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Downloadfile 17
Downloadfile 17
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Himu Academy
247, Foyra House, Salemuddin Market, Mirpur-01, Dhaka-1216
Subject: Electrical Machine (Transformer)
Model Test-01
Time: 2 Hours Mark-100
Solution:
The efficiency of transformer tests is
Full load Iron Loss=𝑃𝑖
Full Load Copper Loss (Cu) =𝑃𝑐
∴ Total Full load =𝑃𝑖 + 𝑃𝑐
The output power = 𝑉2 𝐼2 cos ∅2
If 𝑅02 is total resistance of the transformer referred to secondary, then
Total Copper Loss (Cu) 𝑃𝑐 =𝐼 2 𝑅02
∴ Total losses =𝑃𝑖 + 𝑃𝑐
𝑉2 𝐼2 cos ∅2
Transformer efficiency =
𝑉2 𝐼2 cos ∅2 +𝐼 2 𝑅02 +𝑃 𝑖
𝑉2 cos ∅2
⇒ ή= 𝑃 ……………………. (I)
𝑉2 cos ∅2 +𝐼2 𝑅02 + 𝑖
𝐼2
For normal transformer 𝑉2 is approx. constant and efficiency depends upon load
current𝐼2 . From equation (I) it’s clear that numerator is constant and for the
efficiency to be maximum and the denominator is should be minimum.
𝑑
(Denominator)=0
𝑑𝐼2
𝑑 𝑃
⇒ (𝑉2 cos ∅2 + 𝐼2 𝑅02 + 𝑖) =0
𝑑𝐼2 𝐼2
𝑃
⇒0- 𝑖+𝑅02 =0
𝐼2
⇒𝑃𝑖 =I2 2 R 02
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Iron Losses (𝑃𝑖 ) = Copper Losses (𝐼2 2 𝑅02 ) (Showed)
Hence, the efficiency of a transformer will be maximum when copper losses are
equal to constant or iron losses.
So, the load current 𝐼2 corresponding to maximum efficiency is given by
𝑃𝑖
𝐼2 =√
𝑅02
In a transformer, iron losses are constant whereas copper losses are variable. In
order to obtain maximum frequency, the load current should be such that total Cu
losses become equal to iron loss.
2. Write down the difference losses of Transformer. Why are iron losses
constant at all loads in a transformer? 10
Solution:
The power losses in transformer are of two types
➢ Core or Iron Losses
➢ Copper Losses
Core or Iron Losses:
The consisting of hysteresis and eddy current losses and occur in the transformer
core due to alternating flux. The both (hysteresis and eddy current losses) losses
depend upon maximum flux density in the core and supply frequency.
Hysteresis losses= 𝑘ℎ f 𝐵𝑚 1.6 watts/𝑚3
Eddy current losses=𝑘𝑒 𝑓 2 𝐵𝑚 2 𝑡 2 watts/𝑚3
Core or Iron losses are practically the same at all loads.
Iron or Core losses 𝑃𝑖 = Hysteresis Losses + Eddy Current Losses= Constant
Where, the transformers are connected then the frequency and supply voltage are
constant.
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Copper Losses:
These losses are occurring in both primary and secondary winding due to their
ohmic resistance. It can be determined by short-circuit test.
Total Cu Losses 𝑃𝑐 = 𝐼1 2 𝑅1 +𝐼2 2 𝑅2
It is clear that copper losses vary as the square of load current.
So, total losses in a transformer=𝑃𝑖 +𝑃𝑐 = Constant losses + Variable losses.
In a transformer, copper losses account for about 90% of the total losses.
3. Draw an equivalent circuit of transformer and also draw Open Circuit &
short circuit test of transformer. 10
Solution:
Solution:
𝐸2
Voltage transformer ratio, K= = 110⁄440=0.25
𝐸1
⇒ R 02 = R 2 + K 2 R1
We know,
𝑃𝑖 =I2 2 R 02
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2
⇒150=I2 R 02
𝑃𝑖 150
⇒𝐼2 =√ =√ =82.58A
R02 0.02
∴ ή=96.8%
Solution:
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 10
Input = = =10.204kW
ή 0.98
2nd term
1 2
Cu loss at a half full load = ( ) ×120=30 W
2
Solution:
𝐸2
Voltage transformer ratio, K= = 400⁄2000=0.2
𝐸1
⇒ R 01 = R1 + R 2 /K 2
0.2
⇒ R 01 =5+
0.22
∴ R 01 =10Ω
⇒ R 02 = 0.2 + 0.22 × 5
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∴ R 02 =0.4Ω
7. What are the no load and full-load losses of transformer? Why transformer rating is in
KVA? 10
Solution:
It is the loss in a transformer that is excited at rated voltage and frequency, but
without a load connected to the secondary. No-load losses include core loss,
dielectric loss, and copper loss in the winding due to exciting current .
Losses are the wastage of energy in the device which will affect the overall
efficiency of the device. So the losses of the device should be known to design the
component with minimum losses. Transformer is an electrical isolation component
which transfers the power from primary to secondary without any physical contact.
In power transmission from primary and secondary, there are losses in the
transformer which are bases on load of the transformer i.e. No-load losses and
Load Losses.
Pt = PNL + PLL
Where,
8. A 500kVA, three phase, 50Hz transformer has a line voltage is 33/11 KV and it also
delta star connected. The resistances per phase are high voltage 35Ω; low voltage
0.876Ω and iron loss is 3050W. Determine the value of efficiency at full-load and one-
half of full- load respectively at unity p.f and 0.8 pf. 10
Solution:
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9. Determine the all-day efficiency o 500kVA distribution transformers whose
copper loss and iron loss at full load are 4.5kW and 3.5kW respectively,
during of 24 hours and under their load are below.
10
We know that,
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 5800
All day efficiency ή𝑎𝑙𝑙−𝑑𝑎𝑦 =𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡+𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠=5800+140.925=97.6%
Solution:
Advantages of 3-phase transformers over 3 single-phase bank of transformer are below
➢ Less cost
➢ Less weight
➢ Requires less space
➢ Somewhat higher efficiency