Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Weld Wire Surface Contaminationand Porosityin GMAAluminum Welds
Weld Wire Surface Contaminationand Porosityin GMAAluminum Welds
net/publication/331072380
CITATIONS READS
0 215
5 authors, including:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
All content following this page was uploaded by C. E. Cross on 13 February 2019.
1
LANL Sigma Division
2 The Ohio State University
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 1
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Wire Contmaination in Al Welds
Outline
Motivation
specification for purchasing wire
Hydrogen Solubility
deviation from Sievert’s Law
Weld Wire Surface Condition & Storage
lubrication, exposure to moisture
Experimental
• vary hydrogen on wire
• quantify contamination
• establish allowable limits
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 2
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Wire Contamination in Al Welds
Motivation
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 3
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Hydrogen Solubility
solid
Talbot (2004)
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 4
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Hydrogen Solubility
Sources of Contamination
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 5
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Hydrogen Solubility
Equilibrium Solubility of Hydrogen
in High Purity Aluminum
H2 (g) → 2H
pH2
AlL
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Hydrogen Solubility
Equilibrium Solubility of Hydrogen
Hydrogen Solubility (cm3/100gr)
in High Purity Aluminum
1000°C
900°C
800°C
700°C
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Hydrogen Solubility
1000 ppm H2 in
Shielding Gas
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 8
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Hydrogen Solubility
Similar Experience with
Nitrogen pickup in
Stainless Steel Weld Metal
Observed behavior:
• higher solubility than at equilibrium
• no linear relation with (pN2)1/2
• plateau at maximum solubility due to
porosity formation
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 9
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Hydrogen Solubility
Ar, Ar+
H2 , H, H+
Hooijmans and den Ouden (1997)
Mundra and DebRoy (1995)
Palmer and DebRoy (2000)
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 10
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Hydrogen Solubility
Complicating Factors
1. Hydrogen absorption is influenced strongly by
welding parameters
• high heat input gives a large weld pool area that increases
hydrogen absorption.
• slow travel speed allows pores to grow and escape, whereas
fast travel inhibits growth and promotes engulfment
• welding position can influence pore entrapment (overhead
welding is worst case: impede escape from buoyancy)
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Hydrogen Solubility
Hydrogen content
related to amount of
porosity, measured
using gravimetric
technique. GMA Welds
Shielding Gas:
Ar + H2 (190-5,700 ppm)
Woods (1974)
x-intercept:
tolerance for hydrogen
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 12
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Weld Wire Condition
Wire Fabrication
Controlled
Wire Wire Wire Application
Drawing Shaving Cleaning of Lubricant
& Spooling
Lubrication contains
Hydrocarbons:
source of hydrogen
contamination and porosity
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 13
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Weld Wire Condition
Wire Lubrication
no lubrication →
poor feeding, low porosity
arc instability & arc out
excessive lubrication →
good feeding, high porosity
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 14
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Weld Wire Condition
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 15
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Nucleation of Pores
Location of Nucleation
[H]o
H S
Liquid L
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 16
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Nucleation of Pores
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 17
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Nucleation of Pores
~
[Ho] = 0.8 ml/100g
[Ho ]
[ H L ] = K PH 2 =
(1 − k H )(1 − f s ) + k H [Ho] = 0.5 ml/100g
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Nucleation of Pores
Woods (1974)
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 19
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Quantification of Contamination
Residual Analyzer:
Compares amount of smoke
evolved when wire is heated
(i.e. vaporized surface oil)
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 20
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Quantification of Contamination
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 21
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Quantification of Contamination
LECO RHEN602
Carrier Gas Hot Extraction
Sample Details:
0.030” 4047 weld wire wrapped
on 0.2” rod, 24 mm length
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Experimental Variation in Hydrogen
5083 Al
0.030” Wire
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Experimental Variation in Hydrogen
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 24
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Experimental Variation in Hydrogen
5”
Ar + 0 ppm H2
H2 added to Shielding Gas
Ar + 167 ppm H2
Ar + 333 ppm H2
Ar + 500 ppm H2
Ar + 833 ppm H2
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 25
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Experimental Variation in Hydrogen
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Experimental Variation in Hydrogen
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 27
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Limits of Acceptance
Measuring Hydrogen in Plasma
using Arc Spectroscopy
GMAW Al Welds:
Comparison of
Commercial Wires
500 ppm H2
Area Fraction
Porosity
1200 ppm H2
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Limits of Acceptance
Summary
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 29
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for internal LANL funding provided by Program
Manager Mike Steinzig with the backing of Sigma-2 Group Leader
Pat Hochanadel.
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 30
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
References
D.E.J. Talbot, The Effects of Hydrogen in Aluminium and Its Alloys, Maney (Pub.) (2004).
C.E. Ransley and H. Neufeld, J. Inst. Metals, 74, p.599 (1948).
W.R. Opie and N.J. Grant, “Hydrogen Solubility in Aluminum and Some Aluminum Alloys”, J. Metals, 188, 1237-
1241 (1950).
T. Kuwana, H. Kokawa, and K. Naitoh, “The Nitrogen Absorption of Stainless Steel Weld Metal by Gas Tungsten Arc
Welding”, J. Jap. Weld. Soc., 2 (4), (1984).
J.W. Hooijmans and G. den Ouden, “A Model of Hydrogen Absorption During GTA Welding”, Welding J., 76 (7),
264s-268s (1997).
K. Mundra and T. DebRoy, “A General Model for Partitioning of Gases between a Metal and its Plasma
Environment”, Metall. Mater. Trans., 26B (2), 149-157 (1995).
T.A. Palmer and T. DebRoy, “Numerical Modeling of Enhanced Nitrogen Dissolution During Gas Tungsten Arc
Welding”, Metall. Mater. Trans., 31B (12), 1371-1385 (2000).
J.H. Devletian and W.E. Wood, “Factors Affecting Porosity in Aluminum Welds- A Review”, Welding Research
Council Bulletin 290, December (1983).
R.A. Woods, “Porosity and Hydrogen Absorption in Aluminum Welds”, Welding J., 53 (3), 97s-108s (1974).
R.E. Trevisan, D.D. Schwemmer, and D.L. Olson, “The Fundamentals of Weld Metal Pore Formation”, in Welding:
Theory and Practice, Elsevier (Pub.), 79-115 (1990).
Welding Kaiser Aluminum, Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Sales (Pub.) (1967).
U. Reisgen, K. Willms, and S. Wieland, “Influence of Storage Conditions on Aluminum 4043A Welding Wires”,
Welding J., 96 (6), 220s-227s (2017).
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 31
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
References
J. Campbell, “Pore Nucleation in Solidifying Metals”, in The Solidification of Metals, Iron and Steel Institute
(Pub.), 18-27 (1968).
N. Coniglio and C.E. Cross, “Mechanisms for Solidification Crack Initiation and Growth in Aluminum Welding”,
Metall. Mater. Trans., 40A (11), 2718-2728 (2009).
R.P. Martukanitz and P.R. Michnuk, “Sources of Porosity in Gas Metal Arc Welding of Aluminum”, in Trends in
Welding Research, ASM (Pub.), 315-330 (1981).
E.G. Eichorn, “Tests for Evaluating the Cleanliness of Aluminum Weld Wire”, Welding J., 47 (11), 875-880 (1968).
P.A. Kammer, M.D. Randall, R.E. Monroe, and W.G. Groth, “The Relation of Filler Wire Hydrogen to Aluminum-
Weld Porosity”, Welding J., 42 (10), 433s-441s (1963).
P. Burgardt and G.S. Kanner, “Monitoring of Hydrogen in GMAW of Aluminum using Optical Spectroscopy”, Los
Alamos National Lab Report: LAUR-99-1490, presented at AWS Professional Program (1999).
UNCLASSIFIED Slide 32
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA
View publication stats