9.3 TRANSISTOR | DATE : …………………..

STRUCTURE & SYMBOL THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF THE

TRANSISTOR
(i) npn transistor

(ii) pnp transistor

TRANSISTOR WITH ONE SET OF DRY CELLS

BASE CURRENT, IB, COLLECTOR CURRENT,

IC AND EMITTER CURRENT, IE

(i) Current flow through npn transistor

The working circuit of a transistor used as a

potential divider can be connected as shown
in the figure.

Function of:

Rx and Ry : ………………………………………

R1 : ………………………………………

R2 : ………………………………………

The voltage across Rx and Ry can be calculated

as follows:
(ii) Current flow through pnp transistor

EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT:

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EXAMPLE 1

Figure shows a transistor circuit.

The bulb can be lighted up when potential

difference, V across resistor P is 2V and resistance P
is 10 k.

Determine / Calculate:

(i) Voltage supplied

(ii) Total voltage across P and S

(v) Resistance of P

(iii) Voltage across P

(vi) Resistance of S

(iv) Voltage across S

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EXAMPLE 2 (c) If the resistor Q is adjusted to the maximum 5

k Ω, the bulb will be lighted up.
Jika perintang Q dilaras kepada maksimum 5 k Ω,
mentol akan menyala.

5kΩ (i) What is the potential difference between XZ?

Apakah beza keupayaan merentasi XZ?

(ii) What is the potential difference between YZ?

Apakah beza keupayaan merentasi YZ?
The diagram shows a transistor circuit. P is a
resistor with resistance 5 k Ω, R is a fixed resistor
and Q is a variable resistor.
Rajah menunjukkan litar transistor. P ialah perintang
dengan rintangan 5 k Ω, R ialah perintang tetap dan Q ialah
perintang boleh laras.

(a) Name the terminals / Namakan terminal

K : ………………………………………… (d) When the resistance of variable resistor is

reduced, the brightness of the bulb decreases
L : ………………………………………… and does not light up when the resistance
reach 1 k Ω. Calculate the potential difference
between YZ.
M : …………………………………………
Apabila rintangan perintang boleh laras dikurangkan,
kecerahan mentol berkurang dan tidak menyala
(b) What are the functions of / Apakah fungsi apabila rintangan mencapai 1 k Ω. Hitung beza
keupyaan merentasi YZ.
(i) Resistor R :

………………………………………………………….…………………….

(ii) Resistor P :

………………………………………………………….…………………….

(iii) Resistor Q :

………………………………………………………….…………………….

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TRANSISTOR AS AUTOMATIC SWITCH – Light Controlled Switch

(i) Characteristic of LDR : In BRIGHT surrounding = ……………….. resistance

In DARK surrounding = ……………….. resistance
(ii) How it works?

1) In a bright surroundings, the 1) In a dark surroundings, the

resistance of LDR is ………………… resistance of LDR is ………………
2) The potential difference across LDR is ………………… 2) The potential difference across LDR is …………………
3) The potential difference across P is ………………… 3) The potential difference across P is …………………
4) Base current, IB ………………… in the base circuit 4) …………… base current, IB flows.
5) Collector current, Ic ………………. 5) collector current, Ic ……………
6) The transistor ………………… 6) The transistor …………………
7) Hence the bulb ……… ……… 7) Hence the bulb ……… ……… ……… ………

(iii) How can the circuit in the figure be modified to switch on the light at NIGHT? Sketch and explain
the modified circuit.

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TRANSISTOR AS AUTOMATIC SWITCH – Heat Controlled Switch

(i) Properties of Thermistor : HIGH temperature = ……………….. resistance

LOW temperature = ……………….. resistance

(ii) How it works?

In a low temperature (no fire) In a high temperature (there is fire)

1. In a low temperature (no fire), the 1. In a high temperature (there is fire), the
resistance of thermistor is ………………… resistance of thermistor is ………………
2. The potential difference across thermistor is 2. The potential difference across thermistor is
………………… …………………
3. The potential difference across Q is ………………… 3. The potential difference across Q is …………………
4. ………… base current, IB flows. 4. Base current, IB ……………………
5. ………… collector current, Ic flows 5. Collector current, Ic ……………….
6. The transistor ………………… 6. The transistor …………………
7. Hence the siren …………… …………… …………… 7. Hence the siren …..………

(iii) How can the circuit in the figure be modified to switch on the siren when the surrounding becomes
cold? Sketch and explain the modified circuit.

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TRANSISTOR AS AMPLIFIER

Amplification, A

 When S1 and S2 are switched on, ........................................ base current flow, I b

 Ib = ............................
 Collector current, Ic flows
 Ic = ............................
 A small change in Ib cause a bigger change in Ic
 Amplification, A = …………………………. = …………………………. = ………………………….

Microphone and Speaker/Earphone

 When a person speaks, sound energy is converted to electrical

energy
 Base current, Ib flows
 Collector current, Ic flows
 A small change in Ib cause a bigger change in Ic
 Amplification can be calculated using formula = Ic / Ib

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Compare CIRCUIT 1 and CIRCUIT 2

Bandingkan LITAR 1 dan LITAR 2

CIRCUIT 1 / LITAR 1

CIRCUIT 2

CIRCUIT 3 –
Draw a transistor circuit that can ring three sirens labelled 240 V, 100 W with there is fire
Lukis satu litar transistor yang boleh menghidupkan tiga siren berlabel 240 V, 100 W apabila berlaku kebakaran.

1) Compare the brightness of bulb in Circuit 1 and Circuit 2.

2) How to light up the bulb in daytime?

3) What is the function of relay?

4) How to light up three identical bulbs, 240 V, 60 W with normal brightness? Sketch the circuit.

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EXERCISE 9.3: OBJECTIVE Qs

A Ie > Ic >Ib B Ie > Ib >Ic
1. Name the terminals of C Ic > Ie >Ib D Ic > Ib >Ie
Namakan terminal-terminal

P : …………………….. 5 If Ib and Ic is 25 mA and 100 mA respectively,

what is the value of Ie? Find Amplification.
Q : …………………….
Jika Ib dan 1c ialah masing-masing 25 mA dan 100 mA,
berapakah nilai Ie? Hitung nilai Gandaan.
R : ……………………..
A 24 mA B 115 mA
C 125 mA D 600 mA
2. Which of the following symbol shows a
p-n-p transistor?
Manakah antara berikut symbol transistor p-n-p?

6. SPM 2013/45
What is the symbol for n-p-n transistor?
Apakah symbol untuk transistor n-p-n?

3. SPM 2008/46
Which statement about a transistor is correct?
Penyataan manakah tentang transistor adalah betul?

A. Has two electrodes

Mempunyai dua elektrod
B. Acts as a full wave rectifier
Bertindak sebagai rektifikasi gelombang penuh
7. SPM 2003/46
C. Has its own internal energy supply
The diagram shows a symbol for a transistor.
Mempunyai bekalan tenaga dalam Rajah menunjukkan bagi satu transistor.
D. Functions as an amplifier
Fungsi sebagai amplifier

4. Which of the following is correct?

Manakah antara berikut adalah benar?

Which of the following shows the correct name of

the electrode P and the type of the transistor?
Manakah antara berikut nama elektrod P dan jenis
transistor?

Electrode P Type of transistor

Elektrod Jenis transistor
A. Emitter pnp
B. Collector pnp
C. Emitter npn
D. Collector npn

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8. SPM 2004/44 10. SPM 2005/47

In which circuit does the bulb light up? In which circuit will the light-emitting diode (LED)
Litar manakah mentol menyala? light up when the switch is on?
Dalam litar manakah LED menyala apabila suis
dihidupkan?

9. SPM 2006/44
Which of the following circuits can function?
Manakah antara litar berikut boleh berfungsi?

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11 The resistance of LDR is 1 k in a bright 12. SPM 2011/44

surrounding and increases to 100 k  in a Diagram 31 shows the circuit lights up the light
dark surrounding? In which circuit will the emitting diode (LED) during the day.
bulb light up in a bright surrounding? Rajah 31 menunjukkan litar menyalakan LED semasa hari
siang.

Diagram 31

Which action causes the LED to light up at night?

Tindakah manakah menyebabkan LED menyala waktu
malam?

A Replace the npn transistor with a pnp

transistor
Menggantikan transistor npn kepada transistor pnp
B Interchange the positions of LDR and R1
Saling tukar kedudukan LDR dan R1
C Interchange the positions of LDR and R2
Saling tukar kedudukan LDR dan R
D Increase the number of batteries
Tingkatkan bilangan bateri

13. SPM 2007/46

Diagram 28 shows an automatic switch circuit to
light up a bulb at night.
Rajah 28 menunjukkan litar suis automatic untuk
menyalakan mentol pada waktu malam.

What changes should be done to light up the bulb

during the daytime?
Apakah perubahan yang seharusnya dilakukan untuk
menyalakan mentol pada hari siang?

A. Reverse the terminal of the battery

Songsangkan terminal bateri
B. Interchange R1 and R2
Saling tukar R1 dan R2
C. Replace the npn transistor with a pnp
transistor
Tukar transistor npn kepada transistor pnp
D. Replace resistor R3 with a resistor of lower
resistance
Tukarkan perintang R3 dengan perintang yang
rintangan lebih rendah

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14. SPM 2012/45 16. SPM 2014/45

Diagram 29 shows a transistor circuit.
Rajah 29 menunjukkan satu litar bertransistor.

What is Q?
Apakah Q?
What is the reading of V2 when V1 is 1.5 V?
Berapakah bacaan V2 apabila V1 ialah 1.5 V? A. Resistor/Perintang
B. Termistor / Termistor
A. 1.5 V C. Light emitting diode / Diod pemancar cahaya
B. 4.5 V D. Light dependent resistor / Perintang peka cahaya
C. 6.0 V
D. 7.5 V

15. 17. SPM 2015/43

Diagram 34 shows a transistor circuit.
Rajah 34 menunjukkan satu litar bertransistor.

What is the function of the transistor

circuit? What is the value of potential difference, V when VT
Apakah fungsi litar transistor? = 3V and V1 = 5V?
Apakah nilai beza keupayaan, V apabila VT = 3V dan V1 = 5V?
A rectifier B amplifier
rectifier amplifier
C automatic D potential
switch divider
suis automatic pembahagi voltan

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18. SPM 2003/7

Figure 11 shows a light dependent resistor (LRD), resistors R and S, a light emitting diode (LED), a transistor
and a battery that will be connected to form a circuit. The LED will emit lights when it is in bright
surroundings.
Rajah 11 menunjukkan perintang peka cahaya (PPC), perintang, R dan S, LED, transistor dan satu set bateri yang akan
disambung untuk membentuk satu litar. LED akan mengeluarkan cahaya apabila persekitaran cerah.

Figure 11

(a) (i) State one function of a transistor.

Apakah fungsi transistor?

[1 mark]

(ii) Complete the circuit in Figure 11 so that the LED emits light in bright surroundings.
Lengkapkan litar dalam Rajah 11 supaya LED menyala dalam persekitaran yang cerah.
[1 mark]
(iii) Give one reason why LED emits light in bright surroundings.
Beri satu sebab mengapa LED menyala apabila persekitaran adalah cerah.
[1 mark]

(b) What modification is required to the circuit so that the LED will emits light when the surrounding become
dark?
Apakah pengubahsuaian yang perlu dibuat kepada litar supaya LED akan menyala apabila persekitaran menjadi gelap?
[1 mark]

(c) An alarm is needed which emits sound when there is a fire. Name two electronic components that are needed
to replace the unsuitable components. Give a reason for your answer.
Satu penggera yang mengeluarkan bunyi diperlukan apabila berlaku kebakaran. Namakan dua komponen yang perlu ditukar
bagi menggantikan komponen yang tidak sesuai. Beri alasan bagi jawapan anda.

(i) Component 1 / komponen 1 : ……………………………………………………..

Reason / Alasan : ………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………..

(ii) Component 2 / komponen 2 : ……………………………………………………..

Reason / Alasan : ………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………..

[2 marks]

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19. Figure shows a transistor circuit which functions as an automatic switch and it depends on the intensity of lights.
P is a light dependent resistor, LDR. The resistance of LDR increases in dark surroundings.

a) Name and state the function of component Q.

b) What is the function of R?

c) (i) State the change of Vp if the surrounding becomes dark.

(ii) Why the lamp, M lights up in a dark surrounding.

d) The bulb with a labeled 240 V, 60 W will only light up if V p is minimum 2.0 V and the resistance of P is 10 k Ω.
Calculate the maximum resistance of S.

e) In this circuit, why is a magnetic relay is required to switch on the lamp?

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20. Diagram 9.1 shows a circuit which can switch on the air conditioner when the temperature in a room increases.
Diagram 4(b) shows a resistor and a thermistor used in the circuit.

Diagram 9.1 Diagram 9.2

(a) (i) Name component P ?

[1 mark]
(ii) What is the function of P in this circuit?

[1 mark]

(b) (i) Complete the circuit in Diagram 9.1 by drawing the symbols of the resistor and the thermistor in the
empty boxes provided.

[2 marks]
(ii) Explain why the thermistor is placed as in (b)(i)

[2 marks]
(c) What is the function of R in the circuit?

[1 mark]

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EXERCISE 9.3: ESSAY Qs

21. TRIAL SBP 2010

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22. SPM 2012

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23. SPM 2013

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24. SPM 2017

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ASPECT MODIFICATION REASON

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