GEO SCIENCE

UNIT -1
Internal Structure of the Earth
In the Earth's polar regions ocean water gets very cold, forming sea ice. As a
consequence the surrounding seawater gets saltier, because when sea ice forms, the
salt is left behind. As the seawater gets saltier, its density increases, and it starts to
sink. Surface water is pulled in to replace the sinking water, which in turn eventually
becomes cold and salty enough to sink. This initiates the deep-ocean currents driving
the global conveyer belt.
LIMESTONE SINK HOLE
WEGENER THEORY
SEA FLOOR SPREADING - HARRY
BENIOFF THEORY
WILSON CYCLE
WORLD PLATES
 Nature of Volcanoes
Due to Subduction Due to Rifting Due to Plume

Mostly water rich, gaseous Mostly effusive – magma Mostly mafic – magma will
rich and are explosive in will be flowing be flowing without any
nature explosive activity
 Types of
Volcanic Cones
 MINERAL
• Naturally occurring
• Inorganic
• Solid
• Characteristic Chemical Composition
• Atomic structure
• Physical properties
Silicon is positively charged (+4) and Oxygen is
negatively charged (-2); therefore the Net
charge on tetrahedron: -4. Because entire
tetrahedron is negatively charged, it is
attracted to cations. Tetrahedra may link
together by a cation (e.g. Mg, Fe, Na, Ca, K)
serving as a bridge, or may link together by
sharing oxygens
SINGLE DOUBLE SHEET
BOWEN’S REACTION SERIES FOR ROCK FORMING MINERALS
 PLATY

EQUANT ELONGATED
 LUSTRE

GLASSY OR VITREOUS

METALLIC

PEARLY

DULL

SUB - METALLIC