©DR.

OKTO

TOPIC 1
QUESTION 1
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Of the following Counties, which one has the highest HIV and AIDS prevalence?

Select one:
a. Busia County
b. Kisumu County
c. Migori County

d. Homabay Country
e. Siaya County
Feedback
The correct answer is: Homabay Country

Question 2
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
The best treatment for HIV infection is:

Select one:

a. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

b. Integrase inhibitors
c. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
d. Protease inhibitors
e. Enzyme inhibitors
Feedback
The correct answer is: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

Question 3
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

1
 ©DR.OKTO

Question text
Which one of the following outlines the process of HIV replication?

Select one:

a. Binding and fusion, reverse transcription, integration, transcription, assembly, budding

b. Integration, reverse transcription, binding and fusion, transcription, budding, assembly
c. Transcription, reverse transcription, integration, assembly, budding, binding and fusion
d. Assembly, integration, binding and fusion, reverse transcription, transcription, budding
e. Reverse transcription, transcription, binding and fusion, budding, integration, assembly
Feedback
The correct answer is: Binding and fusion, reverse transcription, integration, transcription, assembly,
budding

Question 4
Incorrect
Mark 0 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Retrovirus is a virus that has a genome consisting of?

Select one:

a. Two RNA molecules which may or may not be identical

b. One DNA and one RNA molecule
c. Two identical DNA molecules
d. Two identical RNA molecules
e. Two DNA molecules which may or may not be identical
Feedback
The correct answer is: Two identical RNA molecules

Question 5
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Which one of the following is an indicator of the status of the immune system as a function of
advanced AIDS infection?

2
 ©DR.OKTO

Select one:
a. The number of B cells

b. The number of helper T cells

c. The number of macrophages
d. The number of helper B cells
e. The number of neutrophils
Feedback
The correct answer is: The number of helper T cells

Question 6
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
HIV-2 is mainly confined to a few countries in?

Select one:
a. Eastern Africa
b. Central Africa
c. Southern Africa
d. Northern Africa

e. Western Africa
Feedback
The correct answer is: Western Africa

Question 7
Incorrect
Mark 0 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
When a country has a 20% HIV & AIDS prevalence?

Select one:

a. Its population drops by 20% within five years

b. Its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth drops
c. Its budget on health drastically increases

3
 ©DR.OKTO

d. Its expenditure increases by 20% per annum

e. Its birth rate drops by 20% per annum
Feedback
The correct answer is: Its budget on health drastically increases

Question 8
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
The predominant theory as to the origins of AIDS is that a variant of the virus infected;

Select one:
a. Gorillas

b. Chimpazees
c. Baboons
d. Bats
e. Monkeys
Feedback
The correct answer is: Chimpazees

Question 9
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Why is Female Genital Mutilation a major concern in Kenya today?

Select one:
a. It inhibits sex
b. It is unhygienic
c. It is a sign of immaturity

d. It leads to the spread of HIV and AIDS

e. It poses risks to babies’ health
Feedback
The correct answer is: It leads to the spread of HIV and AIDS

4
 ©DR.OKTO

Question 10
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
All of the following are tenets of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC) EXCEPT?

Select one:
a. Absence of coercion
b. Informed consent

c. Ritualization
d. Assurance
e. Confidentiality
Feedback
The correct answer is: Ritualization

TOPIC 2

Question 1
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
I can get HIV by:

Select one:
a. Touching a toilet seat or doorknob handle after an HIV-positive person
b. Breathing the same air as someone who is HIV-positive

c. Oral sex
d. Being around people who are HIV-positive.
e. Hugging, kissing, or shaking hands with someone who is HIV-positive
Feedback
The correct answer is: Oral sex

5
 ©DR.OKTO

Question 2
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Indicate whether the following statements are myths or facts.

You have just a few years to live.

Answer 1

HIV can be cured.

Answer 2

Having HIV means you have AIDs.

Answer 3

Anyone can get HIV.

Answer 4
Feedback
The correct answer is: You have just a few years to live. – Myth, HIV can be cured. – Myth, Having
HIV means you have AIDs. – Myth, Anyone can get HIV. – Fact

Question 3
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
The following are facts about HIV and AIDS. Which is the myth?

Select one:
a. Antiretroviral drugs are improving and extending the lives of many HIV-infected people

b. If I’m receiving treatment, I can’t spread the HIV virus

c. Anyone can contract HIV or AIDS
d. Mosquito bites can cause malaria
e. There is no cure for HIV or AIDS
Feedback
The correct answer is: If I’m receiving treatment, I can’t spread the HIV virus

Question 4
Correct

6
 ©DR.OKTO

Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Women living with HIV and AIDS face the following forms of stigma and discrimination EXCEPT

Select one:
a. Rejected and sent back to maternal homes
b. Blamed for transmitting HIV to deceased husband
c. Forced to undergo widow inheritance

d. Children lack school fees

e. Denied land
Feedback
The correct answer is: Children lack school fees

Question 5
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
The following activities increase the spread of HIV and AIDS. Which one does not?

Select one:
a. Sex for favours
b. Separation of spouses or partners by distance

c. Hugging and kissing

d. Enhanced means of communication
e. Long-distance truck drivers
Feedback
The correct answer is: Hugging and kissing

Question 6
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
The following are some common myths about HIV and AIDS. Which is the fact?

7
 ©DR.OKTO

Select one:
a. HIV/AIDS is a gay disease
b. Getting infected with HIV means death sentence

c. HIV is spread mostly through heterosexual contact

d. I’m straight and don’t use IV drugs so I won’t become HIV-positive
e. I’m not worried about becoming HIV positive, new drugs will heal me
Feedback
The correct answer is: HIV is spread mostly through heterosexual contact

Question 7
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
The following are some traditional cultural practices that enhance the spread of HIV. Which one is
not?

Select one:
a. Blood oaths
b. Circumcision
c. Polygamy

d. Hunting
e. Wife inheritance
Feedback
The correct answer is: Hunting

Question 8
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Why is Female Genital Mutilation a major concern in Kenya today?

Select one:
a. It inhibits sex

b. It leads to the spread of HIV and AIDS

8
 ©DR.OKTO

c. It is a sign of immaturity
d. It is unhygienic
e. It poses risks to babies’ health
Feedback
The correct answer is: It leads to the spread of HIV and AIDS

TOPIC 3

Question 1
Not answered
Marked out of 3

Flag question

Question text
In its multi-sectoral community based strategies, UNESCO focuses on three principal areas
which are?

Select one or more:

a. Development of small businesses
b. Fighting stigma
c. HIV/AIDS health
d. Agriculture
e. Food security
Feedback
Your answer is incorrect.
The correct answer is: HIV/AIDS health, Agriculture, Fighting stigma

Question 2
Not answered
Marked out of 1

Flag question

Question text
The following are ways in which culture is critical in the prevention of the spread of HIV & AIDS.
Which one is not?

9
 ©DR.OKTO

Select one:
a. Being supporting towards or discriminating against people living with HIV/AIDS and their families
b. Taking or not taking risk of contracting HIV
c. In determining spending patterns and therefore individual lifestyles
d. Shaping gender relations and roles that put women and men at risk of infection
e. Accessing treatment and care
Feedback
Your answer is incorrect.
The correct answer is: In determining spending patterns and therefore individual lifestyles

Question 3
Not answered
Marked out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Which of the following is not affected by HIV and AIDS at the household level?

Select one:
a. Household income
b. food production
c. School dropout
d. Provision of basic needs
Feedback
The correct answer is: School dropout

Question 4
Not answered
Marked out of 1

Flag question

Question text
When a country has a 20% HIV and AIDS prevalence?

Select one:
a. Its birth rate drops by 20% p.a.
b. Its budget on health drastically increases

10
 ©DR.OKTO

c. Its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth drops

d. Its population drops by 20% within five years
e. Its expenditure increases by 20% p.a.
Feedback
The correct answer is: Its budget on health drastically increases

Question 5
Not answered
Marked out of 1

Flag question

Question text
A research done by Ecumenical HIV and AIDS Initiatives in Africa. What is the reason why churches
and other faith-based -organizations score rather weak on HIV and AIDS related attributes?

Select one:
a. Lack of policy to deal with HIV/AIDS within the church
b. Churches often under estimate the role and position of women with regard to HIV/AIDS.
c. Great difficulties in redressing issues of sexuality and patriarchy by and in the church
d. Great difficulties addressing the balanced power relations between men and women
Feedback
The correct answer is: Great difficulties addressing the balanced power relations between men and
women

Question 6
Not answered
Marked out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Which of the following impact of HIV and AIDS has a direct bearing on both teachers and students?

Select one or more:

a. Loss of skilled labour
b. Absenteeism
c. Decline in school enrolment
d. Poor performance
Feedback
The correct answer is: Poor performance, Absenteeism

11
 ©DR.OKTO

Question 7
Not answered
Marked out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Which one of the following DOES NOT constitute the top four highly risky behaviours in so far as the
spread of HIV is concerned?

Select one:
a. Blood infusion in hospitals
b. Unprotected sex between men
c. Unprotected sex with one partner at a time
d. Unprotected sex with more than one partner
e. Injecting drug use
Feedback
The correct answer is: Blood infusion in hospitals

Question 8
Not answered
Marked out of 1

Flag question

Question text
The following are some roles of faith-based organizations in the response towards HIV and AIDS.
Which one is not?

Select one:
a. Treatment
b. Economic Initiatives
c. Management of stigma and discrimination
d. Excommunication
e. Psycho-social support
Feedback
The correct answer is: Excommunication

Question 9
Not answered
Marked out of 1

Flag question

12
 ©DR.OKTO

Question text
According to the Mexico Declaration of 1982, culture includes all but ONE of the following:

Select one:
a. Family structures
b. Representation of health and disease
c. Traditions and beliefs
d. Science and Technology
e. Ways of life
Feedback
The correct answer is: Science and Technology

Question 10
Not answered
Marked out of 1

Flag question

Question text
“HIV and AIDS is more prevalent in cities and along transport routes”. In line with this statement
which one of the following alternatives is NOT an emerging cultural orientation?

Select one:
a. Many women and girls flock to cities to look for jobs which are not there
b. Breadwinners live alone in cities
c. There is a sharp reduction in use of cultural practices in cities
d. Family members work in different cities
e. Cultural practices are increasingly being adopted in cities
Feedback
The correct answer is: Cultural practices are increasingly being adopted in cities

Question 11
Not answered
Marked out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Which of the following is not an economic impact of HIV and AIDS

Select one:
a. Limits industrial development

13
 ©DR.OKTO

b. Makes labour more expensive

c. Reduces life expectancy
d. Reduces company profits
Feedback
The correct answer is: Reduces life expectancy

Question 12
Not answered
Marked out of 2

Flag question

Question text
The following describe the attitudes, personal behaviour and the challenge of AIDS in
justifying the need for a new moral psychology. Which two do not?
i).Good health includes protecting your good current health status from deteriorating
ii).Good health includes knowing your culture and adhering to its norms as passed down from
generation to generation
iii).Good health involves nurturing good attitudes to guide appropriate behaviour that will ensure
sustained health in future
iv).Good health involves understanding that an individual’s sexual behaviour ought to be regulated
by society
v).Good health involves demonstrating appropriate knowledge to maintain or improve your current
condition

Select one:
a. iv & v
b. iii & iv
c. i & iii
d. i & ii
e. ii & iv
Feedback
Your answer is incorrect.
The correct answer is: iii & iv

Question 13
Not answered
Marked out of 1

Flag question

14
 ©DR.OKTO

Question text
The joint UNESCO/UNAIDS approach to HIV/AIDS prevention and care was launched in?

Select one:
a. 1998
b. 2007
c. 1999
d. 2005
e. 1996
Feedback
Your answer is incorrect.
The correct answer is: 1998

Question 14
Not answered
Marked out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Why is religion pivotal in the fight against HIV and AIDS?

Select one:
a. It increases public awareness of social issues and influences public opinion
b. It supports and enlightens attitudes, opinions and policies
c. can direct government resources for HIV education and prevention needs
d. It shapes social values and promotes responsible behaviour
Feedback
The correct answer is: can direct government resources for HIV education and prevention needs

Question 15
Not answered
Marked out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Which of the following cultural practices is MOST LIKELY to lead to the spread of HIV and AIDS?

Select one:
a. Wife-inheritance

15
 ©DR.OKTO

b. Removal of teeth
c. Wrestling
d. Tattooing
e. Cattle rustling
Feedback
The correct answer is: Wife-inheritance

Question 16
Not answered
Marked out of 1

Flag question

Question text
The following constitute culture according to definition by UNESCO. Which one DOES NOT?

Select one:
a. Languages and means of communication
b. Power and gender relations
c. Formal education
d. Sexual norms and practices
e. Perceptions of life and death
Feedback
The correct answer is: Formal education

Question 17
Not answered
Marked out of 1

Flag question

Question text
The following are socio-cultural and religious practices in the fight against HIV and AIDS. Which one
is likely to be a source of controversy?

Select one:
a. Abstinence
b. Faithfulness
c. Use of condoms
d. Knowing ones status
Feedback

16
 ©DR.OKTO

The correct answer is: Use of condoms

Question 18
Not answered
Marked out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Which of the following African cultural activities stand a high chance of being abused thus spreading
HIV?

Select one:
a. Polygamy and wife inheritance
b. Skin piercing and tattooing
c. Circumcision and early marriage
d. Sexual intercourse and drinking
Feedback
The correct answer is: Sexual intercourse and drinking

Question 19
Not answered
Marked out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Some cultural practices that enhance the spread of HIV cut across both the youth and elderly.
Identify one such cultural practice that is specific to the youth

Select one:
a. Polygamy
b. Initiation
c. Wife inheritance
d. Body piercing
Feedback
The correct answer is: Initiation

Question 20
Not answered
Marked out of 1

Flag question

Question text

17
 ©DR.OKTO

What is the main reason behind reduced chances of recovery from HIV and AIDS on admission to a
health facility?

Select one:
a. Lack of qualified personnel to manage HIV and aids
b. Healthcare workers are overwhelmed by the huge number of patients they handle
c. Late admission after the disease has progressed
d. Lack of antiretroviral drugs
Feedback
The correct answer is: Late admission after the disease has progressed

Question 21
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
The following are obligations met by AIDS competent churches. Which one is not?

Select one:

a. Leaders and members of the church welcome everybody.

b. Their teaching and practices should indicate that stigma and discrimination against people living
with HIV and AIDS is sinful and against the will of God.
c. Leaders have identified with and assumed their role in prevention of HIV transmission taking into
consideration pastoral, cultural and gender issues.
d. Members of the church are taught the severity of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa and know basic
transmission and prevention information.
e. Church resources and structures are used to provide care, counselling and support
Feedback
Your answer is correct.
The correct answer is: Leaders and members of the church welcome everybody.

TOPIC 4
Question 1
Incorrect
Mark 0 out of 1

Flag question

18
 ©DR.OKTO

Question text
Which one of the following strategies DOES NOT contribute to immediate protection from infection
by HIV virus?

Select one:
a. Harm reduction with drug injection
b. Condom use
c. Insisting on taking tablets when seeking treatment as opposed to injections

d. Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT)

e. Abstinence
Feedback
The correct answer is: Insisting on taking tablets when seeking treatment as opposed to injections

Question 2
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Which of the following is the chief predictor of heterosexual transmission of HIV?

Select one:
a. Presence of other Sexually transmitted diseases
b. Genetic makeup

c. Plasma viremia
d. Duration of sexual intercourse
Feedback
The correct answer is: Plasma viremia

Question 3
Partially correct
Mark 16 out of 20

Flag question

Question text
Match the following

19
 ©DR.OKTO

It is possible to avoid becoming infected with HIV by having sexual Answer 1

intercourse only once a month

Ear-piercing and tattooing with unsterilized instruments are possible Answer 2

ways of becoming infected with HIV.

A person can be infected with HIV by giving blood in an approved health Answer 3
facility.

HIV cannot pass through an unbroken skin as it is the biggest immune Answer 4
system organ

The risk of transmission from unprotected oral intercourse (whether Answer 5

penile-oral or vaginal-oral) is markedly lower than for anal or vaginal
intercourse

Feedback
Your answer is partially correct.
You have correctly selected 4.
The correct answer is:
It is possible to avoid becoming infected with HIV by having sexual intercourse only once a month
– FALSE,
Ear-piercing and tattooing with unsterilized instruments are possible ways of becoming infected with
HIV.
– TRUE,
A person can be infected with HIV by giving blood in an approved health facility.
– FALSE,
HIV cannot pass through an unbroken skin as it is the biggest immune system organ
– TRUE,
The risk of transmission from unprotected oral intercourse (whether penile-oral or vaginal-oral) is
markedly lower than for anal or vaginal intercourse
– TRUE

Question 4
Partially correct
Mark 14 out of 20

Flag question

Question text

20
 ©DR.OKTO

Match the following

Protected sex
Answer 1

Occupation exposure
Answer 2

Any opportunity for exchange of body fluids

Answer 3

Casual contact
Answer 4

Mother-to-child HIV transmission

Answer 5

Anal penetrative sex

Answer 6

Breast feeding
Answer 7
Feedback
Your answer is partially correct.
You have correctly selected 5.
The correct answer is:
Protected sex
– Low risk,
Occupation exposure
– Medium risk,
Any opportunity for exchange of body fluids
– Low risk,
Casual contact
– No risk,
Mother-to-child HIV transmission
– Lack of HAART,
Anal penetrative sex
– Increase high risk to HIV infection,
Breast feeding
– High risk

Question 5

21
 ©DR.OKTO

Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
The chief predictor of heterosexual transmission of HIV is;

Select one:
a. Presence of other Sexually transmitted diseases
b. Genetic makeup
c. Duration of sexual intercourse
d. Peripheral bacteremia

e. Plasma viremia
Feedback
The correct answer is: Plasma viremia

Question 6
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
The average efficiency of HIV transmission with a single episode of unprotected receptive vaginal
intercourse with an untreated HIV infected source is approximately?

Select one:
a. 0.03%
b. 30%

c. 0.3%
d. 3%
Feedback
The correct answer is: 0.3%

Question 7
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text

22
 ©DR.OKTO

Which of the following is a mode of transmission of HIV?

Select one:
a. Tears
b. Urine
c. Saliva

d. Human bite
Feedback
The correct answer is: Human bite

Question 8
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Large, multi-institutional studies have indicated that the risk of HIV transmission following skin
puncture from a needle or a sharp object that was contaminated with blood from a person with
documented HIV infection is?

Select one:
a. Approximately 1 %
b. Approximately 0.09 %
c. Approximately 0.01 %

d. Approximately 0.3 %
Feedback
The correct answer is: Approximately 0.3 %

Question 9
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
The following factors can increase the risk of HIV infection due to occupational exposure in
developing countries EXCEPT;

Select one:
a. Unfamiliar practice conditions and equipment

23
 ©DR.OKTO

b. Presence of very stringent safety regulations or standards

c. Performing unfamiliar medical procedures
d. Absence of safety regulations or standards
e. Limited availability of personal protective equipment or safety-engineered devices
Feedback
The correct answer is: Presence of very stringent safety regulations or standards

Question 10
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Which one of the following DOES NOT constitute the top four highly risky behaviours in so far as the
spread of HIV is concerned?

Select one:
a. Unprotected sex with one partner at a time
b. Unprotected sex with more than one partner
c. Injecting drug use

d. Blood infusion in hospitals

e. Unprotected sex between men
Feedback
The correct answer is: Blood infusion in hospitals

Question 11
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Select one:
a. Oral sex is much less efficient mode of transmission of HIV than is receptive anal intercourse

b. Adolescent girls are less susceptible to infection than other aged women
c. Male circumcision is associated with a lower risk of HIV infection among men
d. Use of oral contraceptives is associated with increased risk of HIV infection

24
 ©DR.OKTO

Feedback
The correct answer is: Adolescent girls are less susceptible to infection than other aged women

Question 12
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Large, multi-institutional studies have indicated that the risk of HIV transmission after a mucous
membrane exposure to HIV infected blood is?

Select one:
a. Approximately 0.3 %
b. Approximately 0.01 %
c. Approximately 1 %

d. Approximately 0.09 %
Feedback
The correct answer is: Approximately 0.09 %

TOPIC 5
Question 1
Incorrect
Mark 0 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
All of the following are AIDS indicator conditions EXCEPT:

Select one:
a. Herpes zoster
b. Kaposi’s sarcoma
c. Cryptococcosis

d. Herpes simplex
Feedback
The correct answer is: Herpes zoster

25
 ©DR.OKTO

Question 2
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
What clinical condition listed below is associated with what AIDS-indicated category? Kaposi’s
sarcoma

Select one:

a. Clinical Category 4
b. Clinical Category 2
c. Clinical Category 3
d. Clinical Category 1
Feedback
The correct answer is: Clinical Category 4

Question 3
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
A HIV-infected woman has headache, fever, and a seizure. The CD4 count is 56/mm3, WBC is
3,200/mm3, and a MRI shows two ring-enhancing lesions. She takes no medicines other than
methadone. The most likely diagnosis is:

Select one:
a. Herpes simplex encephalitis
b. PML
c. Cryptococcosis

d. Toxoplasmosis
Feedback
The correct answer is: Toxoplasmosis

Question 4
Incorrect
Mark 0 out of 1

Flag question

26
 ©DR.OKTO

Question text
What is the most common opportunistic infection in AIDS?

Select one:

a. Cryptococcosis
b. Pneumocystitis carinii
c. Histoplasmosis
d. Tuberculosis
Feedback
The correct answer is: Pneumocystitis carinii

Question 5
Incorrect
Mark 0 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
A HIV-infected patient has cough, fever, and sputum production for 4 days. A chest x-ray shows a
left lower lobe infiltrate, the WBC is 4,200/mm3 and a CD4 count is 150/mm3. He takes no
medication. The most likely microbial pathogen is:

Select one:

a. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
b. Cryptococcosis
c. P. carinii
d. S. pneumoniae
Feedback
The correct answer is: S. pneumoniae

Question 6
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Following a prolonged infection of THelper cells by HIV, the host immune response fails, viral levels
rise, and the patient develops opportunistic infections. Which of the following would you NOT
consider an opportunistic infection?

Select one:

27
 ©DR.OKTO

a. Pneumonia
b. Tuberculosis

c. Malaria
d. Yeast infections
e. Persistent diarrhea
Feedback
The correct answer is: Malaria

Question 7
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Opportunistic infections are diseases that:

Select one:
a. Are favorable side effects that help fight HIV/AIDS infections
b. Are not life threatening to people with HIV/AIDS
c. Develop the same in healthy people as in people with HIV/AIDS

d. Benefit from a vulnerable immune system

Feedback
The correct answer is: Benefit from a vulnerable immune system

Question 8
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Which of the following opportunistic infections presents as an oral thrush and can affect the whole
gut leading to difficulties in feeding?

Select one:

a. Oropharyngeal candidiasis
b. Cyrptococcal mengenigitis
c. Toxoplamosmosis
d. Tuberculosis

28
 ©DR.OKTO

e. Pneumonia
Feedback
The correct answer is: Oropharyngeal candidiasis

Question 9
Incorrect
Mark 0 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
All of the following are correct about hairy leukoplakia EXCEPT:

Select one:
a. It will respond to treatment with ganciclovir

b. It is a rare complication of diseases other than HIV infection

c. Scrapings of it will show pseudomycelia
d. It is usually not treated
Feedback
The correct answer is: Scrapings of it will show pseudomycelia

Question 10
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
People who have AIDS get opportunistic infections because:

Select one:
a. The drugs used to treat HIV cause infections
b. When HIV enters the body, it mutates into the disease agents that cause infections such as
Pneumocystic carinii pneumonia and cytomegalovirus infection (CMV)

c. HIV weakens the immune system and makes it difficult to fight diseases
d. It is natural for people with AIDS to get opportunistic infections
Feedback
The correct answer is: HIV weakens the immune system and makes it difficult to fight diseases

29
 ©DR.OKTO

TOPIC 7

Question 1
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Which of the following is an appropriate intervention to protect oneself from an exposure to HIV?

Select one:

a. Avoid contact of blood with the eyes

b. Cleanse patient wounds before bandaging
c. Boil all water before drinking
d. Wash patient linens in hot soapy water
e. Avoid touching HIV-infected people
Feedback
The correct answer is: Avoid contact of blood with the eyes

Question 2
Incorrect
Mark 0 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
9. The belief in one’s own ability to perform risk-reducing behaviors is known as______

Select one:
a. Self-discipline

b. Self-control
c. Self-confidence
d. Self-esteem
e. Self-efficacy
Feedback
The correct answer is: Self-efficacy

Question 3
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

30
 ©DR.OKTO

Flag question

Question text
11. A 22 year-old pregnant woman has a fingerstick rapid HIV test result that is positive. She is in a
monogamous relationship with her fiancé and has never injected illicit drugs. Which of the following
actions is most appropriate?

Select one:
a. Order viral load testing
b. Advise her that she is HIV-infected and initiate antiretroviral therapy to prevent mother to child
transmission of HIV
c. Do an oral mucosal transudate (oral fluid) rapid test for confirmation

d. Draw venous blood and send for a confirmatory HIV test

e. Repeat the fingerstick rapid HIV test
Feedback
The correct answer is: Draw venous blood and send for a confirmatory HIV test

Question 4
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Which one of the following is not a primary components of HIV testing and counseling (HTC)

Select one:
a. The pre-test session
b. The HIV test

c. Interrogation of possible source of infection in an individual

d. The post-test session
Feedback
The correct answer is: Interrogation of possible source of infection in an individual

Question 5
Incorrect
Mark 0 out of 1

Flag question

Question text

31
 ©DR.OKTO

Which of the following is a breach of patient confidentiality?

Select one:
a. Using codes to label labs
b. Discussing the patient’s condition with family members
c. Discussing the patient’s condition with other medical care providers

d. Hiding patient’s information at the nurses station

e. Serving as an interpreter
Feedback
The correct answer is: Discussing the patient’s condition with family members

Question 6
Incorrect
Mark 0 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
You are a VCT counsellor. A male client has come for a test today and admits that he has visited a
sex worker when he went out of town on business. Later, you recognize this man to be the spouse of
a woman attending your daughter’s school. This woman has become a friend and you feel you
should warn her about her husband’s behaviour. As a counsellor, you should warn this woman of her
husband’s behaviour.

Select one:

a. True
b. False
Feedback
The correct answer is: False

Question 7
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
For VCT services to be promoted and developed, it is important to document their usefulness in all
of the following EXCEPT:

Select one:
a. Improving access to medical and social care

32
 ©DR.OKTO

b. Facilitating MTCT interventions

c. Improving coping for people with HIV

d. Increasing HIV transmission

Feedback
The correct answer is: Increasing HIV transmission

Question 8
Incorrect
Mark 0 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
6. Routine HIV screening is recommended for patients in which of the following settings?

Select one:
a. Only for adults in primary care practices

b. All patients in all settings only upon request

c. Prenatal care settings for at-risk women
d. Emergency department patients who are bleeding
e. All patients aged >13 years in all health care settings
Feedback
The correct answer is: All patients aged >13 years in all health care settings

Question 9
Incorrect
Mark 0 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
What kind of chart documentation is legally needed for patients who undergo routine HIV testing?

Select one:
a. Chart needs to state that risks and benefits of screening were discussed and patient agrees to

test.
b. Nothing needs to be documented in chart unless patient declines test; then simply stating the
patient declined the test is sufficient.
c. Nothing needs to be documented in chart unless patient declines test; then reasons for declining
test must be delineated.

33
 ©DR.OKTO

d. Chart needs to state only that brief pre-test counseling was performed.
e. Chart needs to state that patient was provided information about HIV test and asked whether test
could be performed.
Feedback
The correct answer is: Nothing needs to be documented in chart unless patient declines test; then
simply stating the patient declined the test is sufficient.

Question 10
Incorrect
Mark 0 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Recommendations for behavioral interventions to reduce HIV transmission risk include which of the
following?

Select one:
a. Brief general HIV prevention messages should be provided to all patients at each clinic visit,
regardless of HIV status.
b. Once initial prevention messages are delivered, subsequent longer or more intensive interventions
in the clinic or office should not be needed.
c. HIV+ patients should be referred to appropriate services for issues related to HIV transmission
that cannot be adequately addressed during the clinic visit.
d. HIV+ persons who inject drugs should be counseled to share injecting equipment only with other

HIV+ persons.
e. Tailored HIV prevention interventions, using an abstinence-based approach, should be delivered
to patients at highest risk for transmitting HIV.
Feedback
The correct answer is: HIV+ patients should be referred to appropriate services for issues related to
HIV transmission that cannot be adequately addressed during the clinic visit.

TOPIC 8

Question 1
Incorrect
Mark 0 out of 1

Flag question

34
 ©DR.OKTO

Question text
Pre-testing of media, messages and themes should evaluate all the following except

Select one:
a. Understanding

b. Audience members’ degree of identification

c. Acceptability
d. Attraction
e. Precision

Feedback
The correct answer is: Precision

Question 2
Incorrect
Mark 0 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
When developing a communication channel, it is imperative to identify the target population, which
include all of the following groups EXCEPT:

Select one:
a. People providing services
b. Leaders and authority, both formal and informal
c. Local Communities and families

d. Policy makers
e. Individual at low risk or vulnerability

Feedback
The correct answer is: Individual at low risk or vulnerability

Question 3
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text

35
 ©DR.OKTO

Text messaging/Short message service (SMS) were used to inform Maseno university students
about the new brand of condoms available at the Aids Control Unit. Identify the approach used

Select one:
a. Community awareness events
b. Printed materials

c. Innovative ideas
d. Giveaways (including condoms)
e. Mass media

Feedback
The correct answer is: Innovative ideas

Question 4
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Effective communication depends on all of the following EXCEPT the:

Select one:

a. Sender
b. Message
c. Channel used
d. Receiver
e. Source

Feedback
The correct answer is: Sender

Question 5
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text

36
 ©DR.OKTO

Behavior change communication has its roots in behavior change theories including the following
EXCEPT:

Select one:

a. Infusion of Innovations model

b. Diffusion of Innovations model
c. Behavior Change Continuum
d. Stages of Change model
e. Self-Efficacy model

Feedback
The correct answer is: Infusion of Innovations model

Question 6
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Stigma can perpetuate harmful practices, such as discrimination against or poor treatment of
EXCEPT:

Select one:
a. MSM
b. PLHA

c. Orphans
d. IDUs
e. SWs.

Feedback
The correct answer is: Orphans

Question 7
Incorrect
Mark 0 out of 1

Flag question

Question text

37
 ©DR.OKTO

One of the key roles of behavior change communication programs is to improve skills and sense of
self-efficacy. All the following activities enhance skills and self-efficacy EXCEPT:

Select one:
a. Negotiating safer sex
b. Allows access to too much information that would confuse participants

c. Safe injecting practices

d. Use of Condoms
e. Boost confidence in making and acting on decisions

Feedback
The correct answer is: Allows access to too much information that would confuse participants

Question 8
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Effective Information, Education and Communication (IEC) materials are an important component of
the comprehensive HIV education campaign. A range of materials, activities, and approaches can be
used as part of an IEC campaign, and include all of the following EXCEPT?

Select one:
a. Mass media
b. Printed materials
c. Giveaways
d. Community awareness events

e. Monetary handouts

Feedback
The correct answer is: Monetary handouts

Question 9
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text

38
 ©DR.OKTO

World AIDS day is an approach that has been used annually as part of the Information, Education
and Communication campaign (IEC). In which category of IEC materials and activities does it fall
under?

Select one:
a. Printed materials
b. Giveaways
c. Innovative ideas
d. Mass media

e. Community awareness events

Feedback
The correct answer is: Community awareness events

Question 10
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Which of the following is not a guiding principle of BCC

Select one:
a. Planning for monitoring and evaluation should be part of the design of any BCC program
b. Pre-testing is essential for developing effective BCC materials

c. BCC should be integrated with program goals from the middle.

d. Stakeholders need to be involved from the design stage
e. BCC strategies should be positive and action-oriented.

Feedback
The correct answer is: BCC should be integrated with program goals from the middle.

TOPIC 9

Question 1
Incorrect

39
 ©DR.OKTO

Mark 0 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
The elements of comprehensive care continuum for home based care are a full range of care and
referral services which are needed for the delivery of optimum care at the community level. Which of
the following is NOT a key element?

Select one:
a. Psychosocial support
b. Clinical care support
c. Family care support

d. Life skills development

e. OVC care support
Feedback
The correct answer is: OVC care support

Question 2
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Which of the following is NOT an effect of HIV and AIDS on nutrition

Select one:
a. Frequent diarrhea episodes & mouth sore
b. Increase energy and nutrients requirements
c. Abdominal metabolic responses

d. Reduced or increased disease progression

e. Adverse drug effects
Feedback
The correct answer is: Reduced or increased disease progression

Question 3
Incorrect
Mark 0 out of 1

Flag question

Question text

40
 ©DR.OKTO

Malnutrition and HIV and AIDS are synergetic and together create a vicious cycle that does NOT;

Select one:

a. Increases progression of HIV to AIDS

b. Increase nutrient intake and absorption
c. Increases the risk of malnutrition
d. Increases the risk of opportunistic infection
e. Increases nutrient requirement
Feedback
The correct answer is: Increase nutrient intake and absorption

Question 4
Correct
Mark 1 out of 1

Flag question

Question text
Which of the following is NOT an effect of nutrition on HIV and AIDS

Select one:
a. Healing process is fast
b. Healing process is slow
c. Cost of treatment

d. Nausea and vomiting

e. Further decrease in immunity
Feedback
The correct answer is: Nausea and vomiting

Question 5
Partially correct
Mark 15 out of 20

Flag question

Question text
Home and Community Based Care (HCBC) implementation strategies need concerted action to
strengthen the administrative and health care levels from the national, regional, provincial, district
and division levels, to the community, which will ensure a strong and sustainable system that
supports the individual and affected family. Indicate against the strategy which of the following
strategies is done by which level of administrative unit.(National, Provincial, District and Community)

41
 ©DR.OKTO

Answer 1
Provide logistics for delivery of HCBC services

Answer 2
Facilitate relevant training for staff

Answer 3
Effectively implement, policies, guidelines and strategies

Coordinate HCBC activities and putting monitoring systems in Answer 4

place

Feedback
Your answer is partially correct.
You have correctly selected 3.
The correct answer is:
Provide logistics for delivery of HCBC services
– Community,
Facilitate relevant training for staff
– National,
Effectively implement, policies, guidelines and strategies
– Provincial,
Coordinate HCBC activities and putting monitoring systems in place
– District

Question 6
Correct
Mark 20 out of 20

Flag question

Question text
In Matokeni community, the number of people monthly being diagnosed with HIV increased
tremendously. In an attempt to equip the people infected and affected with requisite knowledge and
skills geared towards improving the quality of life within their homes, Malezi Bora Support Group was
formed. Within a period of one month, the membership rose to 150, after which the group’s officials
were elected a in a fair and transparent manner. The diverse membership brought on board varying
special needs that required to be urgently addressed. Members were divided into five groups, where
each group was tasked with overseeing the delivery of a specific element of the Comprehensive
Home and Community-Based Care package,

42
 ©DR.OKTO

Group A was mandated directed to come up with strategies to help members respond to the total
well-being of the person and the family affected by the illness, particularly HIV/AIDS, through
interventions that focus on the emotional, mental and social aspects.
Group B was focused on helping community members who are terminally ill suffer less.
Group C was charged with teaching members how to care for bedridden patients and help with
maintaining mobility, bathing, wound cleansing, skin care and oral hygiene.
Group D was given the responsibility of organizing prayers and devotions.
Group E was delegated to advice members on ways of healthy foods.
What element of the Comprehensive Home and Community-Based Care package was addressed
by?

Group D
Answer 1

Group C
Answer 2

Group B
Answer 3

Group E
Answer 4

Group A
Answer 5
Feedback
Your answer is correct.
The correct answer is:
Group D
– Spiritual Support and Guidance,
Group C
– Basic Nursing Care,
Group B
– Palliative care, Pain Relief,
Group E
– Food and Nutrition,
Group A
– Psychosocial Support

43
©DR.OKTO

44