NTCC Report

A NTCC/ Research based Internship Report
On
“Pre-Fab construction technology: An approach toward

Affordable housing (Post-COVID 19).”
at
Economic Research Unit, Joint Plant Committee, Ministry
of Steel, Government of India
By
Shubham Patinge
A70059019012
Batch: 2019-21
SCHOOL OF CONSTRUCTION
May - July 2020
i
DECLARATION BY THE STUDENT
I, Shubham Patinge, hereby declare that the presented report of research-based internship
titled “Pre-Fab construction technology: An approach toward Affordable housing (Post-
COVID 19)” of “Economic Research Unit, Joint Plant Committee, Ministry of Steel,
Government of India” is uniquely prepared by me after the completion of eight weeks’
internship at Economic Research Unit, Joint Plant Committee, Ministry of Steel, Government
of India.
I also confirm that the report is only prepared for my academic requirement, not for any other
purpose. It might not be used with the interest of the opposite party of the corporation.
Information derived from the published work of others has been acknowledged in the text and
a list of references is given. I am fully aware of the University’s policy on plagiarism, and that
the penalty for submission of plagiarized report could be a ‘fail’ in NTCC/ Summer Internship.
I have submitted a copy of this full report in electronic form to my supervisor. The information
and data given in the report is authentic to the best of my knowledge. This summer internship
report is not being submitted to any other University for award of any other Degree, Diploma
and Fellowship.
Signature: - Date: - 7/07/2020

Name: - Shubham Patinge
Enrolment Number: - A70059019012
i
INTERNSHIP INDUSTRY GUIDE EVALUATION REPORT
Name of the Student: Shubham Patinge
Course & Semester: MBA (CPM), 3rd semester
Enrolment Number: A70059019012
Rate the following parameters on scale of 1-5.
1 being the worst and 5 being the best
Parameters Rating Scale
1 2 3 4 5
Student’s sincerity and attitude towards assigned tasks
How well the assigned tasks were performed
Ability to work with others
Written and Verbal communication skills
Overall performance
Written Comments, if any:
Industry Guide Name: Dr. Sushmita Dasgupta
Industry Guide Signature
Organisation name: Joint Plant Committee, Ministry of Steel, Government of India.
Date: 11/07/2019
Note: - This report would form part of Internal Evaluation
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Each fruitful Project completion of understudy owes to his ancestors to his folks, teachers, and
companions, and consequently I recognize my profound appreciation to these.
I am thankful to my school- RICS SCHOOL OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT for providing me such

a great opportunity to execute this report as a part of my research-based internship on
“Possible development of prefab market after COVID-19” in which I have researched over
“Prefab technology- a solution to the affordable housing sector of India after COVID-19” taken
place under Pre-Fab construction technology: An approach toward Affordable housing
(Post-COVID 19). I am truly thankful to them for sharing their honest and illuminating views
on numerous issues identified with this internship. I offer my warm gratitude to my external
guide Dr. Sushmita Dasgupta and internal guide Prof. Mihir Ayyanchira for their guidance
all through the culmination of the undertakings and for obtaining us with recommendations,
suggestions and sharing clear information about the submission and deadlines, which played
a fundamental for the finishing of this research-based internship.
- Shubham Patinge
iii
COPY OF TRAINING CERTIFICATE FROM THE TRAINING
ORGANISATION
iv
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to find out that what will be the future of affordable housing
post COVID-19 and what is the role of pre-fab construction in future. Past studies on affordable
housing and pre-fab technology says homeless people in India is increasing day by day and
affordable housing is the solution for homeless people additionally in one report says that if
we use pre-fab construction in affordable housing then it will be more beneficial in term of cost
reduction, time consumption, waste reduction and mainly in environmental aspect pre-fab
construction process need less water and also CO2 emission is also less. In this report the
current situation of construction industry and type of main problem construction industry is
facing in this pandemic situation is mentioned. Analysis of different case studies and
comparison approach is taken to find out cost comparison and what will be the scenario of
affordable housing post COVID-19. This report is based on research in affordable housing and
use of pre-fab in this sector.
Key Words: Affordable housing, pre-fab technology, COVID-19, Construction sector, India.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
DECLARATION BY THE STUDENT ..................................................................................... i
INTERNSHIP INDUSTRY GUIDE EVALUATION REPORT ................................................. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................... iii
COPY OF TRAINING CERTIFICATE FROM THE TRAINING ORGANISATION ................ iv
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................... vi
List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vii
List of Tables .................................................................................................................... viii
ABBREVATIONS ................................................................................................................ ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1
- Background/Motivation .......................................................................................................... 1
Scope/Nature of work done during internship ............................................................................... 2
Objectives........................................................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 4
2.1 Cost Comparison of Conventional construction and Pre-fab construction. ............................. 4
2.2 Cost comparison of GFRG building and Conventional building ................................................ 6
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 8
3.1 Current scenario of Affordable housing in India ....................................................................... 8
3.2 Current Situation of construction sector .................................................................................. 9
3.3 Survey Conducted by JLL ........................................................................................................... 9
3.3 Comparison between Affordable housing without Pre-fab technology and with Pre-fab
technology .................................................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER 4 PROBLEMS FACED BY PRE-FAB INDUSTRY ............................................ 13
4.1. Major problems faced by pre-fab industry with justification and strategy to implement in
organization. ................................................................................................................................. 13
4.1.1 Improper logistics................................................................................................................. 13
CHAPTER 5 ....................................................................................................................... 16
SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATION...................................................................... 16
CHAPTER 6 ....................................................................................................................... 16
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 16
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 17
ANNEXURE ........................................................................................................................ 18
vi
List of Figures
Figure 1 Planned Supply Chain.............................................................................................................. 15
vii
List of Tables
Table 1 Cost comparison of conventional construction and pre-fab construction ................................ 5

Table 2 GFRC (Pre-fab component) and Conventional construction ...................................................... 7
Table 3 Comparison between Affordable housing without Pre-fab technology and with Pre-fab
technology ............................................................................................................................................ 12
viii
ABBREVATIONS
RICS: Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
SBE: School of Built Environment
CPM: Construction Project Management
BIM: Building Information Modelling
NBH: National Housing Bank
NBFCs: Non-Banking Financial Company
GFRG: Glass Fiber Reinforced Gypsum
ix
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
The idea of pre-fab construction came into effect with the inspiration of the Hindustan Housing
factory in 1950 as an answer for the housing crisis because of the influx of refugees from
Bangladesh. The pre-stressed concrete construction of railway sleepers was pioneered,
replacing the traditional wooden sleepers on Indian Railways. HPL is currently based in Delhi,
prefabricating prefabricated concrete for several civil and architectural projects throughout
India. Prefab materials in India are popular for their durability and efficiency. Building
Information Modelling (BIM) techniques are used before the construction for pre-planning and
visualization of the construction process. These techniques allow reducing waste in countries
like India where resources are scarce. These new building methods are an imaginative
approach to addressing the social housing issue. The migration of people from smaller towns
to large urban centers, the urban population has grown manifold over the past few decades to
seek more opportunity. Due to high prices, these migrants cannot afford accommodation in
major cities. The high cost is the main component due to rising land prices, building material
costs, cost labor, and construction process costs. The goal of affordable housing is to provide
these migrated people or urban poor people who already live in urban centers with a cost-
effective housing solution (Shetty & Dash, 2018) (Ruoyu , et al., 2019).
- Background/Motivation
The COVID-19 pandemic is set to derail the expansion momentum in 2020, in keeping with a
replacement report by property securities firm Anarock as on Q1 2020 end, there are quite
2.34 lakh unsold affordable homes within the top seven cities 36 per cent of the full unsold
stock across all budget categories. Given, that the coronavirus pandemic outbreak has
slackened economic growth across the globe, India is most likely to take on a major toll over
numbers of sectors. This had a multiplier effect on the real estate sector that has been looking
revival in the coming times. However, both the commercial as well as residential segments
will face the outrage of the virus outbreak, and the worst-hit will be affordable housing and
developers have to face some more problems like in the middle of the COVID-19 scourge,
Labour's ran away to their respective native lands from the metro cities or big cities in fear of
losing out on earnings. The shutdown managed to prolong their stay, causing a significant
crisis in the supply of labour, which would have a huge effect on the industry that was already
struggling for lack of skilled labour (Ruoyu , et al., 2019) (Sudhalkar, 2019).
1
Scope/Nature of work done during internship
Post COVID-19 Situation of Affordable housing.
If we consider the post-COVID 19 scenario working people face difficulties in paying rents
during this time, because of COVID 19 the demand for affordable housing will get pushed. As
more and more people with regular income jobs post lockdown, they will think about buying
their own homes. The recent announcement of banks switching to lower home loan rates will
also give the Affordable housing sector a boost. The Government has also pledged to
recapitalize NBFCs (Non-banking financial company) alongside earmarking Rs 10,000 crore
for the National Housing Bank (NHB). This will ensure a smoother flow of capital to HFCs
thereby expanding credit support to developers one among the much-required steps. A recent
report from a global consulting firm showed that the rate of residential property sales in China
in March 2020 is nearly 95 per cent compared to the levels of December 2019. If this bounce
back after the lockdown in China last month is an indication of a trend, after normalization, the
Indian real estate market will also be witnessing a similar scenario this statement given in
Economic Times (Anarock, 2020).
COVID-19 gave a new distance lesson and could lead to a considerable reduction of long-
distance migration. Typically, workers wait until a crisis is over before they set out again work
search, however, considering the nature of the crisis this time, the waiting period will be much
longer, and so the labour cost effects, much bigger. Several migrant workers who have left
the big cities may never return, choose to stay on their marginal farms, or find jobs in
neighboring cities. It would take a protracted time to deprive industrial labour centers, likely
raising the wage burden on small and medium-sized units struggling to crawl out of recession.
There could also be a second wave of home-coming migrant workers once lockdown is lifted
they're going to return to their place and firms will have a shortage of workers (jose, et al.,
2020).
We may be in an unpredictable region with higher wages, less demand for labour, even as
many companies will also seek to shift more towards less labour - intensive forms of
production, in the fear of uncertainty and in the future to minimize life-related risks. The counter
view is also prevalent that, for lack of jobs and wages, we may see more labours moving to
urban areas in the immediate future (jose, et al., 2020).
We may assume that the shortage of labour is inevitable for at least many weeks after
lockdown in construction sites. Manpower shortages and supply delays may potentially have
2
an effect on project budgets, compounded by new social distances, stress on health and safety
in working conditions (jose, et al., 2020).
Post lockdown, JLL surveyed with Indian leading contractors & suppliers, and results were
interesting. More than 60% of the contractors predict that the labour shortage will be there for
the next couple of months, which will have a severe impact on the real estate sector (jose, et
al., 2020).
Post-COVID 19 situation of affordable housing will be different because the main problem
faced by this industry in the current situation is the shortage of labour and some reports show
that in future this problem will be there but as we mentioned above companies are switching
to change the work environment based on this for construction of affordable housing off-site
construction will be preferable a limited number of labour are needed and because of mass
housing schemes the cost is also controlled. Further, we compared different case studies to
prove cost reduction in mass housing using off-site construction (jose, et al., 2020).
Objectives
1) To explore the opportunity of pre-fab in future of construction

2) To analyze shortage of workforce post COVID-19
3) To analyze the cost comparison between Conventional construction and Pre-fab
construction.
3
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Cost Comparison of Conventional construction and Pre-fab

construction.
There was a massive problem worldwide in the housing sector that had left people living in
uninhabitable conditions without proper sanitation and cleanliness. Building a house seems to
be a fantasy for a common man, due to the growing cycle of land and building materials along
with labour charges. A promising approach to consider dealing with the issue could be the
solution to developing mass housing with a higher density and floor area ratio. This, in turn,
will reduce the total expenditure on individual owners (Shetty & Dash, 2018).
The prior value of mass housing can be summed up by describing it as affordable housing
that saved costs by reducing standardized goods and components that ultimately contribute
to better control of resources and goods (Shetty & Dash, 2018).
In this case study, the cost comparison between pre-fab construction and conventional
construction is given –
Pre-fab construction Conventional construction
Project details – Project details –
Residential project for Karnataka housing Mahamedha Co-operative housing society

board at kengiri at Hapur Uttar Pradesh.
No of units: 2500 No of units: 2500
Cost reduced by 20% in the superstructure Cost reduction possible by 30 – 35 % if units

are > 2500
The period for concrete to set in the factory The period for concrete to set on site is 28
is 1 day days
Waste material is used Waste material can’t be used
Labour force reduced by 40% and unskilled Labour force requirement is high compared
labour requirement is minimum to pre-fab.
4
Cost Analysis – Cost Analysis
20% reduction in cost in term of The average area of a unit 150 sq.
labour, material and transportation. mt.
Transportation cost is 4.25% if the Total area – 375000 sq.mt
distance between site and factory is RCC in superstructure including
50 km column + beam + slab
The total cost of Rs. 660000000 Assuming a slab thickness of 150
Saving of Rs. 16.25 Cr. Only in the mm
superstructure. Cost of RCC Rs. 5500 /Cum
Vol. of RCC – 150 000 cum
Grade of concrete – M20
The total cost of Rs. 825000000.
40% of labour reduces saves money Very high labour charges as large no. of
labour is deployed.
Table 1 Cost comparison of conventional construction and pre-fab construction
5
2.2 Cost comparison of GFRG building and Conventional building
In this case study, the construction of the building is done by using GFRG (Glass fiber
reinforced gypsum) panels. These panels are used for the wall as well as for roofing material
usually the thickness of these panels is 124 mm thick compared to traditional 230 mm bricks,
so a lot of built-up areas are saved. The construction of building with these panels is very fast
thus saving in project time and ultimately saving in project cost. The material is lightweight
compared to brick and it reduces the loading on the structure while reducing project costs and
finishing of this panel is good plaster is not required for finishing purpose. The cost of the panel
is 1000 Rs. Per square meter (Gangwar, 2016).
Photo 0-1 GFRG panels (300-350 mm long)
Comparison of GFRC (Pre-fab component) and Conventional construction
Materials/items GFRG building Conventional building Saving in %
Cement 16 tons 32.55 tons 50.8
Steel 1800 kg 2779 kg 35.2
River Sand 20 cum 83.37 cum 76
Granite metal 38 cum 52.46 cum 27.56
6
Bricks - 57200 -
GFRG panels 500 sqm - -
Water 50000 liters 200000 liters 75
Built-up areas 143 sqm 154.45 sqm 8
Labour 389 man-days 1200 man-days 67.59
Construction time 21 days 120 days 82
Total weight of super 170 tons 490 tons 65

structure
Embodied Energy 82921 215400 61.5
Construction cost Rs 13.25 lakhs Rs 18.27 lakhs 27.47
Table 2 GFRC (Pre-fab component) and Conventional construction
Source: (New Affordable Housing: Emerging Technologies and Building Materials in Indian Context)
(Gangwar, 2016).
According to the case study, the construction cost of GFRG is Rs. 13.25 lakhs and the cost of
conventional construction is Rs. 18.27 lakhs so the cost saved is around 27.47 %. This not
only reduces the cost but also reduces the CO2 emission caused by cement and steel in a
conventional building (Gangwar, 2016).
7
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The affordable housing is the emerging sector based on different studies carried out and use
of pre-fab in affordable housing will be beneficial. In current pandemic situation the need of
affordable housing is increased and awareness about the low-cost housing is spread around
the working people. Because of COVID-19 people are suffering from low payments and some
people are not even employed and lots of workers going back to their home town. The of
homeless people are increasing now and Indian government providing new schemes for
Affordable housing. So, in this report the use of pre-fab in affordable housing is analysed and
suggestions are given because the post COVID-19 scenario will be different for affordable
housing sector.
3.1 Current scenario of Affordable housing in India
The migration of people from smaller towns to large urban centres, the urban population has
grown manifold over the past few decades to seek more opportunity. Due to high prices, these
migrants cannot afford accommodation in major cities. The high cost is the main component
due to rising land prices, building material costs, cost labour, and construction process costs.
The goal of affordable housing is to provide these migrated people or urban poor people who
already live in urban centres with a cost-effective housing solution (Ruoyu , et al., 2019).
The Covid-19 pandemic is all set to derail the growth momentum in 2020, according to a new
report by property brokerage firm Anarock as on Q1 2020 end, there are more than 2.34 lakh
unsold affordable homes in the top seven cities 36 per cent of the total unsold stock across all
budget categories. Given, that the coronavirus pandemic outbreak has slackened economic
growth across the globe, India is most likely to take on a major toll over numbers of sectors.
This had a multiplier effect on the real estate sector that has been looking revival in the coming
times. However, both the commercial as well as residential segments will face the outrage of
the virus outbreak, and the worst-hit will be affordable housing and developers have to face
some more problems like in the middle of the COVID-19 scourge, Labour's ran away to their
respective native lands from the metro cities or big cities in fear of losing out on earnings. The
shutdown managed to prolong their stay, causing a significant crisis in the supply of labour,
which would have a huge effect on the industry that was already struggling for lack of skilled
labour (Ruoyu , et al., 2019) (Sudhalkar, 2019).
8
3.2 Current Situation of construction sector
The current situation of India not only triggered the massive health crisis but has also brought
as equally challenging economic situation. The main problem that the construction industry
facing is the unavailability of labour. Most of the labours are migrants from other states to
metro cities in search of work. In the current situation, they have no regular space to stay, no
job security, and no regular income.
In the middle of lockdown in India, thousands of migrants tried to return to their place of origin
from their place of employment in cities, even though they were informed to stay put in their
locations by the governments. Low-wage problems India's daily wage majority, and Migrants
receive just 30 % to 60 % of the specified population minimum salary Rs. 571 to Rs. 692 Place
for skilled, semi-skilled, and unqualified by the Government Working people, respectively
(Mahadevan, 2015).
3.3 Survey Conducted by JLL
JLL conducted post lockdown survey with leading Indian contractors & suppliers and it was
important to see results. More than 60% of contractors expect that there will be a labour
shortage for the next few months, which will have a significant effect on the real estate market
(jose, et al., 2020).
Chart 1 Labour Strength before lockdown
Chart 2 Labour Strength post lockdown
9
Chart 3 Labour return time post lockdown
The post lockdown situation can become worse because the chances of labour returning to
their native land are predicted around 43.6%. Considering this pandemic situation, the labours
may remain in their homes in the hope of monetary/other benefit scheme coming their way by
the government. This could affect the labour decision and this could affect the construction
industry (jose, et al., 2020).
Chart 4 Chances of labours returning to the native land
10
3.3 Comparison between Affordable housing without Pre-fab technology
and with Pre-fab technology
In this comparison, we compared Affordable housing with-out Pre-fab technology and with
pre-fab technology based on different parameters like type of construction, Labour
requirement, cost of construction, cost of labour, the effect on the environment, time required,
speed of construction.
Parameter Affordable housing without Affordable housing with

Pre-fab technology Pre-fab technology
Type of construction On-site construction Off-site construction
Labour requirement The requirement of labour is The requirement of labour is

more than Pre-fab construction around 40% less than
because construction is taking conventional construction.
place on-site.
Cost of construction Based on different reports The cost of construction is

conventional construction cost reduced by 15% to 20% by
15% to 20% more than pre-fab the use of pre-fab technology.
construction.
Cost of labour As a requirement of labour is The requirement of labour is

more that’s why the cost of less and the cost of labour is
labour is more than Pre-fab reduced by 40% in pre-fab
construction. construction.
Effect on environment CO2 emission is more CO2 emission is less
Time required The time required is more than The time required is less than
pre-fab construction. conventional construction.
The period for concrete to set on The period for concrete to set
site is 28 days. in the factory is 1 day.
Speed of construction On an average construction of An equivalent building takes

building takes 120 days. 21 days to construct.
11
Problems scenario The major problem will be the The major problem will be
post-COVID-19 labour requirement and financial only financial issues and
issues. labour requirement is less so
we can counter the cost of
construction problem also.
Table 3 Comparison between Affordable housing without Pre-fab technology and with Pre-fab technology
12
CHAPTER 4
PROBLEMS FACED BY PRE-FAB INDUSTRY
4.1. Major problems faced by pre-fab industry with justification and strategy to
implement in organization.
4.1.1 Improper logistics
In current situation logistics playing an important role in providing essentials to the people in
need. According to reports Post-COVID-19, the global logistics market size is projected to
grow at a Y-O-Y growth of 17.6% from 2020 to 2021, to reach USD 3,215 billion in 2021 from
USD 2,734 billion in 2020. The projection for 2021 is estimated to be down by over 10-15%
as compared to pre-COVID-19 estimation.
Chart 5 COVID-19 Impact on Logistics Market
Improper logistics is one of the barriers for off-site construction because the handling of Pre-
fab components is not easy and if the work is going on in the congested area then handling of
this component is difficult.
Improper logistics is happened because of improper planning, not aware of the location,
insufficient data available. Like if we want to deliver the components in closed areas of metro
cities then it will be no use. So, the Pre-fab construction logistics will be good at the outer site
or for mass construction areas like Smart cities, Mass affordable housing schemes, etc. The
Use of Pre-fab on the outer side of cities will be more beneficial to both parties.
If the logistics of pre-fab components is not carried out properly then the project may suffer
from cost overrun. Affordable housing is based on the cost of construction should be less and
13
if we want to use pre-fab technology in this area then logistics is done in a planned way. Its
also affect the planning which we have considered for affordable housing if a delay happens
then activities aligned with procuring pre-fab components disturbed so construction time cycle
will break and to overcome this loss of money and time we try to do work faster so in this
situation the quality of work affects so these are interrelated problem occurs if a logistic part
is not planned properly
Justification –
If we consider the above case in which the Indian Government wants to plan for mass
affordable housing project then the logistic part of the pre-fab component is depending on the
location of site and construction planning.
If a site location is in the metro city or congested area then we can ignore using Pre-Fab
technology for construction but if Pre-fab technology is a necessity for a project then we can
go for Just in time (JIT) concept. In JIT every delivery is done when it's required only no need
to store or manage the handling of Pre-Fab components and we can also prepare a framework
in which all the things are already connected to the panel like window frame etc. so the erection
time in that congested area will be reduced and quality of work achieved.
Another example from Kier group - The project is within 250 meters of Southwark Underground
Station, with various bus routes serving Blackfriars Road and the surrounding area. The main
elevation faces a busy main road and cycle superhighway, on an extremely limited footprint
location neighbouring to occupied buildings, including a church. During the works,
superhighway operation could not be halted, and they were expected to ensure minimum
effects on bus and community services. Consequently, the effective management of logistics
was essential for their strategy to sustain program and limit disturbance.
The building's layout was specifically built to fit precast concrete facade panels facing bricks.
So, they come up with a solution like the panels will directly be fixed to the frame with a factory
fitted window and buff.
The result they got because of Early decision to integrate glazing into the prefabricated panels
rejected the need for scaffolding, greatly reducing work on the public footpath at height. The
rapid installation method required only one person to connect each unit to the structure,
significantly reducing all associated travel implications for secondary materials and labour,
including far fewer installers, no mortar deliveries or on-site mixing, no blockwork, and no
scaffolding. The waste and dust created by on-site cutting and maintenance and any delays
due to weather conditions were removed. Offsite production has replaced the conventional
14
brickwork tolerances, providing a consistent and extremely high-quality finish. In the case of
mass affordable housing, the construction of these houses is done outside the city where land
is available so the logistics of these pre-fab components is easy as the site is outside the city.
Strategy to implement the proposal in an organization
Currently, the construction sector is undergoing a shift from stick-built construction to modular
construction systems, using modern prefabrication techniques. Therefore, long developed in-
situ building methods are replaced by processes imported from the manufacturing sector,
where the manufacture of components takes place within a factory setting.
To improve the logistics part then focus should be on logistics planning we can create different
model using two-stage stochastic programming its mathematical model in which optimization
problems are formulated with known parameters, real-world problems almost invariably
include some unknown parameters. We can avoid the time lag in the delivery of components
and we can also counter this problem finding an alternative to the problem based on the
construction site.
Figure 1 Planned Supply Chain
15
CHAPTER 5
SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
• Affordable housing is emerging sector so use of pre-fab construction in Mass

affordable housing will be beneficial for stakeholders as well as for customer.
• Considering Pandemic situation construction sector will face financial and
workforce/labour problem so to prevent these problems pre-fab construction is the best
option because cost of construction is reduced by 15% to 20% and labour requirement
is less than conventional construction.
• Government giving a helping hand to boost up affordable housing by providing different
Schemes.
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
The future of the construction sector will be different after post-COVID 19 which affect the
financial condition of companies. So, cost reduction is the main concern post-COVID 19 and
pre-fab construction will be the best option which helps in cost reduction and also problems
caused by labours will be prevented. Some Indian companies are taking initiative on the use
of pre-fab construction in mass affordable housing like the TATA housing group is working on
a housing project based on innovative construction method using prefabricated technologies.
These houses will cost as low as INR 32,000. Tata Group will provide a kit consisting of
structural elements which can be erected or assembled. These houses have an area of 20-30
sq. Metres and lifespan of 20 years. The project is still in the pilot stage and will soon be
implemented across the country. So pre-fab construction can be used effectively and the
future of this sector is great because of the change in work conditions different companies are
trying to change their working pattern also. And, the demand of affordable housing will
increase considering the current situation the poor migrant and homeless people rate is
increased suddenly and lots of workers, employees are cut off from their jobs so the financial
condition is not balanced for everyone right now. In future, everyone will look for their own
house considering the family’s safety.
The current crisis in housing sectors, stakeholders must consider the importance of alternative
construction technology in terms of improving the health and safety factor in the construction
industries as well as the users. Prefabrication can make a difference in economic, social, and
environmental terms within the Indian construction industry. It is important to produce the
potential benefits of this invention so that the required progress can take place.
16
REFERENCES
References
Anarock, 2020. Indian Real Estate: Pre-COVID-19 Outbreak Overview, s.l.: Anarock.
Gangwar, G., 2016. New Affordable Housing: Emerging Technologies and Building Materials in Indian
Context, s.l.: Research gate.
jose, j. j. et al., 2020. Post Covid-19 situation: Labour Availability on Construction Projects, s.l.: JLL.
Mahadevan, S., 2015. indiatimes. [Online]

Available at: https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/realty-check/affordable-housing-in-india-
challenges-opportunities/976
[Accessed 10 6 2020].
Ruoyu , J., Gaob, S., Cheshmehzangic, . A. & Aboagye-Nimod, E., 2019. A Holistic Review of off-site
Construction Literature Published between 2008 and 2018, s.l.: s.n.
Shetty, D. D. & Dash, S. P., 2018. PRE-FAB CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY: AN INNOVATIVE

APPROACH TOWARDS, Karnataka: IAEME Publication.
Sudhalkar, R., 2019. reliancecapital. [Online]

Available at: https://www.reliancecapital.co.in/affordable-housing-the-rise-and-current-scenario-in-
india.aspx
[Accessed 10 5 2020].
17
ANNEXURE
RICS School of Built Environment, Amity University Mumbai

NTCC- Research Based Internship
Weekly Progress Report #_____1_____
Name of the Shubham Enrolment Number: A70059019012

Student: S.
Patinge
Organization Date: 17-05-2020
Name:
Sl Da Date Session
No y
.
1 Da 11- Task Identification of Problem faced by construction sector because of COVID

y- 05- Accompli 19.
01 2019 shed
Key COVID 19 affect the construction sector in the form of Lack of finance,
Learnings Labour unavailability, Not able to procure Materials.
2 Da 12- Task Collecting Journals 5

y- 05- Accompli
02 2019 shed
Key Come to know about new websites

Learnings
3 Da 13- Task Collecting Journals 5

y- 05- Accompli
03 2019 shed
Key Come to know about new websites

Learnings
4 Da 14- Task Evaluating Collected Journals

y- 05- Accompli
04 2019 shed
18
Key While reading these journals/Papers/Case studies I come across different
Learnings aspects in offsite like use of lean practices, Automation in construction
industry, Off site construction for Affordable housing, Supply chain
management for Offsite construction.
5 Da 15- Task Selecting the main topic for Report after reading journals (Future of
y- 05- Accompli affordable housing: An innovative approach using Pre-Fab construction
05 2019 shed Post Covid 19)
Key According to the current situation after this COVID 19 phase there will be
Learnings an effect on offsite construction
6 Da 16- Task Identifying different methodology to carry out research on the selected
y- 05- Accompli topic.
06 2019 shed
Key According to the topic the comparison between conventional and offsite
Learnings construction and some survey based on Lean practices can be carried out
to analyse the current situation.
7 Da 17- Task Preparing WPR 1

y- 05- Accompli
07 2019 shed
Key
Learnings
19

Weekly Progress Report # 2

Student: Patinge
Organization Joint plant Date: 24-05-2020
Name: Committe
e
Sl Da Date Session
No y
.
1 Da 18- Task Identified problem and improvement in selected areas

y- 05- Accomplis
01 2020 hed
Key Learn about different problems and improvement areas related to Pre-fab
Learnings construction technology
2 Da 19- Task Finding literature related to those problem in Pre-fab construction.

y- 05- Accomplis
02 2020 hed
Key Literature gives idea about different problems faced by Pre-fab

Learnings construction and they are decided by different factors which affect the
industry.
3 Da 20- Task Collecting all data required to make suggestion/solution to the problem we
y- 05- Accomplis detected.
03 2020 hed
Key It is essential to collect all data and study them properly to come to any
Learnings conclusion.
4 Da 21- Task Study of these literature papers to find out a solution/suggestion for
y- 05- Accomplis problem which we have considered.
04 2020 hed
20
Key We can tackle two problems with one solution considering the effect of
Learnings problem of that specific area. Some problems we cannot solve so
alternatives can be generated.
5 Da 22- Task Providing solution to problems (Three) which we have considered in Pre-
y- 05- Accomplis fab construction.
05 2020 hed
Key To find out different solution/suggestion the critical thinking is required

Learnings and if we can't find any solution to problem then find alternative process
for that.
6 Da 23- Task Report Drafting

y- 05- Accomplis
06 2020 hed
Key Report Drafting

Learnings
7 Da 24- Task Preparing WPR 2

y- 05- Accomplis
07 2020 hed
Key
Learnings
21

Name of the Student: Shubham Patinge Enrolment Number: A70059019012
Organization Name: Joint plant Date: 31-05-2020

Committee
Sl Day Date Session

No.
1 Day- 25-05- Task Research on lack of labour and experience in pre-fab

01 2020 Accomplished technology
Key Learnings Unproductivity in pre-fab in mostly due to this problem
2 Day- 26-05- Task Finding out stats related to Lack of labour and experience
02 2020 Accomplished
Key Learnings Providing suggestion on problem based on different stats
3 Day- 27-05- Task Justification for suggestion provided

Key Learnings Justification is done through an example
4 Day- 28-05- Task Research on Logistics problem

22
Key Learnings Because of COVID 19 situation the logistics sector come down
but stats show it will go up at the end of 2020 the graph will go
up
5 Day- 29-05- Task Finding out stats related to Improper Logistics


Key Learnings Justification is done through an example of KIER group how

they faced and solve this issue
7 Day- 31-05- Task Taking Day-Off

Key Learnings
23


Student: Patinge
Committee
Sl Day Date Session

No.
1 Day- 01-06- Task Research on higher cost of capital problem

Key Learnings The initial cost of construction is higher than conventional

construction based on research
2 Day- 02-06- Task Finding out stats related to higher cost of capital

Key Learnings Learn about the cost comparison and suggestion provided based
one case study in which cost comparison is done between a
school building.
4 Day- 04-06- Task Finding out different real-life solutions for use of pre-fab in
04 2020 Accomplished Affordable housing.
24
Key Learnings Real life Solution to only logistics and higher cost of capital is
found out in some research papers and on company’s websites
5 Day- 05-06- Task Report Drafting

Key Learnings
6 Day- 06-06- Task PPT Drafting

Key Learnings
7 Day- 07-06- Task Preparing WPR 4

Key Learnings
25

Student: Patinge
Name: Committee
Sr. Day Date Session

No.
1 Day 08- Task Research on affordable housing Indian case study

-01 06- Accomplished
2020
Key Learnings Learn about what challenges affordable housing facing in India like
lack of land, lack of awareness, need of efficient town planning, use
of new technology like pre-fab technology.
2 Day 09- Task PPT Editing

2020
Key Learnings Added new points based on statistics and new research
3 Day 10- Task PPT presentation

2020
Key Learnings Some points are irrelevant, unable to connect topics with each other,
More research needed following report title.
4 Day 11- Task Finding out more case study on Affordable housing using Pre- Fab
-04 06- Accomplished technology
2020
Key Learnings Learn about new keywords like modular technology, composite
construction, and learn about component cost comparison
26
5 Day 12- Task Finding research paper on affordable housing based on foreign
-05 06- Accomplished countries
2020
Key Learnings Finding research paper on affordable housing based on foreign

countries
6 Day 13- Task Analysis of Indian case study is done

2020
Key Learnings Found out about different technologies used in India and cost
comparison for one of the components so overall cost is less than
conventional construction compare to use of pre-fab component.
7 Day 14- Task Preparing WPR 5

2020
Key Learnings
27

Student: Patinge
Committee

No.
1 Day 015- Task Collecting data related to cost comparison of Pre-fab construction
-01 06- Accomplished and conventional construction
2020
Key Learnings Cost comparison is important factor while considering the

difference.
2 Day 016- Task Finding case new case studies based on problem faced by Pre-fab
-02 06- Accomplished in India
2020
Key Learnings Found out different problem like stakeholders’ problem, Initial
cost of capital, manufacturers problem
3 Day 17-06- Task Finding case new case studies based on affordable housing in India
-03 2020 Accomplished
Key Learnings Affordable housing is emerging sector based on reports.
4 Day 18-06- Task Analysis of data on cost comparison of pre-fab construction and
-04 2020 Accomplished conventional construction
Key Learnings According to cost comparison the cost of construction is less in

Pre-fab construction.
28
5 Day 19-06- Task Analysis of case studies on Pre-fab and Affordable housing
Key Learnings Affordable housing will be beneficial in future if use of pre-fab

construction is done. The work environment is changing so post
Pandemic the situation will be different.
6 Day 20-06- Task Finding different news report on current COVID-19 situation on
-06 2020 Accomplished affordable housing
Key Learnings Main problem Construction companies facing right now is lack of
labour. Because most of the emigrant worker went back to their
native places.
7 Day 21-06- Task Preparing WPR 6

Key Learnings
29

Student: Patinge
Name: Committee

No.
1 Day 21- Task Research on any current reports published by different contracting
-01 06- Accomplishe firms.
2020 d
Key Find out about research paper published by JLL, Anarock and deloitte
Learnings on effect of COVID-19 on construction sector.
2 Day 22- Task Analysis of research paper publish by JLL report and survey
-02 06- Accomplishe
2020 d
Key Jll conducted a survey based on problem faced and more than 60% of
Learnings big firms and contractors says there will be a problem in lack of labour
post lockdown.
3 Day 23- Task Analysis of Anarock report

-03 06- Accomplishe
2020 d
Key According to anarock there are more than 2.34 lakh unsold affordable
Learnings homes in the top seven cities 36 per cent of the total unsold stock
across all budget categories and the market is sluggish right now.
4 Day 24- Task News related to current scenario related to pre-fab and affordable
-04 06- Accomplishe housing is collected.
2020 d
Key The of homeless people are increasing now and Indian government
Learnings providing new schemes for Affordable housing.
30
5 Day 25- Task Not able to work because of technical issues
-05 06- Accomplishe
2020 d
Key
Learnings

-06 06- Accomplishe
2020 d
Key
Learnings

-07 06- Accomplishe
2020 d
Key
Learnings

31
Name of the Student: Shubham Patinge Enrolment Number: A70059019012
Organization Name: Joint plant Date: -06-2020

Committee

No.
1 Day- 28-06- Task Drafting the report

Key Learnings Drafting report based on provided Guideline.
2 Day- 29-06- Task Preparing report file for review to the internal guide
Key Learnings Checking all the compiled data before mailing the report file
3 Day- 30-06- Task Making changes in report suggested by internal guide

Key Learnings Removing irrelevant data and provision of proper citation
4 Day- 01-07- Task Research on case study of pre-fab advantages for comparison
Key Learnings For making report more effective adding the data which is not
available on other reports is added in reference of this report.
5 Day- 02-07- Task Recompiling all the data for report to present final report to
05 2020 Accomplished internal guide for review
32
Key Learnings Adding proper citation, fig. number, name and providing only
relevant data
6 Day- 03-08- Task Adding small changes to the report after a review of internal
06 2020 Accomplished guide.
Key Learnings Making report precise in important and the conclusion is

given based on what will the post COVID-19 situation will be.
7 Day- 04-09- Task Preparation of WPR 7 and 8

Key Learnings
33

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A NTCC/ Research based Internship Report

“Pre-Fab construction technology: An approach toward

May - July 2020

Signature: - Date: - 7/07/2020

Name of the Student: Shubham Patinge

Course & Semester: MBA (CPM), 3rd semester

Enrolment Number: A70059019012

Rate the following parameters on scale of 1-5.

1 being the worst and 5 being the best

Parameters Rating Scale

Student’s sincerity and attitude towards assigned tasks

How well the assigned tasks were performed

Ability to work with others

Written and Verbal communication skills

Written Comments, if any:

Industry Guide Name: Dr. Sushmita Dasgupta

Industry Guide Signature

Organisation name: Joint Plant Committee, Ministry of Steel, Government of India.

Note: - This report would form part of Internal Evaluation

I am thankful to my school- RICS SCHOOL OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT for providing me such

Figure 1 Planned Supply Chain.............................................................................................................. 15

Table 1 Cost comparison of conventional construction and pre-fab construction ................................ 5

RICS: Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors

SBE: School of Built Environment

CPM: Construction Project Management

BIM: Building Information Modelling

NBH: National Housing Bank

NBFCs: Non-Banking Financial Company

GFRG: Glass Fiber Reinforced Gypsum

Post COVID-19 Situation of Affordable housing.

1) To explore the opportunity of pre-fab in future of construction

2.1 Cost Comparison of Conventional construction and Pre-fab

Pre-fab construction Conventional construction

Project details – Project details –

Residential project for Karnataka housing Mahamedha Co-operative housing society

No of units: 2500 No of units: 2500

Cost reduced by 20% in the superstructure Cost reduction possible by 30 – 35 % if units

Waste material is used Waste material can’t be used

Table 1 Cost comparison of conventional construction and pre-fab construction

Photo 0-1 GFRG panels (300-350 mm long)

Comparison of GFRC (Pre-fab component) and Conventional construction

Materials/items GFRG building Conventional building Saving in %

Cement 16 tons 32.55 tons 50.8

Steel 1800 kg 2779 kg 35.2

River Sand 20 cum 83.37 cum 76

Granite metal 38 cum 52.46 cum 27.56

GFRG panels 500 sqm - -

Water 50000 liters 200000 liters 75

Built-up areas 143 sqm 154.45 sqm 8

Labour 389 man-days 1200 man-days 67.59

Construction time 21 days 120 days 82

Total weight of super 170 tons 490 tons 65

Embodied Energy 82921 215400 61.5

Construction cost Rs 13.25 lakhs Rs 18.27 lakhs 27.47

Table 2 GFRC (Pre-fab component) and Conventional construction

3.1 Current scenario of Affordable housing in India

3.3 Survey Conducted by JLL

Chart 1 Labour Strength before lockdown

Weekly Progress Report #_1_