Seven QC Tools

Tool #7: Stratification

Lesson Structure
Stratification
When to Use Stratification
How to use Stratification
How to Interpret Stratified Data
Examples

Stratification

It is a statistical technique used to analyze/divide a universe of data into homogeneous

groups (strata). Often data collected about a problem or event represents multiple
sources that need to be treated separately.

It involves looking at process data, splitting it into distinct layers (almost like rock is
stratified) and doing analysis to possibly see a different process.

When to Use Stratification

 To identify the causes of problem, if they come from a particular source.

 To identify the source of variations and then infer the cause of variation.
 To analyze root causes in conjunction with other techniques like Pareto
Diagram, Histogram and Graphs.

How to use Stratification

1. Re-group the original data as per the source of the data. (Different machines,
different suppliers, etc.)
2. If required, collect data afresh after marking the source from which they come
3. Recreate Histograms, Pareto Charts and Graphs on classified data.

How to Interpret Stratified Data

Stratified data can be interpreted using the same techniques of Histogram, Pareto
Chart and Graphs. If data after stratification shows significant difference compared to
the prior analysis, there is strong reason to suspect a major cause isolated in the
stratified class. It narrows down the search of problem and possible solution.

Examples

The examples below illustrate how the Stratification is used to interpret data.
Example-1: Travel time to office

The first example shows the analysis of travel time from home to office. The total time
varies considerably. And the reasons for variation can be found by stratifying the total
time into various elements like time taken to walk to the station, travel by train, and
travel by bus. With this, it is clear that variability is the highest in bus travel. Also on a
holiday, walking and train travel time remains the same, but time in bus is reduced.

Example 2: Thermostat Rejection – Final Inspection

Next example shows the rejection of a particular item stratified model wise. It is clear
that large rejections are in model ‘A’ although the production level is the same for both
models ‘A’ & ‘B’. This may indicate the need for further investigation model wise to see
design compatibility.