ANATOMY 2
• Body Cavities
 2. Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Body movements
- 5 golden rules of skeletal muscle
activity
- Body and Special movements
- Interactions of skeletal muscles
• General cell functions and structure
- Cell Parts
• Cell Diversity
• Tissues
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
BODY CAVITIES
- Provides protection to organs
Dorsal Body Cavities
2. main divisions:
1. Cranial Cavity
- space inside the skull
2. Spinal Cavity
- from the cranial cavity to the
end of the spinal cord. 

- The spinal cord, which is
a continuation of the brain, is
protected by the bony
vertebrae, which surround the
spinal cavity and form
the spine.
Ventral Body Cavities
- Contains the structures within
the chest and abdomen
(Visceral organs)
1. Thoracic cavity
- Separated by the DOME
SHAPED muscle, the
diaphragm
- Heart, lungs, etc.
- Mediastinum- divides the
lungs into right and left cavity
(Right lung has 3 lobes; Left
lung has 2 lobes)
- Abdominal: stomach, liver,
intestines, etc.
- Pelvic: reproductive organs,
bladder, etc.
Other Body Cavities
1. Oral and Digestive Cavity
- Oral Cavity/mouth is
continuous to the digestive
organs until the anus
2. Nasal Cavity
- Posterior to the nose; part of
the respiratory system
3. Orbital Cavities
- Houses the eyes
4. Middle Ear Cavity
- Contains the tiny bones for
hearing
BODY MOVEMENTS
- skeletal muscles are attached
to bones, or to other connective
tissue, AT NO FEWER THAN
TWO POINTS
- Origin- attached to the
immovable or less movable
bone
- Insertion- attached to the
movable bone
5 Golden Rules of Skeletal muscle
activity
1. All skeletal muscles cross at least
one joint
2. Bulk of the skeletal muscle lies
proximal to the joint crossed
3. All have at least 2 attachments,
the origin and the insertion
 4. They can only PULL and never
push

5. During contraction, the insertion

moves toward the origin

Body and Special movements

1. Flexion
- Brings two bones closer together
2. Extension !
- Increases the distance between
two bones
- Hyperextension: extension
greater than 180 degrees
3. Rotation
- Movement of the ball-and-socket
joints
- E.g. movement of the atlas around
the dens (for shaking head “no”)
4. Abduction
- Moving a limb away from the
median plane of the body
5. Adduction
- Moving a limb toward to midline of !
the body
6. Circumduction
- Combination of flexion, extension,
abduction, and adduction
7. Dorsiflexion flexion
- Point your toe towards your head
8. Plantar flexion
- Point your toe away from your
head
9. Inversion
- Turn the sole medially
10. Eversion
- Turn the sole laterally
11. Supination
- “turning backward”
- palm faces anteriorly
12. Pronation
- “turning forward”
- palm faces posteriorly
13. Opposition
- Action when you move the thumb
to tough tips of the other fingers

!
 !

1. Nucleus
- Control center of the cell
- Contains the genetic material
or DNA
3 regions of nucleus:
1. Nuclear Membrane
- a double phospholipid
! membrane that allows the
exchange of materials with the
Interactions of skeletal muscles rest of the cells
1. Prime movers 2. Nucleoli
- Has the major responsibility for - Nucleus contains one or more
causing a movement nucleoli which are sites for
2. Antagonists ribosome production
- Opposes the action of the 3. Chromatin
prime mover - Condenses to form
3. Synergists chromosomes during cell
- Produces the same movement division
by the prime mover or reduces
undesirable movements 2. Plasma membrane
4. Fixators - Double phospholipid layer with
- Stabilizes the origin of the HYDROPHILIC (water loving)
prime mover heads and HYDROPHOBIC
(water fearing) tails
Cell Parts - Microvilli- finger like
projections that increase area
for absorption
3. Membrane Junctions
- Binds different types of cells
3Types of Junctions:
1. Tight Junctions
- Binds junctions into leakproof
sheets; acts like zipper
- Small intestines
 2. Desmosomes
- Prevent cells subjected to
mechanical stress not to be
pulled apart
3. Gap Junctions
- Are communicating junctions
- Heart
3. Cytoplasm
- Material outside the nucleus
where the other organelles are
located
4. Ribosomes
- Sites of protein synthesis
- Made of RNA
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Rough ER: studded with
ribosomes; where materials of
membrane are formed
- Smooth ER: cholesterol
synthesis, fat metabolism,
detoxification of drugs
6. Golgi Apparatus
- Modifies and packages
proteins
7. Lysosomes
- Digest non-usable materials
- Suicide “bags” of the cell
8. Peroxisomes
- Sacs of oxidase enzymes
- Break down free radicals
9. Mitochondria
- “powerhouse of the cell”
- Provides ATP (Adenosine
Triphosphate) for cellular
energy
10. Cytoskeleton
- Provides cell with an internal
framework
3Types of Cytoskeleton:
1. Microfilaments
- Cell motility
2. Intermediate Filaments
- Help desmosomes so that the
cell will not be pulled apart
3. Microtubules
- Determine the overall shape of
the shape of cell
11. Centrioles
- Generation of microtubules;
formation of mitotic spindle
during cell division
12. Cilia
- Whiplike extensions that move
substances along cell surface
13. Flagella
- Projections that are basically
longer
- ONLY FLAGELLATED CELL IN
THE HUMAN BODY IS THE
SPERM
CELL DIVERSITY
1. Cells that connect body parts
- Fibroblast: makes and
secretes protein building blocks
- Erythrocyte/RBC: carries
oxygen in the blood
2. Cells that cover and line body organs
- Epithelial Cells: resist tearing
when epithelium is rubbed or
pulled because of the presence
of desmosomes
3. Cells that move organs and body
parts
- Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
Muscle Cells: shorten
forcefully and move the bones
and pump blood
4. Cell that stores nutrients
- Fat: produced by a large lipid
droplet in its cytoplasm
5. Cell that fights disease
- WBC such as macrophage:
crawls to tissues to reach
infection sites
6. Cell that gather information and
controls body function
- Nerve Cell/Neuron: receives
and transmits messages
7. Cells of reproduction
 - Oocyte: largest cell in the body 4. Loose Connective Tissue
- Sperm: has tail built for 1. Areolar Tissue- most widely
swimming to the egg for distributed connective tissue
fertilization 2. Adipose Tissue- for
insulation, protection, and site for
TISSUES fuel storage
- Group of cells with similar 5. Reticular Connective Tissue
structure and function - Forms stroma of of lymphoid
organs
6. Blood (Vascular Tissue)
- Transport vehicle for
cardiovascular system for
carrying nutrients and wastes
- Blood plasma: blood cells
! surrounded by fluid matrix
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- Function: CONTRACT

Connective Tissues
- Function: Binds tissues
together, protection, and
support
- Some are vascular, some are
avascular
6Types of Connective Tissues
1. Bone !
- Composed of osteocytes or https://www.google.com/search?
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collagen fibers 3Types of Muscles:

2. Cartilage 1. Skeletal Muscle
- Composed of chondrocyte or - Voluntary
cartilage cell - Produce gross movements
- less hard and is more flexible - Striated (striped)
than bone - Multinucleate
3. Dense Connective Tissue 2. Cardiac Muscle
- Main Matrix Element: Collagen - Involuntary
Fiber - ONLY in the heart; pumping
Found in: - Striated
1. Tendons- attach muscle to - Uninucleate
bone 3. Smooth/Visceral Muscle
2. Ligaments- attach bone to - Involuntary
bone at joints - Found on visceral organs
3. Dermis- lower layers of the - Non-striated
skin - Uninucleate
Nervous Tissue
- Function: receive and transmit
messages
- Neuroglia: support cells that
protect neurons

Hyperplasia: increase in size of tissues

or organs
Atrophy: decrease in size of tissues or
organs