MINERAL AND NATURAL RESOURCES IN INDIA

 In a fast moving world to maintain growth momentum, India has to develop its industry Minerals are
valuable natural resources being finite and non-renewable. They constitute the vital raw materials for many
basic industries and are a major resource for development.
 The history of mineral extraction in India dates back to the days of the Harappa civilization. The wide
availability of the minerals in the form of abundant rich reserves made it very conducive for the growth and
development of the mining sector in India.
 The country is endowed with huge resources of many metallic and non-metallic minerals. Mining sector is
an important segment of the Indian economy.
 Since independence, there has been a pronounced growth in the mineral production both in terms of
quantity and value.
 India produces as many as 95 minerals, which includes 4 fuel, 10 metallic, 23 non-metallic, 3 atomic and 55
minor minerals (including building and other materials).
 Indian mining industry is characterized by a large number of small operational mines. There are 2000+
mines which reported mineral production [excluding minor minerals, petroleum (crude), natural gas and
atomic minerals] in India
 Out of these reporting mines, 350+ were located in Andhra Pradesh followed by Gujarat (300+), Rajasthan
(240+), Madhya Pradesh (225+), Karnataka (180+), Tamil Nadu (150+), Odisha (120+), Jharkhand (100+),
Chhattisgarh (100+), Maharashtra (85+) and Goa (70+).
 These 11 States together accounted for about 94% of total number of mines in the country.
 India’s ranking in world production is:
―2nd in barytes, and talc/ steatite/pyrophyllite,
―3rd in chromite, coal & lignite and zinc (slab),
―4th in kyanite/ andalusite/ sillimanite,
―5th in iron ore, and Steel (Crude),
―6th in bauxite ore,
―7th in manganese ore, and
―8th in aluminium.
 India continued to be wholly or largely self-sufficient in minerals which constitute primary mineral raw
materials to industries, such as:
―thermal power generation,
―iron & steel,
―ferro-alloys,
―aluminium,
―cement,
―various types of refractories,
―china clay-based ceramics,
―glass,
―chemicals like caustic soda,
―soda ash, calcium carbide,
―titania white pigment, etc.
 India is, by and large, self-sufficient in coal (with the exception of very low ash coking coal required by the
steel plants) and lignite among mineral fuels; bauxite, chromite, iron and manganese ores, ilmenite and
rutile among metallic minerals; and almost all the industrial minerals with the exception of chroysotile
asbestos, borax, fluorite, kyanite, potash, rock phosphate and elemental sulphur.
 Despite high degree of self-sufficiency, some quantities of flaky and amorphous graphite of high fixed
carbon, kaolin and ballclay for special applications, very low silica limestone, dead-burnt magnesite and sea
water magnesia, battery grade manganese dioxide, etc. were imported to meet the demand for either
blending with locally available mineral raw materials and /or for manufacturing special qualities of mineral-
based products.
 To meet the increasing demand of uncut diamonds, emerald and other precious and semiprecious stones by
the domestic cutting and polishing industry, India continued to depend on imports of raw uncut stones for
their value-added re-exports.

SCENARIO OF MINERAL RICH STATES

(Excluding Atomic & Fuel Minerals)

State Leading minerals produced in the State Share of the State in country’s
production of certain minerals
1. Lead & Zinc Ore, Zinc Conc., Copper Ore, Lead & Zinc Ore 100% Lead Conc. 100%,
Rajasthan Phosphorite, Silver, Lead Conc., Wollastonite, Zinc Conc. 100%, Siliceous Earth 100%,
Siliceous Earth, Limestone, Copper Conc., Selenite 100%, Wollastonite 100%, Silver
Selenite, Manganese Ore, Garnet (abrasive), 99.9%, Phosphorite 94%, Copper Conc.
Iron Ore 42%, Copper Ore 29%, Limestone 21%,
Vermiculite 2%, Garnet (abrasive) 2%,
Iron Ore 1%
2. Odisha Bauxite, Chromite, Manganese Ore, Iron Ore, Chromite 99.9% Iron Ore 52%, Bauxite
Sulphur, Garnet (abrasive), Graphite (r.o.m.), 49%, Garnet (abrasive) 26%, Manganese
Sillimanite, Limestone Ore 25%, Sillimanite 23%, Sulphur 16%,
Graphite (r.o.m.) 13%, Limestone 2%
3. Andhra Manganese Ore, Garnet (abrasive), Sillimanite, Vermiculite 72% Garnet (abrasive) 60%,
Pradesh Limestone, Vermiculite, Iron Ore Sillimanite 54%, Limestone 11%,
Manganese Ore 10%
4. Bauxite, Limestone, Iron Ore, Moulding Sand, Tin Conc. 100% Moulding Sand 100%,
Chhattisgarh Tin Conc. Iron Ore 16%, Limestone 10%, Bauxite
8%,
5. Karnataka Gold Ore, Manganese Ore, Limestone, Iron Ore, Gold 99% Gold Ore 99%, Limeshell 32%,
Magnesite, Limeshell, Gold Iron Ore 14%, Manganese Ore 11%,
Limestone 10%, Magnesite 3%
6. Limestone, Manganese Ore Limestone 8% Manganese Ore 1%
Telangana
7. Gujarat Bauxite, Marl, Sulphur, Manganese Ore, Marl 100% Bauxite 24%, Sulphur 19%,
Limestone Limestone 8%, Manganese Ore 2%
8. Uttar Sulphur, Limestone Sulphur 9% Limestone 1%
Pradesh
9. Bauxite, Manganese Ore, Sulphur, Limestone, Fluorite(graded) 100% Kyanite 100%,
Maharashtra Sillimanite, Kyanite, Iron Ore, Iron Ore Manganese Ore 25%, Sulphur 9%,
Sillimanite 9%, Bauxite 8%, Limestone
4%, Iron Ore 1%,
10. Bihar Sulphur Sulphur 2%

 Rajasthan is in leading position, in terms of estimated value of mineral production in the country and had
the share of 20.26% in the national output.
 Next in order was Odisha with a share of 17.77% followed by Andhra Pradesh (9.45%), Chhattisgarh
(8.80%), Karnataka (7.83%), Telangana (6.06%), Gujarat (5.66%), Uttar Pradesh (4.98%), Maharashtra
(4.67%) and Bihar (3.77%) in the total value of mineral production.
 Remaining States and Union Territories having individual share of less than 3.0% all together accounted for
remaining of total value during the year under review.
The Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana (PMKKKY)
 PMKKKY is a scheme by Ministry of Mines, Government of India for the welfare of people & affected
areas by using the funds accured under District Mineral Foundation (DMF).
 Overall Objective of PMKKKY:
―To implement various developmental and welfare projects/programs in mining affected areas that
complement the existing ongoing schemes/projects of State and Central Government.
―To minimize/mitigate the adverse impacts, during and after mining, on the environment, health and
socio-economics of people in mining districts
―To ensure long-term sustainable livelihoods for the affected people in mining areas. Care has been taken
to include all aspects of living, to ensure substantial improvement in the quality of life.
 High priority areas like drinking water supply, health care, sanitation, education, skill development, women
and child care, welfare of aged and disabled people, skill development and environment conservation will
get at least 60 % share of the funds.
 For creating a supportive and conducive living environment, balance funds will be spent on making roads,
bridges, railways, waterways projects, irrigation and alternative energy sources.

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