Uል88
? qg%'˛R†መለflgdflq|UTfሁeeማሉdgflም'cfሉ%gdqg%'ag
flሚ†•,ሆbሄ Rb*bflህWb*W~*ሎoflመ/gልማgq*^ላ:
%' '
Rሆbflqመ%g”oላ·flbመ*bRመሆbመdflመ/gልማg”f
hሎ b:Wሎ ለg ለማምሆg †ላj ba-7ag q⁄•ሚ a88 Rመሆbም
b|T%fyመ˘መR'gRq|UTሕWb*Wflbለመ•gfflW'd
q*%(oመለflg·˛Uል88va¡ህም:-
ለሚመbም'gflq|UTሁeeb/ማሚመሆbfማ•˛ሉ;
Rflሆbflመ˛dlqe(oመg%jfማ•˛ሉ/መf˛»flም'gf.g
ለመሌመ'flሚ•flu·ልምfoለም-ሌመW%gdሃ/;
Rflሆaflማምmመ&gdfl·¥eማ•˛ሏመgfማ•˛ሉ;
Wgdflሚ˛nRgምfሑማ•˛ሉvd
flማሕR*Sfሁeeማ˛dWማለgምUህላqመለ|ygdልም•fመ˛fW
dj88
መE5†መመ†
flመf/g»•/Government
* support/ማ•˛ሉ8- መf/gqa/blflመ/gv'5
መ&gd q?ም †ላj q'0/q'Wh q¶(o flqg (' q*%' Rሚ•Rg
—£ Rbo መ|yል †ለ g//' ለeማ vd ሕ•ag vf‚g
flሚሏbሚd-na8/ለሆaም
8 yመf/gRzልb/ማሚdflል
ሕ•
/ምምagvf‚g'ሁeeofማመmjg:¶fWdflq%ምመመ†ማሆgd
ማ/b-flም'
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q|UTመ*eqe(ofመ'•g.bq/%ላ—a88
? flag%gW'dq*%'fለማልRgመybል†ለWf?¶ምbybሎo8-
? flfg%gW'dq*%'dሂ¶gለማሃdy'fl•%-eመ/ሃg:
? flfg%g W'd q*%'d ሂ¶g ለማሃdy' flq?ም fUe %of

ማ:»:
? flfg%gW'dመ%ሚ†T⁄a/2ላfማ•˘g:
? R»'»' ላ· flbመሠb vd b:U·ag †ለ flfg%g W'd vf‚g'

ማ»:
? flfg%gW'dflመ/~%ofመ˘መ':
? ~ggል:Wመል/vdልም»መለሉማydf:
? ለ>eacf ለማ•˛ሉ byee·ag †ለ ለሉ flሚ†መሄ %of

መbR':
? flfg%gW'dq*%'fRማ/(gሁለbdv»˛gvf‚መ˛Wማ»8
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
ም/ል-68-flq'0/q'Whq¶(odfl|ም0co/flልUለሃWho/(W|ofl˛R†g//'
yላ· R⁄'⁄' ለማመላyg vf¶bሞy flfg%g/qg(' flW'd

qመ%%gd W·g /'qg Rqም%kd Rም'g b:U·/˛‹ q|ላg መ|yል
Rሚመ*gልላ·flሚ˛aUflsgሚg/a8/' ·ህ8 /'qgህ•ማv:+ofd
flfg%gf*-ሀ*WfU˛dRመልzyb•dbofl˛SgfለeRqUS
y%ሜሙd ለ¡ህም q/%ላ— flመf/g »•* yb¶˛ flሚ†/˛i ማህR%d
sgሚ†ሃ:ሜeyሁለcም˛goqfሟy*' blvf¶ሚሆfሀ˛%dflሑ
ልም…oflሚ†•ሄ,ሆfR⁄'⁄'vf¶ሚybለ:'Rል88
መE5†መመ†
ለfg%g q'0/q'Wh q¶(o flሚ*ሃ ሃ:ሜe8- Rfg%g flqመ%gd

fl˛R† /'qg flሚe:& q'0/q'Wh q¶(o yም'g b|T/˛‹ UለሀWhod
zUf†o •' Rሚ%ሉg g//' R:ሉeም ሆa Rb R'|e sgሚ†
ሉ?ሞofflሚ†˛j,ሆfRdag8-
? q/:»ሞfle:dflb•˛ሃ˛R†·g%jል;
? R•መ§?ም~f†gሊ¶'/yሚoለ/•g·»dሉ;
? flW'dWqgW»'q?'Xgdflf~c~»•*q˛ልሎg†˛lሉ;
? yq„‚/f~gሎö•'vf‚b;qመoሁee·%ሃ%ል;
? flመ&gqሃ=:ማj·55ላል:ም'eማagdflም'gሉ%g·ሌም%ል:
Rለcምfl˛R†bሃ=ሚ·ሆdሉ:˛T†j†»•ል88
ለfg%gም'g˛‹/b|Tq|ላgflሚ*ሃሃ:ሜe8-
? Rመ&g·¥eማa/•'b†·¥*ላcg(gም'cfማ/(g†ልmለ
UለሃWg/zUf†/R†yሚ˛jq'0/q'Whq¶(oRመ/
•' %cflመ&g
o'f†=ልለeል;
? q/bማማnvd:ሆ·ag†ለflም'gq?'Xgvf‚g'·„ል;
? Rሀ˛'/ሉddRሑyሚ˛jflf»2kሃf|%
•' d:ሆ·ag†ለ
fl˛R†g//'vf‚%ሉ'·„ል;
? R˛R† ላ· yሚ˛¢ ም'g Rb5ለ መልz Rሉ መ*g flሉ%g ¶f

flሃR:ም'gR·agdRሚ%ለ˛መሃfvf‚yW†/oለል;
?Rለም q:* ˛R† ላ· W;d b„„ vf‚ሆf †¶'˛ል /ለሀ˛'ም flሑ

ምf¢f†/˛lል/8
yላ· Rል ለማመላyg vf¶bሞy flfg%g W'd qመ%gd W·g

/'qg RqUS yb• ለሁc ˛go yሚ†/˛i ሃ:ሜe U5˛' Rqሃ=ላ·
ለሀ˛' sgሚ v»˛g Rbለ·ም ¶ሞ ለu~/3'g flW'd '* መሃdy'
flሚg (·„ -n a88 y¡ህም Rbሌማ flb††⁄af flqም/g qመcf
flv»˛gd flg%f/+'ሜ7f ?» ለማ-yg flማ·eለ*d ል gzg b*ሉhg
R/(gdRb:d˘መልzመbR'flሚ˛Uflልማgq?ሆሏa88
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W'dሚc/f'
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flb:d˘መ/g*Wልv.g*f*ለgRመ/gW'dም'ho
fl/'beˇ„·(genderIssue)
g. q/q¶(oሁለcም(vማ%vdflq/q¶'ሚ/g)Rመ/gRሚ*Wሎo
ለሙ v.g
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y*bl•†ላj*WሎoRማም%g˛»q/bqjRv?dflለም88
RUህላfl'b-ebU'vd⁄?blflgምህ'g¶ም~f†g.hoRqW¢l
flሚ/bg W ˇልRg Rሚሃ·; vd yv.g *f*ለg /ሉ |ሉg flሚ-b&g
⁄?bl•†ላjfa88
R¡ሁ†ለ.hoqመlflሆbq*%(od¶fXoRማሆejም~f†g.hoም'g
ለማምg flሚ†/%ልˇ vf¶ Wg: W»' vd መ&g flማig v»ል flላjም
·ምflbለ†ሀWhofbሃ?መvf‚†መ'cምkሁeeqልb%ሃላjም88
flUህልv.gvd.hofflሚ†˛ሉ/flሚ†-f+qUUሎo
/ Rv.g*f*ለg.ho
/ሉ
Rbለ†fl-eq*ሆሉXevdሁeevf„†˛jbሑgeል88
hof
. †ላማyለ ~ልd vd b-g+ .ho -e *ሎag Uሉ flbለ† »'¸ho
†ልb˛U ~ልd vd b-g+ fl.hof መWgd ሉ?ም Rv.g *f*ለg Uላj
q¶˘gRflሆafjagvdg//'†ለመg'
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Uለሙ†o b˛Tf flv.g *f*ለg ልሃd flva'+f q?ምd f¢V †ማyለ
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Rv.g*f*ለcfl'b-eˇ„ofvf”gማ|bg·mላል88
fl.gvdflf»q'0/q'Whq¶(oRv.g*f*ለc†ላjb-g+vdbሃ=ሚag
'b-ef መ*g †¶ˇ b„(hof ለማ/˛» flሚ†/oል መ*gሔ መ?
†/%ል•ል88
b- ' efመሠg†¶˛gfbdoላ·gzgRማ»R'b-eRv.g
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/ሉRማ/˛Ugflbለ†%ofመbU';
Rሁሉም flv.g *f*ለg ¶o fl.hof q?ም vd ሀWg Rማ˛dW Rv.g
*f*ለc /ሉ bሃ=ሚod b-e'o vf‚ሆb መል|ም q•ሆሚ /v»ሎof/
ማ-¶;
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g. q'0/q'Whq¶(oRv.g*f*ለgvzል
/ሉ b*g+dbሃ=ሚovf‚ሆb
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መE5†መመ†
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Rማመmjg Rvzል bሃ=ሚagd b-g+ Rv.g *f*ለg /ሉ fl%-jf ሚd
vf‚ሏመcማ/mል88
RማህR%g(ˇUuo)/ሉ8-
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b•vf‚ሁ
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8
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qሆሉdfl/%ሁee'†vf‚¶ˇማReeg88
yeo ¶ ላ· flሆa q=:' fl.g q'0/q'Wh q¶' qም%po /˛R†boo/
*%boo~ልdRˇUuo/ሉ†ላjfb-g+ማReeg88
• . ho ?ed g~~ለl flሆa fl˛R† መ qለማiej vf„ለ ሆg flም'g
ሉ%g vd W¢g vf„·ሌም vfyf ·˛ሉማjል88 fl¡ህም ም~f†ho ⁄?bl
flg/g ¶: ⁄bl flሆa fl/% yUT qfl' v:g: flvለg bvለg v?»
ማሆg: Rqመ¢j yልማ» flba- yVej ሑ |ለ ሁee መaሃል: f
Rqሃ=ላ· e †ላማyሉ መ ,/bሞo vd flሉ ልማ…o vd ለeማ
ልማ…oማ|%ልvf|ለማ»•'fjagqላj88
• f…ovdfl.hoመflማigv»ልvf„ላjRመ„gfl.hoffl˛R†
መflማigv»ልማ57ል;
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መ*gሄማ•˘g;
• eb'መ/'gመ*gRማ»b¶%7ማ»:
• Rvሌg*f*ለgለሚ˛j
/ሉ .hoflv:gb¶%7ag:/}eማvdሉ
ልማ…oflማigv»ልማ55ል;
• flም'g ሉ%g vd W¢gf Rማ55ል Rv.g *f*ለg /ሉ flሚ˛j .hof
bሃ=ሚagማ-¶88
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ሎf ?» ማ•¸g ymለ ም'eማagcf Rv¸ˇ ለማ55ል ምk ሁee
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8 Wለማ-|gflሚybሉgልflሆa
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b-g+ማReeg88
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8 ማለgfl—£d˛fWW~agf
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†|geል88
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? R?¶ምbybልማ/:መሉ;
? y„*-ሉdcRመa-gfl/ልሃdXofማ/:መሉ8
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6.21flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdg
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fl/ልሃd „*- ሉdg R/ልሃd flglf o' ለመለflgd vd o(kf vf”g

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·„ል88
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? *ልሆoo flሚ†Cjf 'v0o Rመb ·ም Rመ:a/ flሚ»ላj

:gd ~ህሎg ላ· gzg Rማ¶ fl/ልሃd ·gf vf»f:'d
fl/ልሃdመ'vf»d•¸†¢ል88
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(ማf†ሎo) ⁄¸gd flb-| /ልሃd vf‚g' flሚybሉg ላ· bመ'z¥
†:'Uል88va'+ም8-
? flሚ*ሄfl/ልሃd·aho;
? fl/ልሃdXeo;
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? flሚ†/%ልˇሀWho/Resource
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6.2fl/ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdgqb˛UR'
fl/ልሃd *ላg „*- ሉdg ለማ|ሄ» q%cf (4cf) መሠe fl/ልሃd „*-
ሉdg¶oመybል†/%ል•ል88
q%c¶o8-
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¶38-flq%ሟሜምo(o·ምflመል|ምq•ሆሚofም~f†hoመለflg;
¶48-መ*gሄሊሆbflሚoሉgfdምkq•ሆሚofመለflg88
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¶ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q%ሟሜም yS q† †ለRgf ¶ ማ•˛ሉ
ማለga88·ህRሁለg~*ሎobU%·¶•ል88
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fl~ህሎgd ba-5ag ¶ vd ybCሙ ላማd ”e q† flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7fbU%gfመ„g88
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†ለfልagመለflg·g'Wdል88
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fjagvf¶ሚybለbW%'iል88
• ምfመሆfaRRg=b%ላ—ሁeeo
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ማ?Wማለga88
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ለመ/ሃg·„dልማለga88
6.23fl*ላgመሃffመ„g(NeedLevel)
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b/; †ለv:g/ g'ˇም

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Rለ*Wም ሆa RS»f ¶ fl/ልሃd *ላg flሚg R “qሁf Uለ bሌUሑ

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6.41fl/%gfbdማ|ሄ»
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ለq'0/q'Wh q¶(o ·ም ለልማg ሠ%boo Rማ?W vf‚†Ujd
vf‚/ማሙUjማ»;
? flUለሙ†o»•S»f/
*ሑ * SMS/flvf?/=.መ/ofvdalbU%gf
vf‚ለvdvf‚⁄ማ»d;
? »'—gd¶odj88
bU%gf መ*f/መ„g8- qW· /%f Rg~~ል ለመ„g R/ †ሉ bU%gf

Rመ'' qfሟ% ሃ:ሜejf መ„g †/%ል•ል88 ·ህff ለመ/%g
flሚybሉgf?¶ምbybሎo/¶oመybል†/%ል•ል88
¶-1. fld/qW·gfbd
/% መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?Rመ*»dyv†f„f•
*fሃ‹/'መሌ5fld/qW·%f/ምመሟ*;
¶-2. q'0/q'Wh q¶f ·ም flልማg *%blf Rመሃfl? flqW·/d

/%fbU%gRሠfሃ¤/?መ*gመመ⁄˛W;
¶-3. qf•fbU'መ*»dለv†f„f•bU'⁄'bU%
⁄' gfRሠfሃ‹/
?/ሉመሟ*8·ህfለሁምለbgbU%gመ/%g88
¶-4. v†f„f•f ⁄'⁄' bU' ምf †ህል —£ b¶•˛ሚ (Frequencey)

vf¶ሆaflሚybሉgfመለ{†o/መመloRመሃ:ምRሠfሃ¤/?መ*g
መመ⁄˛W8-
? qf„f”:
? qል+qል+:
? Rfl:b/Rflvለc:
? Rfl-ምfc:
? Rflflሚሉgfመሃ:ም†/%ል•ል88
¶-5. flv†f„f•f ⁄'⁄' bU' qfሟ% ሃ:ሜe(Importance) ማ?/
መ*f8- ·ህffም flሚybሉgf መለ{†o/መመlo መሃ:ምd Rሠfሃ¤/
?መ*gመመ⁄˛W·˛Uል88

120
መE5†መመ†
? መሃalሃ=ሚ:
? መ|yለlሃ=ሚ:
? Rሆምሃ=ሚdj88
¶-6. flv†f„f• ⁄'⁄' bU' ለመ%ም/ለመማ' q/j•acf (Learning
Difficulty) flሚybሉgf መለ{†o/መመlo መሃ:ም Rሠfሃ¤/?
መ˛መg;
? :ላል:
? Rመ|yለlyU»:
? RሆምyU»:
? v¸RሆምyU»dj88
¶-7. ለv†f„f•⁄'⁄'bU'ማለgም»ሞ7(Frequencey)ሃ=ሚ: ag
(Importance) vd flመ%ም/መማ' q*j•ag(Learning Difficulty) R:ላሉ
flለgaሉWfRመ¶መ'ለv†f„f•⁄'⁄'bU'ሃ?ላላaሉSfመ¶መ'a8
·ህffም
8 Rd/qW·gfbd
/% ሠfሃ‹/?b˛TRሆaflfመ/መ'ላ·
flማሃ=ለ† »ምf መመ⁄˛W qለRg88 R»ም' ለc y*bl aሉW †መሆf/
†˛if-n⁄'⁄'bU'Rመምሉ¶ሚ:ሉልfl»'—gማ„¶†/%
መሄ»·˛Uል88d/qW·%8flqg~ልgማምg
flq%ም/መማ'
ሃ=ሚag
fl»ሞ7 q/j•ag ሃ?ላላ
bU%g ( Frequencey) (Importance) (Learning
Difficulty)
መ/~መሆ 2 1 2 5
?» 3 3 3 8
flማ-⁄¸g 2 2 2 6
fl'መሆ 2 2 1 5
onሆT†/መ¶W⁄¸g 2 2 2 6
መ⁄%g 2 3 1 6
onሆT†መfyUyW 4 2 1 7
ማ¢መg 2 3 1 6
ሃማ/b„¶' 5 2 3 10
ማ„R†መሌመ' 3 3 3 9
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
ማም 3 2 1 6
bU·dR7e;ሉ' 4 3 4 11
ማምg/ማ:aUR' 1 3 2 6
መለሏ
»ሞ7 ሃ=ሚag flq%ም/መማ'q/j•ag
( Frequencey) (Importance) (LearningDifficulty)
1.qf„f” 1.Rመሃb†ህልሃ=ሚ 1.:ላል

2.qል+qል+ 2.መ|yለlሃ=ሚ 2.Rመ|yለlyU»
3.Rfl:b/Rflvለc 3.Rሆምሃ=ሚ 3.RሆምyU»
4.Rfl-ምfc 4.v¸RሆምyU»
5.Rfl

y¡ህdሙdfld/qW·gfbd
% መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?ማflgvf¶ሚmለ
“bU·dR7e;ሉ'”ሃ=ሚvf‚ሁምRfl-ምfcflሚ|ሄ»bU'dለመ%ም/
መማ'ምq/j•መሆbfvf„ልf8·ህም 8 ማለgbURሆምሃ=ሚለመማ'/
ለመ%ምምv¸RሆምyU»vf‚ሁምRfl-ምcflbUofdflR7ef†ለRg¶
Rማ? ˇ„g vf„·¶'/ መyebል vf¶ሚ†/%ል †/˛a⁄Rdል88 Rመ:ሃልም
ሃf ማ/b„¶' vf‚ሁ Rሁለblag ሃ=ሚ: ለማማ'/ለመ%ም f q/j•
vf‚ሁም »ሞ3 y*bl aሉW flb*ሃ bU' a88 ·ህf aሉW q*ሆሉ
ሂ¶gRመሃ:ምflRለሃalRሆabU'ላ·/ልሃd†bz%ልማለga
flfld/qW·bU'gfbddሙd?R⁄ል13ላ··መልyc88
⁄'⁄' bU'f መለflg (Task break down)8- v†f„f• bU' R/ R'|e

⁄'⁄' bU%g qሉg88 va¡ህfም ⁄'⁄' bU% ለ·h ማ? R/ልሃd ሂ¶g
ላ· Rflgl ⁄'⁄' bU' ላ· flRለሃ ማb'd *' g መ/ሃg vf„ለWf
ለማ? ·ሃ?መdል88 ·ህff flምf*%Rg መf˛»ም yd/qW· bU' •'
b:%T,ሆf⁄'⁄'bU%gf¶»'—gb˛U%gመy(%ል†/%ል•ል88
¶-1. bU' መbfbl ሠfሃ‹/? Rመ*» y*bl aሉW flb*ሃfd

flbመሃfbU'(task)/ምflላ·lfl*fሃ‹/?መሌ5·ሟ(ል8·ህም 8
flv†f„f•f⁄'⁄'bU'»—g/f/fl⁄'⁄'bU'ለመy(%ል·ሃ?ማል88
¶-2. q'0/q'Whq¶f·ምflልማg*%blfRመሃfl?⁄'⁄'bU%g
Rሠfሃ¤/?መ*gመመ⁄˛W88
¶-3-7 ለv†f„f• ⁄'⁄' bU' R*fሃ‹ 6. fld/W· bU' gfbd
መE5†መመ†
dሙd ሠfሃ‹/? መሃ:ም »ሞ7f: qfሟ% ሃ:ሜef vd flመማ' d

መ%ም q/j•agf aሉW q*ሆሉ ”f Rመybል ⁄'⁄' bU%gf ማ?d
መ*f·mላል88
d/qW·%-qg~ልgልማg
bU'-bU·dR7e;ሉ'
ሠfሃ‹-48-dሙdfl⁄'⁄'bU'መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?
flq%ም/መማ'
ሃ=ሚag
ሃ=ሚag q/j•ag
fl»ሞ7 (Impor-
⁄'⁄'bU%g (Impor- (Learning Diffi-
( Frequencey) tance)
tance) culty)
bU·ልfle 4 3 3 1
bU·#ሃ% 2 2 2 2
R7eልfle 3 3 3 2
flbመሄመ#ሆሃ†”o 2 2 2 1
flbመሄflbU·/R7eመyላy† 2 3 3 2
መ»ሃcho
ለመሃ:ምመሃffመ*f/ማ? 2 3 3 2
bመሆሆn•fማ?/መ*f 2 2 2 4
fld2-~መ'ሏመ†መሃ:ም 3 3 3 3
fl;ሉ'ለgfመ„*/ 3 2 2 3
መለሏ
fl»ሞ7(Frequencey) ሃ=ሚag(Importance) flq%ም/መማ'q/j•ag(LearningDifficulty)
5.Rfl
R⁄'⁄' bU%g መመ⁄˛T† ሠfሃ‹/? ላ· Uለ aሉW/ለg “fld2-~

መ'ሏ መ†f መሃ:ም’’ flbU·d R7e ;ሉ' bU%gf ለማydf Rሆም
ሃ=ሚ fl⁄'⁄' gU%g q|ል vf¶ሆad flaሉW/ለg q*ሆሄም yሌሎk
⁄'⁄' bU%g q† y* †ለ vf¶ሆa R*fሃ‹ 7. dሙd fl⁄'⁄' bU%
መመ⁄˛T† ሠfሃ‹ ላ· bመል~iል88 ·ህም ማለg flb˛ለ ⁄'⁄' bU'
Rሆምሃ=ሚ;ለመ%ም/ለመማ'RሆምyU»vf‚ሁምflbU·dR7eRሚy*gWg
?g Rfl:b flምfሃ:መ Rመሆb R/ልሃd ?g gzg flሚ¶Rg
;ል*⁄'⁄'flbU·dR7ebU'a8R¡ህ 8 መ*gምyb:መሄg⁄'⁄(o
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
መ|yልy*blfl»ም'ለg/aሉWRማigflመ'መ†
ሏ መሃ:ምb:„ሚ
fl/ልሃdgzg·ሆdልማለga8dሙ8 dfl⁄'⁄'bU'መመ⁄˛T†?
R⁄ል14·መልyc88
⁄'⁄'bU'fመbfbf8- fld/qW·gfbdf
% vdfl⁄'⁄'bU'?¶ም
bybል qሠ%'f Rመሃ:ም flሚ%ለˇ bU%gf ለመለflg vd flv†f„f•f
qfሟ% ሃ:ሜe ለመ„g boሏል88 vanህf መo R~*bg gfbd/gap
analysis/ yb˛jg መo •' Rማ„¶' /ልሃd Rflgl bU' ላ·
ማb'vf„ለRg·e=ል8qሁ8 f¶ሞv†f„f•f»'—g/Action/Rመ*»d
vd bUf ለማሃd:? flሚሃfl; ¶o/steps መy(%ል qለWf88 ·ህ ሂ¶g
fl⁄'⁄'bU'gfbd·Uላል88
fl⁄'⁄' bU' gfbd ለbU' b' /ልሃd ?» q/%ላ— flሆa '* a8

⁄'⁄' bU%g gfbd ምf ማለg/ምf vf¶ሆa ለመ„g R~ህሎg: bU'd
»'—gመ|yል†ለfልagመ„gሃ=ሚ·ሆdል88
? ~ህሎgማለgqf»fbU'ለማydfflሚሃfl:oሎeማለga88
? bU'ማለgyd/qW·bU'ላማflb††
•' vf?/=.aማለga
? »'—gማለgflbU'qf•q|ል/~*ልa88
fl⁄'⁄' bU' gfbd ,Uል flbመሃ bU'f ለማ:d˘g ሁሉfም ⁄'⁄'

bU(oመለflg:R?¶ምbybልማ/:መሉvdfl»'—g¶f/?¶ምbybልdf
bfb'0fl~ህሎgማ-¶—†/ማልRm/ልሃdfለመ/ሃg·ሃ?ማል88
fl⁄'⁄'bU'gfbdyመ˘መR'g⁄'⁄'bUምfvf¶ሆaq*ልሆj/p
(fl/ልሃd qመmo) ማ? qለRg88 flሚybሉgf a˛(o Rመሟ* ·ህff ል
ማ»·oላሉ8
? fl⁄'⁄'bUለgምf·መ/ላል?
? ማf⁄'⁄'bUf†yddል/·2*dል?
? ⁄'⁄'bUflሚydbRgሁeeo88
qf»—£⁄'⁄'bURልybለflR^ላbUfvfflሚ†¶'ˇሁሉfም
»'—ho መለflgd R?¶ም bybል ማ/:መሉ †/%ል•ል88 ·ህ bU% ሊሆf
flሚoለRbUላ·~ህሎgUለUለሙ†ሉf=>RbሞላRgሁeeምልye
,g' Wm a88 /ለሆaም /ልሃd Rሚ*ሉRg —£ R⁄'⁄' gfbd /ለሚ*ሉ
flRለሃ ሃ=ሚ ·ሆdል88 gfbd ybሃd:: Ruላ መሟ* ·g'Reል88 ·ህም
ሊሆfflሚoለfl⁄'⁄'bU%gመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?Rመሃ:ምa88
flሚybለ fl⁄'⁄' bU' “d2-~ መ'ሏ መ†f መሃ:ም’’ »—g ¶

⁄'⁄'ም-ሌa88ምdልUg⁄'⁄'bU'ምfvf¶ሆaልflማ·ሆbyሆa
መE5†መመ†
va¡ህ bU%g ሁለg ·/ y¡† Rላ· Rሚል q*ልሆj/p %+f/%1f መሃfl?

qለRg/Ug88
d/qW·%8-flqg~ልgም'g
bU'8-bU·dR7e;ሉ'
⁄'⁄'bU'8-fld2-~መ'ሏመሃ:ም
ሠfሃ‹-58-dሙdfl»—gd¶of/Action&steps/መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/
?
fl»'—ggfbd8- qሁf⁄'bU%
⁄' gf/adል:ለ¡ህም/ልሃdመ/ሃgሃ=ሚ
a(Rም-ሌ†of“d2-~መ'ሏfመሃ:ም“bU'
) fለመ%ምflሚ†/%ልqሁf
flለflafflv†f„f•vf?/=.qfሟሃ:
% ሜeመbfbfqለWf8·ህ8 R/ልሃd
?g yU»d ሃ=ሚ vf?/=. Rሆbg ላ· vf»dbz' †¢ል88 ·ህ gfbd
:»መf RbU'd vd R⁄'⁄' bU%g yq|ሄ»a ም˛ማ •' ·መ-*ላል88
·ሁfd Rqሁb q|ሄ» ሁሉም »'—ho flሚ/%ልˇd flማ·aሆሃሉ Rመሆdj
R„*-of?g»ሞ7
/ለ /Frequencey/ማ*Wq†/%ልም8dሙ8 dfl»—gd
¶of/Action&steps/መመ⁄˛T†?R⁄ል15·መልyc88
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
¶-1:- fl»'—g መመ⁄˛T† ሠfሃ‹/? Rመ*» fl⁄'⁄' bUf /ም

flሠfሃ¤/?Rላ·lላ·
ሏ* መመ⁄˛W8fl⁄'
- bU%
⁄' hkybU'gfbd
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¶-28- ⁄'⁄'bU'fለመ%ምflሚ%ለˇሁሉfም»'—hoመለflg8R»'
8 —g
መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?fl¶'—g¶/?¶ምbybልመሟ*;
¶-3:- ለvf„f•⁄'bU'
⁄' q/:»ሞbመ--·aሉWq*”f
ሆሉ Rመሃ:ም
»ሞ7f:qfሟ% ሃ:ሜef vd flመ%ም/መማ' q/j•ag ማ?/መ*f
vdaሉXkfመ¶መ'8
flሚybለ ም-ሌ/dሙd fld2-~ መ'ሏf መሃ:ም flbU·d R7e ;ሉ'f
Rማ»'flqg~ልgም'gfለማምgflb*%fl»'—ggfbda88
d/qW·%8-flqg~ልgqም%oq'0q¶'
bU'8-bU·dR7e;ሉ'
⁄'⁄'bU'8-fld2-~መ'ሏመሃ:ም
ሠfሃ‹-68-dሙdfl»'—gd¶of/Action&steps/መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/
?
gR% ሃ=ሚag(Im - flq%ም/መማ'q/j•ag(Learning ሃ?ላላ

portance) Difficulty)
መ-flf/d2-zf 3 2 5
መ%b2
ል}gማ/b|y† 3 4 7
ማ¶Uለ? 3 1 4
መyላy† 3 1 4
መ'ሏመሃ:ም 3 3 6
ማሃd:? 3 1 4
መለሏ
ሃ=ሚag(Importance) flq%ም/መማ'q/j•ag
(LearningDifficulty)
1.Rመሃb/ለqመል†ህልሃ=ሚ 1.:ላል
2.መ|yለlሃ=ሚ 2.Rመ|yለlyU»
3.Rሆምሃ=ሚ 3.RሆምyU»
4.v¸RሆምyU»
R¡ህgfbdflgl»'—gWfl/ልሃd—£vf¶ሚ%ልለመለflg†/oላል88
·ህምflሆaRgም~f†gflgl»—gflRለሃለመ%ም/መማ'vf¶ሚ†/j'
†መላ~eል8R¡ህ 8 ም-ሌሁሉም»'˛hoሃ=ሚvf¶ሆb†መላ~eል:a˛'f
Rመማ' ˛» yU•f ·ለ††ሉ8 flመ'ሏ መ† መሃ:ምd ል}g ማ/b|y†f
ለመማ'W—£vf¶ሚ/•vdWflመማ†⁄¸gdflማ/bማ†~ህሎg
መE5†መመ†
vf¶ሚ/%ል ማflg ·mላል88 dሙd fl»'—gd ¶of /Action& steps/

መመ⁄˛T†?R⁄ል16·መልyc88
fl¶gfbd
»'—gf ለማሃd:? R'|e ;ሉ' †ላj ¶o (steps) |ሉ flv†f„f•f

¶ flመማ' ~W¶g ለማ˛dW bሃ=ሚ †¶'•ል88 ·ህም '0kf ለማ:»
·„ል88·ህgfbdqሁfም:¶ም,ልy*%abU':fl⁄'⁄'bU'„*-
vd»'—hobመ- •' -·a8·ሁ8 fdR¡ህ~*ልሁሉfም»'—gማሃd:?
q/%ላ—/ለሆaflመ%ም/መማ'q/j•agfመ„*/WmR·ሆdል88
¶-1 . fl¶ gfbd መመ⁄˛T† ሠfሃ‹/? መ*»d fl»'—cf /ም

Rላ·lሠfሃ‹/?ሏ*ላ·መሟ*;
¶-2. »—cfለማሃd:?flሚ%ለˇሁሉfም¶oመ'⁄'Rv†f„f•
8
መ/መ'qf»¶መሟ*;
¶-38- Rv†f„f•¶flሚ%ል%fለማydfflመ%ም/መማ'q/j•agf
መ˛ምg88flሚybለfል}ebሃ:ም8-
• :ላል:
• Rመ|yለlyU»:
• RሆምyU»:
• v¸RሆምyU»8
flሚybለ ም-ሌ ለd/qW·- qg~ልg ማምg: ለbU'- bU·d R7e
መyላyል:ለ⁄'⁄'bU'-fld2-~መ'መ†
ሏ መሃ:ም:ለ»'—g-መ'ሌg
flb•˘a88
d/qW·/%8qg~ልgማምg
bU'8bU·dR7e;ሉ'
⁄'⁄'bU'8d2-~መ'ሏመ†መሃ:ም
»—g8መ'ሏመ†መሃ:ም
¶ flመማ'o'
'g;ሉ' 3
flˇ¥v'ም 2
flመ'ሏ*;መg 2
7(f 3
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
• :ላል
• Rመ|yለlyU»
• RሆምyU»
• v¸RሆምyU»
·ህመfl/ልሃdvd
'/ flgምህ'g?»ለማ•˘g·„ል8dሙ8 dfl¶
gfbd?R⁄ል17ላ··መልyc88
6.42fl~*bggfbdማ|ሄ»
fl~*gg gfbd (Gap Analysis) ማለg qf»f bU' RR ሁee ለመ%ም

flሚ/%ልˇ መ*e flሆb ~ህሎg/:g W=ho/qሃ=ላ· f¢V መ
መ*W*T† /ልg a88 ·ህም ማለg qf¶ q'0/q'Wh q¶' ·ም flመ/g
Uለሙ†qሁfv†yda†ለbU'yሚflbU'
%ለ q%ምqf',e·
flq%ሜም W=c (Rv:c d ~ህሎg) qa/bl ሆg ,˛n flv:g ~ህሎg
~*bg ·Uላል88 ·ህffም ~*gg ለሟላg flሚ/%ልˇgf flሚ%ለˇ flbለ†
bU%gf Uለሙ†f ·ም q'0/q'Wh q¶f Rመሃ·?d RbU' ሙy%
flሚ†:dflሚoለfvf‚afRማ»ማ?vfoላለf8*ልሆ 8 jRqሁb
—£መ/%gflሚoለyሚ%ለ˛RflbU'q%ሟሜም•'መ„¶'qለRg88
bUflሚ%ል˛f~ህሎgdv:g*ልሆjRqሁb—£v†yda|ለyRለሃ
“~*bg”qለማለga88·ህ~*bgaR/ልሃdመ/b|yል†ለRg88
fl~*bg gfbd ?¶ም bybል8- flሚybሉg ¶o fl*ልሆjf fl~ህሎg ¶

ለመ˛መgfl~*bgልfleq*%'f/f~c~fbU%ለማ»flሚ†/oሉdj88
ሂ¶cqሃ=ላ·Rመሆbም¶ምf%ል˛q·agfሁeeመለvfoላለ ሉ f8·ህ8
”Rመ˘መ†R⁄'⁄'bU%gመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?flbgf
/ሉ
⁄'⁄' bU%g Rመ*» va¡ህf bU(o flመ%ም W=g/oሎe gfbd
R%ላ·መልqለRg88R¡ህ~*ልመሌ5R⁄ል18ላ·b†·ƒል88
¶18- R⁄'⁄'bU%gመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹-8ላ·†ሉgfbU%g
yy*bl aሉWRመa-g¶⁄?blaሉWR?¶ምbybል
መ''8 -·ህምflRለሃq--TflሆbgfbU%ggfbdላ·
vf»ebz'·„ል88
¶28- :ሉሎ¶ሞR¡ሁ*fሃ‹⁄'⁄'መ*gRqሁb—£*ልሆoo
RW=gyማሃd?;gfbU'¶ማሆg8-·ህ¶fy1-5
Rመ/ሃgመydfqለRg88
ማflም~*ልመሃd:?q·oልም88
• ሁሉfም⁄'⁄'bU'ማydfq·oልም;
• ⁄'⁄'b˛U(kfyማ7Reoማydf·oላል;
መE5†መመ†
• yሃ?ላላyማ7Rላ·ማydf·oላል;
• ሁሉfምbU'ማydf·oላልfRሆም¸ም—£·/„ል;
• bUfRg~~ልvdRb:ላሃ%መ%ሜም·oላልRሚሉgሊ*%·˛Uል88
¶38- flW=g¶fመyለ/dvd⁄?blW=g†ለbU'ላ·ምል~g
ማ»⁄?bl
,-8 W=gማለgRሚdለ% qሁfUለW=gመ|yል
~*bgqለማለga88
¶ 48- flbለg flbU' W=g ማa/ o(o R/ልሃd ሊ/b|yሉ

vf¶ማ·oሉ e-TRማ»R/ልሃdሊሞላflሚoል~*bgfመለflg8-
ለም-ሌ8-bUflሚ%ል˛/W/Wflሆaffl}ሚ|ልgfbdማሃd:?
yሆaRqሑ'/ልሃdለeማvf¶ማ·ሆfመ„gRሆም·mላል88
¶ 58- R/ልሃd bU' ላ· flb|bc fl'& ሙ†boo yሆb yqf»d

y¡†ም Rላ· yሆb *o •' R~*bg gfbd ለg: RW=g ¶ vd
R~*bgመለ{†oላ·መ†flg;
flሚybለfl»—g~*bggfbdመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?/ም-ሌa88
ማ/e58- fl¡ህ /% ⁄'⁄' bU%g መ*» †ለg »'—g *fሃ‹ /ሉ

y*blaሉW¶⁄?blRመሆ?¶ምbybልላ·a88
d/qW·%8-qg~ልgማምg
bU'8-bU·dR7e;ሉ'
ሠfሃ‹-78-flbU'~*bggfbdመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?
⁄'⁄'bU%g flW=g¶ W=g ~*bcR/ልሃd

·%eል
fld2-~መ'ሏመ†መሃ:ም(9) 1 (X) P
bU·ልfle(8) 3 (X) P
»Uልሆa•መሆbfማ•˛ሉ(8) 2 (X) P
R7eልfle(8) 2 (X) P
fl;ሉ'ለcfማ˛⁄(8) 4 (X) P
bUfመለflg(7) 3 (X) P
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
ሉ?ምላ·flሚለfመሃfማ?/ 4 (X) P
መ*f(7)
bU·#ሃ%(6) 4 (X) P
fl;ሉ'”ofመምሉ(5) 5 P P
መለሏ
o ሁሉfም⁄'⁄'bU'ማydfq·oልም:
o ⁄'⁄'b˛U(kfyማ7Reoማydf·oላል:
o yሃ?ላላyማ7Rላ·ማydf·oላል:
o ሁሉfምbU'ማydf·oላልfRሆም¸ም—£·/„ል:
o bUfRg~~ልvdRb:ላሃ%መ%ሜም·oላል:
W=gqለ o R/ልሃd·%eል
Pq/Xflለም Pq/Xq·%eም
fl»'—g~*bggfbd¶/?¶ምbybል(steps) ለv†f„f•bU'R*ሃa
flbU'~*bggfbdflW=g¶fለማ?vf‚„fl»'—g~*bggfbd
መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?/መሃd:?qለRg8fl»'
8 —g~*bggfbdመመ⁄˛T†
?⁄ል19ላ··መልyc88
¶18- R»'—gfl~*bgልfleመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?/ላ·fl»'—ggfbd
መመ⁄˛T† ሠfሃ‹/?/ flbለgf »'—hof መለflg8- R»'—g gfbd
ልምም»—£flbለgf»'—ghoyy*blaሉW¶⁄?blመ'⁄'qለRg88
¶ 28- R¡ሁ *fሃ‹ ⁄'⁄' መ*g Rqሁb —£ *ልሆoo RW=g

flሚ†ሃd?;gf bU' ¶ ማሆg8- ·ህ ¶f y1-5 Rመ/ሃg መydf
qለRg88
ማflም~*ልመሃd:?q·oልም88
? ሁሉfም⁄'⁄'bU'ማ|dfq·oልም8
? ⁄'⁄'b˛U(kfyማ7Reoማydf·oላል8
? yሃ?ላላyማ7Rላ·ማydf·oላል8
? ሁሉfምbU'ማydf·oላልfRሆም¸ም—£·/„ል8
? bUfRg~~ልvdRb:ላሃ%መ%ሜም·oላል8
¶ 38- R»'—g fl~*bg gfbd መመ⁄˛T† ሠfሃ‹/?/ ላ· ለbU'
flW=gaሉWfለመ*f·ህfመመሃ:ም·˛Uል88
d/qW·%8-flqg~ልgማምg
bU'8-bU·dR7e;ሉ'
መE5†መመ†
⁄'⁄'bU'8-fld2-~መ'ሏመ†መሃ:ም
ሠfሃ‹-8-fl»'—g~*bggfbdመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?/
»'—ho flW=g¶ W=g ~*bcR/ልሃd

·%eልf?
(7)ማ/b|yል 1 (X) ( P)
(6)መ'ሏመሃ:ም 2 (X) ( P)
(5);-/ማ•˛ሉ 1 (X) ( P)
(4)ማ¶Uለ? 2 (X) ( P)
(4)መyላyል 5 (X) ( P)
(4)ማሃd:? 4 (X) ( P)
መለሏ
• ሁሉfም⁄'⁄'bU'ማ|dfq·oልም8
• ⁄'⁄'b˛U(kfyማ7Reoማydf·oላል8
• yሃ?ላላyማ7Rላ·ማydf·oላል8
• ሁሉfምbU'ማydf·oላልfRሆም¸ም—£·/„ል8
• bUfRg~~ልvdRb:ላሃ%መ%ሜም·oላል8
W=gqለoR/ልሃd·%eል
Pq/Xflለም Pq/Xq·%eም
6.5ለeማflu~/ff7f/ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdg
RbሌUሑ ለeማ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f /ልሃd *ላg „*- ሉdg

⁄¸gfdbU%acfR'|eq/j•ሁeeoሊ†/bˇሉgflሚoሉ,ሆf
Ru~/ff7f/ልሃd2(%ምyሚy*cflሀWg/fahoU5˛'R'|eo(o
·a-ሉ8 Wk o(oም flf* ሀ-Wd flbCም Uህ †ላj dj88 Rመ/g
W'd u~/ff7f ላ· flf¢V /fag Rመg R/(g flመ/g u~/ff7ff
y⁄dWW'du~/ff7fq*ማR%
•' ሆሉ ?fle†ል8ለva¡ህ
8 ˇ„o:¶ም
Wሎf¢Vመ*ሃ'dRqሃ=ላ·flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl*ላg„*ሉdg -
ልምም»fለመf¶*†¢ል88
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
6.51*ላgfመ„g
qf»ልflሆaflመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl/ልሃd*ላg„*ሉdg - መ*d~ል
*ላgfመ„g†ለመmልo'a8·ህf 8 o'fለማ=ለልbለ·bflሚe;d
†ልbለ*ላhofመለflg-na8flመ˘መ† 8 *ላgflመ/gq'0/q'Wh
q¶(o flb:Rሉg ,ሆf ሁለbl ¶ሞ R/(g †ልbb˛R/†ልb˛ለ *ላg
a88b:U·ag†˛i*ላgflሚRee·ም~*bgfለመሙላgR*ሉag
¶ gR% flሚ˛URg a88 ሆgም f R*ልሆj f» *' flv:gd ~ህሎg
~*gg ሆg ,˛n ለመ/g u~/ff7f /ልሃd *ላg „*- ሉdg flሚ†/j'
a88
?fl/ልሃd*ላgfመ„gመmል
? †ልbለ*ላho(unfeletneeds)
? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሙ†o q%ሟሜም o'f Rqሃ=ላ·

qለመ˛fW;
? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሞ†o q%ሟሜም o'f መ˛fW a˛' f

ofl/ልሃdvሉgመሆbfqለማ?88
? flbለ–*ላho(feeltneeds)
? flq%ሟሜምo'fመ„g:flሚ%ለ˛ffl/ልሃd·agመለflg:a˛'f
መሃbfqለማ?;
? flq%ሟሜምo'fመ„g:fl/ልሃdመሃffd·agfመለflgመmል88
6.52fl*ላg„*-ሉdgflq:%W/”(Need
AssessmentApproaches)
fl*ላg„*-ሉdgflሚ%ለ˛ffl/ልሃd·agመለflgላ·†b,ሆf·ህ
*ላgምflUለሙ†:flbCማgdvdR/%j†ሉq|ላgf(መም†o:~*ሎo
vdለ*Xo)†|geል88
1. bCማfl*ላg„*ሉdg - q:%W8- RbCም·ምRS»fvdRT(o
flሚ/ሉ %ለˇfl/ልሃd·ahofመለflg·ሃ?ማል8ለም-
8 ሌflu~*ff7f
fl/% መም†/fl/% ~*ል: fl?»d ~ggል መም†/fl/% ~*ል: fl˛R†
መም†/fl/%~*ል.b.
2. flሙ†*ላg„*ሉdg
- q:%W8- Rqf»flሙ†qf»f
/ሉ'* %
·ም bU' ለማydf Uለሙ†of †ላjf qመለ|yg vd :g
ማለRgf/ማ-¶f†|geል8flbለ
8 fl·agለማydf
% †ለfflv:g
~*bgfለመbR'·ሃ?ማል88
መE5†መመ†
3. flbdሃል fl*ላg „*- ሉdg q:%W8- yላ· flb˛ለg flbCምd flሙ†

~*gg„*ሉdho
- ማfምfq·ag/ልሃd†/%ል˛ል¶ሚል»ም„ሜ
·መሆd fl„*- ሉdc Rv†f„f• Uለሙ†·ም q'0/q'Wh q¶' ¶
·babdል88 fl¡ህ q·ac q:%W flbdሃል fl*ላg „*- ሉdg q:%W
·Uላል8·ህም 8 flglUለሙ†·ምq'0/q'Whq¶'ምfq·ag/ልሃd
T¶ልg flq*%'d f~c|ል v:cfd ~ህሎcf q-» bCሙf yv'+
bሃ=ሚ†¶'•ልflሚለfለመመለ/·ሃ?ማል88
·ሁfd fl*ላg ልfle flሚ|ሄ»Uj v†f„f• flሚyልRg flbለfl v·e

·ም˛eqለbCሞo8 Rv:
/ሉ gd~ህሎgvሉgም~f†go(o
ሊg ·oላሉ8 fl¡ህ ለgም fl% መbgd hሎ qለመሃd:?: b¶••ሚ
/ህbho: R3'g †ለመ'|g: ል †ልሆa flqሠ%' g ·ም RW¢g
y%መ?gdj88
? q„‚/ flመ/g f~gሎö: bሞ~(o: ሂ¶ho vd ;-/ Rሚ%ለ˛
*ሉagd /(g -·¶'+ ,: R/ልሃd flq?ም fUef *ላgf ሊ†•
·oላሉ8
? qል+ qል+ fl”e /ልሃd ሊ*ሉUo flሚ˛S ˇ„o ·g%ሉ8 ለም-ሌ8

-3ሊ,o·ምflqመ%-eo
' bU%vf‚ሆb/ልሃdመ*ሃgd
W‹eofማ/˛»†/˛ል•ል88
6.53fl/ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdgf~c~
g~~ለl fl/ልሃd *ላg „*- flሉdg /ል ለማig R'|e fl/ልሃd *ላg

„*-ሉdg”ofመሃ:ምflRለሃሃ=ሚa88W·agfl/ልሃd*ላg
„*ሉdg
- f~coqሉ:¶ም 8 ,ልyaRgflመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl/ልሃd
*ላg „*- ሉdho Rመa-g: flu~/ff7f Uለሙo R% q|UTo
b˛nbR:ሉeምልyeማ|ሄ»:መሃ·#of:Xe % ላ·*ofማማy':
b˛T ሁ+ofd *a…of መ=ig: =ለ መሃ·? ማ|ሄ»: flS»f ··g
ማ|ሄ»: መ%bf ·ም ሙy% Rመ/ሃg: መ⁄˛Xof ማ˛ላRሉ (flb:ሆof
·ምflሠ%boof(·ል)fl% : መ'⁄'fማflgvdfl3'gሉdgd|·
%ofመ„*/†/%ል•ል88
6 gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃdof?¶ምbybል
.54flመ/
መለflg
|ሉg *' flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ~ህሎg vd ሌሎo W=ho /ሉ flመ/g

ልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†ovf¶ሁeeለ/ልሃd?»ሚ†መ/ሃcሃ=ሚ
a88 /ልሃdof ?»ሚ† ለመ/ሃg flሚybሉgf መ/%'ho መሃ:ም
†/%ል•ል88
:dሚcI

? ሃ=ሚ/q/%ላ—ag (Essential/Desirable) fl/ልሃd ማ„¶†8- ለመ/g

u~/ff7f fl% ላማ vd bCማ fl% ~fe q/%ላ— ·ም ሃ=ሚ
ሆg ,˛n v†f„f•f vf?/=. (~ህሎg/skill/:oሎe/compettency) ለ·h
ማ/:መሉflመ/
8 gu~*ff7f/ልሃd?»ሚ†flሚ*ሃq/%ላ—W=hof
ለማ-¶vf¶ሆaልመሆbfመ„g†/%ል•ል88
? ሃ=ሚ/oሎe fl/ልሃd ማ„¶†8- y*blf fl~ህሎg ?¶ም bybል

flሚ†መለ~c ,ሆb ለbCማ bU%g ~ff y*bl ሃ:ሜe †ላjd
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ሊ*ሉ·oላል88
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7.24R„flሚ¶'ሀflመ/g*%flgzg
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b˛d⁄XመሆfqለRg88
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aሉXof ለማ/e/ ·„ል88 y˛ለሟd ··g R^ላም flመ/g ልማg *%boo
flbU'ልምም»vf‚†¶'ˇ—£ሊg'·˛Uል88ለም-ሌflመ¶W⁄¸g/flመ/g
X·/Furrow ሊሆf ·oላል88 ybU' /ልሃd R^ላ /ልሃd መሃd:? †ለRg
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qሑ'ማሃ=ለ†ሊ*ሉ·˛Uል88
v†f„f•flመ/gልማg*%blምለqf»flbመሃ
' flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
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v‚¶'* ·¶•ል88 R¡ህም flልማg *%bl Rመ/~ ˇWnc ለመ/g ሃ
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7.25flመ/gu~*ff7fflgzgq?ሏaሉXoመሆd
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flb*b::ላልflሆbdRመ/gW'dflbለ†¶offlሚ2*bdj8vanህ 8
R:ላሉ flሚ˛j flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ ሀWhof ለማ:d˘gd መሃ:ም R·e
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q˛ልሎgለመ/ሃgለልማg*%booflሚመoq|ሄ»a8Rbመሄ 8 flመ/g
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2(%ምማ•˘g
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vf‚ሆ
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መል~hoም-ሌ⁄ል-4·መልyc88
7.3flመ/gbሃ=ሚoልሃdማ•˘g
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? flሃ bሃ=ሚo †ላ„R)jf flመ/g f~cof vf‚ሃ:ሙ flሚ†/oል

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መ†ofdWhofvf‚ሃ:ሙማ*ልሃf
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ለመ/gልማg*%booሃ=ሚa88
Rመ/g/ልሃd·agfl:gd~ህሎg~*bgfመሠgq»'fl/ልሃd
'/gምህ'g/·a¶(ል88 y¡ህ Reo vf¶bመለyb fl/ልሃd '/gምህ'g/
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? flgምህ'cW
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መሃfl?8
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7.4መመመ⁄˛Wdvdfl/ሉ3'gማ•˘g
flመ/g ልማg *%boo መ¶Rld ?e 3'hof; flbydb /%of

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ለሉ: flb*%ል /% ላ· flሉ f~gሎö q·agd W¢g: flb˛j ም'ሉ
bሞ~(od ልም…o: flመ/g bሃ=ሚo W መል/: †•ሃሙ o(od
R:ሆ·ሊb'Ujflሚ˛Sˇ„ofማመላyg·g'Reል8fl„ 8 Uለሙ†oም
flመ/g ልማg *%boo U:Sg 3'g ላ· Rመመ'⁄ flመሆf ለሉ
R?'Wvf‚†;gd/eg/d|gfbdfለመ/%g†/oላjል8flመ/ 8 gልማg
*%booሁለg;ል*መofማለgምfl/%መ'ሃW'(m'g)vdflለg
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መመ⁄˛T† ማ/e5/‚† ¶ሞ qሃ=ላ· fl/% vf?/=.f መ flሚ·⁄
·ሆdል88dሙd'ሃ3'gማ-†?⁄ል6.ላ··መልyc88
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v/ef„'»ˇ„o
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goላለo;
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Rመag|ልbመሄ.hoRf~c~„gvdR%ላ·Rሚ*ሉ/ልሃdofላ·
-b&መሆf·oላሉ8
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- 'b-efyምgvf‚†/
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Uለሙ†fl%bU'flbRabaq·¶ለም88
vf”gለeማማ»·mላል
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ማህR' fl.ho f/ ሚf fU' :¶ም vf‚ሆb RማReg vd .ho ሃ
bሃ=ሚoRማ/bUR'f;b-g+vf‚g%jመ/%gqለRg88
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flq/q¶' ሚ/g Rf=g vf‚-b& Rሁሉም ¶ flሚ˛j Uለሙ†o q/%ላ—f
~ggልd»•*Rማ»መ/%g·g'Ujል88
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መለflgdRfl.hob-g+vf‚g'ለሚመለybq|ልRማ-?fl.hofq?ም
vdb-g+†˛dRልሃdRማ•˘gለeማልሃdመ/ሃg·mላል88
- Rመ/g ልማg Uለሙ† fl% bU%g /⁄'⁄'/ /ሉ R'b-e b††‹ag
†ላjሀ-Xofvf‚|bgማ»88
flሚ˛nለgሉ?ም
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ለማ•˘gbሃ†ag·/dል;
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vdvማ%vdflq/q¶'ሚ/hof~c~»•vd * fl%ላ·/ልሃdvdfjag
flb5መ/5ለ gbU'fvdf~gሎ¨†/%ል•ል·ህRመሆbም'gdም'eማaej
vf‚ሌም'·„jል88
መE5†መመ†
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flb55ሉ flመ/g qሠ%(ofd f~gሎö መb?d መላማመ» y*bl
q/bwd ሃ:ሜe qለ8 /ለሆaም flም'g v»˛gf ለማ/መ⁄˛Wd »ህagf
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·ሃ·=ል88flሚመለyej%ሟሚq|ላgflም'ም'bCማgf:flWgdW»'
q?%Tof: flW'd u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg *ሎof: መf/e †ልሆb
»'¸hof:flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶(of†ሃ=ልላል88
fl»•bCማgf *ሑ * g/መ*/' ሃ'Rመ/gማምgbU'ላ·flb*ማ%ሟሚ
q|ላgf¶qf»RማምሆgdR•vf‚* % Rማ»flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚof
*ላg b¶%7 ለማ» ·„ል88 flg// d ላማ Rqሃ=ላ· Rመ/g ልማg
vflb¶˛Uለሉgb-/ሉ e'flሆbgfd»•vfl* * †ሉሄ -nbCማgf/
q•q|ላgf ' ?f¸eq*Rማሃdy'
%' flqa/bldመ/ሠ(' gbሃ=ሚof
'% W *ላg b¶%7 ለማ»d flሚ†•ሉሙ b„(hof ለመ?* a88
·ህffም bU% ለማ» fl'¶%ል W'd ሚ/' Rq‚+ flW'd u~/ff7f
/g%f¨ ላ· qም»-7 ' Uሉg bCማg መ¶%˘g vd ;ል* Rሆb flW'd
ልማgq|ላg %ሟሚ fjagdg/ላ· /' qfwg·*ሆል8y¡ህ
8 qf'flመ/g
f~gሎöf % ላ· ለማል fla¡ህ q•' q|ላg »•*; ?f¸gd g//'
ሃ:ሜe †ለ መሆbf Rማመf flW'd ልማg q•' q|ላg fjag qማ|
|f/ል (ADPLAC) R/ flመ/g qማ| |f/ል bሃ ሆg y'¶%ል W'd
ሚcf'v/y'„W'd/Vg»/Rfl¶'f/መ»~(Sub-platform)
Rመ'•g flመ/g ም'ም'- u~/ff7f-q'0/q'Wh q¶' fjag vf‚ሃdy'
ሉg መ¶ qለRg88 Rbለ· ለመ/g W'd ለeማag flf~gሎ¨ ልማg
Rማ|ሄ» ለq'0 q¶ ለማ?W Rdag fl|f/ሉ ሚd Rም'ም'-u~/ff7f-
q'0/q'Whq¶'fjagላ·Rሆምgል?a8·ህ8 |f/ልRb»RW'd
T(·ምRሃሃWgልማgT(vf¶fl~ልሎoflመ/gልማg/Vgq¶˘g
R*W-TagdRW'dም'ም'/Rq?%T†Rም'ም'ላ·flሚ˛jbCማg/ሓ'ag
flሚመ%·ሆdል88
fl|f/q=:
ሉ vf¶ሚ
' ybለ·ሆdልRሚybለ/ላመለ:'Yል8
ሏ 8
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
ም/ል-78-flመ/gf/q•'q|ላgfjag
R˘gመመ¶W/መ¶˛*q˛ልሎgመ/ሃg
መE5†መመ†
⁄'⁄' fl|f/ሉf flq?ም fUe »•+of Rሠfሃ‹-1 vd ⁄ል 1 ላ·

·መልyc88
ሠfሃ‹-98-fjagfለማሃdy'flሚ¶flq?ምfUe»•*⁄'⁄'
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
flW'd ልማg q•' q|ላg fjag qማ| |f/ል (ADPLAC) Rbለ†

¶o†ሉflWgq?'Xg:flf~gሎ¨ማሆg:ማ/b?dማ/bላለ*:
fl˛R†ም'hofqመ%gvdሉ?ምላ·flማልሂ¶go(ofለ·hለማሆg
qUWag †ላjf q•' q|ላg/bCማg Rመ*W*Wd Rማ†flg /g%f¨†
ሃ:ሜe †ላjf flመ*gሄ q?ሆሏo †/:ምሆል88 R¡ህ መ»~ yሚa+
fl··g q˘f„o መ|yል qf•d d flመ/g ልማg ,ሆf Rመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7f2(%ምfl•%?»:Rማላመ»ሙy%odሠ'hማ-†ofl•%
q%ምd ም˛ማ: flመ/~ :fd q¶ ሉdg ማ|ሄ»: q„‚/ flመ/g ልማg
f~gሎöf Rማ/b?d Rማላመ» bU%g ላ· Rfl¶ Uሉ flW'd
ልማgq•q|ላg
' fjagqማ||f/ል(ADPLAC)መ»~··g·ም
ም~~'·¶'•ል88
/ለ¡ህ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f flbለfl ላማ †ለ -·ሆf fle:• flመ/g
ልማgu~/ff7fbU%gfለeማለማ»yqሃ=ላላማflb/ •' ማማ
flu~/ff7fd flመ/g ማe¸መfg ሀ-W g(g ሃf|% fl•% g//' Rመ*ሃ'
fl»•q˛ልሎg
* መ/ሃgqf‚mልRg/»•/ሉ / flሚ* %ለUjfሌሎo
fl%ሂ¶ho·ምq•'q|ላg;ለም-ሌ8-flመ/gልማgWgq?%To:
W·g: flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg: fl˛R& ማህR%g: flW'd ም'ም': flW»'
bCማg: flመ/g ማህR%gd flሃ bሃ=ሚof ማ|bg ·g'Reል88 ለመ/g
ልማgመሠe»•*dg/flሚ/' %ለUjddq•q|ላg
' flሚybሉg
dj88
? flመ/g Wg q?%To8- Rመ/g ልማg ሂ¶g /ሉ flመ/g Wg
q?%T q|ላg ;ል* ሚd qላj88 flWg q?%T »'¸ho R„: R¥f:
R~ልልdR)¶%ል¶†ለfflW'dWgq?'Xgdfl˛R†ሂ¶gRማመmjg
q'0/q'Wh q¶ flሚ%ል•jf Who vf¶ ም'ሉ ':ማ„R†: flW'd
}ሚ|ል vd flመ/g v'5 መ-†o ማለgም fl'ሑg መ/g መ-†: flሃ
efy':flሃመ-T†ሞb'flሃ : መ-T†cX/ማ:flሃWeመ/g:መለሏ
መ-†o:bflመ-*ሉgfR?cማ?W·ሃR?Ujል8Rdag 8 Rq?%Tag
flሚ-b& q•' q|ላg ·ም »'¸ho flsgሙ† ም'ሉ ' sfb'2%·⁄:
flW'd/%o'3&7f:ማህR%gdለ*Xo,ሆbva¡ህfq|ላgRማ¶%˘gd
Rመ¶˛* Whkf ለq'0/q'Wh q¶ R?'Rgd R?c vf‚˛j ሁeeof
ማመmjg†/%ል•ል88
? flመ/g ልማg ም'g ˛R†8- Rdag R„ም ሆa R~ልል ¶ flም'g
˛R† flW'd Wg vd W·g ሂ¶gf †|geል88 uላ'acም RW'd ም'gd
2:ሉ•oላ·fl˛R†*ላgfለመbfR·fl˛R†መfመ*W*W:መbfgfd
ማ?W;vf‚ሁም መ#ሆሃ' a88 Rbሌማም ˛R† b' ም'ho vf‚መc
መ¶˛*d qም%kf y˛R† •' ማ/b-*' ·ሃR?Reል88 R¡ህ ˛» ሌሎo q•'
q|ላg መሆf flሚoሉg flህWg % ማ/('† u˘f,: flል a•”o:
flg%f/3'gvdመ•fq˛ልሎg*ሎobdj88
? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f8- Rfl¶ y'„ ˘ም( Uሉ flR'd ልማg
bCማg /ሉ flመ/g v~/ff7f vምW'g ·ም ማyላ ~*ል a88
መE5†መመ†
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fRW'dT(o:Rም'ም'RWg: ?%To:
R*(' fl˛R† ማyላg vd flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo መ|yል ለሚ%ሃ
g//(od»•+oflማ·b|ሚdflሚሏg,ሆfR*u·ልማ¶%˘gd
ማW=gምq/%ላ—a88
? flመ/g qሠ%'d ሉ˛d8- Rdag flመ/g q*%'d ሉ˛d Rመ/g qe'd

Rሉ=?f flVb*W መ/g; vf‚ሁም RማህR*W z& qሠ%'d ሉ˛d ላ·
flሚydfbU'a8R¡ህም8 መ*gflመ/gX·v»-g:flሃመ:ልR5
Xo ሉ˛d: flz& ሃd qyUT „g: flf⁄ ሃለ(d ሌሎo fl;ሉ'
%oሀላ'agflሚydbgRW'dT(Rqa/blflመ/gልማgS»f:
Rመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR%g:Rመ/gu~*ff7fdflመ/gsfä(o
a88
? flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo f/ S»f8- flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚof Rf/

S»fማ¶%˘gሃ:ሜeflbለ†flu~/ff7f”ofbሃ?ሞflb25ሉ
q*%(ofdf~gሎöfb:Wሎለሃbሃ=ሚoለማ/bላለ*d%
ላ· ለማል: flመ/g qe(ofd flሃ ማ*U*W %of ለማ/b„¶'
-n q*%' መf˛» a88 y¡ህ qf' flመ/g f/ S»f ሚd flb55ሉ
flሉ=?fመ/gq*%(ofdf~gሎöfለማ/b?db:Wሎላ· %
ለማልa88/ለ¡ህflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR'dflf/S»bfjag
ሃ=ሚa88
? flW'd ም'ም' ለg8- Rdag flW'd ም'ም' ለሃ bሃ=ሚo

b˛Tfflመ/g*Wልም'gf~gሎ¨0}¸yሌሎoˇ„yሚመላyeo
q|ላg •' Rመሆf †•ል88 flም'ም' ማyላg yu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg
ሠ%bl •' b:d¸h Rመ/%g qሁf Uለ vd vflbለሃ Uለ flqfl'
fWg ሁee ላ· Rመመ/g ለq|UT b/ማሚd ላ flሆb flመ/g
W'd/ q(gሚ f~gሎöf መ˛ም˛ምd ማ55ል ·ሃR?Reል88 Rሌላ
Rzል *ላgd q?ም †ላj መf/e †ልሆb »'¸ho flም'ም'
bU%gfvf‚¶&†/%ል•ል88
? flW»' bCማg8- flW»' bCማg ለ„ flምW /gdd b flW»'

%f»:ለሃማህR%g:ለf»d.gመ/gbሃ=ሚq'0/qWhq¶(o
vd ሌሎo ለ*Xof ሌም( ሃ bሃ=ሚo W»' vf‚*ሆj ምk
ሁeeof†መmmሉ/·%ሉ%8
? flb%ሉ( ሀWg q††⁄8- Rመ/g qe(o /ሉd ሎ flq%' መ2'2

flሚ†¶'*fመሃaˇ„eRማ/ላgRfl¶flb% |ሉ ሀWgሉ( ማe¸መfg
fl%ሂ¶gRመ/
•' %gRመ/gqe(oላ·flሚ¶'*fˇ„gRማ#ም
flመ/g qef Rላag ለመሃ:ምd ላላ/%ላ— ሉ˛d flሚሆf ሎ
ለመ:a/ ·„ል88 /ለ¡ህ flq%' መ2'2f Rመ#ሆሃ'd flb(*/ ልማgd
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
ሉ˛d %f ለመ/%g flb%ሉ( ሀWg ማe¸መfg fl% ሂ¶g ሚd -n

a88
? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'8- flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'ሕ•
v?d†ለflq'0/qWhq¶(obCም,ሆfሁለfbdflመ/gqe'd
flማህR*Wz&q/b„¶'dq˛ልሎgሀላ'agflb*ሃdለመ/gbሃ=ሚ
q'0/qWh q¶(o q˛ለሎg flሚ*ሉ a88 ማህR%c ለb(*/ ሉR=:
ለመ/g qe' ሉ˛dd ለq|UT ;-/ ማ?W q'0 q¶(of Rማa=a?
(mobilization) flመ/g *Wል ም'gd ም'eማag vf‚ሌም' ለማ»
ybለ†q•q|ላg
' ሆa•' ?»Rማ:»d-eመ/ሃgRzል-n
ሚdqላj88
? flq|UT q/b„¶'8- flq|UT q/b„¶' fl~ልል: fl¥f: fl„d fl:Rሌ

q/b„¶(of flሚ†|gg ,ሆf ሚdjም flመ/g ልማg ?»f መ*g
q»'-eመ/ሃg:R˘gመመ¶WdRb††‹ˇ„odgR%Rላag
flbCማgfjagf·¶(ሉ8
8.1flbCማg»•*dg//'ላማo
v†f„f• Uለ»'5 q|ል fl%+ flሆb flbለ† uላ'ahod fl% »'5o

vf„ሉg ·e=ል88 R¡ህም መ*g fl|f/ሉ fjag /g%f¨ qሃ=ላ·
W ለeማ fl»•*d fjag qሠ%' ” Rመመ/g q'0/q'Wh q¶
flb55ሉ flመ/g q*%(ofd f~gሎöf b:Wሎ % ላ· Rማል ም'gd
ም'eማacfማ-¶dላflsgሚv»˛gማ•˛ሉ/ማ-¶a8·ህም 8 ሊ-|
flሚoለRbለ†¶oR'|eflb:ላሃ%flfjag/g%f¨ላ· % ሎ
Rqሃ=ላ·Rf~gሎ¨ልማgሂ¶g:RWgq˛ልሎgማ?Wdምላ7መ/ሃg
˛»ሁሉfምq•q|ላg
' ¶qf»ማምሆg,mልa8y¡ህ
8 qf'flbCማg
»•*fjag⁄'⁄'Xovf¶ሚybሉgdj8-
? bመ%ማod flም'ም' 2(%ሞo flመ/g ልማg *ላgf †ማyሉd
o'%lf~gሎöመሆdof;vf‚ሁምለtyUTb/ማሚመሆjf
ማ•˛ሉ:
? q„‚/ f~gሎö R?cd Rሚ%ለ˛ ል~/መሃf መU¢ejfd

መ*%ሌejfማ•˛ሉ:
? flመ/gልማg/ልሃdflመ/
,*ሉ gልማgf~gሎ¨/'ሑgdለeማag
መ•˛ሉ·g'Reል:
? ለመ/g ልማg R flመ/g Who ማለgም vf¶ ም'ሉ ': ማ„R†:

}ሚ|ሎo: flሉ˛dd መለሏ መ-†o: flv'5 መ†o:b
R?cመ?Ujfማ•˛ሉ:
መE5†መመ†
? flመ/gልማgማህR%g%gሃflመ/gሃ~**ልመgfdRqሃ=:ም˛»
flሚy*cqለመUUghofመ*eg:fl˛R†qማ%ovf‚gማ/mላjf
ማ•˛ሉ:
? flመ/gሃመ/መ'ሉ˛d:flመ/gqe'qሠ%'dሉ˛d?eመሆf:
flb(ሉR=:
*/ f⁄ሃለvd
( Rሌሎofl;%o
ሉ' q˛ልሎgvflb*ሄ
መሆbfማ•˛ሉ:
? flf~gሎ¨ መof Rfl—£ ማ¶//ማ/b|yል: flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f

ም~ሀ-Xofማ?W:f~gሎöfማ/bላለ*db:Wሎላ·
% ማል:
flሚg%jfbgመyebልdመ:Rል:
8.2flfjagqሠ%'”
flbCማgf fjag Rማ-¶ ˛» flመf/gf /g%f¨ bygሎ ሙ† f/

መ»ofd··hofRfl¶ማ|ሄ»·mላል8R¡ህም 8 መ*gflመ/gልማg
q˛ልሎgማ/bUR†f/qW·vdf/flም~~'መ»of;R)¶%ል:R~ልል:
R¥fdR„¶RማCCም;ሉ'/~ggልማ»:R?c/W*Uofdq¶
ሉdhofRማ|ሄ»flb5flW'
5ሉ df~gሎöfለማሆgdለማ/b?vd
†•ሃሙ o%of ለ·h q?ሆሏ ለመ/ሃg †/oላል88 መ»zf flመ/g ልማg
q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† |f/ሉ *W-T ሆg Rfl¶ Uሉ flW'd T(o
·ም /Vho ·መ%ል88 flb˛j bሞ~(jfd ም~ ሃ-Xof Rfl¶ ላሉ
flW'dልማgq|ላgfjagqማ||f/ል(ADPLAC)3'g·¶•ል88
8.21R~ልል¶
vf¶ መ˘መ† v'ም fl~ልሉ W'd T( fjacf ለማ„R' flመ/g ልማg

q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR†f መ/'h flመ˘መ†f fl/W*U መ»~ †|ሄ„ል8
8 R/W*Uም ላ· ;ል* flሆb q•' q|ላgd bCማg vf‚-b& b•W
Rመ/g q˛ልሎg bCማg »•*d fjag † ·††ሉ; †?„ሉ8 Rመ/g
q˛ልሎgማ/bUR†qa/blመ»~qUላgflሚሆbgRW'dT(flqa/bl
መ/gመሠbልማgfl%ሂ¶g/„·&~h&g:flu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgfl%
ሂ¶g/„·&~h&g: fl~ልሉ flሃ ሀWg T(: flb%ሉ( ሀWg fl% ሂ¶g/
„·&~h&g: flW'd Wg q?'Xgd /'ሑg fl% ሂ¶g/„·&~h&g:
flህWgማ/% ('†u˘f,fl~ልሉ
: flW'dም'ም'bCም;fl~ልልflም'ሉ
'sfb'2%·¥ovf‚ሁምflW'd/%o'3&7fflsgሙ†ም'ሉ'
»'¸gb|ovdሌሎoምq/%ላ—bCማgdj88
? fl~ልልflመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†bU%g8-
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
ddbU(k8-
? flመ/g ልማg ም'ም' vd flu~/ff7f 2(%ም ለhof ·ም

ለeማagf·˛መማል:
? q-e' flf~gሎ¨ ልማg q:%W ”f vd qa/bld ሉ=?f flመ/g

qe(of flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f /g%f¨ Rመሃ:ም Rማ- /ሉ
Rመ/gመ'ም'2(%ምለgላ·ም~ሀ-W†:'Uል:R•†?„ል:
%
? መe flbሃ=ለለ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ?»f ·˛መማል: ም~

ሀ-W†:'Uል:q%ሟሜሙfም†•ሆል:
? መe flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ?»f መሠg Rማ» flመ/g

Who ማለgም ': ማ„R†: flR7e/bU· መyላy† መ»ሀcg *ላgf
·˛መማል:flሚ˛jRgf/g%f¨·:·-ል:
? ለሃ bሃ=ሚo W»(o መመmjejf: fl˛R† qማ%of vd ምk

flመ/gልማgqb˛UR'መgf·˛መማል:
? R~ልል¶fl•%ም˛ማ:q¶ሉdgvd„*-ሉdg†|ሂ„ል:
?e q¶ ሉdg ማ|ሄ»8- ~ልላ flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR†/
ም~~' መ»~/ Rመg ሁለg —£ q¶ ሉdg †|ሄ„ል88 flመ˘መ† q¶
ሉdgflመ/gልማgም'ም'bU%gf:flWhoq?'Xgfvdfl:Sflመ/g
ልማg u~/ff7f ም~ ሀ-Xof ለመ˛ም˛ም yመ/g *Wል ልማg ?g R'g
·|ሄ„ል88 fl~ልሉ flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† q¶ ሉdg y¥go
flመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†q¶ሉdgR'gመ|ሄ»flሚoል,ሆf
R¥go flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† q¶ ሉdg ም~ ሀ-W ለho
ላ· ·††ል88ሁለbl q¶ ሉdg Rመ/g *Wል ልማg ማሃd:† ?g
flሚ|ሄ» ,ሆf R~ልሉ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f 2(%ም bCማ »•*
q%ሟሜምdሌሎoR»f˛gRby*cˇ„odˇ»ለhoላ··††ል;Rbሌማም
fl~ልሉ መ»~/q¶ ሉdg y¥go flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† q¶
ሉdgR^ላሊ|ሄ»·oላል8fl~ልል 8 flመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†q¶
ሉdgf q˘f„ q„W( RbU' b' ?» /ሉ ማ|bg vf‚mል bሌማ
flመ†† ሁ+of ለማig b-e'of fl¥go flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg
ማ/bUR†fሌም(·•W¢ል88
Rq¶ሉdcላ·flf»dfl.gq'0/qWhq¶(ob-g+መg'dbU'
,ሆfq'0/q'Whq¶(oRb˛jRg··gመ|ሄ•flqa/bldflሉ=?fመ/g
bሃ=ሚ qU%o vd vማ%o RማህR*S q--T Rሆb ˇ„o:Rመ/g
f~gሎö:Ru~/ff7fbU%g:RWgq?'Xg:-·e*WRመሄ?e
ˇ„o ላ· flሃ bሃ=ሚo W መል/ vf‚*ሄ †¶'•ል88flq¶ ሉdc
b-e'o ;ሉ' y30 vf„·Rልሉ flሚመy' ,ሆf .hof ሌም( Rqa/bl
vd Rሉ=?f መ/g bU%g ላ· flሚ-b& q'0/q'Wh q¶(of ;ሉ' ማW¢c
·መሆል88
8.2R¥f¶
መE5†መመ†
fl¥f flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† መለ/bl መ»~ flሚ|ሄ» ,ሆf

†/%ለ˛Rgምም~f†gy~ልልflመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†bመ- •' -·
ላማ /ላላj a88 fl¥f flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† *W-Td ሐ'
·geል8fl¥f
8 flመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†ሁሉfq:Rሆ* bflመ/g
ልማgu~/ff7f2(%ሞo:Rም'ም'RWg
: q?'XgdW·g:Rfjag
ማe¸መfg ላ· R¥f ¶ መመ† ·*ሆል88 Rq•' q|ላgም/bCማgም ¶
flbydbflfjagbU%gfflመ#ሆሃ'ሀላ'agqለRg88
fl¥fflመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†flሚ†?(jq|ላgflW'd/Vg:
flu/ff7f fl% ሂ¶g: flመ/g ልማg ‚¢·f % ሂ¶g: flW'd Wgd
W·g fl% ሂ¶g: flህWg % ማ/('† /Vg: flb%ሉ( ሀWg ልማg
fl%ሂ¶g:flW'dም'ም'ማyል:vf‚ሁምflsgሙ†sfb' ' 2%·⁄
b|o:flW'd%o'3&7f:flq'0/q'Whq¶'ማህR%g/»'¸ho
vdሌሎoምq/%ላ—bCማgdj88
fl¥fflመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†bU%g8-
ddbU(k8-
? Rመ/g ልማg ም'ም' ም˛ማ /W*U ላ· qUWag Uላj u˘f,o;መ/

Vho vd flሃ bሃ=ሚo flbለ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f bU%g:
flም'ም'bU%g:flWgq?'Xgo(of·˛መማል:
? R:Rሌ /ሉ Rመ/g flመልማg q?ም vd መ*d~ሎo •' Rb†† flመ/g

ልማg f~gሎ¨f b:Wሎ % ላ· ለማል †ለf ሁee: R¥b †ለf
flመ/g2(%ምሁeef·˛መማል:
? fl„ofመa5መeflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»Rመ˛ም˛ምq/b†flg
e~ሎRgመa5v?•¶~ልልflመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†·ል|ል:
? Rqa/bldሉ=?fመ/gqe(oላ·ለeማflመ/gq(gሚ”fvd
flሃbሃ=ሚoflሀWgማe¸መfgመ55ልfላማRማ»ለ¥fW'd
መም†vdflW'dም'ም'ማyላgflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/g%f¨f
Rመሃ:ም Rማ- ላ· Rሚ|ሄ» flመ/g መ'ም' 2(%ም ላ· ም~ ሀ-W
†:'Uል:R•%†?„ል:
? መef flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ?» መሠg Rማ» flመ/g

Who ማለgም ': ማ„R†: flR7e/bU· መyላy† መ»ሀcg *ላgf
·˛መማል:flሚ˛jRgf/g%f¨·:·-ል:
? ለሃbሃ=ሚoW»(oመመmjejf:fl˛R†qማ%ofvdflመ/g
ልማgqb˛UR'መg%jf·˛መማል:
? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR%gfq¶˘gለማሃdy'»•*†¶'•ል:
:dሚcI

? flመ/g ልማg ም'ም' q%ሟሜምf: flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎgf:

flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'fdህWgማህR% % gfለመ„*/ለማflg
flመ/~ˇWng†|ሂ„ል:
? R¥b/ሉfl•%ም˛ማ:q¶ሉdgd„*-ሉdg†|ሂ„ል:
? መe3'gለ~ልሉflመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR††:'Uል:
??e q¶ ሉdg8- fl¥f flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† Rመg

ሁለg —£ q¶ ሉdg †|ሂል88 flመ˘መ† q¶ ሉdg flመ/g ም'ም'
bU%gf: flWg q?'Xgf vd fl:S flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ም~
ሀ-Xofለመ˛ም˛ምyመ/g*Wልልማg?gR'gሊ|ሄ»·oላል8ሁለbl 8
q¶ሉdgRመ/g*Wልልማgማሃd:†?gflሚ|ሄ»,ሆfflመ/gልማg
u~/ff7f2(%ምbCማ»•*fq%ሟሜምdሌሎoR»f˛gRby*cˇ„o
·ምˇ»ለhoላ··††ል8fl¥b 8 flመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†flq¶
ሉdg q˘f„f q„W( R?» /ሉ ለማ|bg flመ†† ሁ+of yb-e'o
·*R/Uል88
fl„ W'd /Vg uላ'd vd flመ/g ልማg fl% ሂ¶g uላ'o yሌሎo
fl„ uላ'od ሌሎo »•* ሎ bCማg •' Rመሆf Rq¶ ሉdc ላ·
መ-b(jRመ/gf~gሎö:Ru~/ff7fbU%g:RWgq?'Xgላ·
W መል/ vf‚†˛j /ለሚ†¶' Rሆም q/%ላ— a88 Rq¶ ሉdc flq'0/
qWh q¶(o b-g+ መg' d bU' ,ሆf q'0/qWh q¶(k Rb˛jRg
··gመ|ሄ•flqa/bldሉ=?fመ/gqU%ovdvማ%oRማህR*S
f» q--T Rሆb ˇ„o ላ· Rመ/g f~gሎö: Ru~/ff7f bU%g:
RWgq?'Xg:-·e*WRመሄ?eˇ„oላ·flሃbሃ=ሚoW
መል/ vf‚*ሄ †¶'•ል88 flq¶ ሉdc flb-e'o ;ሉ' y30 vf„·Rልሄ
·መy%ል8·ህ8 መሆbflሚffflf~c~q|ሄ»dflS»f%ofለመ#ሆሃ'
Rሚ†⁄መልzለማመmjg·„ል88
8.23R„¶
R~ልልd R¥f ¶ yሚ|ሄ¶ flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† መለ/bl

መ»~ •' bመ--· Rሆa መልz Rbመሄ fl„ W'd ልማg q|ላg
fjag qማ| |f/ል (ADPLAC) መ»~ /' ሆa fl„ q˛ልሎg
ማ/bUR† መለ/bl መ»~ †|ሄ„ሉ8 fl„ W'd /Vg ለ„ flመ/g
ልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†ሁለfbdመመ†መ/ሃgdRq/b„¶%ˇ„o
ላ· uላ'ag qለRg88 fl„ flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† flu~/ff7f
2(%ምf: ም'ም'f: flመ/g ልማgf: flb%ሉ( ሀWg q††⁄f: flWg
q?'Xgfd W·gf; vf‚ሁም flfjag ማe¸መfcf ·#ሆሃ%ል88 qf„f»
-e flሚ†/%ል•j ˇ„oም ,g ማ/bUR† ለ„ |Te q?'X
†//dል88
? Rb*a—£flሚ|ሄ•/W*Uodq¶ሉdho8- Rqሃ=ላ·fl„flመ/g

154
መE5†መመ†
ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† vf¶ % Uህ q/%ላ— /W*U †|ሄ„ል8

8 R„ flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† Rzል መ¶Rl flሆa fl/W*U
—£ q·g'ም88·ሁf vf¨ flqa/bl vd ሉ=?f መ/g ልማgf ሃ=ሚag
Rማ˛dW fl„ መ/g q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† Rመ/g ?g T†f/ 3
—£ /W*U †yሄ„ል bWሎ ·e*Uል88 fl„ መ/g q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR†
fl/W*U »ሞ7f q/%ላ—ag flሚ/a Rመ/g ላ· flሚ¶˛ ሉg
q/j·Rመሆba8R„ 8 W'd/Vgfl%q˘f„መሠgfl„
flu~/ff7ffl%ሂ¶gRመ/gልማg?»⁄¸gdqb˛UR'R~ggል
:
vd ም˛ማ; qf‚ሁም Rመ/g q¶ ሉdg ሂ¶g ላ· R?¶ም bybል
ለሚydb%o··gvf‚|ሄ»መa5ሀ-W†:'Uል88
flም~~' መ»~ flመ/g ?g yመ»+ R'g qUW †ላjf q•' q|ላg

ማለgምflም'ም'ማyላgf:flWgq?%T»'¸hoof:Rq|UT†ሉflህ/
% ማህR%gf: flW»' bCማgf: flsgሙ† flW'd /%o '3&7ff:
flb%ሉ( ሀWg ልማgd ሉR= fl% ሂ¶gf: flሃ bሃ=ሚo ማህR%gf
vdflqa/bldሉ=?fመ/gflሃbሃ=ሚofRማ-b*R„¶flመ/g
ልማg?»q/:»ሞሊ•¸dfl•%ሊ¶·˛Uል88
q¶ሉdc?»ሚ†ለflሚ*ሆjfflመ/gq(gሚbU%gfq|hለWg
b¶%7agd fl»•* q˛ልሎg R;ል* Uለ»'5 q|ላg መ|yል †ለf fjag
†-ልሆል88 vf‚ሁም ለb•• flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg q*ሆሉ
fl;'ሃnag /ሜgf †*'ሟል88 Rመሌ5ም q¶ ሉdc R:Rሌ ¶ †ለf
flመ/g ልማg ?» y„ flመ/g ልማg ?» •' †ሃ=ልላል: vf‚ሁም
?•fለ¥fflመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†q?'Xvf‚»?†¶'•ል88
8.3bU%flመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†f/
መ»~q=:'
bU% flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† f/ መ»~ Rመ/~ ¶ †ለ

fjagdflማ/bUR'ሂ¶g,ሆfflu~/ff7fሠ%boo:bመ%ማo:flህ/
% ማህR%g ሠ%boo: flሃ bሃ=ሚo Rመ/~ ¶ b*U/R flመ/g
ልማg *%boof q˛ልሎgd fl:f fl/% ?…ofd ~fgof ·˛ማማሉ8
⁄ል 2- flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† መለ/bl መ»~ qe' fl/%
⁄'⁄'·መልyc
:dሚcI
156
መE5†መመ†
8.4Rfl¶†ሉflመ/gልማgq•'q|ላgfl%»'5
8.41flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl%ሂ¶g(„·&~h&g)
? flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl%ሂ¶g(„·&~h&g)flመ/gልማgf~gሎ¨
0}¸ ⁄¸gf ለማ˛⁄ RህWb*W *ላgd Rመ/g f~gሎ¨ ~*bg ላ·
መRመ*W*Wለመ/gልማgq•'q|ላgማ/bUR†ማ/bላለ*:
? W'd T( Rመ/g ?g flqa/bld ሉ=?f መ/g flሃ bሃ=ሚof

ለመ¶˛* ·„ f» Rbመሄ „o/flመ/g qe(o/flማህR*W z&
flመ/gልማg*%booመg%jfማ•˛ሉ:
? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f fl% ሂ¶g/„·&~h&g/ Rq'0/qWh q¶(o

ማ*ልሃlbCም:Rqa/bldሉ=?fflመ/gqe(oflመ/g%;flመ/g
ሠ'h ማ-†of: flመ/g f~cሎ¨ ልማg ˇ„o: flመ/g ሃ መ-T†
መ†o: flሃWe መ/g: b ላ· R/ልሃd; bU' b' flqሠ%'
v˛¢ofማ»:
? flመ/g Uለሞ†o u~/ff7f fl% ሂ¶g/„·&~h&g/ yመ/g flልማg

*%blRመሆ
•' fRbመሄd?eRሆbflመ/g'0oላ·'ሀ
ልሃdofማመmjg:
? ለመ/g /% qመl ሆg flbመሃf/flb:f flu~/ff7f ”f

yqyUTd y~ልሉ/¥b/„ aU% ሁeeo •' Rማሆሆም Rfl¶
q%ሟሜሙfመyebልdvf¶q/%ላ—acም˛ማማ|ሄ»::
? bUflሆaflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f0}¸ለመ?R~ልል;R¥fd„
(y:Rሌ)†ለ/ሉ fልም»/bሞ~(;flመ/gf~gሎ¨dˇ»ለcf;flq%ሜም
¶'fመማ*U*Wdመbfgf:
? fl~ልሉf/¥bf/„offlመ/gq'0/q'Whq¶(ofo'R?¶ምbybል
መለflgdለW'dልማgq•q|ላg
' qማ||f/ልWመል/ለመ/ሃg:
? RqyUT ላሉ qa/bld/*('d q'0/q'Wh q¶(o q/%ላ—d ?e

flመ/g ልማg: ˛R†: Wg b መ ለመ/ሃg flሚ†/oሉ flbለ†
flu~/ff7fመል~hofd”ofማሆg:
? fl~ልል;¥fdfl„flመ/gUለሙ†ofdflመ/gልማg*%boof:gd
~ህሎgq?ምR/ልሃd:q¶ሉdho;flልም»ልሊobማ„R':
? R~ልሉyመ/ /ሉ gu~/ff7fq%ሟሜምflb††
•' o(ofማሉdg:
qማ%ሑመ*gሄofማ/:መሉdq%ሟሜሙfመyebል:
? fl~ልሉf መe flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q%ሟሜም ም˛ማ ማ|ሄ»;

Rb˛j ም'ሉ bሞ~(od R˛ሃሙ o(o ላ· Rመመ'⁄ fl:ሆ· መg
?»/መ'ሀ-W'Rማ•˘gለ¥fd„oWመል/መ/ሃg:
:dሚcI

? R¥fd'„ለሚ˛jflመ/gልማgUለሙ†obU'b'flመ/~»•*
~ggልd;ሉ'ማ»:
? R~ልሉለeማ /ሉ flሆbflq'0/q'Whq¶'ማ*ልሃlማyላgf/}g
Rመለflgflqa/bl/ሉ=?fመ/gሠ'hማ-†ofም'bሞ~(
ሉ ማ*U*Wd
ማ•˘g;ለሌሎoflq'0/q'Whq¶'ማ*ልሃlማyላgbሞ~(fማ/(g:
? fl~ልል flW'd T( yልማg q•' q|ላg qማ| |f/ል •' Rመ:d˘g

ሁለfbdflመ/gልማgbU(ofማ/bUR':
? R~ልል¶flመ/gUለሙ†oflf~c~S»ffመመ/gdመ¶˛*:
? Rመ/g u~/ff7f fl/% ሂ¶g/„·&~h&g /ሉ ለሚ* flbለ† flመ/g

2(˘~hoሃf|%+|ል-'*fRመመ¶Wqb˛UR'fመyebል:
? y)”%ል R'd ሚc/f' •' R?'Rg Rመመ|y' flሄ መመ†ofd

flሚaRSማfሎofyመ/gu~/ff7f,/bምdy~ልሉaU%ሁeeo
•'vf‚/ማማማ»vdqb˛URfመyebል:
? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎgf /}eማagf ለመ˛ም˛ም y~ልሉ

flUለሙ†oS»f•'ም˛ማ/W*Uማ|ሄ»:
? flመ/gሃqሃ=:ም2(%ምdfl*Wል/Wሉ'gf
' ማ*ልሃf:መf¶*d
ማ/b?:
? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f % †መሆf ለሉ Rfl—£ Rመ˛ም˛ም

R~*bhoላ·ማ55†Rማ»flu~/ff7fq˛ልሎcvf‚ሃdy'ማ»˛;
8.42flመ/gልማgWgq?'XgvdW·g
flመ/gልማgWgq?'XgdW·gRሁሉም¶ላሉflመ/g*Wልልማg
qም%po gል? ሚd ·ሏeል88 flመ/g Wg q?'Xgd W·g gzg
flሚ˘ም RqyUT Uለ fl˛R† *ላg መ መሆf ·g'Reል88 ·ህም ማለg
q'0/q'Wh q¶ ˛R† b'd y*bl flምW ·g †ላof flመ/g *Wሎo
vf‚†መ'g;ል*bU',ሆffl~ልሉ:¥bd„flWgq?'Xgd/'ሑg
vf‚ሁም flመ/g *Wል ም'gf ለመሌመ'd ላ ለማ» Wgd W·g
ማመmjg:„ሚbU'መሆbfመ„gሃ=ሚa88
? R„ /Vho flb*R*S መe flመ/g Whof *ላg ማ¶%˘gd

Wg ለሚ%ልˇ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o flq?'Xgf *f*ለcf//'ሑc
bU%agማ•˛ሉ
? ለመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoflመ/gልማgW»'flመ/: gv'መ†od
5
መለሏo;Wgq?'Xgaማigvf‚oሉማመmjg
? fl˛R† መ ማ*U*W:ማ¶%˘g: መbfbf vd ለመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo

ማ*%ሌg:fl˛R†v?d|ላjq|ላg•'ማ/b-*'

158
መE5†መመ†
? flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚof yምW q:aUUod ምW qም%o

sf•/go •' g//' vf‚%ሉ ማመmjg vd flመ/g ም'hof
flv.g*a*ለgdv.gመሌመ'ልም»fማሃdy':
? yሚመለyeo q•' q|ላg •' RመbUR' flመ/g ልማg *%boo:

flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR%gvd.gq'q¶(
0 oRመ/gም'gሉ%gd
W·gላ·/ልሃdvf‚†˛jማ»:
? flመ/gf~gሎöfq?'Xg:qሃ=:ምdq††⁄0}¸ማ*ልሃf
? R⁄dW ?g Rq?'Xg ¶ vሉg flሚe·Ujf ም'ሉ (o መ/gf

Rመሃ:ም vf‚ለሙ q'0/q'Wh q¶f Rማ¶%˘g flም'ሉ ' q?'Xgf
መሌመ';
8.43flb%ሉ(ሀWgq††⁄fl%~*ል
? flb(*/ልማgማለgምRመ/gqe'/ሉdሎ;RማህR*Wz&;
»WdflሃማyማmjfለመfyUyWq'0/q'Whq¶'f?d>መ¶˛*:
? Rqa/bldሉ=?fመ/gqe(oላ·q|ላdaህ·eflq%'dሃ
ሉR= /%od flon byላ /%of vf‚ydb ሞ† v•¢ ማ»d
ማ/bUR':
? flb(ልማg*/ ማለgምRf⁄vdምfሑለbሃለflመ/
& gልማgqe(o
fleold flላ·l b(*/ q|ላg W¢ህ ህ·g ሉR=f ማyል †¶˛
መሆf/ለሚ˛Uqሃ=:ሙf·yebላል:·መ%ል;
? Rb%flሚሉ( ˛jz&vdሀ·?ለመ/gq˛ልሎgflሚሃ:ሙgflሃመሃf
Rb(*+ ¶a¡ህ q|ላg yሚ˛U flሃ መሃf መWለሉ vf¶ሌለRg vd
flሃመሃfሊሌምflሚoሉflq%'dሃመሃR†”ovf‚b˛R
†/bUW%ል:·መ%ል88
8.4flመ/gህWg%ማህR%g
? ለመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR'dflመ/gማህR%gfl*a»dመ⁄˛Wq††⁄”
/ልሃdመ/ሃg/መ¶˛*:
? WgdW»'q?'XgfRመ/gማህR%g·ምሁለ˛Wህ/%ማህR%g
Rzልለመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'ማመmjg;
? Rመ/gልማgflze˛ሃምqመ%g”fRbለ·Rሉ%gvdመሃfflሚ%ለˇ
*Wሎoማ/(gvf‚oሉ(fl*“e:flsf•/gvdflu~/3'g)R¸ምላ
yሚ/• q|ላg (Rq˛' /ሉ yሚ˛j bCማg vd ¶ ሑ yሚልz
bCማg)•'?»ሚ†fl˛R†g//'·%ሉ%ል(2ሊማምg);
? flመ/g ልማg ሕ/% ማህR%g ¶ cflf ¶ flሚ†»ˇRgf ሁee

†መmmል8
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
8.45flW'dም'ም'bCም/ማyላg
Rም'ም'd Ru~/ff7f መ|yል flሚg fjag ለeማd flb25ሉ

flመ/g ልማg f~gሎöf ለመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo ለማ»/ ·ሃ?ማል88
R)”%ልምሆaR~ልል¶RW'dም'ም'ማyላgvdRW'du~/ff7f
q|ላg vf‚ሁም Rሌሎo q•' q|ላg መ|yል fl% fjagf flማ/bUR'
” መ*ሃ' †/%ል•ል88 qሁf †ለ flW'd ልማg q•' q|ላg g//'
qማ||f/ልመ»~Rሁሉም¶flም'ም'bCማgf:flW'du~/ff7f
q|ላgf:
%ሟሚ y*blgምህ'gdflም'ም'bCማgf:flWgdW»'q?%T
»'¸hof:flq˛ልሎg*ሎdbሃ=ሚof†|geል8/ለሆaም 8 flመ/gልማg
q˛ልሎgማ/bUR†መለ/blመ»~ሚdRvanህbCማgመ|yል†ልbCሃ
flማ/bUR'%መgfማ•˛ሉa88·ህምRdagflW'dልማgqማ|
q|ላgvdflመ/gልማgq•q|ላg ' Ru~/ff7f/'g/,/bምሃf|%fjag
Rመ*ሃ'flq'0/q'Whq¶'o(oRqUSመለ/ለ flejdለbመ%ማo
/ለመ?Uj:RሌላRzልflb˛jመ*gሄoRqUS¶q'0/q'Whq¶(o
fl¶+/ለመሆbለማ•˛ሉ·„ል88
8.46flq•'q|ላgሚd
Rሁሉም¶†ሉW'd/Vhovdመf/edመf/e†ልሆb»'¸ho
መ|yል †ለ flማ/bUR' ” Rqa/bld ሉ=?f flመ/g f~gሎöf
Rማ/b?R:ሉeምሆaRbመf˛»RመUgለመ/gልማg/}eማag
gል? ሚd ሊሏc ·oላሉ8 flW'd u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg *ሎo
(flመf/e/መf/e†ልሆb»'¸ho:flሉ.~b':Wgq?%To:
a•”o:ህ/cflgo
% b)መ|yል†ለfjagflq'q¶(
0 ofo(o
ለመለflg:R•መ*% gሄለመ%ለdbU%ለማ»vd%ሆfdላልማgf
ለማ-|g·„ል88
/ለ¡ህ ሃf|% fjag Rመ*ሃ'd R•% Rማ:»:bU%gf Rማydfd
Rመ˛ም˛ምሂ¶gflሚybሉgላ·gzg†¶'•ል8-
? Rመ/gW'dላ·f?d>d⁄–agመg':
? Rመ/gq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†መለ/blመ»~ላ·Rf=gመ-b*:
? byee·~ggልማ»:
? Rመ/g q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† /W*Uo flመf/e †ልሆbd flል

»'¸hofq/bwማ˛dW:
? Rመ/gq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†Rzልflb*ሄ-eofRሉW?መyebል:
? Rሚመለyejq|ላgመ|yልCሚfjagመg':
መE5†መመ†
~*ል8-bU%»•*gWW'vd?f¸eq*%'
flb¢Ufl'b-eˇ„o
RW'dfjagqማ||f/ል/q»Wላ~/fl.hoq¶˘gb|·q?ም†ላjfl'b-eqUላgf
Rመ/g W'd ለማ|bg vf‚ሁም 'b e ምላ7 *ሎ flu~/ff7f ” ለመ˛fUg flሚ†/oል
flqመለ|ygd fl~ህሎg ~*bg qለ 8 Rbለም… b e flv†f„f• % q|ል †ለማ» vd
R··gvf‚„W'gzgvflb*ሃq·¶ለም88
? flልማg*ላgvdflf~gሎ¨~*bgfRመለflgvd?¶ምbybልRማ/†⁄˛»Rbለም…Rqሃ=ላ·
ለq'0q¶'Rሚልvf¨flf…ovdfl.ho*ላgyምg/ሉ†/˛Uq·¶ለምማለgምflvማ%
vdUለg„'.g
? ለqማ||f/ል/W*Uflq'0q¶'~ልdላ·.hovdf…ovzል~ልdflላjም
? fl2(%ም ?¶ም bybል ለመ*f flሚ†/oል flaR ሁeeo gfbd Rሚ*ሉRg ?g q/q¶(o
bመ--·djRማለgfl'b-eˇ„o·ለላሉ:
? fl*ልሃd መመ†o vd Rq/q¶' ማ*ልሃl ማyላg flሚ•– /ልሃdo ·ም /ልሃd ,•¸
fl.gq/q¶'q?ም:flgምህ'g¶:CfCvdflመ˛fWoሎeምg/ሉ†/˛Uq·¶ለም88
? vf‚ሁምf…ovd.hoflbለfl*ላgvd:„ሚbU'qላj8flglም 8 flu~/ff7ff~gሎ¨
q:%WbgRf…ovdR.hoflbለflbልሊg'·oላል8a˛' 8 fflu~/ff7f”·ም
q:%Wለeማagምሆa:ejRሚ˛መ˛ምRg*gሁሉምq'q¶(
0 obመ--·djWሎ
flመ*»vdflሚ˛jnhoምRf…ovdR.hoRሚልReflbbabaq·¶ለም88
fl'b-efˇ„ovf”gRqUSማ„/·mላል88
? 'befRመ/gW'dለማ/dለ'b-eምላ7*ሎflሆaflu~/ff7fq:%Wለማ/
y.hoq¶˘ho•'g//'መ*ሃ'vdfl'beu~/-'hovf‚-b&ማ»†/%ል•ል
? flW'dqማ||f/ል/W*Uq˘f„o,:ምfl'qbeˇ„ovf‚|bcRማ»flሚሃR:f
Wማ-|g·mላል88
? flልማg v?…o flf~gሎ¨ ~*bg vf‚ሁም :„ሚ bU' flf…od fl.hof q˛% ሁee Rbለfl
መf˛» flvማ% q/q¶' *ላg R/W*U /ሉ fl-e q*ሆሉ ¶ v»ል flሚ*ሉd flሚ%ሉ'
flu~/ff7fq˛ልሎg†/%ል•ል88/ለ¡ህaU%ሁeeRሚሃdRg*gfl»fl'begfbd
ማ|bg qለRg88 ·ህም fl.ho: flf…o: flሆho *ላg vzል vd *gሃ Rሆa መልz Rማflg
*ላejfvf»fሃW?†¢ል88Rqሃ=ላ·ምማህR*Sfምለማflgflሚ†/oልሁee·%ሉ%ል88
- Rqማ||f/ል/W*Uf…ovd.hovzል~ልdሊg%j·˛Uል8·ህም
8 ˇ„†jfRbሌUሑ
†ላjfምልyeለማflg†/oላል88
- fl/ልሃd መመ†o vd flq/q¶(o ማ*ልሃl ማyላg fl/ልሃd gምህ'g/'/ Rሚ•¸Rg *g
fl.hoflgምህ'g¶:flCfCም'ሏjf:flq:UWል¶jfምg†//ሉ ˛UመሆfqለRg88
RqW¢l.ho†ልbማvdflqyUT†jfCfCflሚመ'ሄvdflbU'/ልሃd·መ'ሆሉ8
- ለ.hob/ማሚflሆbflመ/gልማgf~gሎ¨vf‚%ልˇማReegላ·gzgመ/ሃg†/%ል•ል8
8
- flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg q*ሆሉ ለeማ vf‚ሆf yb%ለ˛ ~ggልd ም˛ማ ለማ» ለhof
y.ho vd yf…o qf' ለማflg flሚ†/oል /g%f¨ g//' መ*ሃ' vd flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎcf
q%ምRf…odR.hoRvማ%vdRUለg„'.hoለ·hማflg88
fl'b-eˇ„oTb˛Rflሚ†/˛iሉ?ም
flqማ| |f/ል vd ሌሎoም fjag/g//' ለ/'b e ምላ7 *ሎ flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg vd
ለ.hoflb5ለb-g+y*blv˛¢qለ8fjahodq*%(oለ'b-eምላ7*ሎRሆaqUW
flሚb˛Ryሆaflb:flu~/ff7fመመ†fl.hofdflf…of:„ሚbU'መ%ሜም·oላል88
? flq˛ልሎg vd flልማg ”o flሚb˛R'Rg flf» vd fl.g q/q¶(o *ላg vd ም'ሏ መ*g
†¶˛ ሆg ላ vd flሚ%ለ˛f ለሉ ማምሆg †/oላል88 ·ህ ማለg flW'd ም'eማagf ለማ-¶
fl.ho vd flf» q/q¶(o vzል v»ል flማig: flመ/ሃg vd q˛ልሎgf vzል flመ*f መWg
Rመ*ሃ'qyUTvdflf»vdfl.gq/q¶'flb(ሁee·55ላል88
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
ም%*-9flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»ሂ¶ho
b˛Tag |ላj q•' q|ላg •' Wm yማ:» yሃ bሃ=ሚo •' flመ/g
u~/ff7ffማ:»flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq:%W”qf•ሃ=ሚ~*ል
,ሆf ¶ ላ flመ/g qe' ?» ለመም%g †¢ል88 flqe(k /}g
Rdag flሚ*a flq/b=:» ¶of bygሎ fle:•g bU%g R?c
መyddjላ·a88
flመ/g ልማg bU%gf ለማydf Rv†f„f• መg „ flሃ
bሃ=ሚof*ላgመ·ለ†ል;vf‚ሁምflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»
†•ል8Rqሃ=ላ·
8 መeflu~/ff7f?»flሚ†ሃ=ልለdd⁄'⁄'
bU%gf ማለgም flማ- /ሉ 2ላf ማ•˘g: ~ለ- ·ም flሃ bሃ=ሚ
ማህR%gማCCም:flሚ*Wሎo ለሙ መለflg:flq*%'dሉ˛d/g%f¨:ም'g
መ2ሏo: Wg ‹: flመ/~ :dgfd /ልሃdf †|bb መሆf qለRg88
Rመ/g?gyመeflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»bU%gfRማydf
˛» flመ/g ልማg {ሎo yሃ bሃ=ሚo •' qW( flሚሠ% ,ሆf
flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ ማህR%gf vd flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ S»gof †¢ሉ8
8Rሌሎoˇ„oምvanህfbU%gማydfflu~/ff7fbU%gq%ሟሜምf
ለመyebልvd¶q„‚/q/b-*Wለመም%g†/oላል88
flመ/gልማg?gyመ˘መR'gyeo¶ላ·Rሆa?»yመ/gqe'
ም»W ¶ ˘ም( flሃ bሃ=ሚo S»ff Rማ|bg መe flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7f ?» ማ•˘g †/%ል•ል88 R¡ህ ላ· flመ/g ልማg {ሎo vf¶
qመmoሆaflሚ,ሆf* ለሃbሃ=ሚoS»ffl?»~ህሎg†/eሉ=ሉ8
8 ? flመ/g flማ- ም»W (block) v?…o yመሃ=ለላj R'g Rመ/g ሃ
bሃ=ሚo ማህR' flሚf q/%ሟሚo qማ|nag Rሁሉም flመ/g qe'
flbሃ=ለለ 2ላf ለ:Rሌ q/b„¶' ለ~ለ- ·:'Uል88 Rመሌ5ም fl¶:
fl:Rሌመ/gqe'?»ለbሌማ~ለvd - d(መ)?»⁄¸g¶„
/Vg ·ላ|ል88 Rሁሉም ¶ መa5 መe flመ/g ?» Rሚ•¸Rg —£
flሚybሉgaሉXogzg·¶Ujል88
? Uህላd መd flመ/g qe':flVg /ሉ qa/bld ሉ=?f
መ/g:flማህR*W z&d ሌሎo flUለqa/bl ·¥e flq'0/q'Wh q¶'
flሚለማflመ*gልማg;
? qUWag†ላjq•q|ላg' ማለgምማህR%g:Wgq?%Ta•”o:
flW»'»'¸ho:flመ/gv'5መ†q?%To:ም'gመ2ሏovd
flመ/gbሃ=ሚo⁄'⁄'ልfle;
? ለfUe:|/%ለ˛ምgff7መ/goማለgምf⁄/ምfሑሃለ»Xo:
(:
flˇ»» ሃ: 0ም3o: flon መሠg .b. vf‚†˛ሙ flሚ†⁄
„*-ሉdgማ|ሄ»;
? flመ/gሃመሄX·(|dል)vdflማ-ላ·%ofማ55ል:
መE5†መመ†
? Rመ/gqe(o/ሉflሚለማመ&gfማ•˘g;
? ለqa/bl መ/g qe(o fl/Rg ·ም fl'g u·ልf Rመሃ:ም f⁄

ሃለ(fማልRg;
? Rመ/g ሃ qሃ=:ም ለሃ bሃ=ሚ S»f መo (q˛dn ˛R&) vd

ለመ/gልማg{ሎofl/ልሃdq¶ሉdgRማ•˘gflማ„R†:fl*Wል
bU·dR7eመyላy†መ»ሀcg:fl'flመ/
: gv'መ†of
5 ለማ?W
flማህR%gdWgq?%Ta•”ofb-g+ማ-¶;
? ለመ/gልማg{ሎodለሃbሃ=ሚofl/ልሃd2(%ምማ•˘g;
? aU%†ለfflመ/gሃመሃfqለ|~dflመ/gማልማgq?ምfl~ህሎg
/ልሃdመ/ሃg;
? flመ/g*Wል/Wሉ'2(%ምRማ•˘gfl?»g?/%መ/%g;
? flመ/g*Wልሠ'hማ-†ofመCCም;
? Rመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo ማህR' flሚመ% ማለgም flመ/~ :f: flb55ሉ

flqb|yል ”f: Rq|UT ማf†ል W/U7 ⁄¸gf: q|h flu~/ff7f
gምህ'eˇ¥:flu~/ff7fሉgfy*ማ»;
? y*bl•†ላj*Wሎoልማgfማ/b?dy*ማ»;
? yም'g R^ላ f~gሎ¨fd ለ˛R† flሚሆf flም'g v.g መሌመ'f y*

ማ»;
? ለመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo fl˛R† መ (market information system)

ማ•˘g;
? yመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ ማህR%g vd fl bሃ=ሚo •' R:Rሌ ¶

flሚ|ሄ»··g;
? flb55ሉfl*Wልልማgdመ/gf~gሎ¨0}“ofማ•˘g;
? ?e*Wሎof:flሚ%ለˇWhof:flq?%Toqሠ”f
%' ማ:»;
? flbለ†flመ/gሃ/'ሑgd~**ል/'gመbR†¶fWማሆg;
? flb55ሉflመ/gሃማሃሏ”ofdf~gሎöfማ/b?;
? flbለ† flመ/g ሃ #ሆT f~gሎöfd 0}“o ማ•˘gd /ልሃd

ማ•˘g;
? flbለ† flመ/g g'* ሃ ማ/˛d ማሃf%'† f~gሎöf 0}¸

ማ•˘gd/ልሃdመ/ሃg;
? flመ/gልማgf~gሎ¨ሉ˛ddqሃ=:ምመመ†ማ•˘g
:dሚcI

? flመ/gሃ*ላgfdq?'Xgfማሆሆም;
? Rሃ'ሑgflመ/g?¶ምbybልማ•˘g;
? flሚy*cqለመUUhof*gሃRሆaመልzማ/b„¶'8
ሠfሃ‹-18-qሃ=ላ·መeflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq/b=:»¶o
¶ bU' flbU%g˛ለ uላ'ag

1 flሃbሃ=ሚ o(of Rመመ⁄˛W: q-e' fl˛ሃ' „*- ሉdg: flመ/gልማg
*ላgመ R/W*Ud flመ/g ልማg {ሎo flሎ ማ/e5f {ሎo
„*-ሉdg Rማflg: Rመ/g qe(o yf…od .ho flመ/g vdflመ/g
bሃ=ሚoqW(•' Rመ/%gflሃbሃ=ሚof Uለሙ†o
*ላg መ መለflg:aU% †ለf flመ/g ሃ
መሃf qለ|~d flመ/g ማልማg q?ም fl~ህሎg
/ልሃdመ/ሃgdመለflg
2 ለመ/gልማg ለመ/g qe' flማ- ም»W (block) ?» ⁄¸g flመ/gልማg
?»⁄¸g yመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ S»f መo •' qW( {ሎo:
flመ/gqe' መ/%g88 flሁሉም መa5 ?» Rሃ bሃ=ሚo flመ/gሃ
flማ-ም»W ማህR%gbyል0·ሃ=ለልdR:Rሌq/b„¶byል0d bሃ=ሚ
( block) flሃ b/ማምhRg¶„·ላ|ል8flመ/ 8 g*Wል/Wሉ' ማህR%gvd
bሃ=ሚS»f 2(%ምRማ•˘gfl?»g?/%·*%ል88 :Rሌq/b„¶'
3 fl„መ/g /ለ ሃ bሃ=ሚo *ላg: /ላለ ሀWg: vd fl„መ/g

ማe¸መfg R„ ¶ /ላለ flgWW' ሁeed /ምምag: q/b„¶'ሚf
fሚ vf‚ሁም R„ /ላለ flመ/g ?» ⁄¸g q¶
ሉdg መ መለሉd flመ/g መ*b ልማg
*ላgdaR%ሁeeoመለflgvdflመ/gልማg
%f»vf»CCም»•*ማ»
4 ለመ/g fl„ flመ/g ልማg ?» ⁄¸gf ለማ˛⁄ flaU% fl„W'd
u~/ff7f ሁeeመ:~ggልdም˛ማሉ&መ:flሉdg /Vg
?»⁄¸g ለhof: flሃ bሃ=ሚo መ „*- ሉdg
መof¶ ለgfማ*U*W:R„¶ለሚCCሙflመ/g
qf»ማ*U*W ልማg%f»cg»•*d~ggልማ»
5 fl„መ/g fl:Rሌflመ/g?»⁄¸gመfመሠgRማ» „
ልማg?» መa5 flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»ማ•˘g
⁄¸g
6 fl„መ/g መa5fl„መ/g?»⁄¸gለgfማሃ=ለልd fl„መ/g
ልማg?» R„ ¶ flመ/g ልማg {ሎo: ሌሎo ሚf:„
ማሃd:?dR˘g flሚመለyej fl% ሂ¶ho vd ሌሎofም q•'
q|ላg Rመ•R⁄d flሃ bሃ=ሚofም Rማ|bg
flR˘g*a»ማ•˘g
7 fl¥fbCማ fl„መ/gu~/ff7f?»መyለ/dflu~/ff7f ¥f
»•* ም~ሀ-Wመ/ሃg
ማ/bUR†
( ISC)

164
መE5†መመ†
8 fl¥fመe fl„ መ/g u~/ff7f ?…of ማሃ=ለል vd ¥f

flመ/gልማg flb*q/ሄ b†flhofሌም(¶~ልልq-e'flመ/g
u~/ff7f?» ልማg ልማg /Vg መላ~d ማ/¶? vf‚ሁም
ማሃ=ለ† R„ ¶ ለሚCCሙ flመ/g ልማg %f» cg
»•*d~ggልማ»
9 flመ/gልማg flT(fl%ሂ¶ho/„·&~f&ho:W'dም'ም' fl~ልልW'd

u~/ff7f2ላf bCም:flሃመ/gdsa'¨T(ህ/: /ማ/ማ/('† T(
flf~c~~ለ- u˘f,: flሃ bሃ=ሚo vd fl»•* q˛ልሎg
*ሎ q•' q|ላg Rb-b&Rg flbሃ=ለሉ flመ/g
ልማg u~/ff7f ?…o ላ· flf~c~ ~ለ-/ም˛ማ/
ማ|ሄ»d flመ/g ልማg %f»f ለማCCም b˛Tf
fl(·da/dflb~c~»•*ማ»
10 fl¶:flመ/g fl„f ?» Rማ|bg R¥f flbሃ=ለሉ flመ/g fl~ልልW'd

ልማg ?…ofማ/¶?vdመል0ለ¥bRመላ~va'+¶ T(
u~/ff7f?» „vf‚†/bላል&ማ»
1 flመ/gvd Rመ/g u~/ff7f: Rሃ #ሆTd ሌሎo flመ/g fl~ልልW'd

flf~c~ f~gሎö qሃ=:ምd ሉ˛d: መ/g q(gሚ vd T(
/ ልሃdo መ/gምህf‚/dqሠላ·
%' ለ¥fd„Uለሙ†o
flq*ልሆoo flq*ልሆoo/ልሃdመ/ሃg
/ ልሃd
12 Ru~/ff7fd flመ/gbU%gyመ˘መR'gለመ/gልማg „
Rf~c~ {ሎoflq*ልሆoo/ልሃdመ/ሃg
qሠ%(oflመ/g
ልማg{ሎo
/ ልሃd
13 flq%ሟሜም flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fbU%gfRe:¶ „
/g%f¨~ggል መሠgማydf:መyebልdመ#ሆሃ'
14 flመ/gልማg flv:g:flba-7agdflልምም»ሉdgRማ|ሄ» „d¥f
u~/ff7f flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f2(%ምfመ˛ም˛ም
መ'ሀW'
ም˛ማ
15 flመ/gልማg Rመ/gu~/ff7fbU%gለhoላ·qሑ'd „
u~/ff7f ል'ሀvdመe?e3'gማ•˘g
መ'ሀW'
?e3'g
⁄¸g
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
flሃbሃ=ሚoመ*ላg„*-ሉdg(WUINA)
? መcf Rሙሉ flመ/g ልማg {ሎo q-e' fl˛ሃ' መe/flማመ¢f
%/ (PRA): o' ልfle: yሃ bሃ=ሚo •' /W*U vd ··g:
Ru~/ff7fflሎማ/e5¶Wb'ላ··መUሉ;
? flሃbሃ=ሚoመ*ላg„*ሉdg
- ለgRመeflq/b=:»
~ለ-ሂ¶gላ··ሃ?ማል88
flመ/gም»W/Wሎ~/flሃbሃ=ሚo(IWUG)
? flመ/g ልማg {ል (IDA) Rመ/g qe flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚof
flq/b=:»/W-URq'0q¶(oማሠልሃlማyል/ሉ†¶%ል;
? flሃbሃ=ሚoS»fመflመ/gም»W/Wሎ~/?»⁄¸gላ·flWሎ~
qUላgf†¢ል;
? flመ/gም»W/Wሎ~/?•Rሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'Rzል·ሃ=ለላል88
? fl:Rሌq/b„¶v?•fyል0ለ„flመ/g/Vg†:'Uል;
? flመ/g q/b=:» *a• ˛ላሑ vgም flq%ሟሜም /g%f¨f d d

bU%gR⁄'⁄'†W%%ል;
? ?•byል0vf‚»?ለ¥b·:'U;
fl„መ/gማe¸መfgሚf(IMC)
? fl„W'dልማgflመ/gማe¸መfgሚff†¶%ል;
? flመ/g ማe¸መfg ሚf flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q:%W ” ላ·

qbz(flመ/g/Vg·¶(ል;
? flመ/gማe¸መfgሚfRመ/g?gT†f/4—£/W*U·g%ል;
? Rሌሎo flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg *ሎo ማ|yል, flW'd Wg vd

flም'g ˛R† g//': flW»'d ;ሃU bCማg: flም'ም' ማyላg: Wg
q?%To:flW·gማህR%g:flመ/gማህR%g:flq'q¶'
0 ማህR%g:
vdመf/e†ልሆb»'¸hof†/bUW%ሉ;
? fl„flመ/gqሃ=:ምሚfvf¶¡ሁyሌሎo»'¸hoመ|yልgWW'
vdg//'vf‚g'ምdልUgምflbለflሀ-Wለማ„R'ሚd·g%jል;
9.1ለ?»መማ*U*W
? y*blሉ%g†ለ?»flሚ•˘y*blሉ%gUለb˛Tመላ·
bመ/'ha88
? Rመ/gqሁf/ላለሁeeflሚ†-·መflሚ†|gb8-
መE5†መመ†
? ም'gመ2ሏovdflW'dም'hofl˛R†•:
? flመ/gልማgማህR*Wflህ⁄Wሉ&„e:
? flq(sሎ¨መ:
? fl*Wልq%'‚¢·fdመሃf:
? fl~ggልለho:
? flመ/gልማgb~gሎ¨*ላgdq?'Xg:
? flW'dም'ho~ምogማመmjg:
? ለq|UT/:Rሌ/flመ/gልማgመ-†oq?'Xgd7†ሑ:
? flbለ†ሉdhoflም˛ማለho:
? Rመ/gq|UTo
% †ላjfሉf|&dvሉgRbመለybflመ/gልማg
u~/ff7fq˛ልሎg*ሎofdሌሎoq•'q|ላgfመ„g;
? flመ/g 3ሊ,od መመ†o Rመ/g u~/ff7f flq:%W ” ላ·
gzgማ»;
? ማflምflu~/ff7f¸ም(o·ም?»ሚ†flሚ*ሆjˇ„o;
? fl„d~ልልW'd/Vg/T(flR˘gም¶Uመ/%'g88
9.2fl„q/b=:»q¶ሉdg
? flq/b=:»q¶ሉdg·¶%ል
? fl„ Uል¶U vd ሌሎo b˛Tag †ላj q|ላg Rq¶ ሉdc መ-b*

qለUj
? q¶ሉdc3/W*Uoqሉg
flq/b=:»መላ·Rሚ¶gzg
ም'gf:ለgf:bgf/ለማ*ለ?
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fbU%gfልfle
9.3fl„መ/gልማg%⁄'⁄'flq/b=:»?
? y„ q/b=:» q¶ ሉdg R^ላ fl„ Uለሙ†o fl„ q/b=:»

?†ሟላሉ(y¡ህReovf¶bመለyb);
? R?ም†ለ~*ልR„q/b=:»q¶ሉdg;
:dሚcI

? ˛ላሑ flሆa g'ˇም †ለ flመ/g q/b=:» *a» flqb˛UR' /g%f¨

RddbU%gላ·R⁄'⁄'vf‚•¸†/%ል•ል;
? ~ለ
ለ -dለማ/¶??•ለ¥bflመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†·:'Uል88
መefl:Rሌ(⁄ልfl„ :7) (⁄ልመ/8) gq/b=:»bU%g?
vd⁄ል9flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»q•˘g?·መልyc88
9.4fl¥bfመeflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»
ማሃ=ለል
? fl„መ/gልማg?»fለመ¶˛*¥bR„oflb•–flመ/gልማg
u~/ff7f?…of†ሃ=ልላል;
? flመሄhof g'hof: ሠ'h ማ-†of: fl„ Uለሙ† /ልሃdof

†ሃ=ልላል;flbሃ=ለለ?»ለ~ልልbል·»=ል88
? fl¥f መ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR†d flW'd ልማg q•' q|ላg

g//'መ»~
? fl¥fመ/gq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†flሚCCመb˛Tag|ላjq•q|ላg
'
,ሆfflመ/g2(%ምqb˛UR'f†¢ል;
? fl¥f መ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† d % ¶ ~ልሉ yመ?S

R'gfl„መ/g?…ofመyለ/vdfl¥fbU%gfማ:»†/%ል•ል88
9.5fl~ልልመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†(ISC)
? fl~ልል ሚf %fd flq'0 q¶' ማህR%gf ሌም( yመ/g u~/ff7f

q˛ልሎg*ሎo•'vf”gg//'vf¶%ሃ·yል-ል;
? ~ልሉRdagy¥ffl:Rfflbሃ=ለ?»
ለ q|hb˛T†ልሆb/g%föf
·ምf~gሎöfለመyለ/;ል*ሚd·gል;
? fl~ልል መ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† መa5 ?»fd q/b†flhof

†»=ል88
9.6flbሃ=ለሉflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?…ofdR˘gf
ማ/b|yል
? ማ/b|y†kflሚybሉg·ahoሊሆb·oላሉ8-
bU%gfመሠ⁄:
bሌማbU%gfመሌመ':
yq/%ለ˛⁄'⁄'bU%gfማ/b|yል88
? ማflም flb¶˛ ማ/b|y† yሃ bሃ=ሚ መ *ላg „*- ሉdg

168
መE5†መመ†
ማ%f˛ሉflለRgም;
? y~ልልflመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†R:Rq/b†flgመሠgfl¥f
?»·ሃ=ለላል;
? flu~/ff7fq/b=:»flም/b'2(%ምf(0*g'Rመሃ:
) ምሁሉም
ሉ&መ¶ም/b'/ሉ·˛Uል;
? ሉ& መ Rሚ˛URg —£ fl¥f Uል¶Uo (uላ'ag flb*ሆj *o)
g~~ለl flም/ህ' ;ል* ;ሉ' †ለ /ለመሆb v†f„f•f fle:¶ bU'
·%g5ሉ;
? መሉ& ማ/˛Ucybሃd:R^ላ
: fl¥fመም†oመa5?•f†57ላሉ
:flv†f„f•f„flመሌ5vgምqU⁄b†ሆሉ;
? fl¶:fl„?»vgምለgR%¶ሚ%ለ˛„·ላ|ል88
9.7flq*ልሆooሙ†(f~c~)/ልሃdfማ|ሄ»
? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ?…o vd ?…k fl†ƒj bU%g R„

Uለሙ†odRመ/gልማg{ሎo·b˛R%ሉ;
? ሁለg·agመ~ህሎhoqሉ8
flመ/gf~gሎ¨~ህሎg:
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ህሎg:
? qሠልሆooRvdbU%v:gd~ህሎgሊg%j·˛Uል;
? Rመ/gu~/ff7fለ„Uለሙ†o/ልሃd·*ሆል88
9.8„ላ·flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃdማ|ሄ»
? flqሠልሆoo/ልሃdRb*ሃRgbመ--·መf˛»flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
/ልሃdRflq|UT·e:„ል;
? flመ/gልማg{ሎodb-e'odj;
? /ልሃd flሚ†|gej ም/ል (?‚):*ሊ2 m'g:vd 3/b(o
(flሚለሃ&ም/ሎo)መeflu~/ff7f2ላf;
? flመ/g ልማg {ሎo ለሃ bሃ=ሚo fl% ላ· /ልሃd ለመ/ሃg
ሀላ'agqለUj88
9.flqb˛UR'/g%f¨vd~ggል
:dሚcI

? y?• Rመa-g flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f vf?/=.of መ%ም vd

Rመ/g ልማg {ሎo flu~/ff7f flሎ ማ/e5 ላ· flbመ˛S
bU%gfመyebልለb-|flu~/ff7fq%ሟሜም;ል*bU'a88
? Rqb˛UR'?gflb*U*Sመof
ሉ& መyebልለ?•ሂ¶gq/%ላ—
q|ልመሆbfማ˛dW·˛Uል88
9.10flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f2(%ምfመ˛ም˛ም
? ም˛ማ flሚ†|gb Rqb˛UR' ?g flbመ˛S fl~ggል መof

መbfbffa88
? yv†f„f•flgR%?gም˛ማflሚ|ሄ¶8-
Xovflb-z/ለመሆbለማሆ%g:
Xob˛T/ለመሆdjለማሆ%g:
ማflfምflbለflሉf|&ለመለflg:
»~መhoflaR/ለመሆbለመለflga88
9.1መeflR˘gምg3'gማ•˘g
? fl„W'd/VhoRzል?»ሚ†R˘gማ•˘g;
? vanህfR?»ሚ†ለማ/ሜ¶?bU'ለ„q/b„¶'·ላ|ል;
? Rመሌ5ም flb˛መb R˘g vf‚»? ·¶•ል; ˛fSም Rb:መሃ
ል/⁄'⁄'/መሠg·መ¶Uል88

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~*ል9
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flመ/gu~/ff7fbU%g,e:»fl.hoˇ„·bለ·hq·e:»ም:gzgም
q†˛jም88
Rbለ†fl¶†ሉfl'b-eUለሙ†oflu~/ff7f?»,yለ/ምሆa,»?
fl/'-eˇ„oR?…kvf‚|bc†ለመ|bgልd†ለማ»o'·e†ል88
flመ/g bU%g ?» ,e:» aU' vd flb5ለ fl'b-e መ?(o (fl.ho
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/%q·*%ም88
vf”gለeማማ»·mላል?
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flሚ†/oለfq?ምvf‚gማ»ማ•˛ሉ8
flሚ†/˛iሉ?ም8-
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flbለ†q?ምvd~ህሎgvf‚g'%j†/oላjል8.hod 8 f…ofRሚመለyg
R f¢V vf‚†˛j Rማ» ላ: flb55ለ flመ/g f~gሎ¨ gR%f ማ-|g
·mላል88
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fl~ggል:ም˛ማdመማማ'
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ለhoመለ{†flq˛ልሎgሉ%gfለማ55ል·ሃ?ማሉ·ህም 8 flመ/gልማg
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flም˛ማ q?ም flማ-¶ ሃ:ሜefd R bgf መ:መ'd: flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7f2(%ሞoq˛ልሎhodለeማልማgRማ55ል˛»ለgf
ለማ/(gdለማ*%ሌgqfwgRመ/ሃga88
10.flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggልq/%ላ—ag
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggልማ»flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f2(%ሞk
flሚb˛RgyላማdXoq†መሆbfለማ•˛ሉ†¢ል8·ህም 8 g~~ለlf
% vflሠ%f /ለመሆb: Rg~~ል vflሠ%f /ለመሆb: vf”g vflb*%
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ልማg ሠ%boo: flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f b#ሆሆ q|ላg: flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7f Uለሙ†o vd flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f fl/% ~*ሎo መf
መሠg Rማ» RWgd vf?/=.o fl»•* ሆል= ˛Wag † ?e
መof Rማ*U*W flመሆf ለሉ ·ም flbመ˛Rf v»˛g Rላag
ለማ/:ሃል ~ggልf ·ሃ:ማሉ8 va¡ህ Uለሙ†o vd ˇ„ flሚመለyej
fl%uላ'oRqሃ=ላ·flሀWgdflሂ¶gሉ'—†መf˛»f†መmmሉለም- 8 ሌ8-
fl/W*Uo:ሠ'hማ-†o:flመ/~:dg:ˇWneflልም»ልሉ.b
መg%jfለማ•˛ሉ·ሃ?ማል88
3.vf?/=.ofማ/b„¶'/መም%g
መE5†መመ†
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f„·&~h&g:flu~/ff7fS»f/cg/flመ/ : gልማg
u~/ff7f flUለሙ†o S»f vd +-']·(o flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
~ggልd ም˛ማ †|ሂ„ሉ bWሎ ·e*Uል88 va¡ህ S»go/cho fl.hod
f…o b-e' ;ሉ'f: flbydb flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f vf?/=.o
·agf:flመ/g*Wልqመ%gf:fl*Wልv'fl—£ 5 *ሌ„f(|ላf¶'flመ/
): g
Wg *ላgf: flWg ~**ልf: ሊለማ flሚoል flመ/g መ&g መሃff:
flለማ flመ/g መ&g መሃff: fl˛R† መf: Rሂ¶g ላ· †ሉ vd vflመሄ
†ሉ flq'0/q'Wh q¶(o flመ/g /ልሃd *ላhof †|bb R'|e qሃ=ላ·
bለሑ ሁeeo ላ· ?e መ †*U/Uሉ8 ·ሁfd ለbለ† fl2(%ም
መ55ልd ለሠ%boo q/b„¶' ላማ ለq'0/q'Wh q¶' g~~ለl flሆa flመ/g
ልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎhoflሆ ሙሉ afl~ggልመሊg%jq·oልም88
fl2(%ም q%ሟሜም ም˛ማd flbg ም˛ማ flb˛dj Tሆbም flbለ†
”ofdflሉf|&¶oqሏj8fl~ggል
8 qUWag†ላjመለሏof
ለመ/ሃg R¡ህም ለgf ለመ˛ም˛ም R2(%ሙ መ/መ' ·ም q?ሆሏ
ለv»˛g qመላ|po ሉ'—† መf˛» ·y*eል88 ለ/}eማd ለeማ flመ/g
ልማg u~/ff7f ~ggል vd ም˛ማ ለማ» 10 መሠe መ'ሆof
መybል·g'Wdል88va'+ም8-
? flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggል:ላልመሆfqለRg8- flbR%:d/W/W
flሆafl~ggል,/bምR%+ለgqልUa88
? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ~ggል ?e (R?c/R—£) መሆf qለRg8

- g~~ለlf *g መሃ:ም al ˇ„· ,ሆf R¡ህም fl/}gf v»ል
ለመሌመ' Rመ/g u~/ff7f b˛T ለሉ R*ሉag ማምሆg ·oላል88
ለም-ሌ8flሠ- 'hማ-†Xeመሆflq'
: q¶'
0 ማ*ልሃlማyልfl/ልሃd
*ላg„*ሉdg:
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? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ~ggል qUWag †ለ መሆf qለRg8- ~ggል

yb:መሄ Xo •' flbመሆሃa: ሃ=ሚ መof flሚ†%ል? መሆf
qለRg88
? flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggልመeማnvdRመላ·flbመሠb
መሆf qለRg8- b#ሆሆo: bመ%ማo: flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
Uለሙ†o R~ggል nho ላ· flሚመg መo Reማnagd
ም~f†eሆa,˛ja8ለም-
8 ሌ8Rሠ- 'hማ-†Xeoመማ*U*W:
ሃ=ሚ flሆa flf~gሎ¨ W መል/: bሞ~(of ¶ ሌላ ማ/b?
bflሚmላflሚ*R*Rመeማnሆg,˛nWma88
? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ~ggል ሉho q-e' መሆf qለUj8- ·ህ

flሚ†ሃ=ልለ Rመ/g u~/ff7f %o flሚመለyej q•' q|ላg
†|bbሆg,˛na8ለም-
8 ሌ8-q'0/q'Whq¶(o.hodሆho:flመ/g
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? flመ/gu~ff7f~ggልሁeeof†˛dRመሆfqለRg8- ·ህRb%ሉ(
b¶••ሚflሆad—£fሙሉRመ¶Rlagflሚ:ሉልa88
? flመ/g u~ff7f ~ggል fl»'—g መ'ህf flbybለ መሆf qለRg8-

·ህ flbU% vae q:%W ”f yምfም Rላ· ለመ/g u~/ff7f
bሃ=ሚoመ/%'hofምg/ሉ†/˛Uqሠ%'fመybልqለRg88
? flመ/g u~ff7f ~ggል ሉg 3ሊ,/-e *ሎof መ'ህ flbybለ

መሆf qለRg8- fl~ggል S»f fl~ggል q*%'f ለመf¶*d % ላ·
ለማልfl3ሊ,-e*ሎoመ/%'hofመሃR?qለRg88
? flመ/g u~ff7f ~ggል S»f flbለ »'—hof †መለ~eል 8- flመ/g

ልማg u~/ff7f ~ggል Rመ ማ*U*Wd gfbd ላ· Wm †b
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ሀ-W†:'Uል88 ለም-ሌ8- Rመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'¶:flqe'
‚¢·f:flWgq?'Xg:W·g.b…-
10.2flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fም˛ማq/%ላ—ag
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q'0/q'Whq¶vd-e*ሎq|ልa88
flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ም˛ማ fl»•* b-g+ ለeማag ማለgም
መE5†መመ†
flu~/ff7f q:%W ”: flq'0/q'Wh q¶' ማ*ልሃl ማyላg /ልሃd:

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†ለላ·
3ሊ, †bz%ል8ለq'8 0/q'Whq¶flሚሆfሎfqdflመ/g
ልማgq˛ልሎgመ/ሃgf:.b.q|hflሀWgለeማag˛Tሎgfbd
fl»•*ሆል=˛WagRሚg'Rg—£;
2(%ሞo: fl3ሊ,od bሞ~(o ለbለ† fleለመላj S»go (ለም-ሌ8
?.ho:ሆho:flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR%g·ምqUልflሆbd†ልሆb
.b. flRለሃ ለeማ ·ሆdሉ8 flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ም˛ማ vf¶¡ሁ
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgbሃ=ሚoflq˛ልሎcfሉ%gምf†ህል
vf¶b˛aS·ምq„‚/መ·ምf~gሎ¨qሃ=:ምላ·†ላjfv?d
·ለ|ል8/ለሆaም8 flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fም˛ማሁለcfምማለgምሉRUd
-·f- a88 ሉRU ም˛ማ R2(%ም ·ም R3ሊ, fl»•* b-g+ ላ·
ላማfd bመል|o ·ም q»ማሑ ልflef: b˛T ?»f: መ ማW%%gf
†|geል8-·f- 8 ም˛ማ/ለgdbgRq*መof %' †*U/Uል:
·bagdል88
10.3flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fም˛ማb„(ho
ለu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgRማ-¶flbለbgofለመለ|g/ለመለflgyU»d
/W/Wa8ም~f†cም
8 flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgq%ሟሜምfflR'|e
ˇ„o ህ»d b-g+ /ለሚg'Rg a88 ለም-ሌ flመ/g መ&g ·¥e /'g
መbR'dመል0ማy(%ል:flመ/gWgq?'XgR?cመ˛ig·ም •
መሃfdሉ%g:flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'ሉf|&dq˛ልሎgq*ሆሉ:
flq'0q¶(oflf¢V¶:fl˛R†መሠbልማho:flመ/gልማgሠ%boo
vdflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†oba-7agbdj8flመ/ 8 gልማg
u~/ff7ffl»•b- * g+ም˛ማለማምሆሉ gReለመvf?/=.(ለም-ሌ8
- fl( qg~ልg ልማg ሠ'h ማ-† vd Rሚ%ለ˛ ለg ማለgም v†¶˛
flመሆfl(qg~ልgfመመ˛WRVb*WqUላgላ·†መሆflbመሆሃaምW
መ55ል) መ|yል †ለf flም~f†gd ለg fjagf መለflg መmል qለRg8
8 ·ህf flም~f†gd ለg fjag መ„c flbg መf ለመbfbf ሉ
flም˛ማ ?»d fl/eg/d~ v:gf ·ሃ·=ል88 /ለ¡ህ flመማ† ሂ¶g ሆg
vf‚†˛ለል flu~/ff7f ም˛ማ ሊ:' ·˛Uል88 flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
ም˛ማRu~/ff7ffl»•b- * g+/g%3ሊ,: f¨dflq:%W”¶ላ·
vablf-eq*ለማ-ሆሉ ?flሚeመfማ/ለመ/ሃgWmflሚሃ?ም
a88 flም~f†gd ለg fjag flሙy% ·ም ሙy% a~ flም'ም' ?»
ምdልUgflሚ%ል,ሆfR¡ህምflሙy%መ¶Xoflbለq††¥of·:RላሉRሌላ ;
Rzልflማ„¶†መ¶Wflb5q††⁄ ለ †ልb¶˛ላjf·:Rላል8flማ„¶†
8
መ¶Wሉ?ሙ˛ም•ለq††⁄
ሚ ለgWqማ%መለሑ ሏofvf„·:Rል
†/oለል88 /ለ¡ህ R-·f- ም'ም(o ማ„¶' q/%ላ— a88 flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7ff Rሚመለyg flመ/g q˛ልሎgf flሚ:Rሉ q'0 q¶(od vzል
;ሉ'UለS»fflu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgfflማ·:Rሉq'0/q'Whq¶(o•'
ማ„¶'R¶fWflb¶˛%»ም„ሜላ·ለመ»/flሚ†/oልa88
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
·ሁfd flመሆ ለሉ Rvagም Rመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f fl»•* b-g+

qማ|nag /ለመሆb ለማ•˛ሉ ·ህf flም˛ማ ሉdg yመም%g q† flመ/g
ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሙ†od 3ሊ, qሑo መሠef flም'ም'
‚¢·gof: ሉል? መof ማ*U*W vd /eg/d| *b5of መ„g
qለUj88 ሆgም flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ም˛ማ ለho ለ»•* b-g+
መ55ል flሚሃ?ም /ለመሆb Rማ·ለሉ q^f q†•ሄም88 R¡ህም 3ሊ,
qሑoyqማ|o:y%¶oo:yq'0/q'Whq¶'»'¸ho:*ላg
|ላjS»go·ምyመ˛dlWሀfRመማመ-y†መ//ለ gu~/ff7f
2(%ም flም˛ማ ለg ሉ?ም ላ· bg flሚ†-» R'|e ም~f†hof
ሊመለyc·oላሉ8
10.4flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgለሉfመለ|g
flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎhod 2(%ሞo ˛ም•ሚo flbለ†

flመ˛ም˛ሚ†/ለhodqUXof:RbU'ላ·flማል'⁄መg:flም˛ማላማ:
q?'Xg /faho ላ· Rመመ/g ል ል ?f¸e vd »'¸e flq:%W
”o መምሉ ·oላሉ8 y2(%ም :»ሞd R^ላ ም˛ማ 2(%ሙ
Rb-e'o f» flaRf ማflfም R bg/(·„ ·ም ˇ„g መለ
·oላል88 ለም-ሌ y2(%ም :»ሞ ·ም R^ላ „*- ሉdg ሁለc |·
flም˛ማሉ†>ofRመሃ?;flልሃd
- b-e'ሆaRመ/gflሚ†ለq'ሙ 0/
q'Wh q¶(o |ልb-b&g ·ል? flbሟላ flመ/g 0}“of b:Wለ %
ላ· qለልf? Rመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ልሃd b-e' flሆb q'0/q'0
q¶(o|ልb-b&g·ል?y*blflbሆ˛T % qnbልf?flሚሉgfሉ†>o
ለመመለ/flሚ†/oልሆdል88
10.4flu~/ff7fq%ሟሜምqመላ|po
fl/}g ¶f ለመ*f Xo qመላ|pof Rመሃ:ም መለ|g ·g'Ujል88

flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggልማለgflva¡ህqመላ|poflም⁄˛Uሂ¶g,ሆf
ም˛ማ ማለg flbመ˛Sgf qመላ|po መbfbfd ¶'g q%ሟሜምf vf”g
መ55ል vf¶ሚmል መ*f a88 fl~ggልd ም˛ማ መ†of መሃ:ም
flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f 2(%ሞo % ላ· መል ?»f flbybለ vd
flq'0/q'Whq¶(of*ላgምg/ሉ†/˛Uመሆbfለማ•˛ሉ†/oላል88
ለeማ~ggልdም˛ማR*cመ*fdመbR'vf‚oሉg~~ለlመ
Rg~~ለl*gdRg~~ለl·¥edq:%W(format)ለg~~ለly¶* *
b˛Tdg~~ለlመ·*ሆል88
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq%ሟሜምqመላ|poRመ/gu~/ff7fvf?/=.%
ላ·flመልሂ¶gላ·~ggልflb¶˛Ujflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f(·„/R
bgof:ለhof:ም'hof:vdWhof·ለ|ሉRመሌ5 8 qመላ|po
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f(·„/Rbg/}gfለመ˛ም˛ም·ሃ?ማሉflb¶%
8 ˘
መE5†መመ†
መ fleለሙ Xo /}gfd flሚ˛መc o(of ለመለflg Rመ/g u~/ff7f

fl»•ሆል=˛Wag
* (·„/Rbgo:ለho:ም'hodWhoመ|yል
†ለf fjag ል †¶'•ል88 ል ል flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ~ggልd
ም˛ማ qመላ|po qሉ8 ·ሁfd y¡ህ Reo flbመለycg flRለሃ fl•% flሆb
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggልdም˛ማqመላ|podj88
10.42flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f(·„ም˛ማdqመላ|po
? q„‚/f~gሎöfdvdq*%(ofማላመ»8- va¡ህflመ/gu~*ff7f
qመላ|po flሚ†-g q'0/q'Wh q¶ ም'gd ም'eማagf Rማflም
መልz ለማ55ል vf‚ማ': fV vf‚gd Rq‚/ መf˛» % ላ·
vf‚†ል flv:g: ~ህሎg vd flለሉ መ55ልf †-†ል88 ለም-ሌ8-
flም'gመሃffdሉ%gfማ55ል:yም'gR^ላ.b…
? ሎfመ:a/8- ·ህqመላ|oflሚለ|flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ff~gሎ¨
% ላ· Rመሉ ም~f†g Rb-e'o ·ም flመ/g bሃ=ሚo f»
flb#ሃR ˛fWf a88 ሎ ,Uል —£f: ˇልRgf vd ሌሎoም flሀWg
·ahoሊሆf·oላል88
? ;ሃU8- yሎ?a-•'bመ--·Rሆaመልz·ህqመላ|oመሃa;ሃUf
·ም yመ/g u~/ff7f 2(%ም Rመማ' flመ/g ልማgd ሌሎo
bሞ~(oR%ላ·Rማል˛»flሌመ;ሃUf·ለ†ል88
? ˛Tf መሌመ'8- ·ህ qመላ|o Rመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f fl»•* ሆል=

˛Wag ም~f†g bሃ=ሚo ·ም b-e'o (Rለ*W ·ም RVb*W
¶) y2(%ሙ R'gd R^ላ †˛jgf ˛T †„»%ል88 ለም-ሌ8-flbሟላ
0}¸fላ· % RማሉምdልUgflq'q¶ 0 ˛Tሌም(ሊሆf·oላል;
ማለgምRሄ~e'y*blም'gflሚdማdም: *ሄ »fo·ምሌላ·ag
flም'መሃ: ' ሉ ም:flb%ማ„R†f
ሉ( ላ·
% ማልdv.gflመሌመ'
bሞ~(.bRመ/gu~/ff7fመ·ም/ልሃdRማigም~f†g
ሊሆf·jላል88
? ም'eማagf መሌመ' 8- ·ህ qመላ|o yመ/g u~/ff7f 2(%ም

·ም yሠ'h ማ-† Rመማ' bመ--· Rሆa flማ- መሃf ·ም flማምm
መ†o q‚/ bሞ~(f % ላ· Rማል flሌመf ም'eማag
Rም/b'Rመe˛⁄ምሆeWe·ምsgሚ†v.gfመለ|ga8
8 ለም-ሌ8- flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f 2(%ም q'0/q'Wh q¶(o q‚/
f~gሎ¨f vf”g vf¶ሚሃ:ሙ †/bም%ል88 q‚/ f~gሎ¨f Rመሃ:ም
flb˛i g'* ,:a/ f~gሎ¨ flb˛¢Rg • yም'eማag መሌመ' •'
vzል·ሆdል88
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? v.gfመሌመ'8- ·ህqመላ|oflሚ†-flRመ/g*Wልም'gሂ¶gyሆ
ሎ U5˛' flb˛i bሌማ g'*f ·ም v.gf a88 ለም-ሌ8- flመ/g
ልማg u~/ff7f 2(%ም flqg~ልgd *%& qም%o q'0 q¶(of
ም'ሉ ' vf‚ሃ:ሙ ማ/bማ' Rሉ%g qም'b v.g vf‚ሌም
†/oላjል88 ·ህ ¶ሞ flbመbf ም'g bመ%ሑd flመ5ሏ •ም
y*vf‚ልRማ»'flq'0/q'Whq¶f˛Tyመሌመ'q†y*blሚd
·gል88
? fl|/eል • qማ%ሑ መል|ም q•ሆሚo8- flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f

2(%ሞo†ለf|/eል(መ&g:ˇልRgvdሃ)Rbለ†‡·ምflRለሃ
:ልሆ( መf˛»f Rመሃ:ም bሃ=ሚo vf”g ማ/b|yል W ˛fW
vf¶ሚ†˛jማ/bማ'·oላሉለም- 8 ሌ8መ&- gy*bl†ላjf
• *Wሎo
ማምg†/oላል88y*bl•|ላj*Wሎoflሚ˛if˛T⁄?bl•
|ላj *Wሎo •' Rማ„¶' flu~/ff7f 2(%ም sgሚ† ሉ?ምf
Rመ˛መg q'0/q'Wh q¶ vf‚˛aRd vf‚¶(j Rማ» ¶
q‚0k y*bl • ¶ሚ*ሄ *Wሎo vf‚:fl' ማ» a88 R¡ህ —£
ምdልUgም flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f 2(%ሙ fl˛R† መf ·*ሆል:
flqሎag/ሌgላ·q'0/q'Whq¶(of†¢ል88
? flመ~%ልq?ምd%=¶nag8- q'0/q'Whq¶(oq‚/f~gሎ¨dq*%'f
ለመ:Rል%=¶lመሆf:v:gd~ህሎgfb:Wሎ%ላ·ማልfvd
ምሆe ሃWe ·ም sgሚ† v.gf yመ„g flሚመሆ a88 flb*a
v=·ም(;-/) q˛ልሎgምdልUgምሆeሃWe/sgሚ†ሃ:ሜe
vf¶ሚg%jflሚe*Rለም'c·ምq˛ልሎcfyመ¢g*ላej
R'g ,e*W yaR flbለመ¶ ¶fW Rልሊ ,˛n a88 flመ/g ም'g
R˛R† ላ· flRለሃ ለeማ ሆg flሚ2ሉ yሆa Rመ/g u~/ff7f /ልሃd
·ም »•* qማ|nag v.g flbሌመRg ም'g ·ም q‚/ ˛T vd
g'(ማag ¶ ላ· ¶* ማለg ,ሆf ለመ~%ል †ላj *ላg flመ/g
ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎc • vf¶ሆa ሊe*W ·oላል88 Rqሑ qf»
q'0/qWh q¶' flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg /ልሃdd ም~'
qnhflqf»ff~gሎ¨q˛ልሎgb»h*ላgq-¶·ምለመ~%ል
*=¶l ሆa ማለg flመ~%ል q?ሙ b•˛ሃ ማለg q·¶ለም88 flመ¢g
q?ምማለg~*†f%ሞመ*»·ምfl%/ማ»ማለga88
Rqሃ=ላ· flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f vf?/=.o ~ggል flሚ|ሄ¶

RbU' ሂ¶g ላ· ,ሆf ም˛ማ ¶ሞ Wf —£ bU% yሆa R^ላ
a8flመ/
8 gልማgu~/ff7f~ggልመ˘መ†flሚመሆa8ም~f†cም8
መ -·*R*W b˛T flሆa ም˛ማ ሊ|ሄ» q·oልም88 ·ሁfd flመ/g
ልማg u~/ff7f ~ggል ሙሉ ?ም ሊ*ሉ flሚoለ flb*R*R መ
gምህ'gvf‚*,=n
ሉ ·ም,yለWm
/ a8·ህ8 ም˛ማመሆba88
ለመ/gu~/ff7f?»መyሁለcምማለgምyም˛ማdyመ/gሃ
bሃ=ሚo flመ *ላg „*- ሉdg flሚመሆ ,ሆf yva¡ህ qf¶l

178
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flመምfሑyሌለ¶?»ሉ%g¶/fag·/¶dል8Rመ/
8 gልማg
u~/ff7f?»ሂ¶gfl„ofq%ሟሜምለማ55ል†f»~ggልd
ም˛ማመ†odj8flመ/ 8 gvf?/=.oflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
~ggልdም˛ማRመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†ovf‚|ሄ•flሚ%ለˇ
fl/ሉ ም˛ማ ሂ¶ho dj88 ለeማ b-g+q flመ/g u~/ff7ff
ለማ•˛ሉሃ=ሚflሆbሁለg·ag~ggልdም˛ማoqሉva' 8 +ም8
-flሂ¶gvdflለg„*-/መe/RመUል·e=ሉ8
10.43flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fሂ¶g„*-
flሂ¶g „*- መe Wf —£ flሚ|ሄ¶ Rb-g+q መ/g ልማg qመ%'

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vdRሉ=?fመ/gም'eማagላ·RbdሃልRqf»መgRbለ·መe
flqfl' fWg ሁeed Ry*bl ¶ Rb¢URg መg flሚ|ሄ» ሉdg
ምdልUg flb¢U bg ለg flሚ†-· ·ሆdል88 /ለ¡ህ ለ*Wል ም'gd
flሃqሃ=:ምመeqfwgመ*ሃgqለRg8Rqe' 8 ልማg:Rመ/g
W'd: Rመ/g ምህf»/d: RማህR%: ምሆe ሃWe ·ም sgሚ†
vdbCማˇ„oሉdc/?nc/R;ል*bለvd ሑ ]†Wል)ላ·†b
vf‚ሆf·%ለ•ል88ለመሠeሉdg/?ng/;ል*flq%ሟሜምqመላ|po8-
ሠfሃ‹-158-flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f „*- ሉdg q%ም/ም˛ማ ሂ¶g
qመላ|po
flመ/gq(gሚ flመ&gqሃ=:ም·ag8-R*Wልflb2%aማ-:'
Uለሙ†o ማ„R†:flbU·dR7eqሃ=:ም:ም'g:flVg/ሉ
*“ed7†o
flመ/gሃ flሚfለeማag:'ሃvdመe/W*Uo
bሃ=ሚ
ማህR%g
W'dሚc/f'
185
W'dሚc/f'
flመ/gልማg flu~/ff7fˇWng»ሞ7vdR/ልሃdflq˛UW
u~/ff7f q/b†flho
q˛ልሎhovd
/ ልሃd
qሁf†ለ flሃማሃ%:ሚ†መሙላg:qሁf†ሉflመ/g
flqሠ%'vd bሞ~(o:ሃRYfYflሚለ:?Rg?g:flሉ˛d
ሉ˛d¶ ሉ%g¶
? Rመ/gflሚ*Wሎo
ለሙ „*ሉdg8
- - ·ህflመሠed?eሉdg/?ng
q|ልሆgflሚydf,ሆfRመ/gWሎምRሃማ*U*Wqe(oflለሙ
*Wሎo bሌUሑ ም'eማaejf ለማ•˛ሉ a88 ·ህ yqe' bU'
ላ·መልR'gdR^ላfl*Wልም'gfለማ„¶'flሚ†/oልa88
? flመ/g *Wሎo qመ%g f»*/irrigation cropping pattern/8- flመ/g
*Wሎo qመ%g f»* ,Uል Rgf7 Xe Rb*ሃ —£ Rbለ† *Wሎo
flማ-
/' ~**ል·ምመebyee·ag·ምRb*ሃማ-Xef
ማ¶%˘g ማለg a88 fl*Wል q%' bU' ለ*Wሉ flሚR= ሃ v/|ለ
»/ መcf Rሙሉ ሊ|ሄ• ·oላሉ8 ·ህም flbለ† ·ag ማለgም ¶Uል
*WሎofRqf»ላ·መ⁄%g::ላ?ሎመ⁄%gvdfl*Wልማ%%?dj88
? flመ/g*Wሎoማምm?ho/Irrigationcroppingcaendar8- fl*Wልfl:f
q#ሆሃ' fl% |'e ⁄¸g R:Rሌ ¶ flW'd bሞ~(f flማW%%g/
*oflመ/ሃg/”a8flq% 8 fl:
' fq#ሆሃ'Rb*ሃማ-ላ·?cf
Rሙሉ *Wል ማምgf flሚ†-· a88 ·ህ yመ&g ⁄¸g v/y ም'g
መ*W*Wd ማyማjg †ለf ?¶ም bybል a88 ·ህ q'0/q'Wh q¶
ለWg‹vdqሃ=:ም:flW»'*ላgf:flሚ†/ል˛f—£:ˇልRg
ለመ*f/ለማ?/vd-nflሆb—£†gfለማ:»:ለመ&g⁄¸g.b.
vf‚†?» †/oለል88 ም~f†cም Ra q|ላ: Uህላ vd a ምህ„'
ሁeeo መለሉ Rbለ·ም RማህR%- ምሆe ሃWe vd sgሚ†
q/˛„¸ag ም~f†g flbለ† *Wሎo Rbለ† ?ho flሚለሙ dj88
¸ም flሆa flመ/g |dል ·ም መ/መ' gR%ም fl*Wል :f #ሃ%f
flሚ†/bˇልo'f·%ሉ%ል88
? flመ/g ሃ ማሃሏ መ'ሀ W'8 - flመ/g መ'ሀ-W' ሃ መn vd ምf
†ህል መሃf ¶ ማ- መUg vf„ለRg vd Rg~~ለl *g *Wሉ ሃ
flሚሃሆf መሃf መ*f ማለg a88 ለመ/g *Wሎo flሚ†/%ል˛f
flሃ መሃf/flሃ *ላg ለማ? ·ም ለመ*f መ/%'gf Rመሃ:ም
vd Rማflም ሁdf ምf †ህል ሃ vf¶ሚሌመ' R/g%f¨ ማ⁄f
Rመሃ:ምflሚ*fa88flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f»•*R¡ህላ·q'0/
q'Whq¶(offlሚሃ:ምa8q'8 0/q'Whq¶Rbለ†መ/oመ|yል
flሃማ%%?fvf‚†?»dfl*Wልሃo'fለመ:a/ም' : gfRሚoለ
መሃfy*ለማ»vf‚ሁምflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR%gfለeማag
መbR†መመ†
ለማ55ል †/oለል88 Rbሌማም ⁄?bl flሃ መሃff R;ሃU Rመሃ:ም

flq'0/q'Wh q¶f flሃ vd flˇልRg ሎ: y*bl flq%' v'ሉRg
·ምflሃ~ምogRመሌመ'flማ„R† : ሎfRመ:a/fl*Wልfም'gd
ሉ%gRመሌመ'flbሆ%g'*f†-»•ል88flሃማfሆ%*መ/%'hof
Rማ/b|yል vf¶¡ሁም flq%' v'ሉRgf Rመ:a/ R*Wሉ ' q|UT
†ለfflሌማago'Rመ:a/Rማ-/ሉflሃ~ምogfb#ሆሃ(:
flb#ሃRfሃRመሃ:ምRሃvሉgም~f†gRመ/gመልማg-·oሉ
flሚ: a˛'f ለ7†ሑ flሚሉ *Wሎof Rመ/g Rማልማg bሌማ ˛T
†/˛lል88
? ?e„*ሉdg - ~ggል8- fl?gሉdg/?ng/~ggልW—£Rbመሄd
ለሉ RሚሃR; flqa/b˛l መ/gqe': flማህR*W z& vd flVb*W
ሉ=?fflመ/gf~gሎöq%ሟሜማjfለመ„*/fl'%WflW'd:
flመ/gሃUለሙ†o:vdሌሎobCማgልUህ†g†ላjfመo
ለመ*W*W,UልR'|efl*Wልqመ%g?hoflሚ|ሄ»a88
ሠfሃ‹-168-?eflመ/gu~/fa7f~ggል?
flመ/gbU(o Rመ/g ም'eማag fl*Wል

R*Wልflb2%aማ-vd qመ%g መf˛» Rሚ:†fl'Uj
fl*Wልመሃf ማ-o መ/gf Rመሃ:ም ለማ-
fl*Wልም'g *Wልu~/ff7fflሃመ˛ig
flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR'vd qUልag: b-g+: flqመ%'

flq'0/q'Whq¶'S»f ሉ%g: ሀWgf ማ*U*W : fl•%
vf?/=.vdለg
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fvd flˇWng »ሞ7: flም~'

flq'0/q'Whq¶(o/ልሃd q˛ልሎg ·ag vd fl/ልሃd
”: flሠ'h ማ-† ሙy% ;ሉ'd
·ag: vf‚ሁም flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7f Uለሙ†od flመ/g
ልማgሠ%booq%ሟሜም
flመ/gaሃvdflqe' flሃ መ˛igd flq?'Xg ”:
qሠ%'dሉ˛d Rመ/~¶flሃq?'Xg:flሃ
~**ል W=gd g~~ለlag:flሉ˛d
»ሞ7d flሉ%g ¶: መe
qሠ%'d ሉ˛d: ሎ vd flሃ
~*†ሌሎoም|ሉ
? flመ/g a ሃ ሉdho8- fla ሃ ሉdho Rb(*+ fl⁄dW ሃf
Rማ˛digRሃማyማmvf‚መሆ
ለሉ / yማyማmflሚሆf
ሃ ማ¢መ»f Rማ|bg fl2(%ም ~ggልd ም˛ማ q|ል ሆg flሚ%ም
W'dሚc/f'
187
W'dሚc/f'
a8Rqe'
8 Xeo/ማ-oላ·flaሃሉdhoflሚ˘ምgRqሃ=ላ·
Rሁለg(2)·aga8-
==> መሠeመሉdg/?ngRbሃd::Ujflqe'Xeoላ·
flሚ|ሄ»ሉdg
? fl⁄dW መሃf መለ{† (&·f…¸): መሃf መለ{† -ህf: :ሑf flb%%
መbላለ'† Rb˛ሃመለg R|· flመ/g qe' Xeo ·ም ማ-o
ሉል:g vd Rb*a —£ flሚ|ሄ» ሉdg ማ„¶† q%ሟሜምf ለማig
yሌሎoRq•ybመሄ
ሆሚ qe(oሞ”ል •' flመ/gqe(oም˛ማ
ላ·ማb·መy%ል8·ሁ8 fdሉል?ሉdhod?nho,|ሄ•flሚybሉg
aሉXoምg/ሉመUgqለUj88
Rመ/g bሞ~(o flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚof W;ag vd /ልሃd
/ለማ/%ለˇ ?nho vd ሉdho †/%ል•ሉ8 መ55ሎo ,%ሃd
y¶'g flሃ qሠ%'d ሉ˛d •' Rb†† R»'¸e ሁee flሃ
bሃ=ሚo/ለመ|bgv»ላjfለመ„*flመ/ / gልማgu~/ff7f
?ng ·%ለ•ል88 bU% ሊ†¶' flሚoል flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
?ng/ሉdgለg/ለመሆdjflbለflሉf=>መ*»qለRg88
flaq|ላመ55ልም˛ማ(3l¶flመ/gመ/መ'/|dል/መ55ል:
gf7 'b ሃ fUe: መ&g »ል¶ላ: flመ/g ”o b )
Rbaሟሟag :ላል ,ሆf b/ማሚ flf~c~ መo U·gም Rqሑ'
?g*g/—£?ncመ|ሄ»·oላል88
==> Rሆም W /W/W vd —£ flሚ%– ሉdho ·ም ?nho Rማ- ¶
flሃ W=gf ለማ? ·ሃ?ማል88 va¡ህ T†f/ ለbሟላ flመ/g ?g (Rqfl'
fWg ሁee qማ| vf¶ሚ*f Rማ*W) መ˘መ' qለUj88 Rመc ሉ?ም
ላ·flለflመ/gሃfለማ?¶ማ-fl˛Ufሃመለ{†መ-†መሃም
q/%ላ— a88 Rv'ሉ vanህf መሃሙd ሉ?ም ላ· flለf ማ•˛ሉ —£
flሚ%¸qሠa8%' va¡ህ
8 መ†oflመ/gqe'fjagq|ልመሆdj
foRልvf‚=ለል†¶'•ሉ8
10.5b/ማሚflም˛ማመ/%'gvdqመላ|pofመምሉ
ለም˛ማ ለg bሃ=ሚo b˛Td ሃ=ሚ ለሊof Rመለ|g ˛» ሉል?d

ሃf|% flሆb qመላ|pof መ˛ል˛ል qለWf88 qመላ|pk flሚe ~/bho ,ሆb
¶ሚe*W·ምbሌUሑflሁeeo:2(%ሞo:ለhoq|ሄ»†aሆሃ
dj8va¡ህ 8 ምል~gማ»—†,ሆbqf»a˛'vf¶bለሃ·ምvf¶b55ለ
ለማ-flg flሚ/bሉ dj88 qመላ|po yb/ማሚ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
~ggልq*ybሃ• •' % y2(%ምRbU'ላ·መል:¶ምWሎ†ለf
ለሉ ህ⁄S ማ/bል vf‚oል †ል88 flሂ¶g ም˛ማ flሉ%g qመላ|po
flሚUሉgyu~/ff7fXo•'fl»qUWag †ላj::ላልflሆbdq5ሚ
†ልሆb: RbሌUሑ flb*ሄ /f?d gሉ?: —£: q*%'d f~c~ ·ም ሌሎo
መbR†መመ†
vሉhoRf*ሀ-Wሉመሠg†ላj:Rfl—£ሊ5ሉflሚoሉdj88
መa5ሃ-Wለመመ/gመል|ምflሆaም˛ማyመሠe?መ·˘ም%ል8
8 flመሠe ? መo fl»•* ሆል=˛Wag yመ˘መ R'g ·*R*Uል88
R¡ህም:¶ምWሎR2(˘~g?»ሂ¶gላ·qመላ|pofመለflgq/%ላ—a88
·ህምRqa/bl2(˘~hoqf‚ሁምለeማqe'W=g : †ለም˛ማf
ለመለflg·„ል88
vf¶¡ሁም al ለeማ ም˛ማ ለ2(˘~g ላማ: W vd flሚ%ለ R
bgob/ማሚflሆbqመላ|pofመምሉa8Rመ/8 gW'dም'gላ·
Ub መልz flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f 2(%ምf ለeማag ለመ˛ም˛ም
መ*eflሆbqላማofመ„gq*%ላ—a88
ለ
g
ም/ል-98-flለgሠf*ለg
flq%ሟሜም qመላ|o vd flማ•˛ሏ ” q%ሟሜሙ vf”g vf¶ሚለ| ለመ„g
†/oላሉ8 ምgd /•g flሚaf fl2(˘~cf q%ሟሜም flሚ• yqመ%'
;ሉ'ሎflሆbˇ„odj88
W'dሚc/f'
189
W'dሚc/f'
ሠfሃ‹-178-flq%ሟሜምqመላ|podflማ•˛ሏ
መለሏo flq%ሟሜምqመላ|po flማ•˛ሏ e-Tod/•ho

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W flbgqመላ|po- flመ/gልማg yመ/gv/g%f¨~
y*blW% flመ/gልማg u~/ff7f ?»•'Rb†††ሉ
ላ·,ልyሌሎo u~/ff7f2(%ም 2(%ምም˛ማ /• ho
•'ሆgq/bw q%ሟሜምfለመለ|g ”
ለማR'ygfle*R
ላማ flላማf*ሟሜ q'0/q'Wh yመ/gu~/ff7f

flqሠ%'ለg ·˛ልሟል88•: q¶':»'—g: 2(%ምላማ•'
Rbሃ=ሚUህ ሉ?ሙ:R%* ሂ¶g:flqሠ%' Rb†††ለ/•g
ለሉ vd ሀWgflb˛ig'* ም˛ማ”f
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R•%flም'g መምfሑ
/g%f¨vd
;ል*e-To
qማ|nagflb˛i
flbCምq%ሟሜም
ለg ለgqመላ|po q'0/q'Wh ለgf
RbሌUሑflb˛i Rመሌ5Rqሠ%' q¶':ሂ¶ho: q/መል~h†ለ/•g
ለሉ8ም'c flb˛jv=ofd »'—ho:
ምfqሠ%' q˛ልሎhof·ለ|ል flqሠ%'f»*/
ሊ|ሄ»vf¶mለ ?»fለመ˛ም˛ም
R;ሉ'd~ggል
”flb˛iሉ&
መ
bU%ho/fl% Who/ሀWho: q'0/q'Wh RbU'ላ·yማል
vf?/=.o R˘g:˛fW:;/ q¶':»'—ho: vdyW=g•'Rb†
ም'gfለማydf q|ላdfl*ሀWg ሂ¶ho:flሉ& †ለ/•g
መbR'†ለUj መምfo
ddflvf?/=. RbU'ላ·
/W/Xo(bU(o) ለማ•˛ሉ
fl~ggል”
10.6v†¶˛flመሆflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fd(·„
qመላ|poqመ%ሉ
flu~/ff7f ~ggልd ም˛ማ qመላ|pof ለመምሉ flሚybሉg d d
መ/%'hodj88
? ል}g-መለ|gqለUj;

? qUWag-yሚ˛መ˛ምbg•'qUWag·g%jል;
? ምkag/:ላልag-ለመሃ:ም:ላልflሆbdj;
? qማ|nag/|·ag-|·ለhof†/˛lሉ;
? bUag-ለመb'ም:ላልdj;
? ምላ7*ሎag-ለWhoለሉ%ሆfምላ7·*ሆሉ;
? b„„ag-Rb=%cRzልለማ„¶'ማሆ:5qላj;
? ሎ#ሆTag-Rbመሆሆnሎflሚለz;
? b55·ag-ሊ5ሉflሚoሉdj88
10.7g~~ለlflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fgR%~ggልd
ም˛ማqለ|~
flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f gR% ም˛ማ መሃdd ·ae ? መf

Rመ*W*WRdagqመላ|poመለ|gf†|geል8መሃd 8 ”oyመለflej
R'g †ሉ ለhof /f ;ሉ(of flሚለ| ,ሆf ለgf ለመ˛መg:
ም~f†gf ለመሃ#ም: ለማ„¶' ·ም ¶ ለማሆg: ለመመ¶W vd
ለgfለማሃ=ለልRማ*Wመሃf *' ላለflመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl»•*
ሆል=˛Wag2(%ሞob/ማሚa8ለም-
8 ሌ8flq'
- 0/q'Whq¶(oማ*ልሃl
ማyል fl/ልሃdd ሠ'h ማ-† R bg: flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo ማህR'
ለeማag: flመ/g Wg q?'Xg vd ~**ል ”88 va¡ህ ”o RW
ህWb*Wf»flሚeመbdሊ*flሚoሉRbለ·ምማሃ=ለልflሚሃ?ምyሆa
b:U·agqላj88
·ae ”o y*bl መሃf †ላj flq'0/q'Wh q¶' ˛ለሟof: Xef:
··hof:ሑhof:UህfRማሃ=ለልW?of·/„ሉ8R·ae
”··hof~*gማ»q'0/q'Whq¶ሀ*SfRaag:y%+ልም»:
qyUT vd y%+ bሌUሑ ሁeg v†˛dR vf‚˛ል ምk ሁee ·%ሉ%ል88
·ae”o/fሃ:ምRbmለመሃfyq»ልwaሟሆaRg~~ልyb*R*Sd
3'gyb¶ˇ¶ህdም˛ማሉ&መ†/˛lሉ8
y*bl መሃf †ላj flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f fl»•* ሆል=˛Waho R
bgo ˛ለሟf ለመ/ሃg flb¶Uለ; ”of Rመሃ:ም መሃd ? መ
y·aeመመሟ•' ላg·oላል8b˛Tagd
8 bማcag†ላjfl?መ
መ*W*T†መ†oR:ሉeyWል}e•'R:ሉe·˛dlል88flu~/ff7f
„*-ሉdgb˛Tagdbማcagflሚ5ሉg8-
? Rመ/g u~/ff7f fl»•* ሆል=˛Wag v:g |ላj *of Rማ|bg
flUለሙ†of0dል··gRመሃ:ም
? flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f„*ሉdg
- መ†oRbመ--·flq'0/q'Wh

191
W'dሚc/f'
q¶'*ላhofdሉ†>ofRbመ--·q^fRfwgRመ/ሃgለgf
vf¶ሚ†/˛jRማ•˛ሉbማcag::ሆ·agf:g~~ለlagfvdflመለ{†
መ†k†ለማfምሆል=˛Wagvf‚%ሙ†¢ል88
? W—£bማcagRሙy%*b5·ምy*b5R'gRማ|ሄ»·መሠeል
y*b5R'gflሚ• †/y*/ህbhofd
ሉ flሉg/fl»|ምW~agf·yላyላል8
8 /ለሆaም flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f fl~ggልd »•* ሂ¶gf ለማydf
/g ¶of ማflg †/%ል•ል88 va¡ህ ¶of yeo ሠfሃ‹
Rb††ል8-
መbR†መመ†
ሠfሃ‹-18-Rመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f gR% R3 ¶o ለም˛ማ

flሚሃ?ሙflbለ†f~cod†o
¶ flሉdg·ag flf~c~ሉ†>o flም˛ማ

መod
f~codሙd
flመ/g fl*ላg„*- flq'0/q'Whq¶(o ?ng
ልማg ሉdg መሠeflሆb*ላho flS»f··g
u~/ff7f ም»fdj?flመ/g ምልye
?»¶ flልfleሉdg ልማgu~/ff7fva¡ህf fl·ggfbd
*ላhoለመ*eg/ (ለም-ሌ8-flT(
መሠe/መa5 ለመbR'·oላልf? /ሉ flbመ˛S
መሉdg va¡ህyመ/gልማg መo)
u~/ff7fbል•' flsgሚgfbd
·ሆሆማሉf?fl»•* (ለም-ሌ8-fl˛T/
ሆል=˛WacRማህR%: ሎgfbd)
sgሚ†:q|UT†
ሊ-|·oላልf?
RbU' flመ/gልማg flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f መefl~ggል

ላ·flመል u~/ff7f q˛ልሎgq*ሆሉ 3'ho(ለም-ሌ8
¶ q˛ልሎg ሂ¶gfle*Rfለg -vf?/=.
q*ሆሉሂ¶g flማigላማdW 3'ho:flመ/g
qniልf? *Wልም'g:fl'd
flማ„R†•)
~ggል q'0/q'Whq¶(o q„‚/flመ/g
R»•*q*ሆሉሂ¶g f~gሎ¨b:Wሎ
~bልf? %ላ·flማል
መf˛»flv:g:
ም˛ማ flመ˛dlWሀf ba-7agvdflUህ
fl2(%ምመልhof ለሉ ም˛ማ
†:'Uሉf? „*-ሉdg
flq'0/q'Whq¶'
v'|e?ngRq‚/
flbለ:;·g
gfbd
W'dሚc/f'
193
W'dሚc/f'
flbg/ flbg„*- flመ/gልማg flመ/gልማg

flለg ሉdg u~/ff7f2(%ም u~/ff7f»•*
¶ flማሃ=ለ† fl»•*ሆል=˛Wag q*ሆሉ?
ም˛ማ flbለ*ላhof·ም መgfbd
~*bhof¶'1ልf? ?»መvd»ህ
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f ሉ dg
2(%ምfl»•* ?ng( ለም-ሌ 8
ሆል=˛Wagfleለመf -flለ*W
ለgqydhልf? =ለመሉ·#o:
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f Rም/b'
2(%ምfl»•*q*ሆሉ መ/መ'„*-)
ሂ¶gሎ#ሆTaf? flsgሜgfbd
10.7b˛Tመምfሑመሆ
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggልvdም˛ማ?መyመ˘መ†dሁለbl
¶ flመ ምfo ሊ*R*W ·oላል88 flመ˘መ† ¶ flመ ምfሑ 3ሊ,
vd /g%f¨ *a»f †|geል88 flሁለbl ¶ flመ ምfሑ flሚUሉg flb&
ማf†ሎo ,ሆb yW flመ˘መ† ¶ ምfo †ሃ=ለሉd †ሀ• dj88
Wjl?fl~ggልdም˛ማ?መመ*W*T†”Uለመgyv†f„f•
flመ ምfሑ Rbaሟሟ flb5ለfd Rሚ%ለ˛ መ ·ag b*ሚagf †˛i:
fl—£vdflሀWgመg'Rሚሉgመሃ:ም·oላል88
10.72መ*W-TfRሉf=>መምሉ:ማ*ልሃfvd
መyebል
ለመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f fl»•* ሆል=˛Wag ~ggልd ም˛ማ ?ng vd
flለ*W =ለ መሃ·? ? መ መ*W*T† ?o/+'ሞo/dj88 ? መ
ለመ*W*Wም˛ማRqሃ=ላ·yqf»Rላ· * flሆbgf·ሃ:ማል8ምfም
8 vf
Wˇ„oflመሉ%gfT/bgምb˛Tdbማcag†ለመለማig
=ለ-መሃ·?q»%—fመሠe/ህbhofመ:a/-na88y=ለ-መሃ·?
q?%T መለ†flg Rbሌማ Rመሃ·? q?%T ላ· bg flሚ†-»
flbለ† ˇ„o †ሉd flመ ሉ%cf ሊ• flሚoሉˇ„o/መል/ *ሎo:
መ†o: fl=ለ መሃ·; qUXo ·g%ሉ8 ሃ†f Rሉf=> መምሉd
ማ*ልሃf fl? መf ሉ%gd q/bማማnag ለማ•˛ሉ ·„ል88 Tmል
መ ማ*U*T† መ†ofd ,ሃ=ለሉd ,e:• flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
fl»•*ሆል=˛Wagመ*W-TfመለflgdመምሉqለRg88
vanህ መ *W-To flq|UT Uህልf መ„g †ለUj ,ሆf ሉ flማfRW:
flመሟvd
* flመ/ማg~ህሎg†ላjd/ምምagf%ሉgflመ˛fUgoሎe†ላj
መbR†መመ†
መሆf qለUj88 ybሌUሑ ? መ መ*W*W R'g መ *W-Tof

ማ*ልሃf q/%ላ— a88 fl/ልሃd '0kም yb*a ም˛ማ •' qUWag
†ላj ሆg መT†: fl=ለ-መሃ·? q?%T ሚd: R%/ flመbማመf ?¶ም
bybል:fl=ለመሃ·?~ለ-d=ለመሃ·?q:%Wህd¶fW:¶fflሃR:
flመሃfl? f~co: መመ'መ'/ሀ-Wf %ል*ሎ flማ/ሆg: ምላ7f መመ⁄˛W:
gWW'f flማig: fl¶'g ሁeeo ሀ-U ˛ለሟf ማ|bg qለRg88 y*b5
R'g·ምfldሙd*b5መ†oለመ*W-ToRv¸ላ·ላለ/ልሃd
መል|ምq•ሆሚagf·*ሆል88
10.73fl|·dሙdመሆ
flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f fl»•* ሆል=˛Wag 2(%ሞo ም˛ማ Wf
—£ q'0/q'Wh q¶' flመ˘መ†f Rv¸ †ለ መ †|geል88 R¡ህf —£
˛ም•q'/ለ ሚ 0/q'Whq¶'dሙdvdb˛Tfldሙd?»ለማ•˘gq†ሌ
-eof ማ-ለ* qለRg88 yb#ሃ q'0/q'Wh q¶' መ|yል v†f„f•f
yመሃfl?
* ·ል?መሃ·?q?%TW—£Rdሙdflbመሄgfvf‚ሃ·?
·¶•ል88 dሙdf መሃ:ም y—£: y˛fW: y;-;/: y* ሀ·ል vd y»|ም
q† ሁሉfም yመሃfl? ·ል? ⁄:bl ሎ qለ8 fldሙd መሃbd ·ac
Rሚ˛መ˛መ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f »•* q*ሆሉ vd flbመሃ ”†
flq:%W”መሃd·ም·aeመሆb·/aል88
fldሙd”Wf—£Rሁለg(2)·ag·y%ላል8-Rq•ሆሚ(flመሆfv»ል)
dሙdrandom(probability)samplingvdሆfbWሎdሙdpurposeful(non-
probability)samplingdj88
10.74flq•ሆሚ(flመሆfv»ል)dሙdመሆ
q•·ም
ሆሚ flመሆfv»ልdሙdybለflfleለመq'0/q'Whq¶'መ|yል
Rq•ሆሚ Rሚመሄ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o ·*dል88 ·ህ fldሙd ” yል
/ሜg •' Rb†† Rመሆ —£ flሚ%ሃ'f q»ሏag flሚyላyል vd dሙd
fleለመሁሉfምq'0/q'Whq¶'|·/ለመሆbd/ላለመሆbRሚ:'W?&e
ላ·fl/eg/d~/መሠgfflሚሉልa88v†f„f•fleለመq'0/q'Whq¶'
qUልRdሙdflመ|bgv»ልqለR'8 |e·agflq•(flመሆ ሆሚ fv»ል)
fldሙd f~co †ሉ ,ሆf flRለሃ fl•% flሆbg :ላል flq•ሆሚ/|· dሙd
(simplerandomsampling):Rfl¶flby(%ለdሙd(stratifiedsamplling)
vdflb*R*Rdሙd(~ላ/b'%f¶ም-ም2ሊf)dj88
10.75መfመbfbf
Rመ/g u~/ff7f ም˛ማ ሃf|%/ሉል?/f»* vd dሙd ማ•˘g q/%ላ—
Tሆfም a˛' f R q·¶ለም88 flም˛ማ ሉ%g b˛T /ለመሆb ለማ•˛ሉd
ለdማ fl/ed/d~ gfbdም ለc flሚeመf ·ሆf f» ·ህ -n a88
W'dሚc/f'
195
W'dሚc/f'
flgfbdq*%df~czም'ሏሉ&መመሃd(QuantitativeAnalysis)
·ም ·ae (Qualitative Analysis) መሆb Ry'ል ·/aል88 a˛' f
ለሁcምq/bማማnag/g~~ለlag/flሚ†/%ል·ablU·a88
ሠfሃ‹-198-flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggልdም˛ማf»*/‚¢·f¶o
¶ ⁄'⁄'
flqሠ%'f»*f/ ሠfሃ¤fመ=igdመyለ/(q/%ላ—,ሆfማ•˘g)
‚¢·ffማ•˛ሉ Xofማለgምdላማ(ለRbg)ላማ
: (ለg):ም'gd
e-To Rል መሃ:-jfd flሚለz መሆbf ማ•˛ሉ8
qመላ|poRRሆaመልzRመሃf:R·ag:R—£መለflejf
ማ•˛ሉ
ለ~ggልd ምf†ህልfl*vdfl˛fWሀWgvf„ለመለflg;ለሁሉምfl~ggል
ም˛ማq?ምf vd ም˛ማ Uል¶Uo fl/ልሃd vf¶ሚ†/%ል•j መ„*/;
መ„*/ Rሁለcም ማለgም ለማ:* )”&7f: Rq˛' q:* ማህR*W
q:*vdqmq|ላgfl/ልሃdመ/%'gfRq·agመለflg
ለ?መ qሁf †ሉ flመ ምfo eማnagd g~~ለlag ማ•˛ሉ: ምf
መ*W*Wd q·ag ? መ vf„ለ ማ?: ምf q·ag bሌማ መ
ለ gfbd ማ:» መ*W*W vf„ለRg መ*f: ለመሠe መ ላማ: ለ~ggልd
ም˛ማ88 ለሉ& መ መ*W*Wd ለማ¶%˘g —£ ˛¶Wd ⁄'⁄'
መ'ሃ-W'ማ•˘gvdRuላ'agላ·መUUg
fl~ggልd R~ggልd ም˛ማ /ምምag flb¶*Rg መ ሉ& መf
ም˛ማ?»d መ*W*W: መ መሃ:ም: 3'g ማ»d ማ?W ማሃ=ለል88
R˘gማ•˘g flq?ምfUe»•*flሚ%ልˇgfማሃ=ለል88flሁሉfም~ggልd
ም˛ማvf?/=.oሎማ•˘gvdfl˛fWምfልfመለflg
fl3'gd fl3'g ” ‚¢·f/f»*/ ማ•˘g: fl3'g +'ማgf R/ም
Wመል/ማ:» መለflg:flWመል/”fመ*ሃ'vdለqመ%ለ-eማ?W
10.76qሃ¢gfbd
Wf —£ flም˛ማ ? መ R;ሉ' ·*R*Uል88 መሃd ሉ& መ

Rbለሑ (variable) መ|yል †ለf fjag ·ም ልag ለማ?/ለመ*f/
·„ል8flfjag/
8 b¢ም…(co-relation)/eg/d~/Rሁለgbለoመ|yል
†ለf fjag ·ለ|ል: Wf —£ም ሉ˛l Rሆbd ሉ˛l Uልሆb bለo
መ|yልfjag/b¢ም…/ለሚybሉgሉ†>o·„ል8flመ/ 8 gልማgu~/ff7f
/ልሃdf Rመ¶Rlag flሚyebሉ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o yማ·yebሉg ·ል?
q„‚/ bሞ~(of b:Wለ % ላ· qለልf? .g q'0/q'Wh q¶(o
yf» q'0 q¶(o RRለሃ RVb*W ¶ ለሉ=?f መ/g qe(o ም'ሉ
(ofb:Wለ%ላ·qለልf?
መbR†መመ†
10.7˛ላሏgfbd
·aegfbdRdag⁄'⁄'?መ,ሆfRW+'ሞo/?ovdybለ†
ምfoflሚመሄdj8ምfk 8 flለ*W=ለ-መሃfl?(-'*dልsfb'?):
flS»f ··g (focus group discusion): ;ል* q/¸/መ q:U·/ =ለ-
መሃ·?( {· sf+'ማfg sfb'?): flqf» ˇ„· ሉdg(}⁄ /b‚):
vለe•£ሊovdflመ/gልማgሠ%booflለgመመ⁄T†ማ/e5¶Wb'
(‚†): *a…o: ማ/ :ho (stasionary) ·ም yልም» Rመa-g e~
መd˛'f(/hfሊf)†|geል8?8 መመ*W*WRdagq-e'”f
†ሃ=ልላል8q-8 e'”fመሃ:ምRbgም˛ማመሃ=ለልvf‚g'†/oላል88
R·aegfbdflbመሃflመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl»•qb˛UR' * ˛ም•ሚ
“fl·ggfbd“(fffgqdሊ,/)flሚUለf”·ሃ:ማል88fl·ggfbd
flq*%' f~c~ ,ሆf flbለ† *a…o መሠb ሀ-Wf: flbመ˛S መof:
~*g(openendeed)fl?ngq/b†flhof·bagdል8·ህ8 ሂ¶gflሚ†ሃ=ልለ
Rሉf=>flሚaRSመof:y¡†ምልflef:flሚ/ሉ';መ/ሃgf:d
ሑWሉመል~hofመy(%ልf:'/f·ምRመf»* /ሉ f†ሃ=ልላል88
10.78flመ/gልማgu~ff7fflም˛ማለgqb˛UR'
RWሃfflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f,/bምvdR*ላgመ'˛R†flመ/gልማg
u~/ff7fq˛ልሎgለf…o:.ho:ሆgq'0/q'Whq¶(oለማ2•˛'/
g%f/+'ም ለማ» yሁሉም flRለሃ q/j• ˇ„· ሃ=ሚ ለgf
q•¸hለbሃ=ሚማ*ሌgላ·a8flመ/ 8 gልማgu~/ff7fdሂ¶g/
„·&~h&g/ flም˛ማ nhof ለመ/g u~/ff7f Uል¶Uod ምdልUg
ለcfለማig*ላgላላjለq•q|ላg ' 3'gflማ?Wuላ'agqለRg8
8 nhkf መሃ:ም ማለg ሀ-W ማ*ለ?d Rv:g ላ· flbመሠb -e
መ/ሃg ማለg a88 R¡ህም Rም˛ማ ሂ¶g g'ˇም †ለ: b:U·ag †ለ:
vdሃ=ሚለgfመ•˛ሉfለማ˛⁄yq•q|ላg
' fjag •' መg'qለRg8
8 3'ho: flWሀf መ˛dl: flq'0/q'Wh q¶' /W*Uo: '~83o:
መሄho8 flማ/e† መለ/bl ሁ+o: » ˛o (W 1¸): nhofd
ም~ሀ-Xofvf¶q/%ላ—acለማ/bላለ·ሃ?ማሉ * 8fl~ggልdም˛ማ?»:
fl~ff bg: ለg: ም'g: vf?/=.: vd flvf?/=. Wgd ላማ
መመ*W*T†dሙd*fሃ‹R⁄ል20bመልyg88
W'dሚc/f'
197
W'dሚc/f'
~*ል108-'b-efመሠg†¶˛flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggል:
ም˛ማvd»•*
fl⁄ል⁄'⁄'
⁄ል1. fjagfለማሃdy'flሚ¶flq?ምfUe»•*⁄'⁄'
bU' flq?ምfUe»•*/g%f¨/»'—g
?»~ለ-d R~ልል¶flመ/gልማg?»q¶ሉdgላ·8
ም˛ማ Rመ/gልማg?»ላ·fl•%fl~ለ-ም˛ማማ|ሄ»;
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»fR•%ማ•˘g;
v?•RW'dልማgq•q|ላg
' fjagqማ||f/ል
(ADPLAC)ማ¶?;
flመ/gልማg/ልሃdqb˛UR'fR•%ማ:»;
flመ/gUለሙ†ofdqሠልሆooሊሆb·˛Uል;
fl2(%ም fl2(%ም¶flሚ:Rሁeeogfbdላ·a88·ህምRመ/g
⁄¸gf ልማgW'dላ·?»ሚ†ለሚ*ሃˇ„·-eለማ/ሃgRመሠeag
R¶' †˛ለላል
ማ/:መሉ Rሁeeo gfbd vd ¶ q:ማመሉ f~c~ ላ· fl?»
f»*ማ•˘g;
?»ሚ†flሚ*ሆjˇ„ofለመ*fflሚ†/oሉመof
Rbyee·መመ'መ'vdመbfbf;
bU'b'/ልሃdd»•*መ/ሃg;
flሙ† flሙ† gምህ'g gR% ለሙ† *ልሆj v:gd ~ህሎf
gምህ'g ለመሌRሉ·„ል88R¡ህም8-
Uለሙ†obU(mjfRመ%b2†57ላሉ;
ሙ† v:gfd ~ህሎgf ለማ„R'ም;መሐ* ማfRW:
flUለሙ†f%fመመልyg:gምህ'eˇWngdgምህe
ሉdhof ማ¶' vf‚ሁም ሙ† Wf ላማ-|g fl%/
bd-7agfማ-¶;
q'0/qWhq¶(o†˛jgfgምህ'gመ˛ም˛ም;
መbR†መመ†
flሃ-W flሃ-W ልሉd vd flሀWg ማ„R' ልም»f ማ-¶ ልም»

ልሉd |ላjq|ላgfl¸ም
•' —£··hofማ»va'+ም8
vdflሀWg
-
ማ„R'
ልም»f ሉdeflመ/~ˇ¥fማ•˘g(flሀ˛'/ሉdflሑ);
ማ-¶
fl~ህሎgvdflq?ምማልRm/ልሃdfማ»;
flል/2%·Agvd•%/-Wሊ~q•'agfማReeg;
flq|UT/flማህR*WማህR%gfማሃdy';
flመ/g/% flመ/gልማgመfd
/% ?ef¢Vfማሠ%ሌg˛»
መfd flሚybሉgfbU%gvf¶q/%ላ—acመሃ:ም
?e
f¢Vf
ማሠ%ሌg flbሟflመ
& ማf†ሎofለም-ሌR%ሁ+o:•£ሊo:
gff7መሀ*g:b%ላ—መfl†*a»:flሀWgመመl:
flም'ም'መሄg:-·f-3'ho:.b;
fluሌ~g(c~v=oማለgም‚?‚/,‚(ም:flsሜ·ል
ምል~ho;
Rsfb'eg flሚ˛j flv:g ማf†ሎo: flም'ም'
*fo: g~~ለld flbመሃb መል~ho: W f%f/:
vdW-·g/;
flq•'q|ላg7'~dvdˇUuo/q¶ሉdho;
flሙ† flq'0q¶'»'¸hofሌም(flq|UTflሙ†»'¸hofለመ¶˛*flgWW'
bU%gf /g%f¨fማ-¶
ማ/bUR' †ሉgf flሙ† »'¸ho መለflg (flq'0 q¶' »'¸ho:
ማህR*Wq:*»'¸ho:flW'dማህR%g.b);
q„‚/flሙ†»'¸hofመመ/gdመ¶˛*;
fl»'¸hofflልማgqሑfl%' ?»vdመb„¶†¶fW
ማ/ሆg;
flሙ†ማህR%gfq?ምfUeመ¶˛*;
W'dሚc/f'
199
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fl/%⁄'⁄'
⁄'⁄' fl»•*bU%g fl»•*/flqሠ%'” ሀላ'agflb*ሃbCም
flመ/g flመ/gም'ም' o(ofR•%መለflgd flም'ም'bCማgd

f~gሎ¨ q˘f„መ? R¶ማ/:መሉ:flq%ሜሜም flሚመለyejflgምህ'g
ልማg ም˛ማfR•%ማ|ሄ»; bCማg/c=',do
Rbለflqa/bld flq'0/qWhq¶'f?d>: W'dT(dflW'd
ሉ=?f flbለ†Wሃfመ˛dl; ም'ም'bCም;
flመ/gልማg
f~gሎöላ·
f¢Vመ*ሃ'
flf~gሎ¨ q-e'flf~gሎ¨ልማg ም'ም':W'dT(:flል
ማ•˛ሏ ሙy%odሠ'hማ-†of .~b';
Rመሃ:ምR•%flማላመ»
% ማydf;
f~gሎ¨ f~gሎ¨ማU¢g f~gሎ¨fflሚ†U¢ flም'ም'ማyላg;
ማU¢g bCምመ/%o':ማU‹†
ማyል;
*ላgመ*ሃ'd fl„*-ሉdgማ|ሄ»aflመ/g fl¥fW'dመም†d
Wመል/ ሃbሃ=ሚoflf~gሎ¨ flም'ም'ሆT†;
*ላgመለflg;
f~gሎ¨ flመ/gልማg flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f fl~ልልdfl¥fflመ/gልማg
ማ*%ሌg u~/ff7f ም~ሀ-WR•%ማ•˘g: q˛ልሎgማ/bUR†:
ማ•˘g /ልሃdመ/ሃg8~ggልd fl„W'd/Vg:
ም˛ማማ»; flም'ም'ማyላg;
flመ/g flመ/g ም'ሉ':ማ„R†: flsgሙ†ም'ሉ
Who bሃ=ሚo bU·}ሚ|ል:W»':flv'5 'sfb'2%·⁄:
flWg*ላg መ-†oq?'Xg flW'dWgq?'Xg
መለflg sfb'2%·⁄ህ/%
ማህR%g
W»' ለqa/bld flመ/gልማgRሚ|ሄ»Uj ህ//ማህR%g:fl˛ሃ'Uf~
*('መ/g q|UToflW»'q?'Xg
bሃ=ሚo vf‚g'ማ/mል
flመ/gልማg
q˛ልሎgW»'
ማ%ላላ
flሃ flq?ምfUe flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚo ህ//ማ/('†u˘f,:
bሃ=ሚo ማህR'f/S»fለማሃdy'd flመ/gማህR%g
ማህR' flb:d˘/ልgመ:fl/;
flመ/gሃ Rfl¶ላሉflመ/gሃ ህ//ማ/('†u˘f,:
q/b„¶' f/S»go*gflመ/g flመ/gማህR%g
ሃሀWg~**ል:flመ/g
ሃ;ሃU
መb„¶†¶fW
መbR†መመ†
˛R†ማመmjg ˛R†b'*Wሎofማማg flW'dWgq?'Xgd

fl˛R†Xeofማማmjg W·g:ህ//ማ/('†
u˘f,
flሉ˛d ለqa/bld flመ/gመ/መ'ሉ˛d: flመ/ሃማህR%g
q•ልሎg ሉ=?fመ/gvd flመ/gX·„gdማfሆ%* flሉ=?fመ/gbሃ=ሚ
ለማህR*Wz& ሌሎoflማ/b|y†%o q'0/q'Whq¶(o
ሃbሃ=ሚo fl„flመ/g/Vg:
Rሁሉም¶flመ/gልማg
q˛ልሎgማ/bUR†
መለ/blመ»o
~ggልd ~ggልdም˛ማ fl•%~ggል:ም˛ማ: Rሁሉም¶flመ/gልማg
ም˛ማ መማማ':Wመል/dvd q˛ልሎgማ/bUR†
?e3'ho መለ/blመ»o
·yddል88
flመ/g '¶%ል;~ልል: %¶%ል/~ልል/¥f/'„flመ/g fl'¶%ል/~ልል/¥f/
ልማgq¶ R¥f:R„¶ ?»~ለ-/ም˛ማ '„„·&~h&gመ/g
ሉ dho flሚ|ሄ•q¶ flWgq?'Xgfማ•˛ሉ; q˛ልሎgማ/bUR†:
ሉ dho W'dT(:flሃመ/gd
sa'¨T(:W'd
ም'ም':ህ//ማ/('†
u˘f,
⁄ል3:flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎg'ሀflመ/gልማg*%˛oofl%
?¶ምbybል/መ'ሀW'/
-ምfg bU%g ⁄'⁄'

1l-ምfg fl„መ/gልማg/Vgd ?eflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f;ል*bU%/
q•'q|ላg'ሃ/%o /%oላ·y„dflመ/gልማgq•'q|ላg
ላ·fl•%መ˛URgwaf7f/ •'fl•%መURg
/ ልሃd ለመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'bCማfl»•*
q˛ልሎhofመ¶˛* q˛ልሎgመ/ሃg
fl%ላ·/ልሃd 25%flሚሆafflመ/gማ-oXeመWig
flሃbሃ=ሚf/S»go (ሁለgflመ/gWሎof)d:ለሃS»fመo
(q˛dn˛R&o)vdfl%ላ·/ልሃd/ሙ†
•'··gማ»
»•*መ/ሃg
flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚof•'··gማ»:
ለo(oመ*gሄመ/ሃgb
?„ሜd
vሁ»
flRል:dg
2l*ምfg bU%g ⁄'⁄'
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201
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ሠ'hማ-†መ¶˛* flመ/gልማgሠ'hማ-†ofማለgምfl*Wል
q˛ልሎhofመ¶˛* ሠ'hማ-†o:q-e'flf~gሎ¨ልማg:
fl%ላ·/ልሃd flማyማmሠ'hማ-†ob-q%ሟሜምf
flሃbሃ=ሚf/S»go መyebል
•'··gማ» 25%ሁለblfflመ/gማ-oXeመWig
flT(%: (ሁለgflመ/gWሎof)d:ለሃS»fመo
»•*መ/ሃg
ለመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'bCማfl»•*
q˛ልሎgመ/ሃg
?„ሜd
vሁ»
flRል:dg
3l-ምfg bU%g ⁄'⁄'
flT(q˛ልሎgመ/ሃg flT(%:y:Rሌq/b„¶'ሠ%boodመ/g
fl%ላ·/ልሃd ሃbሃ=ሚova‚ሁም»•*q˛ልሎg
ሠ'hማ-† *ሎo•'መ˛dig
flሃbሃ=ሚf/S»go flመ/gልማgሠ'hማ-†ofማለgምfl*Wል
•'··gማ» ሠ'hማ-†o:q-e'flf~gሎ¨ልማg:
flT(%: flማyማmሠ'hማ-†ob-q%ሟሜምf
መyebል
25%ሁለblfflመ/gማ-oXeመWig
(ሁለgflመ/gWሎof)d:ለሃS»fመo
»•*መ/ሃg
ለመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'bCማfl»•*
q˛ልሎgመ/ሃg
?„ሜd
vሁ»
flRል:dg
መbR†መመ†
4l-ምfg bU%g ⁄'⁄'
flT(q˛ልሎgመ/ሃg flT(%:y:Rሌq/b„¶'ሠ%boodመ/g
fl%ላ·/ልሃd ሃbሃ=ሚova‚ሁም»•*q˛ልሎg
3'gማ•˘gdR *ሎo•'መ˛dig
መል/መ/ሃg flመ/gሠ'hማ-†ofማለgምfl*Wልሠ'h
flሃbሃ=ሚoffl/ልሃd ማ-†o:q-e'flf~gሎ¨ልማg:flማyማm
?»ማ•˘g: ሠ'hማ-†ob-q%ሟሜምfመyebል
መማ*U*W: 25%ሁለblfflመ/gማ-oXe
R:Rሌ/W*Ufመyebል መWig(ሁለgflመ/gWሎof)d:ለሃ
·ምRልflu~/ff7f S»fመo(q˛dn˛R&o)vdfl%ላ·
ˇ„·ላ·መ-b* /ልሃd/ሙ†»•*መ/ሃg
flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚof•'··g
ማ»:ለo(oመ*gሄመ/ሃgb
3'gመሟ*:flሃbሃ=ሚoffl/ልሃd
?»ማ•˘g:መማ*U*W:R:Rሌ/W*Uf
መyebል·ምRልflu~/ff7fˇ„·ላ·
መ-b*
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'ሀflbመሄለሉflሚ†መሄማW%†aሉXo(flu~/ff7fመል~ho)gምህ'gqል
g:
—£y-v/y-(4ምfeg)
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flbመሃflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fመል~g8- 'መ⁄%g
f/'/8- fl'ሉ%g
flW?ለg¶መ%b2:T†f/80%flW?ለg¶
flሉ?ልመffl'ለ»R7efለመ#ሆሃ'R%f¨-·»መeyምqለRg
flbመሃflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fመል~g8-
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flማ-መሆ
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flW?ለgመhlfመ%b2
fR%f¨-·»ማyም
Rመ/መ'መ⁄%g
fl/ልሃdማf†ሎo8-ሉ;'*ሌ„:flሉ?ልመf:%f¨-·»:fl'መ†‹†b…
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flመ/gልማg*%bl/ም
fl:R/ልሃd—£vdXe
:f Xe
Rq'0q¶'ማሠልሃlማyል::Rሌ
fl/ልሃddሀ-W
fl/ልሃd'/8-
flgምህ'cW8- .y¡ህ/ልሃdR^ላflሃbሃ=ሚመo8-'vdሌሎoq/%ላ—
ማf†ሎoy:Sለመf'flW?ለg*b5ለምfvf¶ሚ†/%ልdvf”gRg~~ል
vf¶ሚb˛R'መለ·oላሉ
*ልሆoo;- 15flሃbሃ=ሚመo(q˛dn˛R&o)
ሃ?ላላR˘g8-
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flW?ለg*b5መT†ምf»f /f˛ለሟ m'g
a:vf”gሃ=ሚሆa:
2.fl'W?ለgfflመ*b7?¶ም flሠ'hማ-†” ለ*ልሆnflሚ*ሉ
bybል ሁ*
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4.ማሃ=ለ†ሁ* /f˛ለሟ m'g

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ማˇላg88( ለም-ሌ 8-flለሙq„‚/*Wሎofማ/b?:flመ/gመ'ሀW'vdሉ˛d:·ም
flUህለሉ•'Rb††fleመ55ሎo)
ሁdf-3Rvf?/=.oflመሆለሉ
RdbU'¶Rሚ˛Ufle:•ማflfምq|UTRማˇላgqሑ'ማሃ=ለ†/መለሏ/
መ/ሃg88R2(%ምq:%Wላ·dd†%a˛ሄgfመለ
ሁdf4-o(od/faho
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fv†¶ˇflመሄለሊof/vመ'eoflሚ•ማflfም
»:ho:o(o·ም/fahoማˇላgdለ¡ህምላ7flb*•v'ምofመለ
ሁdf5-Wመል/
Ru~/ff7fሁeeovd/·ምR:Sq„‚/መል|ምq•ሆሚoማflfም†ልbሃR;
(qfedqሉe)qሜ(ofመለ
ሁdf6-መማማ'dመለሉ
ለq-e'flመ/gልማg·ምለሌሎoሃ=ሚflሆb;ል*gምህ'gflb˛iUjˇ„of
መለ8vanህምyሚybሉg•'ማለgምy/}g:u~/ff7f/g%föq/j•
ሁeeo:q/˛%ሚለho:q-e'fl„መ/gልማgማe¸መfgሂ¶g:·ምflመ/g
ልማgu~/ff7f»•*flf~c~fVflሚሉdj88
ሁdf7-fjag/g|
»'—hof·ም/}hofR˛ሃ'fjaggzgflሚ˛Udማˇላg88ለም-ሌ8-qfe
flW'd&‚7(f:fl/}gg|:flb¶˛fjag:ddˇ„o
ሁdf8-fl¶'gˇ„o/q/j•ˇ„o
:ሆ·%gላ·Rማb'fl¶'gለመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgflRለሃg'ˇም
†ላjˇ„f/q/j•ሁeeofማˇላgdvf”gሊ=ለሉvf¶ሚ˛Uመለ
ሁdf9-Rመሆለሉ/vመ'eላ·qሃ=ላ·„*-ሉdg
flu~/ff7fq:%Sy?»q†,e·RሚሃR:ለሉ/vመ'evdfle:•Xoflb-z
/ለመሆb„*-ሉdgማ|ሄ»
⁄ል7. መefl:Rሌመ/gbU%gq/b=:»dሙd?
bU' መለ{† መe?» R˘g uላ'ag —£
1 ሉ˛d flˇልRgመሃf
- መሄX·ሉ˛d
flሃ (*:f)
-¶ለልማ/˛»
-flሃመ-T†
2 flb(*/ልማgf?d> flˇልRgመሃf 10%v†f„f•
flb(*/v:U (*:f) b(*/Rb%ሉ(
መ/gማ-~ልልf ሀWg%
መ*f flbሃR:መሆf
W'dሚc/f'
205
W'dሚc/f'
3 ሠ'hማ-†o i)7fl*Wል i)T†f/2

-fl*Wልሠ'hማ-† ሠ/ማ bሌማ*Wል
-q-e'flf~gሎ¨ ii)2qfል ·ለማል:T†f/
ልማg ( PTD) 25%Rሁሉም
-flመ/gv'5መ† iii)1flVb*W *Wሎoም'g
ሠ'hማ-† .hoሉ=?f ·ሌም%ል
-flሃWeመ/g” መ/g ii)T†f/2
-flvህልመ•⁄f ·ላመ„ሉ
4 flሚ%ለˇWho
flb„:ሉ(o(R#ሎ: (R{.)
qg~ልg) (Rz/ል)
ማ„R†(†:„2: (R{.)
W/U7) (Rሊ/')
flbU·dR7eመyላy†
መ»ሀcg
d*ሆ
5 flመ/gልማgqb˛UR'
·ag(gflU)–1 20 50
·ag(gflU)–2 20 45
·ag(gflU) –3 10 25
6 ልሃdo
- flመ/gሀbሃ=ሚ 30 60
S»fመo 50 10
-flመ/gሃ
bሃ=ሚo
7 flu~/ff7fመm
-flመ/~:dg
- ማ-ˇWng
-flልም»ልሉˇ¥
-flሚለሃ&dR%
ሁ+ o
-flW'd&‚d
fሌ?‹f
8 ~ggልdም˛ማ
⁄ል8. መefl„መ/gbU%gq/b=:»dሙd?
bU' መለ{† መe R˘g ሀላ'ag —£
?»
1 ሉ˛d flˇልRg
- መሄX·
flሃ መሃf(*
ሉ ˛d f):
-¶ለልማ/˛»
-flሃመ-T†
መbR†መመ†
2 fUe flˇልRg 30
flሃመሄመ/መ'/ መሃf(*
|dል/ f):
-0 ም2
3 ሠ'hማ-†o
-fl*Wልሠ'hማ-†
-q-e'flf~gሎ¨
ልማg
-flመ/gv'5መ†
ሠ'hማ-†
-flሃWeመ/g”
-flvህልመ•⁄
4 flሚ%ለˇWho
flb„:ሉ(o(R#ሎ: (R{.)
qg~ልg)
ማ„R†(†:„2: (Rz/ል)
W/U7)
flbU·dR7eመyላy†
መ»ሀcg
d*ሆ (R{.)
5 flመ/gqb˛UR'
·ag(gflU)–1 20 50
·ag(gflU)–2 20 45
·ag(gflU) –3 10 25
6 ልሃdo
- flመ/gf~c7go 30 60
-flመ/gUለሙ†o 7 14
7 flu~/ff7fመm
-flመ/~:dg
- ማ-ˇWng
-flልም»ልሉˇ¥
-flሚለሃ&dR%
ሁ+ o
-flW'd&‚d
fሌ?‹f
8 ~ggልdም˛ማ
W'dሚc/f'
207
W'dሚc/f'
⁄ል9.flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»q˛˘gdሙd
flb*ሃ% bU' ሀላ'ag ሉ' fl| መ• ሚ† f *e ሀም aሀ መ/ ሉ? ህ„ eህ
flሃbሃ=ሚ o'ልfle flመ/g

*ላg„*- ማ|ሄ»: ልማg
ሉ dg q-e'fl˛ሃ' {ል
መe
flመ/gልማg
{ልRመ¶Rl
qሠ%'
መ'ህRሎ
መመ⁄˛T†
ማ-e5
flq'0
q¶(ofo'
·መUል
ለመ/g flመ/g
q/b=:» ልማg
flመ/gqe' {ልvd
Wሎ~flሃ flመ/g
bሃ=ሚS»f ሃ
bሃ=ሚ
S»f:
flመ/g
ሃ
bሃ=ሚ
ማህR'
መE5†መመ†
3.fl„መ/g flመ/gሃ flመ/g

ማe¸መfg bሃ=ሚS»f ልማg
ሚf(IMC) qUላgfdS»f {ልvd
መof flመ/g
ማ¶%˘g ሃ
flመ/gሃ bሃ=ሚ
bሃ=ሚ S»f:
S»fሁሉfም flመ/g
flWሎ~v?…o ሃ
†ሃ=ልላል bሃ=ሚ
flመ/gሃ ማህR'
bሃ=ሚ
ማህR'ሁሉfም
flWሎ~v?…o
†ሃ=ልላል
fl:Rሌ
q/b„¶'
v?…of
yል0ለ„
flመ/gልማg
q˛ልሎg
ማ/bUR†
q?'X
†/»=ል
4.ለመ/g flnhod „
u~/ff7f flሉdg
q/b=:» ለ hof
መ ማሃ=ለልd
ማሃ=ለል R?»ላ·
Rሚ|ሄ»
/W*Uላ·
መ†flg
fl~ggልd
ም˛ማ
ሉ& መf
ማሃ=ለል
5.fl„ መa5flመ/g „
መ/g?» ልማg
ማ•˘g u~/ff7f
?»
ማ•˘g
መa5v?•f
ለ qUላg
Rማ„/
q/b†flg
vf‚*ሉRg
ማ»
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
6fl„ መa5flመ/g „
መ/g?» v?•f
vdR˘gf ማሃd:?
ማሃd:? ለ v?•
flR˘g*a»
ማ•˘g
መa5
v?•fለ¥f
ማ/yWd
ማ/yለ/
ማ/˛ም˛ም/
7.fl¥f flbCማ ¥f
bCማ»•* »•*
ማ/bUR† ማ/bUR†
(ISC)መለ/bl flመ/~bል
መ»~ »'—g
መ'ሀW'
ማ•˘g
ለ¥bflመ/g
ልማg
q˛ልሎg
fሚ
qUልag
qUW†ላj
q•'q|ላgf
መመ⁄˛W
fl„f
መa5flመ/g
?»መyለ/
መ˛ም˛ም/
መE5†መመ†
8.fl¥f flሁሉfም ¥f
መe „flመ/g
flመ/gልማg ልማg
u~/ff7f u~/ff7f
?»ማ•˘g ?»d
ም~ሀ-W
ማሃ=ለል
flbሃ=ለለf
?»ለ~ልል
ማ?W
9.R~ልል ለ~ልል ~ልል
flመ/gልማg ማ/bUR†
u~/ff7f flመ/~bል
?»መyለ/d መ'ሀW'
ማ¶? ማ•˘g
yT(:
yም'ም':
Wg
q?%To
vdሌሎo
q•'q|ላg
qUላgf
መመ⁄˛W
fl?»dR˘g
flf~c~~ለ-
ማ•˘g
flbሃ=ለለ
?»d
ም~ሀ-Wf
ማ55ል
መa5?»d
R˘gf
ማ¶?d
ለ መሌ5
vgምለ¥b
መላ~
10. y~ልሉ ¥f
flbሃ=ለለf ማ/bUR†
flመ/gልማg fሚ
u~/ff7f flb*ሃf
?»f q/b†flg
ማ/b|yል መሠg
Rማ»
ለ v†f„f•
„q/%ላ—
ማ/b|y†o
·¶•ሉ
flመሌ5
vgም¶
„ለgR%
·ላ|ል
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
1.flመ/g Rq-e' fl~ልል

ልማg መ/g fl¥f
u~/ff7f u~/ff7f መ/g
vdflf~c~ ላ·fl2 T(
/ ልሃdo - ምfeg
(q(gሚ: flqሠልሆoo
ምህf»/d /ልሃd?»
qሠ%(o) ማ•˘g
Rመ/g
q(gሚ
vdመ/g
ምህf»/d
qሠ%(oላ·
fl2-ምfeg
flqሠልሆoo
/ልሃd?»
ማ•˘g
„ለ
Uለሙ†o
flqሠልሆoo
/ ልሃd
መ/ሃg
12.flመ/g flqሠልሆoo „
ልማg /ልሃd
u~/ff7f ሠልሆoo
vdflf~c~ ( fl„
qሠ%(o Uለሙ†o)
/ ልሃd bመ--·
/ ልሃd
ለመ/gልማg
{ሎo
·*ሆሉ
flመ/gልማg
{ሎo
ለ ሃ
bሃ=ሚod
ለመ/gS»f
መoflማ-
ላ·/ልሃd
·*ሆሉ
መE5†መመ†
13.flqb˛UR' b/ማሚ flመ/g

/g%f¨vd flመ/g ልማg
~ggል qe(of {ሎo
vdfl„
መለflg
Rqe(o
ላ·ሀላ'ag
flሚሆልUj
flመ/gልማg
{ሎof
መ?ሃ'
flመ/gልማg
{ሎo
flመ/gሃ
bሃ=ሚ
ማህR%gfd
flመ/gሃ
bሃ=ሚ
S»gof
ለ ማCCም
†¢ሉ
b˛Tag
|ላjq•'
qyላg•'
fjag
መ*ሃ'
flመ/g
ልማgለሃ
bሃ=ሚ
ˇ»fመo
/ ልሃd
·*ሆሉ
flማ-?fl-
vdflመ/g
?¶ምbybል
/መ'ሀW'/
ማ•˘g
Wgd
ም'ሉ'
መ*W*W
ሠ'hማ-†
vdflመ/~
:fማ¶%˘g
~ggልf
መ:ሃልd
g//'f
መሃR?/
መfyUyW/
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
14.flመ/g መሠe flመ/g

ልማg መvd ልማg
u~/ff7f fl~ggል {ል
2(% ም ሉdgማ|ሄ» vd
ም˛ማ fl*Wልማ-f
y(*ሎ
ሉ dhof
Rማ|ሄ»
ም˛ማ
ማ|ሄ»
15.R˘g 'ሀd flመ/g
ማ•˘gd መe ልማg
?e ?e {ል
g3' g3' vd
ማ?W „ለ
ማ?W
ለ:ሆ·መg
»•*R˘g
ማ•˘g
⁄ል10.Rbመሄ*Wሎoflv.g*f*ለgላ·†ሉሃ=ሚqሠ%(o
*Wል/ Rv.g q‚/qሠ%'fb:Wሎ%ላ·ማል/ fl•ምg

dማdም *f*ለg /ምምag†ልb¶*Rgˇ„·/aሉW R209R˘g
ላ·†ለ መg
bሞ~(
y*e8- 10-8yU//Rላ·
Xe q%'8- ል|:/uo5.-7
ልምም»1 መሆd ሞ=gflqfl'ሁee8 25-8‚..:fvd 19,360
on 10-5‚..ማe
⁄¸g ⁄'†መሆ8- •ሊ:5fd:s'ማ
fl'መ¶W8- 1.20x5–10ሜ
'895 %W?ለg¶y250-3
/ሄ'
q%'8- መ/መ'ማ•˘g y15-.ሜ
':gvdመ⁄%g
q††⁄8- fl˛ለUˇ⁄⁄:ሃማሃሆg :
ማም:y˘'ምaሜማ»
ልምም» ማ- Xeመሆ8- y0ላd6(solanaceae) 9,05
-2 ⁄¸g Vb*WaሟflሆaXeመምሉ
. v'58- y3-4—£y20-3.ሜሉል:g
ማ/:ማ-ማ¶ላ¶ልdˇWe/ሃ'⁄
ማሆg/
መE5†መመ†
ልምም»-3 byላ on8- R3-4?ሃል:y28-35:f

v»ሜvd12–15.ሜ'⁄መg
†ለ 60
ybyላR'g8- መ/መ'ማሆgvd
:»ሞሃማሃሆg
Xe//(g8 10-.ሜመ/መ'vd30
.ሜRb~ልመ|yል
flማ„R†qሃ=:ም*“e8 24{/
uf/u/Rbyላ?gመሃ:ም
ማም8- yb¢መbR^ላ:y2-ምfg
R^ላdyqRUR'g ሁለg—£2—£
ማሃሆg 39,540
ልምም»-4 q††⁄ ማ„R†8- መ˘መ†40{. †ybyላ
R^ላ3-ምfg#·h:2l'40{.
†y45–50:dgyመ˘መ†
ሑመ%R^ላ
”8- †fy5-7.ሜyb~ሉ'#
መሌመ'
/h{f/»•*ማ»/8- yb¢መbRg
:f˘ም( ·ምyqRUR'g
ˇ⁄⁄8- 'Rሌለ-'vd?ሃል
fla(/መyላy†8-ya(/vd*'˛
yሚ˛S*Wሉfyሚ†ሃ;bUo
ለመyላyልR#ሎdflbለ†fl*%*&
¢+ofRማ- †መgyል
ሃማሃሆg8- R*Wሉflሃ*ላg
መሃfመሠgvf‚ሃሆ·¶•ል
ልምም» bUd fl}ሚ|ል/መ»ሀcg/;ሉ'8- c£W: 14.270
-5 R7e ማf£W:ማd:Vሉል»:/|·
n'7 ማ·ል=3{//ሃ/'ለv†f„f•
;ሉ' መ»ሃcg:vdd%-&250ሚ.ሊ:
%‚fg =250ሚ.ሊ('g = 1ሊg':
qሊ•b' =1ሊg'Rሄ/'†/%ል•ል
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
ልምም»-6 ማምg flመ»5—£fመ*f 25,60

˛R†flሚ˛nRgfXevd*ላgf
መሠgq»'flመ»5—£fመ*f
˛R†?'Wyሆa*&ሙሉRሙሉ
v/yሚ:ላመሃR?
˛R†?yሆa*&ሊ:ላ,ል
መ*W*W
መ˘መ†:2l:3l:4l:5l:6lvd
መሌ5flሚመg
qሃ=ላ·flሚመg8yላ·flbሃ=+
qሠ%(oyላ·Rbሃ=+ልምም…of/
bሞ~(of/|ለ%=80z/z/ሄ
·ሆdል
ልምም» መ2ሉ ማ-ላ·መ2ሉ8- flqf»z/ል• =
-7 70
qሃ=ላ·flbመbRz/ል =80
qሃ=ላ·˛T =80*7=560,
qሃ=ላ·flሎ• =167,90
yሎ˛Tg'* =329,04
*Wል/ Rv.g q‚/qሠ%'fb:Wሎ%ላ· fl•ምg

7fz'g *f*ለg ማል//ምምag†ልb¶*Rgˇ„·/ R209R˘g
ላ·†ለ aሉW መg
bሞ~(
y*e8- y70–20ሜyU..Rላ·
Xeመሆ q%'8- ል|:/uo6-.8
ልምም»-1 vdon flq%'?·ሉ8- 281 12,80
⁄¸g flqfl' ሙ:g8-18–24‚..:f
vd10–15‚..ማe
fl'መ¶W8 1X5ሜ
'8 95%W?ለg3–4{/Rሄ/'
መ/መ'ማ•˘g
q%'8- 15.ሜ':gvdR0.5-1
.ሜሉል:gመ⁄%g
q††⁄8- ˇ⁄⁄:ሃማሃሆg:
ማም
ልምም» ማ- Xeመሆ8- y3መg‚ህ 908
-2 ⁄¸g y*Wልም'gaሟflሆaመ&gመምሉ
v'58 y20-3.ሜሉል:gy2–3
—£ማ/
መE5†መመ†
ልምም» byላ on8- y3-4?ሃል†ለdy40–

-3 50:dgv»ሜ†ለdy10-2
.ሜ'⁄መg†ለ 60
ybyላR'g8- መ/መ'ማሆgvd
R?»ሚ†ሃማሃሆg
':g8- 20.ሜRመ/መ'vd5
.ሜRb~ልመ|yል
ማ„R†qሃ=:ም*“e8- 24{/
Rbyላ?g
qም8- መ˘መ†qም:†
ማ„R†,ሌመ':2lqምvdqRU
ሊ†WW,ል 42,315
ልምም» q††⁄ ማ„R†/†/8- መ˘መ†40{.
-4 †y15-20:fybyላR^ላvd
2l40{.†y30–40:f
ybyላR^ላ
ሃማሃሆg8- fl*Wሉfሃላg*
መሠgRማ»
ልምም» bU·d R}ሚ|ል/Rመ»ሀcg/;ሉ'8 7,06
-5 መ7e - ማf£W =3{/:(»ሚል=
n'7 2{.:ማd=4{/:2('g=3
;ሉ' ሊg'Rሄ/'†/%ል•ል88
ልምም» ማምg flመ»5—£fመ*f 6,40
-6 መ»5fመ*f
y50–75%?ሃሉ,*
?ሃሉሃልy1-2./ሜy%+
Rላ·b#'ሊ,»?
ሃ?ላላም'gyላ·flbሃ:+
qሠ%(of/ልምም…of/
yqለ%=320z/ሄ/'·ሆdል
ልምም» መ2ሉ ማ-ላ·መ2ሉ8-•Rz/ል =60
-7 ሃ?ላላzfeል =320
ሃ?ላላ˛T =320*6=192,0
ሃ?ላላሎ =83,65
yሎ˛Tg'*= 108,345
*Wል/»fo Rv.g q‚/qሠ%'fb:Wሎ fl•ምg

*f*ለgላ· %ላ·ማል//ምምag R209R˘g
†ለbሞ~( †ልb¶*Rgˇ„·/aሉW መg
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
Xeመሆvd y*e8- y180–260

ልምም»-1 on⁄¸g ሜ/'yU..Rላ· 12,80
q%'8- q2ማ
flq%'?·ሉ8- 281
fl'ም'eማagR350
– 450z/ሄ/'8- Rለሃ:
ˇ„e:ላe:ሚሊ{:
ሞd:„ም:„fm:q%-:
•T-:%
ልምም»-2 ማ-⁄¸g Xeመሆ8- y3መg 908
‚ህy*Wልም'gaሟ
flሆaመ&gመምሉ
v'58 y20-3.ሜ
ሉል:gy2–3—£ማ/
ልምም»-3 byላ 'መ⁄g8-
ybyላR'g8- መ/መ'
ማሆgvdR?»ሚ† 60
ሃማሃሆg
fl'መሃf8-
ለምW 8-y18–20
z/ሄ/'
ለ' 8-y20–2z/ሄ/'
':g8-
ለምW 8-75x30.ሜ
Rመ/መ'dRb~ልመ|yል
Rg·
ለ' 8-60x20.ሜ
Rመ/መ'dRb~ልመ|yል
Rg·
ማ„R†qሃ=:ም*“e8-
240{/uf/u/vd5
{.†R'?g
”8- y5-7.ሜy'#
·:መሆል
qም8- መ˘መ†qም
†ማ„R†,ሌመ'vd
2lqምqRUሊ†WW,ል 42,315
ልምም»-4 q††⁄ ማ„R†/†/8- 2l
መ˘መ†5{.-ምfg
2
ybyላR^ላ:
3l5{/RqRU?g
ሃማሃሆg8- fl*Wሉf
ሃ*ላgመሠg
Rማ»
መE5†መመ†
ልምም»-5 bU·dመ7e R}ሚ|ል/Rመ»ሀcg/ 7,06

'7n ;ሉ'8- ማf£W=3{.
;ሉ' :(»ሚል=2{.:
ማd=4{::2('g
=3ሊ/':*ለ{(f=3
ሊg'/ሄ'†/%ል•ል
ልምም»-6 ማምg flመ»5—£fመ*f 6,40

መ»5fመ*f
?ሃሉሙሉRሙሉ,¶'?
Rማምgሂ¶g
vf„·„መሃf:?
ሃ?ላላም'gyላ·
flbሃ:+qሠ%(of/
ልምም…of/
yqለ%=450z/ሄ/'
·ሆdል
ልምም»-7 መ2ሉ ማ-ላ·መ2ሉ8-•
Rz/ል =40
ሃ?ላላzfeል =450
ሃ?ላላ˛T =450*4=
180,
ሃ?ላላሎ =83,65
yሎ˛Tg'*= 96,345
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
⁄ል1. fl%gfbd መመ⁄˛T†?
% flvf?/=. bU%g »'—ho ¶o

መ/o
⁄ል12.fl/ሃልሃfልfleመመ⁄˛T†?
qW· bU'/Activity ⁄'⁄'bU' »'—g(Action) ¶(Step)

%/ job (Task)
⁄ል13.fld/qW·bU'gfbddሙd?
bU%g fl»ሞ7 ሃ=ሚag flq%ም/መማ' ሃ?ላላ
( Frequencey) (Importance) q/j•ag
መE5†መመ†
መለሏ
»ሞ7 ሃ=ሚag flq%ም/መማ'q/j•ag
( Frequencey) (Importance) (LearningDifficulty)
5.Rfl
⁄ል14.dሙdfl⁄'⁄'bU'መመ⁄˛T†?
⁄'⁄' fl»ሞ7 (Fre- ሃ=ሚag flq%ም/መማ' ሃ?ላላ
bU%g quencey) (Impor - q/j•ag
tance) ( Learning Difficulty)
መለሏ
fl»ሞ7(Fre - ሃ=ሚag(Importance) flq%ም/መማ'q/j•ag
quencey) (LearningDifficulty)
5.Rfl
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
⁄ል15.iሙdfl»—gd¶of/Action&steps/መመ⁄˛T†?
»'—g ¶o
»'—g1
»'—g2
»'—g3
»'—g4
»'—g5
⁄ል16.dሙdfl»'—gd¶of/Action&steps/መመ⁄˛T†?
gR% ሃ=ሚag(Importance) flq%ም/መማ'q/j•ag ሃ?ላላ
መE5†መመ†
መለሏ
ሃ=ሚag(Importance) flq%ም/መማ'q/j•ag(Learning
Difficulty)
1.Rመሃb/ለqመል†ህልሃ=ሚ 1.:ላል
2.መ|yለlሃ=ሚ 2.Rመ|yለlyU»
3.Rሆምሃ=ሚ 3.RሆምyU»
4.v¸RሆምyU»
⁄ል17-dሙdfl¶?
¶ flመማ'o'
⁄ል18. flbU'~*bggfbdመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?
⁄'⁄'bU%g flW=g¶ W=g ~*bcR/ልሃd·%eል
መለሏ
üq/Xflለም üq/Xq·%eም
:dሚcI
W'dሚc/f'
Y MINSTR OF TURE AGICL
⁄ል19.fl»'—g~*bggfbdመመ⁄˛T†?
»'—ho flW=g¶ W=g ~*bcR/ልሃd·%eልf?

üq/Xflለም üq/Xq·%eም
⁄ል20fl~ggልdም˛ማ?»:fl~ffbg:ለg:ም'g:
vf?/=.:vdflvf?/=.Wg:ላማ:flማ•˛ሏ”oም-ሌ
flመ qመላ|po flማ•˛ሏ መ
መ/%'ho ”o መሃ:ም
flመ flመ መ flመ 3'g ማ?W

ምfሑ መ*W*W flመ*W*W መ*W*T† ማ»
»ሞ7 uላ'ag ”
W

ላማ
ም'g
bU'
Wg
Please check all annexes are refered in the body of this document, as it has been
done for Annex 20 on page ----
225
226

Irrigation Extension Amharic

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1

Rማ•˛ሉ: ze ˛ሃም flመ/g qመ%g ”f Rመybል: ˛R† b' b-g+q

መ/g ልማg ማለg R ⁄dW RሌለRg ?g ·ም ⁄dW Rማ·fWRg Xed ?g

flምW /gd o' Rsgሙ† Rb¶••ሚ vflby*b †ለ flW'd ም'g R⁄dW ላ·

flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f gR% R*ላg ላ· flbመሠb ,ሆf flሃ bሃ=ሚof

flሚ¶˛f flሃ vd *Wል ማe¸መfg ልምም» Rqa/bld ሉ=?f መ/g qe'

flመ/g u~/ff2f q˛ልሎg መመ† ⁄¸g yመ/g Uለሙ†od yልማg ሆT†

·ህ መመ† flb•˘ RWሔ% flW'd u~/ff7f /g%f¨ ላ· flb:መሄgf

Rdag flu~/ff7f /g%f¨ flb•˘ ልማed q„‚/ ሀ-Xo: R¶fW Rሚ*%

መመ† flመ/g u~/ff7ff መል~: b-g+q q:%W ”f vd flu~/ff7f

Rqሃ=ላ· flመ/g ልማg Uለሙ†o vd flመ/g ልማg *%boo flb55ሉ flመ/g

1,50ሄ/' Rመg vf¶ሆa †ለ&g 12 መeg byee· flሆb መo †-†ል88 :

flመ/g qማ%o UሉRg flq'0q¶' ማ*ልሃl bCማg vff q'0q¶f Rf¢V:

Rsg† flሃ vd sa'¨ vd flW'd ሚ/' Uሄg 3'g Rመ/g ልማg %

·ህ flመbR† መመ†/ ላማ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎgf Rላag

flመbR† መመ† flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7ff ˛e: b-g+q q:%W ”f

·ህ flመbR† መመ† Rመ/g ልማg ላ· ለb*ማ q'0/q'Wh q¶': Uለሙ†

flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f መ*e W flq'0/q'Wh q¶f ማህR%d sgሚ†

2. flመ/g ልማg /% Uህልd ልም» yqyUT ¶ q|UT ልaho vf„ሉg መ„g /

/ል- 18-q'0/q'Wh q¶ Rq|UT†j

·ህም flb•˘ መ*gሔ yመ/ሃg ·ል?

4. yሁeeo •' flመላመ» W=g /Principle of Adoptability/- flመ/g ልማg vf¶

/ል- 28-q'0/q'Wh q¶f ሙሉ

6. flgWW' መ'ህ /Principle of co-operation/- flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f flbለ†

/ል- 38-flመ/g u~/ff7f

flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q*%' ” flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚof ማህR'd qa/bl

flመ/g f~gሎ¨ መሆ flq'0/q'Wh q¶f aU% ሁeeo vd q|UTf †˛dR

Uለ&g ሉg መeg R'|e ሃ=ሚ flሆb q„‚/ flመ/g f~gሎ¨ nho/%ሃ%o

/ል- 48-fl⁄dW ሃf yሆ† ላ·

flሃ ማyማm ?' ·aho8-

flመ&g /ሉ efy'8- ም»' ሃ

ለfUe /%ም :ላል ;-/ /

flሃWe መ/g8- flሃWe መ/g ” ሃf Rማሃሆg ˛» 90% flሆa W=g †ለd

w/ል-58-R:ላል ሎ flb*% flሃWe

flሃWe መ/g ” RVb*W ¶

ሃ flማሆg ”8- ሃ ybyማjRg Xe ለማሆg Rሆም q/%ላ— yሆb flሃ

?» ,Uል flመ/g bሃ=ሚof R?»d -e q*ሆሉ ሂ¶g ላ· Rq-b' መልz

Rመሌ5 g~~ለlag ,Uል flመ/g bU%gfd 0}“of vf ለማ» flb55ሉ

flሃ መ˛l q|ላgf መfyUyW8- fl⁄dW ሃ al flመ/g ሃ ማl ምfሑ a8

·¥ vf‚·#· ·„ል88·ህffም bU' fl:Rሌ q/b„¶':flመ/g ልማg *%bl:fl„

/ል-68- flመ/g qe'

*gሀ flመ/g ሃ /'ሑgf ማ•˛ሉ8- flመ/g ልማg *%bood fl„ መ/g

flመ/g ሃ መ-T†d ማ*%ሏ v=o ሉ˛d q˛ልሎhof ማ•˛ሉ8- R¡ህ bU'

flq%' ~ለgf መ:a/ flሚoል flመ/g ሃ qሃ=:ም መbR'8- flመ/g መ&g /ሉ

Rመ/g መ&ho ላ· yመሃf Rላ· flመ/g ሃ vf‚bl qለማ»8- flመ/g ሃ b˛i

Rb%ሉ( z& vd ሀ·#o flሚ˛if flመ/g ሃ RqUS መሃ:ም 8- vf¶ሚe:

b-g, vd *ላg b' flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7ff ማ-¶;-flመ/g ልማg %

Reol vd Rላ·l b(*/ flሃ bሃ=ሚo *gሃ qሃ=:ምf ማልRg; -

flመ/g ሃ X· „gd v»-g ማ»8- flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo flመ/g Xof

flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ ማህR' vf‚CCም መ¶˛*/ Irrigation Water Use Association/

flመ/g ሃd መ&gf መ*g †¶˛ f/ S»f ማCCም8- flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo

flመ/g Wg8- flመ/g ልማg Uለሞ†od flልማg *%boo yመ/g f/ S»f

flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚofy˛R†qማ%oማ/•' b-*'8- flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f

Rመ/g u~/ff7f % ላ· ሙሉ —£f ማ-ለ*d q/%ላ— bU%gf ማ††⁄8- flመ/g

flመ/g ልማg f~gሎ¨o *'h ማ-†of ማ|ሄ»8- flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f

flመ/g qe(of o' መለflg8- yመ/g ልማg *%boo d d ሚdo መ|yል

'0o ላ· መ¶Rl vd b/ማሚ flሆa /ልሃd መሠሃg qለUj88 flሃ bሃ=ሚo

flም'ም'-u~/ff7f-q'0 q¶' fjagf ማ/:ሃል8- flም'ም' bCማg yu~/ff7f

Rመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg q*ሆሉ /ሉ flመ/g ልማg *%boo flሃ

q-e' flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q:%W ” flUለqa/bl flመ/g ·¥e flመ/g

·ህ ” ለመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚoምd flመ/g ልማg *%boo flመ/g ልማg ልማg

*ላgf መሠg Rማ»' ·ም vf¶ q/%ላ—ac flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f /ልሃdd

gሀ flመ/g ሃ /'ሑgf ማ•˛ሉ8- flመ/g ልማg %bood fl„ መ/g

Reol vd Rላ·l b(/ flሃ bሃ=ሚo gሃ qሃ=:ምf ማልRg; -

Rመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg qሆሉ /ሉ flመ/g ልማg %boo flሃ

·ህ flመ/g u~ff7f ” ·ም q%' flq'0/q'Wh q¶f ˛T Rመሌመ' ላ

yW'd u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg qሆሉ q?ሆሏo qf• q|UTf መg Rማ»

/ለ¡ህ ም'ሉ bሞ~(of RማUW vd Rመ:መ' bመ--· /a-ምህ„' Uላj

? flS»f ··g//WU flመ-ሉg flu~/ff7f መል~g ማ/bላለ'†

flለg ማ-†/ለg b' ሠ'h ማ†8- ·ህ fl'h ማ-† ” Rbሃ

? y'h ማ-† ˇWng :f :¶ም Wሎ ለb-e'o ሉ ማ/bላለ vd