LIRA UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

COURSE UNIT: SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATION AND REHABILITATION

COURSE CODE: MSL/PHL 2302

LECTURER: Mr ODONGO DAVID NEWTON

SUBMISSION DATE: 5th/8/2021

GROUP 3 MEMBERS

STUDENT NAME REGISTRATION NUMBER

AMINA KASSIM 19/U/0194/LSM/PS
OGADULLA ROBINAH NICOLE 19/U/0359/LSM/PS
ADUR BRENDA 19/U/0131/LSM/PS
MUSANA SAYDER 19/U/0038/LSM
AKECH AGNES JOYCE 18/U/0172/LSM/PS
ATIM MARGARETH 19/U/0229/LSM/PS
BAHIZI DOROTHY LILLIAN 19/U/0253/LSM/PS
BYOGERO JANAT 19/U/0260/LSM/PS
KAGUNDU NICKSON 19/U/0034/LSM
LOGOSE MERCY 19/U/0309/LSM/PS
MUTUWA MERCY VIVIAN 19/U/0314/LSM/PS
NALYAZI MARY 19/U/0042/LSM
NASSIWA JUSTINE 19/U/0330/LSM/PS
OKELLO RONALD 19/U/0388/LSM/PS
WILOBO DANDUS 19/U/0451/LSM/PS
NAKWANG IRENE F 19/U/0322/PHL/PS
MASUDIO MERCY 19/U/0061/PHL
MUGERWA MOSES 19/U/0063/PHL
NAMAGANDA HOPE ANNETTE 19/U/0068/PHL
MUHINDO MOUREEN 19/U/0064/PHL

COURSE WORK ASSIGNMENT

QN.3 The achievement of mobility and orientation training of person with visual impairment
can be done through help of land marks.

a) Define land marks

b) With relevant examples, identify and explain two types of land marks that can be
used in orientation and mobility training
c) Mention any five qualities of a good land mark
Introduction,

Visual impairment

 World health organization (who) (2006) defines visual impairment as the visual loss
which affects an individual’s ability to perform the visual tasks of daily life caused by
visual system that is not working properly or not formed correctly(Vision Impairment
and Blindness, n.d.).

 Huebner (2000) defines visual impairment as a condition associated to people with

decreased vision regardless of the severity.
 (CDC)-Visually impaired person eye sight can’t be corrected to normal levels. It may
be said that visual impairment is the functional limitation of the eye or eyes or the
vision system. This leads to;
1. Loss of visual acuity - Inability of the person to see objects as clearly as a healthy
person.
2. Loss of visual field - Inability of an individual to see as wide an area as average.
Person not moving the eyes or turning the head.
3. Photophobia- Inability to look at light.
4. Diplopia-Double vision
5. Visual distortion or distortion of images.
6. Visual perceptual difficulties or difficulties of perception.
7. OR any combination of the above features.

Causes of visual impairment

1. Eye damage
2. Failure of the brain to receive and read the visual cues(N et al., 2004).

Orientation

Is the ability of an individual with visual impairment to put in use his or her remaining senses
to identify himself with environmental objects or surroundings.

Mobility

This is the ability of a person with visual impairment to move from one position to another
independently, efficiently, confidently and safely with or without assistive device or sighted
guide. The movement should be for a purpose.

Orientation and mobility training

Refers to services that help persons with visual impairment to know where they are, where
they want to go and how to get their safely and independently by walking or using
transportation.

a) Land marks

Land marks are any familiar objects, sound, temperature, or tactual cues that can be easily
recognized and has known location in the environment.

They help to identify particular position within mobility routes.

Helps to recognize change of direction during travel.

Helps a PWVI to sense for danger.

Acts as a point of reference in the environment during mobility and orientation training.
Helps to stimulate senses.

(b) TYPES OF LAND MARKS

Auditory land marks

 These are land marks which can be identified by hearing. For example; school bells,
factories, busy markets, sound from garage, motor cycle, vehicles and audible
crossing signals along highways or at a zebra crossing, sound from bird, animals and
insects. Auditory land marks can be detected at a far distance along a mobility route.

Tactile or hepatic land marks

 These are land marks which can be identified through touch. For example; buildings,
ant hills, stones, rails, ropes and humps, goal posts and electric posts etc. Tactile land
marks can easily be detected if placed near a mobility rout(Saunders et al., 2012).

(c) Qualities of good landmarks.

1. Should be distinct features or unique

2. Should be consistent or permanent
3. Should be accessible ie not far from mobility route.
4. Should be available
5. Should be easily perceived and recognised.
6. Should be familiar.
Conclusion

The use of landmarks is one of the most important skills a person who is blind or usually
impaired can learn to become a truly independent traveller. Ideally reducing the risk of
danger or injury towards the usually impaired during mobility, with the ability to cognitively
recognise landmarks within the environment, the usually impaired can easily access different
places without fear.
References

N, C., B, O., Cc, K., R, K., B, M., Ds, F., J, K., Hr, T., P, M., & undefined. (2004). Causes

and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States. Archives of

Ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 122(4), 477–485.

https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.122.4.477

Saunders, L. J., Russell, R. A., & Crabb, D. P. (2012). Practical landmarks for visual field

disability in glaucoma. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 96(9), 1185–1189.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-301827

Techniques to Collect and Analyze the Cognitive Map Knowledge of Persons with Visual

Impairment Or Blindness: Issues of Validity—R.M. Kitchin, R.D. Jacobson, 1997.

(n.d.). Retrieved August 7, 2021, from

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0145482X9709100405

Vision impairment and blindness. (n.d.). Retrieved August 7, 2021, from

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment